puppet 7.34.0 → 8.0.1

data/spec/unit/pops/types/type_calculator_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,2504 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'puppet/pops'
+
+module Puppet::Pops
+module Types
+describe 'The type calculator' do
+  let(:calculator) { TypeCalculator.new }
+
+  def range_t(from, to)
+   PIntegerType.new(from, to)
+  end
+
+  def pattern_t(*patterns)
+    TypeFactory.pattern(*patterns)
+  end
+
+  def regexp_t(pattern)
+    TypeFactory.regexp(pattern)
+  end
+
+  def string_t(string = nil)
+    TypeFactory.string(string)
+  end
+
+  def constrained_string_t(size_type)
+    TypeFactory.string(size_type)
+  end
+
+  def callable_t(*params)
+    TypeFactory.callable(*params)
+  end
+
+  def all_callables_t
+    TypeFactory.all_callables
+  end
+
+  def enum_t(*strings)
+    TypeFactory.enum(*strings)
+  end
+
+  def variant_t(*types)
+    TypeFactory.variant(*types)
+  end
+
+  def empty_variant_t()
+    t = TypeFactory.variant()
+    # assert this to ensure we did get an empty variant (or tests may pass when not being empty)
+    raise 'typefactory did not return empty variant' unless t.types.empty?
+    t
+  end
+
+  def type_alias_t(name, type_string)
+    type_expr = Parser::EvaluatingParser.new.parse_string(type_string)
+    TypeFactory.type_alias(name, type_expr)
+  end
+
+  def type_reference_t(type_string)
+    TypeFactory.type_reference(type_string)
+  end
+
+  def integer_t
+    TypeFactory.integer
+  end
+
+  def array_t(t, s = nil)
+    TypeFactory.array_of(t, s)
+  end
+
+  def empty_array_t
+    array_t(unit_t, range_t(0,0))
+  end
+
+  def hash_t(k,v,s = nil)
+    TypeFactory.hash_of(v, k, s)
+  end
+
+  def data_t
+    TypeFactory.data
+  end
+
+  def factory
+    TypeFactory
+  end
+
+  def collection_t(size_type = nil)
+    TypeFactory.collection(size_type)
+  end
+
+  def tuple_t(*types)
+    TypeFactory.tuple(types)
+  end
+
+  def constrained_tuple_t(size_type, *types)
+    TypeFactory.tuple(types, size_type)
+  end
+
+  def struct_t(type_hash)
+    TypeFactory.struct(type_hash)
+  end
+
+  def any_t
+    TypeFactory.any
+  end
+
+  def optional_t(t)
+    TypeFactory.optional(t)
+  end
+
+  def type_t(t)
+    TypeFactory.type_type(t)
+  end
+
+  def not_undef_t(t = nil)
+    TypeFactory.not_undef(t)
+  end
+
+  def undef_t
+    TypeFactory.undef
+  end
+
+  def unit_t
+    # Cannot be created via factory, the type is private to the type system
+    PUnitType::DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def runtime_t(t, c)
+    TypeFactory.runtime(t, c)
+  end
+
+  def object_t(hash)
+    TypeFactory.object(hash)
+  end
+
+  def iterable_t(t = nil)
+    TypeFactory.iterable(t)
+  end
+
+  def types
+    Types
+  end
+
+  context 'when inferring ruby' do
+
+    it 'integer translates to PIntegerType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(1).class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+    end
+
+    it 'large integer translates to PIntegerType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(2**33).class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+    end
+
+    it 'float translates to PFloatType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(1.3).class).to eq(PFloatType)
+    end
+
+    it 'string translates to PStringType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer('foo').class).to eq(PStringType)
+    end
+
+    it 'inferred string type knows the string value' do
+      t = calculator.infer('foo')
+      expect(t.class).to eq(PStringType)
+      expect(t.value).to eq('foo')
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean true translates to PBooleanType::TRUE' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(true)).to eq(PBooleanType::TRUE)
+    end
+
+    it 'boolean false translates to PBooleanType::FALSE' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(false)).to eq(PBooleanType::FALSE)
+    end
+
+    it 'regexp translates to PRegexpType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(/^a regular expression$/).class).to eq(PRegexpType)
+    end
+
+    it 'iterable translates to PIteratorType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(Iterable.on(1))).to be_a(PIteratorType)
+    end
+
+    it 'nil translates to PUndefType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(nil).class).to eq(PUndefType)
+    end
+
+    it ':undef translates to PUndefType' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(:undef).class).to eq(PUndefType)
+    end
+
+    it 'an instance of class Foo translates to PRuntimeType[ruby, Foo]' do
+      ::Foo = Class.new
+      begin
+        t = calculator.infer(::Foo.new)
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+        expect(t.runtime).to eq(:ruby)
+        expect(t.runtime_type_name).to eq('Foo')
+      ensure
+        Object.send(:remove_const, :Foo)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'Class Foo translates to PTypeType[PRuntimeType[ruby, Foo]]' do
+      ::Foo = Class.new
+      begin
+        t = calculator.infer(::Foo)
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PTypeType)
+        tt = t.type
+        expect(tt.class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+        expect(tt.runtime).to eq(:ruby)
+        expect(tt.runtime_type_name).to eq('Foo')
+      ensure
+        Object.send(:remove_const, :Foo)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'Module FooModule translates to PTypeType[PRuntimeType[ruby, FooModule]]' do
+      ::FooModule = Module.new
+      begin
+        t = calculator.infer(::FooModule)
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PTypeType)
+        tt = t.type
+        expect(tt.class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+        expect(tt.runtime).to eq(:ruby)
+        expect(tt.runtime_type_name).to eq('FooModule')
+      ensure
+        Object.send(:remove_const, :FooModule)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'sensitive' do
