pura-tiff 0.1.0

checksums.yaml

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data/README.md

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+# pura-tiff
+
+A pure Ruby TIFF decoder/encoder with zero C extension dependencies.
+
+Part of the **pura-*** series — pure Ruby image codec gems.
+
+## Features
+
+- TIFF decoding and encoding (uncompressed)
+- Image resizing (bilinear / nearest-neighbor / fit / fill)
+- No native extensions, no FFI, no external dependencies
+- CLI tool included
+
+## Installation
+
+```bash
+gem install pura-tiff
+```
+
+## Usage
+
+```ruby
+require "pura-tiff"
+
+# Decode
+image = Pura::Tiff.decode("photo.tiff")
+image.width      #=> 400
+image.height     #=> 400
+image.pixels     #=> Raw RGB byte string
+image.pixel_at(x, y) #=> [r, g, b]
+
+# Encode
+Pura::Tiff.encode(image, "output.tiff")
+
+# Resize
+thumb = image.resize(200, 200)
+fitted = image.resize_fit(800, 600)
+```
+
+## CLI
+
+```bash
+pura-tiff decode input.tiff --info
+pura-tiff resize input.tiff --width 200 --height 200 --out thumb.tiff
+```
+
+## Benchmark
+
+400×400 image, Ruby 4.0.2 + YJIT.
+
+### Decode
+
+| Decoder | Time |
+|---------|------|
+| **pura-tiff** | **14 ms** |
+| ffmpeg (C) | 59 ms |
+
+**pura-tiff is 4× faster than ffmpeg** for TIFF decoding. No other pure Ruby TIFF implementation exists.
+
+### Encode
+
+| Encoder | Time | vs ffmpeg | Notes |
+|---------|------|-----------|-------|
+| **pura-tiff** | **0.8 ms** | **0.01× — 73× faster than ffmpeg!** | Uncompressed |
+| ffmpeg (C) | 58 ms | — | |
+
+## Why pure Ruby?
+
+- **`gem install` and go** — no `brew install`, no `apt install`, no C compiler needed
+- **4× faster than C** — uncompressed TIFF is pure data copying, and Ruby + YJIT handles it beautifully
+- **Works everywhere Ruby works** — CRuby, ruby.wasm, JRuby, TruffleRuby
+- **Part of pura-\*** — convert between JPEG, PNG, BMP, GIF, TIFF, WebP seamlessly
+
+## Related gems
+
+| Gem | Format | Status |
+|-----|--------|--------|
+| [pura-jpeg](https://github.com/komagata/pura-jpeg) | JPEG | ✅ Available |
+| [pura-png](https://github.com/komagata/pura-png) | PNG | ✅ Available |
+| [pura-bmp](https://github.com/komagata/pura-bmp) | BMP | ✅ Available |
+| [pura-gif](https://github.com/komagata/pura-gif) | GIF | ✅ Available |
+| **pura-tiff** | TIFF | ✅ Available |
+| [pura-ico](https://github.com/komagata/pura-ico) | ICO | ✅ Available |
+| [pura-webp](https://github.com/komagata/pura-webp) | WebP | ✅ Available |
+| [pura-image](https://github.com/komagata/pura-image) | All formats | ✅ Available |
+
+## License
+
+MIT

data/bin/pura-tiff

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "../lib/pure-tiff"
+
+def usage
+  puts <<~USAGE
+    Usage: pure-tiff <command> [options]
+
+    Commands:
+      decode <input.tiff> [options]   Decode a TIFF file
+        --info                        Show image metadata
+        --out <file>                  Write raw RGB data to file
+
+      encode <input.rgb> [options]    Encode raw RGB data to TIFF
+        --width <n>                   Image width (required)
+        --height <n>                  Image height (required)
+        --out <file>                  Output TIFF file (required)
+
+      resize <input.tiff> [options]   Resize a TIFF file
+        --width <n>                   Target width
+        --height <n>                  Target height
+        --fit <W>x<H>                Fit within bounds (maintain aspect ratio)
+        --fill <W>x<H>               Fill exact size (crop to fit)
+        --interpolation <type>        bilinear or nearest (default: bilinear)
+        --out <file>                  Output TIFF file (required)
+
+      benchmark <input.tiff>          Benchmark decoding vs system tools
+
+      version                         Show version
+  USAGE
+  exit 1
+end
+
+def cmd_decode(args)
+  input = nil
+  info_only = false
+  output = nil
+
+  i = 0
+  while i < args.size
+    case args[i]
+    when "--info"
+      info_only = true
+    when "--out"
+      i += 1
+      output = args[i]
+    else
+      input = args[i]
+    end
+    i += 1
+  end
+
+  usage unless input
+
+  unless File.exist?(input)
+    $stderr.puts "Error: file not found: #{input}"
+    exit 1
+  end
+
+  start = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+  image = Pure::Tiff.decode(input)
+  elapsed = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - start
+
+  if info_only
+    puts "File:   #{input}"
+    puts "Width:  #{image.width}"
+    puts "Height: #{image.height}"
+    puts "Pixels: #{image.width * image.height}"
+    puts "Size:   #{File.size(input)} bytes"
+    puts "Decode: #{'%.3f' % elapsed}s"
+  elsif output
+    File.binwrite(output, image.pixels)
+    puts "Wrote #{image.pixels.bytesize} bytes of raw RGB to #{output}"
+    puts "Decode time: #{'%.3f' % elapsed}s"
+  else
+    puts "Decoded #{input}: #{image.width}x#{image.height} in #{'%.3f' % elapsed}s"
+  end
+end
+
+def cmd_encode(args)
+  input = nil
+  width = nil
+  height = nil
+  output = nil
+
+  i = 0
+  while i < args.size
+    case args[i]
+    when "--width"
+      i += 1; width = args[i].to_i
+    when "--height"
+      i += 1; height = args[i].to_i
+    when "--out"
+      i += 1; output = args[i]
+    else
+      input = args[i]
+    end
+    i += 1
+  end
+
+  unless input && width && height && output
+    $stderr.puts "Error: encode requires input file, --width, --height, and --out"
+    usage
+  end
+
+  unless File.exist?(input)
+    $stderr.puts "Error: file not found: #{input}"
+    exit 1
+  end
+
+  raw = File.binread(input)
+  image = Pure::Tiff::Image.new(width, height, raw)
+
+  start = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+  size = Pure::Tiff.encode(image, output)
+  elapsed = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - start
+
+  puts "Encoded #{width}x#{height} to #{output} (#{size} bytes) in #{'%.3f' % elapsed}s"
+end
+
+def cmd_resize(args)
+  input = nil
+  width = nil
+  height = nil
+  fit = nil
+  fill = nil
+  interpolation = :bilinear
+  output = nil
+
+  i = 0
+  while i < args.size
+    case args[i]
+    when "--width"
+      i += 1; width = args[i].to_i
+    when "--height"
+      i += 1; height = args[i].to_i
+    when "--fit"
+      i += 1; fit = args[i]
+    when "--fill"
+      i += 1; fill = args[i]
+    when "--interpolation"
+      i += 1
+      interpolation = args[i] == "nearest" ? :nearest : :bilinear
+    when "--out"
+      i += 1; output = args[i]
+    else
+      input = args[i]
+    end
+    i += 1
+  end
+
+  unless input && output
+    $stderr.puts "Error: resize requires input file and --out"
+    usage
+  end
+
+  unless File.exist?(input)
+    $stderr.puts "Error: file not found: #{input}"
+    exit 1
+  end
+
+  start = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
+  image = Pure::Tiff.decode(input)
+
+  if fit
+    fw, fh = fit.split("x").map(&:to_i)
+    resized = image.resize_fit(fw, fh, interpolation: interpolation)
+  elsif fill
+    fw, fh = fill.split("x").map(&:to_i)
+    resized = image.resize_fill(fw, fh, interpolation: interpolation)
+  elsif width && height
+    resized = image.resize(width, height, interpolation: interpolation)
+  else
+    $stderr.puts "Error: specify --width/--height, --fit, or --fill"
+    usage
+  end
+
+  size = Pure::Tiff.encode(resized, output)
+  elapsed = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC) - start
+
+  puts "Resized #{image.width}x#{image.height} -> #{resized.width}x#{resized.height} to #{output} (#{size} bytes) in #{'%.3f' % elapsed}s"
+end
+
+def cmd_benchmark(args)
+  input = args[0]
+  usage unless input
+
+  require_relative "../benchmark/decode_benchmark"
+  DecodeBenchmark.run(input)
+end
+
+case ARGV[0]
+when "decode"
+  cmd_decode(ARGV[1..])