+      it 'translates to PSensitiveType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(PSensitiveType::Sensitive.new("hunter2")).class).to eq(PSensitiveType)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'binary' do
+      it 'translates to PBinaryType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(PBinaryType::Binary.from_binary_string("binary")).class).to eq(PBinaryType)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'version' do
+      it 'translates to PVersionType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(SemanticPuppet::Version.new(1,0,0)).class).to eq(PSemVerType)
+      end
+
+      it 'range translates to PVersionRangeType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(SemanticPuppet::VersionRange.parse('1.x')).class).to eq(PSemVerRangeType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates to a limited PVersionType by infer_set' do
+        v = SemanticPuppet::Version.new(1,0,0)
+        t = calculator.infer_set(v)
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PSemVerType)
+        expect(t.ranges.size).to eq(1)
+        expect(t.ranges[0].begin).to eq(v)
+        expect(t.ranges[0].end).to eq(v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'timespan' do
+      it 'translates to PTimespanType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(Time::Timespan.from_fields_hash('days' => 2))).to be_a(PTimespanType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates to a limited PTimespanType by infer_set' do
+        ts = Time::Timespan.from_fields_hash('days' => 2)
+        t = calculator.infer_set(ts)
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PTimespanType)
+        expect(t.from).to be(ts)
+        expect(t.to).to be(ts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'timestamp' do
+      it 'translates to PTimespanType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(Time::Timestamp.now)).to be_a(PTimestampType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates to a limited PTimespanType by infer_set' do
+        ts = Time::Timestamp.now
+        t = calculator.infer_set(ts)
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PTimestampType)
+        expect(t.from).to be(ts)
+        expect(t.to).to be(ts)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'array' do
+      let(:derived) do
+        Class.new(Array).new([1,2])
+      end
+
+      let(:derived_object) do
+        Class.new(Array) do
+          include PuppetObject
+
+          def self._pcore_type
+            @type ||= TypeFactory.object('name' => 'DerivedObjectArray')
+          end
+        end.new([1,2])
+      end
+
+      it 'translates to PArrayType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1,2]).class).to eq(PArrayType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates derived Array to PRuntimeType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(derived).class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates derived Puppet Object Array to PObjectType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(derived_object).class).to eq(PObjectType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Array class is not instance of Array type' do
+        expect(PArrayType::DEFAULT).not_to be_instance(derived)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Array class is instance of Runtime type' do
+        expect(runtime_t('ruby', nil)).to be_instance(derived)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Puppet Object Array class is not instance of Array type' do
+        expect(PArrayType::DEFAULT).not_to be_instance(derived_object)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Puppet Object Array class is instance of Object type' do
+        expect(object_t('name' => 'DerivedObjectArray')).to be_instance(derived_object)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer values translates to PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1,2]).element_type.class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with 32 and 64 bit integer values translates to PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1,2**33]).element_type.class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Range of integer values are computed' do
+        t = calculator.infer([-3,0,42]).element_type
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+        expect(t.from).to eq(-3)
+        expect(t.to).to eq(42)
+      end
+
+      it 'Compound string values are converted to enums' do
+        t = calculator.infer(['a','b', 'c']).element_type
+        expect(t.class).to eq(PEnumType)
+        expect(t.values).to eq(['a', 'b', 'c'])
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer and float values translates to PArrayType[PNumericType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1,2.0]).element_type.class).to eq(PNumericType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer and string values translates to PArrayType[PScalarDataType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1,'two']).element_type.class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with float and string values translates to PArrayType[PScalarDataType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1.0,'two']).element_type.class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer, float, and string values translates to PArrayType[PScalarDataType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, 2.0,'two']).element_type.class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer and regexp values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, /two/]).element_type.class).to eq(PScalarType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with string and regexp values translates to PArrayType[PScalarType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(['one', /two/]).element_type.class).to eq(PScalarType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with string and symbol values translates to PArrayType[PAnyType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(['one', :two]).element_type.class).to eq(PAnyType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer and nil values translates to PArrayType[PIntegerType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, nil]).element_type.class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer value, and array of string values, translates to Array[Data]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, ['two']]).element_type.name).to eq('Data')