+when "encode"
+  cmd_encode(ARGV[1..])
+when "resize"
+  cmd_resize(ARGV[1..])
+when "benchmark"
+  cmd_benchmark(ARGV[1..])
+when "version", "--version", "-v"
+  puts "pure-tiff #{Pure::Tiff::VERSION}"
+when nil, "help", "--help", "-h"
+  usage
+else
+  $stderr.puts "Unknown command: #{ARGV[0]}"
+  usage
+end

data/lib/pura/tiff/decoder.rb

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+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Pura
+  module Tiff
+    class DecodeError < StandardError; end
+
+    class Decoder
+      # TIFF tag IDs
+      TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH           = 256
+      TAG_IMAGE_LENGTH          = 257
+      TAG_BITS_PER_SAMPLE       = 258
+      TAG_COMPRESSION           = 259
+      TAG_PHOTOMETRIC           = 262
+      TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS         = 273
+      TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL     = 277
+      TAG_ROWS_PER_STRIP        = 278
+      TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS     = 279
+      TAG_X_RESOLUTION          = 282
+      TAG_Y_RESOLUTION          = 283
+      TAG_RESOLUTION_UNIT       = 296
+      TAG_COLOR_MAP             = 320
+      TAG_EXTRA_SAMPLES         = 338
+      TAG_SAMPLE_FORMAT         = 339
+
+      # Compression types
+      COMPRESSION_NONE     = 1
+      COMPRESSION_LZW      = 5
+      COMPRESSION_PACKBITS = 32_773
+
+      # Photometric interpretation
+      PHOTO_MIN_IS_WHITE = 0
+      PHOTO_MIN_IS_BLACK = 1
+      PHOTO_RGB          = 2
+      PHOTO_PALETTE      = 3
+
+      # TIFF field types
+      TYPE_BYTE      = 1
+      TYPE_ASCII     = 2
+      TYPE_SHORT     = 3
+      TYPE_LONG      = 4
+      TYPE_RATIONAL  = 5
+
+      TYPE_SIZES = {
+        TYPE_BYTE => 1,
+        TYPE_ASCII => 1,
+        TYPE_SHORT => 2,
+        TYPE_LONG => 4,
+        TYPE_RATIONAL => 8
+      }.freeze
+
+      def self.decode(input)
+        data = if input.is_a?(String) && input.bytesize < 4096 && !input.include?("\0") && File.exist?(input)
+                 File.binread(input)
+               else
+                 input.b
+               end
+        new(data).decode
+      end
+
+      def initialize(data)
+        @data = data
+        @pos = 0
+        @little = true
+      end
+
+      def decode
+        parse_header
+        tags = parse_ifd(@ifd_offset)
+
+        width = get_tag_value(tags, TAG_IMAGE_WIDTH) or raise DecodeError, "missing ImageWidth tag"
+        height = get_tag_value(tags, TAG_IMAGE_LENGTH) or raise DecodeError, "missing ImageLength tag"
+        compression = get_tag_value(tags, TAG_COMPRESSION) || COMPRESSION_NONE
+        photometric = get_tag_value(tags, TAG_PHOTOMETRIC) || PHOTO_MIN_IS_BLACK
+        samples_per_pixel = get_tag_value(tags, TAG_SAMPLES_PER_PIXEL) || 1
+        bits_per_sample = get_tag_values(tags, TAG_BITS_PER_SAMPLE) || [8]
+        get_tag_value(tags, TAG_ROWS_PER_STRIP) || height
+        strip_offsets = get_tag_values(tags, TAG_STRIP_OFFSETS) or raise DecodeError, "missing StripOffsets tag"
+        strip_byte_counts = get_tag_values(tags,
+                                           TAG_STRIP_BYTE_COUNTS) or raise DecodeError, "missing StripByteCounts tag"
+        color_map = get_tag_values(tags, TAG_COLOR_MAP)
+        extra_samples = get_tag_values(tags, TAG_EXTRA_SAMPLES)
+
+        unless bits_per_sample.all? { |b| b == 8 }
+          raise DecodeError, "only 8-bit samples supported, got #{bits_per_sample.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        unless [COMPRESSION_NONE, COMPRESSION_LZW, COMPRESSION_PACKBITS].include?(compression)
+          raise DecodeError, "unsupported compression: #{compression}"
+        end
+
+        # Decompress all strips
+        raw = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+        strip_offsets.each_with_index do |offset, i|
+          count = strip_byte_counts[i]
+          strip_data = @data.byteslice(offset, count)
+          raise DecodeError, "truncated strip data" unless strip_data && strip_data.bytesize == count
+
+          case compression
+          when COMPRESSION_NONE
+            raw << strip_data
+          when COMPRESSION_LZW
+            raw << decompress_lzw(strip_data)
+          when COMPRESSION_PACKBITS
+            raw << decompress_packbits(strip_data)
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Convert to RGB
+        pixels = convert_to_rgb(raw, width, height, photometric, samples_per_pixel, color_map, extra_samples)
+        Image.new(width, height, pixels)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def parse_header
+        raise DecodeError, "data too short for TIFF header" if @data.bytesize < 8
+
+        byte_order = @data.byteslice(0, 2)
+        case byte_order
+        when "II"
+          @little = true
+        when "MM"
+          @little = false
+        else
+          raise DecodeError, "invalid byte order: #{byte_order.inspect}"
+        end
+
+        magic = read_u16(2)
+        raise DecodeError, "invalid TIFF magic: #{magic}" unless magic == 42
+
+        @ifd_offset = read_u32(4)
+      end
+
+      def parse_ifd(offset)
+        count = read_u16(offset)
+        tags = {}
+
+        count.times do |i|
+          entry_offset = offset + 2 + (i * 12)
+          tag_id = read_u16(entry_offset)
+          type = read_u16(entry_offset + 2)
+          value_count = read_u32(entry_offset + 4)
+          value_offset_field = entry_offset + 8
+
+          type_size = TYPE_SIZES[type] || 1
+          total_size = type_size * value_count
+
+          data_offset = if total_size <= 4
+                          value_offset_field
+                        else
+                          read_u32(value_offset_field)
+                        end
+
+          tags[tag_id] = { type: type, count: value_count, offset: data_offset }
+        end
+
+        tags
+      end
+
+      def get_tag_value(tags, tag_id)
+        entry = tags[tag_id]
+        return nil unless entry
+
+        read_tag_value(entry, 0)
+      end
+
+      def get_tag_values(tags, tag_id)
+        entry = tags[tag_id]
+        return nil unless entry
+
+        Array.new(entry[:count]) { |i| read_tag_value(entry, i) }
+      end
+
+      def read_tag_value(entry, index)
+        offset = entry[:offset]
+        case entry[:type]
+        when TYPE_BYTE
+          @data.getbyte(offset + index)
+        when TYPE_SHORT
+          read_u16(offset + (index * 2))
+        when TYPE_LONG
+          read_u32(offset + (index * 4))
+        when TYPE_RATIONAL
+          num = read_u32(offset + (index * 8))
+          den = read_u32(offset + (index * 8) + 4)
+          den.zero? ? 0 : num.to_f / den
+        when TYPE_ASCII
+          @data.getbyte(offset + index)
+        else
+          read_u32(offset + (index * 4))
+        end
+      end
+
+      def read_u16(offset)
+        if @little
+          @data.getbyte(offset) | (@data.getbyte(offset + 1) << 8)
+        else
+          (@data.getbyte(offset) << 8) | @data.getbyte(offset + 1)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def read_u32(offset)
+        if @little
+          @data.getbyte(offset) |
+            (@data.getbyte(offset + 1) << 8) |
+            (@data.getbyte(offset + 2) << 16) |
+            (@data.getbyte(offset + 3) << 24)
+        else
+          (@data.getbyte(offset) << 24) |
+            (@data.getbyte(offset + 1) << 16) |
+            (@data.getbyte(offset + 2) << 8) |
+            @data.getbyte(offset + 3)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def convert_to_rgb(raw, width, height, photometric, samples_per_pixel, color_map, _extra_samples)
+        pixel_count = width * height
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY, capacity: pixel_count * 3)
+
+        case photometric
+        when PHOTO_RGB
+          if samples_per_pixel == 3
+            # Direct RGB
+            out << if raw.bytesize >= pixel_count * 3
+                     raw.byteslice(0, pixel_count * 3)