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer value, and hash of string => string values, translates to Array[Data]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, {'two' => 'three'} ]).element_type.name).to eq('Data')
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer value, and hash of integer => string values, translates to Array[RichData]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, {2 => 'three'} ]).element_type.name).to eq('RichData')
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer, regexp, and binary values translates to Array[RichData]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer([1, /two/, PBinaryType::Binary.from_string('three')]).element_type.name).to eq('RichData')
+      end
+
+      it 'with arrays of string values translates to PArrayType[PArrayType[PStringType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([['first', 'array'], ['second','array']])
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+        et = et.element_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+        et = et.element_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PEnumType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with array of string values and array of integers translates to PArrayType[PArrayType[PScalarDataType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([['first', 'array'], [1,2]])
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+        et = et.element_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+        et = et.element_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with hashes of string values translates to PArrayType[PHashType[PEnumType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([{:first => 'first', :second => 'second' }, {:first => 'first', :second => 'second' }])
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+        et = et.element_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PHashType)
+        et = et.value_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PEnumType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with hash of string values and hash of integers translates to PArrayType[PHashType[PScalarDataType]]' do
+        et = calculator.infer([{:first => 'first', :second => 'second' }, {:first => 1, :second => 2 }])
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+        et = et.element_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PHashType)
+        et = et.value_type
+        expect(et.class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'hash' do
+      let(:derived) do
+        Class.new(Hash)[:first => 1, :second => 2]
+      end
+
+      let(:derived_object) do
+        Class.new(Hash) do
+          include PuppetObject
+
+          def self._pcore_type
+            @type ||= TypeFactory.object('name' => 'DerivedObjectHash')
+          end
+        end[:first => 1, :second => 2]
+      end
+
+      it 'translates to PHashType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer({:first => 1, :second => 2}).class).to eq(PHashType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates derived Hash to PRuntimeType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(derived).class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+      end
+
+      it 'translates derived Puppet Object Hash to PObjectType' do
+        expect(calculator.infer(derived_object).class).to eq(PObjectType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Hash class is not instance of Hash type' do
+        expect(PHashType::DEFAULT).not_to be_instance(derived)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Hash class is instance of Runtime type' do
+        expect(runtime_t('ruby', nil)).to be_instance(derived)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Puppet Object Hash class is not instance of Hash type' do
+        expect(PHashType::DEFAULT).not_to be_instance(derived_object)
+      end
+
+      it 'Instance of derived Puppet Object Hash class is instance of Object type' do
+        expect(object_t('name' => 'DerivedObjectHash')).to be_instance(derived_object)
+      end
+
+      it 'with symbolic keys translates to PHashType[PRuntimeType[ruby, Symbol], value]' do
+        k = calculator.infer({:first => 1, :second => 2}).key_type
+        expect(k.class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+        expect(k.runtime).to eq(:ruby)
+        expect(k.runtime_type_name).to eq('Symbol')
+      end
+
+      it 'with string keys translates to PHashType[PEnumType, value]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer({'first' => 1, 'second' => 2}).key_type.class).to eq(PEnumType)
+      end
+
+      it 'with integer values translates to PHashType[key, PIntegerType]' do
+        expect(calculator.infer({:first => 1, :second => 2}).value_type.class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+      end
+
+      it 'when empty infers a type that answers true to is_the_empty_hash?' do
+        expect(calculator.infer({}).is_the_empty_hash?).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.infer_set({}).is_the_empty_hash?).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'when empty is assignable to any PHashType' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(hash_t(string_t, string_t), calculator.infer({}))).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'when empty is not assignable to a PHashType with from size > 0' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(hash_t(string_t,string_t,range_t(1, 1)), calculator.infer({}))).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      context 'using infer_set' do