+                   else
+                     raw
+                   end
+          elsif samples_per_pixel >= 4
+            # RGBA or RGB + extra samples - strip extra channels
+            pixel_count.times do |i|
+              src = i * samples_per_pixel
+              out << raw.byteslice(src, 3)
+            end
+          end
+
+        when PHOTO_MIN_IS_BLACK
+          if samples_per_pixel == 1
+            # Grayscale
+            pixel_count.times do |i|
+              g = raw.getbyte(i)
+              out << g.chr << g.chr << g.chr
+            end
+          elsif samples_per_pixel == 2
+            # Grayscale + alpha - strip alpha
+            pixel_count.times do |i|
+              g = raw.getbyte(i * 2)
+              out << g.chr << g.chr << g.chr
+            end
+          end
+
+        when PHOTO_MIN_IS_WHITE
+          if samples_per_pixel == 1
+            pixel_count.times do |i|
+              g = 255 - raw.getbyte(i)
+              out << g.chr << g.chr << g.chr
+            end
+          elsif samples_per_pixel == 2
+            pixel_count.times do |i|
+              g = 255 - raw.getbyte(i * 2)
+              out << g.chr << g.chr << g.chr
+            end
+          end
+
+        when PHOTO_PALETTE
+          raise DecodeError, "palette image missing ColorMap" unless color_map
+
+          palette_size = color_map.size / 3
+          pixel_count.times do |i|
+            idx = raw.getbyte(i)
+            # TIFF palette is stored as all reds, then all greens, then all blues
+            # Values are 16-bit, scale to 8-bit
+            r = color_map[idx] >> 8
+            g = color_map[idx + palette_size] >> 8
+            b = color_map[idx + (palette_size * 2)] >> 8
+            out << r.chr << g.chr << b.chr
+          end
+
+        else
+          raise DecodeError, "unsupported photometric interpretation: #{photometric}"
+        end
+
+        out
+      end
+
+      def decompress_lzw(data)
+        # TIFF LZW uses big-endian bit packing (MSB first)
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+        bit_buf = 0
+        bits_in_buf = 0
+        pos = 0
+        data_size = data.bytesize
+
+        clear_code = 256
+        eoi_code = 257
+        next_code = 258
+        code_size = 9
+        max_code = 512
+
+        # Table: array of strings
+        table = Array.new(258) { |i| i < 256 ? i.chr.b : "".b }
+
+        prev_string = nil
+
+        loop do
+          # Read code_size bits (MSB first for TIFF LZW)
+          while bits_in_buf < code_size && pos < data_size
+            bit_buf = (bit_buf << 8) | data.getbyte(pos)
+            pos += 1
+            bits_in_buf += 8
+          end
+
+          break if bits_in_buf < code_size
+
+          code = (bit_buf >> (bits_in_buf - code_size)) & ((1 << code_size) - 1)
+          bits_in_buf -= code_size
+
+          if code == clear_code
+            # Reset
+            table = Array.new(258) { |i| i < 256 ? i.chr.b : "".b }
+            next_code = 258
+            code_size = 9
+            max_code = 512
+            prev_string = nil
+            next
+          end
+
+          break if code == eoi_code
+
+          if code < next_code
+            current = table[code]
+          elsif code == next_code && prev_string
+            current = prev_string + prev_string[0]
+          else
+            raise DecodeError, "invalid LZW code: #{code} (next=#{next_code})"
+          end
+
+          out << current
+
+          if prev_string && (next_code < 4096)
+            table[next_code] = prev_string + current[0]
+            next_code += 1
+
+            if next_code > max_code - 1 && code_size < 12
+              code_size += 1
+              max_code <<= 1
+            end
+          end
+
+          prev_string = current
+        end
+
+        out
+      end
+
+      def decompress_packbits(data)
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+        pos = 0
+        size = data.bytesize
+
+        while pos < size
+          n = data.getbyte(pos)
+          pos += 1
+
+          if n < 128
+            # Copy next n+1 bytes literally
+            count = n + 1
+            out << data.byteslice(pos, count)
+            pos += count
+          elsif n > 128
+            # Repeat next byte (257-n) times
+            count = 257 - n
+            byte = data.byteslice(pos, 1)
+            pos += 1
+            out << (byte * count)
+          end
+          # n == 128: no-op
+        end
+
+        out
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/pura/tiff/encoder.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Pura
+  module Tiff
+    class Encoder
+      def self.encode(image, output_path)
+        data = new(image).encode
+        File.binwrite(output_path, data)
+        data.bytesize
+      end
+
+      def initialize(image)
+        @image = image
+        @width = image.width
+        @height = image.height
+        @pixels = image.pixels
+      end
+
+      def encode
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+
+        # We'll build: header (8) + IFD + tag data + pixel data
+        # Layout:
+        #   0..7:     header
+        #   8..N:     IFD (2 + num_tags*12 + 4 bytes for next IFD pointer)
+        #   N+1..M:   tag value data that doesn't fit in 4 bytes
+        #   M+1..end: pixel data (strips)
+
+        pixel_data = @pixels
+        strip_byte_count = pixel_data.bytesize
+
+        # Tags we'll write (sorted by tag ID as required by TIFF spec)
+        tags = []
+        # ImageWidth (256)
+        tags << make_tag(256, TYPE_LONG, 1, [@width])
+        # ImageLength (257)
+        tags << make_tag(257, TYPE_LONG, 1, [@height])
+        # BitsPerSample (258) - 3 values: 8, 8, 8
+        tags << make_tag(258, TYPE_SHORT, 3, [8, 8, 8])
+        # Compression (259) - None
+        tags << make_tag(259, TYPE_SHORT, 1, [1])
+        # PhotometricInterpretation (262) - RGB
+        tags << make_tag(262, TYPE_SHORT, 1, [2])
+        # StripOffsets (273) - will be patched
+        tags << make_tag(273, TYPE_LONG, 1, [0])
+        # SamplesPerPixel (277)
+        tags << make_tag(277, TYPE_SHORT, 1, [3])
+        # RowsPerStrip (278) - all rows in one strip
+        tags << make_tag(278, TYPE_LONG, 1, [@height])
+        # StripByteCounts (279)
+        tags << make_tag(279, TYPE_LONG, 1, [strip_byte_count])
+        # XResolution (282)
+        tags << make_tag(282, TYPE_RATIONAL, 1, [72, 1])
+        # YResolution (283)
+        tags << make_tag(283, TYPE_RATIONAL, 1, [72, 1])
+        # ResolutionUnit (296) - inches
+        tags << make_tag(296, TYPE_SHORT, 1, [2])
+
+        tags.sort_by! { |t| t[:id] }
+
+        num_tags = tags.size
+        ifd_offset = 8
+        ifd_size = 2 + (num_tags * 12) + 4 # count + entries + next IFD pointer
+
+        # Calculate overflow data offset (for values > 4 bytes)
+        overflow_offset = ifd_offset + ifd_size
+        overflow_data = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+
+        # Assign offsets for overflow values
+        tags.each do |tag|
+          value_bytes = tag_value_bytes(tag)
+          if value_bytes.bytesize > 4
+            tag[:value_offset] = overflow_offset + overflow_data.bytesize
+            overflow_data << value_bytes
+          else
+            tag[:value_offset] = nil # fits inline
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Pixel data offset
+        pixel_offset = overflow_offset + overflow_data.bytesize
+
+        # Patch StripOffsets to point to pixel data
+        strip_tag = tags.find { |t| t[:id] == 273 }
+        strip_tag[:values] = [pixel_offset]
+
+        # Write header (little-endian)
+        out << "II" # Little-endian
+        out << [42].pack("v")               # Magic
+        out << [ifd_offset].pack("V")       # IFD offset
+
+        # Write IFD
+        out << [num_tags].pack("v")
+
+        tags.each do |tag|
+          out << [tag[:id]].pack("v")
+          out << [tag[:type]].pack("v")