+        it "with 'first' and 'second' keys translates to PStructType[{first=>value,second=>value}]" do
+          t = calculator.infer_set({'first' => 1, 'second' => 2})
+          expect(t.class).to eq(PStructType)
+          expect(t.elements.size).to eq(2)
+          expect(t.elements.map { |e| e.name }.sort).to eq(['first', 'second'])
+        end
+
+        it 'with string keys and string and array values translates to PStructType[{key1=>PStringType,key2=>PTupleType}]' do
+          t = calculator.infer_set({ 'mode' => 'read', 'path' => ['foo', 'fee' ] })
+          expect(t.class).to eq(PStructType)
+          expect(t.elements.size).to eq(2)
+          els = t.elements.map { |e| e.value_type }.sort {|a,b| a.to_s <=> b.to_s }
+          expect(els[0].class).to eq(PStringType)
+          expect(els[1].class).to eq(PTupleType)
+        end
+
+        it 'with mixed string and non-string keys translates to PHashType' do
+          t = calculator.infer_set({ 1 => 'first', 'second' => 'second' })
+          expect(t.class).to eq(PHashType)
+        end
+
+        it 'with empty string keys translates to PHashType' do
+          t = calculator.infer_set({ '' => 'first', 'second' => 'second' })
+          expect(t.class).to eq(PHashType)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'infers an instance of an anonymous class to Runtime[ruby]' do
+      cls = Class.new do
+        attr_reader :name
+        def initialize(name)
+          @name = name
+        end
+      end
+      t = calculator.infer(cls.new('test'))
+      expect(t.class).to eql(PRuntimeType)
+      expect(t.runtime).to eql(:ruby)
+      expect(t.name_or_pattern).to eql(nil)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'patterns' do
+    it 'constructs a PPatternType' do
+      t = pattern_t('a(b)c')
+      expect(t.class).to eq(PPatternType)
+      expect(t.patterns.size).to eq(1)
+      expect(t.patterns[0].class).to eq(PRegexpType)
+      expect(t.patterns[0].pattern).to eq('a(b)c')
+      expect(t.patterns[0].regexp.match('abc')[1]).to eq('b')
+    end
+
+    it 'constructs a PEnumType with multiple strings' do
+      t = enum_t('a', 'b', 'c', 'abc')
+      expect(t.values).to eq(['a', 'b', 'c', 'abc'].sort)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Deal with cases not covered by computing common type
+  context 'when computing common type' do
+    it 'computes given resource type commonality' do
+      r1 = PResourceType.new('File', nil)
+      r2 = PResourceType.new('File', nil)
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('File')
+
+
+      r2 = PResourceType.new('File', '/tmp/foo')
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('File')
+
+      r1 = PResourceType.new('File', '/tmp/foo')
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq("File['/tmp/foo']")
+
+      r1 = PResourceType.new('File', '/tmp/bar')
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('File')
+
+      r2 = PResourceType.new('Package', 'apache')
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('Resource')
+    end
+
+    it 'computes given hostclass type commonality' do
+      r1 = PClassType.new('foo')
+      r2 = PClassType.new('foo')
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('Class[foo]')
+
+      r2 = PClassType.new('bar')
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('Class')
+
+      r2 = PClassType.new(nil)
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('Class')
+
+      r1 = PClassType.new(nil)
+      expect(calculator.common_type(r1, r2).to_s).to eq('Class')
+    end
+
+    context 'of strings' do
+      it 'computes commonality' do
+        t1 = string_t('abc')
+        t2 = string_t('xyz')
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1,t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to eq(PEnumType)
+        expect(common_t.values).to eq(['abc', 'xyz'])
+      end
+
+      it 'computes common size_type' do
+        t1 = constrained_string_t(range_t(3,6))
+        t2 = constrained_string_t(range_t(2,4))
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1,t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to eq(PStringType)
+        expect(common_t.size_type).to eq(range_t(2,6))
+      end
+
+      it 'computes common size_type to be undef when one of the types has no size_type' do
+        t1 = string_t
+        t2 = constrained_string_t(range_t(2,4))
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1,t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to eq(PStringType)
+        expect(common_t.size_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'computes values to be empty if the one has empty values' do
+        t1 = string_t('apa')
+        t2 = constrained_string_t(range_t(2,4))
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1,t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to eq(PStringType)
+        expect(common_t.value).to be_nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'computes pattern commonality' do
+      t1 = pattern_t('abc')
+      t2 = pattern_t('xyz')
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(t1,t2)
+      expect(common_t.class).to eq(PPatternType)
+      expect(common_t.patterns.map { |pr| pr.pattern }).to eq(['abc', 'xyz'])
+      expect(common_t.to_s).to eq('Pattern[/abc/, /xyz/]')
+    end
+
+    it 'computes enum commonality to value set sum' do
+      t1 = enum_t('a', 'b', 'c')
+      t2 = enum_t('x', 'y', 'z')
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+      expect(common_t).to eq(enum_t('a', 'b', 'c', 'x', 'y', 'z'))
+    end
+
+    it 'computed variant commonality to type union where added types are not sub-types' do