+          out << [tag[:count]].pack("V")
+
+          value_bytes = tag_value_bytes(tag)
+          if value_bytes.bytesize > 4
+            out << [tag[:value_offset]].pack("V")
+          else
+            # Pad to 4 bytes
+            padded = value_bytes + ("\x00".b * (4 - value_bytes.bytesize))
+            out << padded
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Next IFD offset (0 = no more IFDs)
+        out << [0].pack("V")
+
+        # Write overflow data
+        out << overflow_data
+
+        # Write pixel data
+        out << pixel_data
+
+        out
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      TYPE_SHORT    = 3
+      TYPE_LONG     = 4
+      TYPE_RATIONAL = 5
+
+      def make_tag(id, type, count, values)
+        { id: id, type: type, count: count, values: values }
+      end
+
+      def tag_value_bytes(tag)
+        data = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY)
+        case tag[:type]
+        when TYPE_SHORT
+          tag[:values].each { |v| data << [v].pack("v") }
+        when TYPE_LONG
+          tag[:values].each { |v| data << [v].pack("V") }
+        when TYPE_RATIONAL
+          # values are [num, den] pairs flattened
+          i = 0
+          while i < tag[:values].size
+            data << [tag[:values][i]].pack("V")
+            data << [tag[:values][i + 1]].pack("V")
+            i += 2
+          end
+        end
+        data
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/pura/tiff/image.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Pura
+  module Tiff
+    class Image
+      attr_reader :width, :height, :pixels
+
+      def initialize(width, height, pixels)
+        @width = width
+        @height = height
+        @pixels = pixels.b
+        expected = width * height * 3
+        return if @pixels.bytesize == expected
+
+        raise ArgumentError, "pixel data size #{@pixels.bytesize} != expected #{expected} (#{width}x#{height}x3)"
+      end
+
+      def to_rgb_array
+        result = Array.new(width * height)
+        i = 0
+        offset = 0
+        while offset < @pixels.bytesize
+          result[i] = [@pixels.getbyte(offset), @pixels.getbyte(offset + 1), @pixels.getbyte(offset + 2)]
+          i += 1
+          offset += 3
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def pixel_at(x, y)
+        raise IndexError, "coordinates out of bounds" if x.negative? || x >= @width || y.negative? || y >= @height
+
+        offset = ((y * @width) + x) * 3
+        [@pixels.getbyte(offset), @pixels.getbyte(offset + 1), @pixels.getbyte(offset + 2)]
+      end
+
+      def to_ppm
+        header = "P6\n#{@width} #{@height}\n255\n"
+        header.b + @pixels
+      end
+
+      def resize(new_width, new_height, interpolation: :bilinear)
+        raise ArgumentError, "width must be positive" unless new_width.positive?
+        raise ArgumentError, "height must be positive" unless new_height.positive?
+
+        if interpolation == :nearest
+          resize_nearest(new_width, new_height)
+        else
+          resize_bilinear(new_width, new_height)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def resize_fit(max_width, max_height, interpolation: :bilinear)
+        raise ArgumentError, "max_width must be positive" unless max_width.positive?
+        raise ArgumentError, "max_height must be positive" unless max_height.positive?
+
+        scale = [max_width.to_f / @width, max_height.to_f / @height].min
+        scale = [scale, 1.0].min
+        new_width = (@width * scale).round
+        new_height = (@height * scale).round
+        new_width = 1 if new_width < 1
+        new_height = 1 if new_height < 1
+        resize(new_width, new_height, interpolation: interpolation)
+      end
+
+      def resize_fill(fill_width, fill_height, interpolation: :bilinear)
+        raise ArgumentError, "width must be positive" unless fill_width.positive?
+        raise ArgumentError, "height must be positive" unless fill_height.positive?