+      a_t1 = integer_t
+      a_t2 = enum_t('b')
+      v_a = variant_t(a_t1, a_t2)
+      b_t1 = integer_t
+      b_t2 = enum_t('a')
+      v_b = variant_t(b_t1, b_t2)
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(v_a, v_b)
+      expect(common_t.class).to eq(PVariantType)
+      expect(Set.new(common_t.types)).to  eq(Set.new([a_t1, a_t2, b_t1, b_t2]))
+    end
+
+    it 'computed variant commonality to type union where added types are sub-types' do
+      a_t1 = integer_t
+      a_t2 = string_t
+      v_a = variant_t(a_t1, a_t2)
+      b_t1 = integer_t
+      b_t2 = enum_t('a')
+      v_b = variant_t(b_t1, b_t2)
+      common_t = calculator.common_type(v_a, v_b)
+      expect(common_t.class).to eq(PVariantType)
+      expect(Set.new(common_t.types)).to  eq(Set.new([a_t1, a_t2]))
+    end
+
+    context 'commonality of scalar data types' do
+      it 'Numeric and String == ScalarData' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PNumericType::DEFAULT, PStringType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Numeric and Boolean == ScalarData' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PNumericType::DEFAULT, PBooleanType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+
+      it 'String and Boolean == ScalarData' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PStringType::DEFAULT, PBooleanType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'commonality of scalar types' do
+      it 'Regexp and Integer == Scalar' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PRegexpType::DEFAULT, PScalarDataType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Regexp and SemVer == ScalarData' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PRegexpType::DEFAULT, PSemVerType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Timestamp and Timespan == ScalarData' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PTimestampType::DEFAULT, PTimespanType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarType)
+      end
+
+      it 'Timestamp and Boolean == ScalarData' do
+        expect(calculator.common_type(PTimestampType::DEFAULT, PBooleanType::DEFAULT).class).to eq(PScalarType)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'of callables' do
+      it 'incompatible instances => generic callable' do
+        t1 = callable_t(String)
+        t2 = callable_t(Integer)
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to be(PCallableType)
+        expect(common_t.param_types).to be_nil
+        expect(common_t.block_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'compatible instances => the most specific' do
+        t1 = callable_t(String)
+        scalar_t = PScalarType.new
+        t2 = callable_t(scalar_t)
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to be(PCallableType)
+        expect(common_t.param_types.class).to be(PTupleType)
+        expect(common_t.param_types.types).to eql([string_t])
+        expect(common_t.block_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'block_type is included in the check (incompatible block)' do
+        b1 = callable_t(String)
+        b2 = callable_t(Integer)
+        t1 = callable_t(String, b1)
+        t2 = callable_t(String, b2)
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to be(PCallableType)
+        expect(common_t.param_types).to be_nil
+        expect(common_t.block_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'block_type is included in the check (compatible block)' do
+        b1 = callable_t(String)
+        t1 = callable_t(String, b1)
+        scalar_t = PScalarType::DEFAULT
+        b2 = callable_t(scalar_t)
+        t2 = callable_t(String, b2)
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+        expect(common_t.param_types.class).to be(PTupleType)
+        expect(common_t.block_type).to eql(callable_t(scalar_t))
+      end
+
+      it 'return_type is included in the check (incompatible return_type)' do
+        t1 = callable_t([String], String)
+        t2 = callable_t([String], Integer)
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to be(PCallableType)
+        expect(common_t.param_types).to be_nil
+        expect(common_t.return_type).to be_nil
+      end
+
+      it 'return_type is included in the check (compatible return_type)' do
+        t1 = callable_t([String], Numeric)
+        t2 = callable_t([String], Integer)
+        common_t = calculator.common_type(t1, t2)
+        expect(common_t.class).to be(PCallableType)
+        expect(common_t.param_types).to be_a(PTupleType)
+        expect(common_t.return_type).to eql(PNumericType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'computes assignability' do
+    include_context 'types_setup'
+
+    it 'such that all types are assignable to themselves' do
+      all_types.each do |tc|
+        t = tc::DEFAULT
+        expect(t).to be_assignable_to(t)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Unit, such that' do
+      it 'all types are assignable to Unit' do
+        t = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+        all_types.each { |t2| expect(t2::DEFAULT).to be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Unit is assignable to all other types' do
+        t = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+        all_types.each { |t2| expect(t).to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Unit is assignable to Unit' do
+        t = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+        t2 = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+        expect(t).to be_assignable_to(t2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Any, such that' do
+      it 'all types are assignable to Any' do
+        t = PAnyType::DEFAULT
+        all_types.each { |t2| expect(t2::DEFAULT).to be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Any is not assignable to anything but Any and Optional (implied Optional[Any])' do
+        tested_types = all_types() - [PAnyType, POptionalType]
+        t = PAnyType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each { |t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for NotUndef, such that" do
+      it 'all types except types assignable from Undef are assignable to NotUndef' do
+        t = not_undef_t
+        tc = TypeCalculator.singleton
+        undef_t = PUndefType::DEFAULT
+        all_types.each do |c|
+          t2 = c::DEFAULT
+          if tc.assignable?(t2, undef_t)
+            expect(t2).not_to be_assignable_to(t)
+          else
+            expect(t2).to be_assignable_to(t)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'type NotUndef[T] is assignable from T unless T is assignable from Undef ' do
+        tc = TypeCalculator.singleton
+        undef_t = PUndefType::DEFAULT
+        all_types().select do |c|
+          t2 = c::DEFAULT
+          not_undef_t = not_undef_t(t2)
+          if tc.assignable?(t2, undef_t)
+            expect(t2).not_to be_assignable_to(not_undef_t)
+          else
+            expect(t2).to be_assignable_to(not_undef_t)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'type T is assignable from NotUndef[T] unless T is assignable from Undef' do
+        tc = TypeCalculator.singleton
+        undef_t = PUndefType::DEFAULT
+        all_types().select do |c|
+          t2 = c::DEFAULT
+          not_undef_t = not_undef_t(t2)
+          unless tc.assignable?(t2, undef_t)
+            expect(not_undef_t).to be_assignable_to(t2)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context "for TypeReference, such that" do
+      it 'no other type is assignable' do
+        t = PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT
+        all_instances = (all_types - [
+          PTypeReferenceType, # Avoid comparison with t
+          PTypeAliasType      # DEFAULT resolves to PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT, i.e. t
+        ]).map {|c| c::DEFAULT }
+
+        # Add a non-empty variant
+        all_instances << variant_t(PAnyType::DEFAULT, PUnitType::DEFAULT)
+        # Add a type alias that doesn't resolve to 't'
+        all_instances << type_alias_t('MyInt', 'Integer').resolve(nil)
+
+        all_instances.each { |i| expect(i).not_to be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'a TypeReference to the exact same type is assignable' do
+        expect(type_reference_t('Integer[0,10]')).to be_assignable_to(type_reference_t('Integer[0,10]'))
+      end
+
+      it 'a TypeReference to the different type is not assignable' do
+        expect(type_reference_t('String')).not_to be_assignable_to(type_reference_t('Integer'))
+      end
+
+      it 'a TypeReference to the different type is not assignable even if the referenced type is' do
+        expect(type_reference_t('Integer[1,2]')).not_to be_assignable_to(type_reference_t('Integer[0,3]'))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Data, such that' do
+      let(:data) { TypeFactory.data }
+      data_compatible_types.map { |t2| type_from_class(t2) }.each do |tc|
+        it "it is assignable from #{tc.name}" do
+          expect(tc).to be_assignable_to(data)
+        end
+      end
+
+      data_compatible_types.map { |t2| type_from_class(t2) }.each do |tc|
+        it "it is assignable from Optional[#{tc.name}]" do
+          expect(optional_t(tc)).to be_assignable_to(data)
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'it is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        types_to_test = data_compatible_types
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| expect(data).not_to be_assignable_to(type_from_class(t2)) }
+      end
+
+      it 'it is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [PAnyType, POptionalType, PInitType] - scalar_data_types
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(data).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Rich Data, such that' do
+      let(:rich_data) { TypeFactory.rich_data }
+      rich_data_compatible_types.map { |t2| type_from_class(t2) }.each do |tc|
+        it "it is assignable from #{tc.name}" do
+          expect(tc).to be_assignable_to(rich_data)
+        end
+      end
+
+      rich_data_compatible_types.map { |t2| type_from_class(t2) }.each do |tc|
+        it "it is assignable from Optional[#{tc.name}]" do
+          expect(optional_t(tc)).to be_assignable_to(rich_data)
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'it is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        types_to_test = rich_data_compatible_types
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| expect(rich_data).not_to be_assignable_to(type_from_class(t2)) }
+      end
+
+      it 'it is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [PAnyType, POptionalType, PInitType] - scalar_types
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(rich_data).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Variant, such that' do
+      it 'it is assignable to a type if all contained types are assignable to that type' do
+        v = variant_t(range_t(10, 12),range_t(14, 20))
+        expect(v).to be_assignable_to(integer_t)
+        expect(v).to be_assignable_to(range_t(10, 20))
+
+        # test that both types are assignable to one of the variants OK
+        expect(v).to be_assignable_to(variant_t(range_t(10, 20), range_t(30, 40)))
+
+        # test where each type is assignable to different types in a variant is OK
+        expect(v).to be_assignable_to(variant_t(range_t(10, 13), range_t(14, 40)))
+
+        # not acceptable
+        expect(v).not_to be_assignable_to(range_t(0, 4))
+        expect(v).not_to be_assignable_to(string_t)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty Variant is assignable to another empty Variant' do
+        expect(empty_variant_t).to be_assignable_to(empty_variant_t)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty Variant is assignable to Any' do