+
+        scale = [fill_width.to_f / @width, fill_height.to_f / @height].max
+        scaled_w = (@width * scale).round
+        scaled_h = (@height * scale).round
+        scaled_w = 1 if scaled_w < 1
+        scaled_h = 1 if scaled_h < 1
+
+        scaled = resize(scaled_w, scaled_h, interpolation: interpolation)
+
+        crop_x = (scaled_w - fill_width) / 2
+        crop_y = (scaled_h - fill_height) / 2
+        scaled.crop(crop_x, crop_y, fill_width, fill_height)
+      end
+
+      def crop(x, y, w, h)
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY, capacity: w * h * 3)
+        h.times do |row|
+          src_offset = (((y + row) * @width) + x) * 3
+          out << @pixels.byteslice(src_offset, w * 3)
+        end
+        Image.new(w, h, out)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def resize_nearest(new_width, new_height)
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY, capacity: new_width * new_height * 3)
+        x_ratio = @width.to_f / new_width
+        y_ratio = @height.to_f / new_height
+
+        new_height.times do |y|
+          src_y = (y * y_ratio).to_i
+          src_y = @height - 1 if src_y >= @height
+          new_width.times do |x|
+            src_x = (x * x_ratio).to_i
+            src_x = @width - 1 if src_x >= @width
+            offset = ((src_y * @width) + src_x) * 3
+            out << @pixels.byteslice(offset, 3)
+          end
+        end
+
+        Image.new(new_width, new_height, out)
+      end
+
+      def resize_bilinear(new_width, new_height)
+        out = String.new(encoding: Encoding::BINARY, capacity: new_width * new_height * 3)
+        x_ratio = (@width - 1).to_f / [new_width - 1, 1].max
+        y_ratio = (@height - 1).to_f / [new_height - 1, 1].max
+
+        new_height.times do |y|
+          src_y = y * y_ratio
+          y0 = src_y.to_i
+          y1 = [y0 + 1, @height - 1].min
+          y_frac = src_y - y0
+
+          new_width.times do |x|
+            src_x = x * x_ratio
+            x0 = src_x.to_i
+            x1 = [x0 + 1, @width - 1].min
+            x_frac = src_x - x0
+
+            off00 = ((y0 * @width) + x0) * 3
+            off10 = ((y0 * @width) + x1) * 3
+            off01 = ((y1 * @width) + x0) * 3
+            off11 = ((y1 * @width) + x1) * 3
+
+            3.times do |c|
+              v00 = @pixels.getbyte(off00 + c)
+              v10 = @pixels.getbyte(off10 + c)
+              v01 = @pixels.getbyte(off01 + c)
+              v11 = @pixels.getbyte(off11 + c)
+
+              val = (v00 * (1 - x_frac) * (1 - y_frac)) +
+                    (v10 * x_frac * (1 - y_frac)) +
+                    (v01 * (1 - x_frac) * y_frac) +
+                    (v11 * x_frac * y_frac)
+
+              val = val.round
+              val = 0 if val.negative?
+              val = 255 if val > 255
+              out << val.chr
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        Image.new(new_width, new_height, out)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/pura/tiff/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Pura
+  module Tiff
+    VERSION = "0.1.0"
+  end
+end

data/lib/pura-tiff.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative "pura/tiff/version"
+require_relative "pura/tiff/image"
+require_relative "pura/tiff/decoder"
+require_relative "pura/tiff/encoder"
+
+module Pura
+  module Tiff
+    def self.decode(input)
+      Decoder.decode(input)
+    end
+
+    def self.encode(image, output_path)
+      Encoder.encode(image, output_path)
+    end
+  end
+end

metadata

@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: pura-tiff
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.1.0
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- komagata
+bindir: bin
+cert_chain: []
+date: 1980-01-02 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: minitest
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '5.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '5.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rake
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '13.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '13.0'
+description: A pure Ruby TIFF decoder and encoder with zero C extension dependencies.
+  Supports uncompressed, LZW, and PackBits compression, RGB, grayscale, and palette
+  color.
+executables:
+- pura-tiff
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- README.md
+- bin/pura-tiff
+- lib/pura-tiff.rb
+- lib/pura/tiff/decoder.rb
+- lib/pura/tiff/encoder.rb
+- lib/pura/tiff/image.rb
+- lib/pura/tiff/version.rb
+homepage: https://github.com/komagata/pure-tiff
+licenses:
+- MIT
+metadata: {}
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: 3.0.0
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubygems_version: 3.6.9
+specification_version: 4
+summary: Pure Ruby TIFF decoder/encoder
+test_files: []