+        expect(empty_variant_t).to be_assignable_to(PAnyType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty Variant is assignable to Unit' do
+        expect(empty_variant_t).to be_assignable_to(PUnitType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty Variant is not assignable to any type except empty Variant, Any, NotUndef, and Unit' do
+        assignables = [PUnitType, PAnyType, PNotUndefType]
+        unassignables = all_types - assignables
+        unassignables.each {|t2| expect(empty_variant_t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+        assignables.each   {|t2| expect(empty_variant_t).to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty Variant is not assignable to Optional[Any] since it is not assignable to Undef' do
+        opt_any = optional_t(any_t)
+        expect(empty_variant_t).not_to be_assignable_to(opt_any)
+      end
+
+      it 'an Optional[Any] is not assignable to empty Variant' do
+        opt_any = optional_t(any_t)
+        expect(opt_any).not_to be_assignable_to(empty_variant_t)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty Variant is assignable to NotUndef[Variant] since Variant is not Undef' do
+        not_undef_variant = not_undef_t(empty_variant_t)
+        expect(empty_variant_t).to be_assignable_to(not_undef_variant)
+      end
+
+      it 'a NotUndef[Variant] is assignable to empty Variant' do
+        not_undef_variant = not_undef_t(empty_variant_t)
+        expect(not_undef_variant).to be_assignable_to(empty_variant_t)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Scalar, such that' do
+      it 'all scalars are assignable to Scalar' do
+        t = PScalarType::DEFAULT
+        scalar_types.each {|t2| expect(t2::DEFAULT).to be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Scalar is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = PScalarType::DEFAULT
+        types_to_test = scalar_types - [PScalarType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Scalar is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [PAnyType, POptionalType, PInitType, PNotUndefType] - scalar_types
+        t = PScalarType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Numeric, such that' do
+      it 'all numerics are assignable to Numeric' do
+        t = PNumericType::DEFAULT
+        numeric_types.each {|t2| expect(t2::DEFAULT).to be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Numeric is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = PNumericType::DEFAULT
+        types_to_test = numeric_types - [PNumericType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Numeric does not consider ruby Rational to be an instance' do
+        t = PNumericType::DEFAULT
+        expect(t).not_to be_instance(Rational(2,3))
+      end
+
+      it 'Numeric is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PInitType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PScalarType,
+          PScalarDataType,
+          ] - numeric_types
+        t = PNumericType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Collection, such that' do
+      it 'all collections are assignable to Collection' do
+        t = PCollectionType::DEFAULT
+        collection_types.each {|t2| expect(t2::DEFAULT).to be_assignable_to(t) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Collection is not assignable to any of its subtypes' do
+        t = PCollectionType::DEFAULT
+        types_to_test = collection_types - [PCollectionType]
+        types_to_test.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Collection is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PIterableType] - collection_types
+        t = PCollectionType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Array, such that' do
+      it 'Array is not assignable to non Array based Collection type' do
+        t = PArrayType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          PCollectionType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PArrayType,
+          PTupleType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Array is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PIterableType] - collection_types
+        t = PArrayType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Empty Array is assignable to an array that accepts 0 entries' do
+        expect(empty_array_t).to be_assignable_to(array_t(string_t))
+        expect(empty_array_t).to be_assignable_to(array_t(integer_t))
+      end
+
+      it 'A Tuple is assignable to an array' do
+        expect(tuple_t(String)).to be_assignable_to(array_t(String))
+      end
+
+      it 'A Tuple with <n> elements is assignable to an array with min size <n>' do
+        expect(tuple_t(String,String)).to be_assignable_to(array_t(String, range_t(2, :default)))
+      end
+
+      it 'A Tuple with <n> elements where the last 2 are optional is assignable to an array with size <n> - 2' do
+        expect(constrained_tuple_t(range_t(2, :default), String,String,String,String)).to be_assignable_to(array_t(String, range_t(2, :default)))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Enum, such that' do
+      it 'Enum is assignable to an Enum with all contained options' do
+        expect(enum_t('a', 'b')).to be_assignable_to(enum_t('a', 'b', 'c'))
+      end
+
+      it 'Enum is not assignable to an Enum with fewer contained options' do
+        expect(enum_t('a', 'b')).not_to be_assignable_to(enum_t('a'))
+      end
+
+      it 'case insensitive Enum is not assignable to case sensitive Enum' do
+        expect(enum_t('a', 'b', true)).not_to be_assignable_to(enum_t('a', 'b'))
+      end
+
+      it 'case sensitive Enum is assignable to case insensitive Enum' do
+        expect(enum_t('a', 'b')).to be_assignable_to(enum_t('a', 'b', true))
+      end
+
+      it 'case sensitive Enum is not assignable to case sensitive Enum using different case' do
+        expect(enum_t('a', 'b')).not_to be_assignable_to(enum_t('A', 'B'))
+      end
+
+      it 'case sensitive Enum is assignable to case insensitive Enum using different case' do
+        expect(enum_t('a', 'b')).to be_assignable_to(enum_t('A', 'B', true))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Hash, such that' do
+      it 'Hash is not assignable to any other Collection type' do
+        t = PHashType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          PCollectionType,
+          PStructType,
+          PHashType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Hash is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PIterableType] - collection_types
+        t = PHashType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Struct is assignable to Hash with Pattern that matches all keys' do
+        expect(struct_t({'x' => integer_t, 'y' => integer_t})).to be_assignable_to(hash_t(pattern_t(/^\w+$/), factory.any))
+      end
+
+      it 'Struct is assignable to Hash with Enum that matches all keys' do
+        expect(struct_t({'x' => integer_t, 'y' => integer_t})).to be_assignable_to(hash_t(enum_t('x', 'y', 'z'), factory.any))
+      end
+
+      it 'Struct is not assignable to Hash with Pattern unless all keys match' do
+        expect(struct_t({'a' => integer_t, 'A' => integer_t})).not_to be_assignable_to(hash_t(pattern_t(/^[A-Z]+$/), factory.any))
+      end
+
+      it 'Struct is not assignable to Hash with Enum unless all keys match' do
+        expect(struct_t({'a' => integer_t, 'y' => integer_t})).not_to be_assignable_to(hash_t(enum_t('x', 'y', 'z'), factory.any))
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Timespan such that' do
+      it 'Timespan is assignable to less constrained Timespan' do
+        t1 = PTimespanType.new('00:00:10', '00:00:20')
+        t2 = PTimespanType.new('00:00:11', '00:00:19')
+        expect(t2).to be_assignable_to(t1)
+      end
+
+      it 'Timespan is not assignable to more constrained Timespan' do
+        t1 = PTimespanType.new('00:00:10', '00:00:20')
+        t2 = PTimespanType.new('00:00:11', '00:00:19')
+        expect(t1).not_to be_assignable_to(t2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Timestamp such that' do
+      it 'Timestamp is assignable to less constrained Timestamp' do
+        t1 = PTimestampType.new('2016-01-01', '2016-12-31')
+        t2 = PTimestampType.new('2016-02-01', '2016-11-30')
+        expect(t2).to be_assignable_to(t1)
+      end
+
+      it 'Timestamp is not assignable to more constrained Timestamp' do
+        t1 = PTimestampType.new('2016-01-01', '2016-12-31')
+        t2 = PTimestampType.new('2016-02-01', '2016-11-30')
+        expect(t1).not_to be_assignable_to(t2)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Tuple, such that' do
+      it 'Tuple is not assignable to any other non Array based Collection type' do
+        t = PTupleType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          PCollectionType,
+          PTupleType,
+          PArrayType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'A tuple with parameters is assignable to the default Tuple' do
+        t = PTupleType::DEFAULT
+        t2 = PTupleType.new([PStringType::DEFAULT])
+        expect(t2).to be_assignable_to(t)
+      end
+
+      it 'Tuple is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PInitType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PIterableType] - collection_types
+        t = PTupleType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Struct, such that' do
+      it 'Struct is not assignable to any other non Hashed based Collection type' do
+        t = PStructType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types = collection_types - [
+          PCollectionType,
+          PStructType,
+          PHashType,
+          PInitType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Struct is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PNotUndefType,
+          PIterableType,
+          PInitType] - collection_types
+        t = PStructType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).not_to be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'Default key optionality is controlled by value assignability to undef' do
+        t1 = struct_t({'member' => string_t})
+        expect(t1.elements[0].key_type).to eq(string_t('member'))
+        t1 = struct_t({'member' => any_t})
+        expect(t1.elements[0].key_type).to eq(optional_t(string_t('member')))
+      end
+
+      it "NotUndef['key'] becomes String['key'] (since its implied that String is required)" do
+        t1 = struct_t({not_undef_t('member') => string_t})
+        expect(t1.elements[0].key_type).to eq(string_t('member'))
+      end
+
+      it "Optional['key'] becomes Optional[String['key']]" do
+        t1 = struct_t({optional_t('member') => string_t})
+        expect(t1.elements[0].key_type).to eq(optional_t(string_t('member')))
+      end
+
+      it 'Optional members are not required' do
+        t1 = struct_t({optional_t('optional_member') => string_t, not_undef_t('other_member') => string_t})
+        t2 = struct_t({not_undef_t('other_member') => string_t})
+        expect(t2).to be_assignable_to(t1)
+      end
+
+      it 'Required members not optional even when value is' do
+        t1 = struct_t({not_undef_t('required_member') => any_t, not_undef_t('other_member') => string_t})
+        t2 = struct_t({not_undef_t('other_member') => string_t})
+        expect(t2).not_to be_assignable_to(t1)
+      end
+
+      it 'A hash of string is not assignable to struct with integer value' do
+        t1 = struct_t({'foo' => integer_t, 'bar' => string_t})
+        t2 = hash_t(string_t, string_t, range_t(2, 2))
+        expect(t1.assignable?(t2)).to eql(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'A hash of with integer key is not assignable to struct with string key' do
+        t1 = struct_t({'foo' => string_t, 'bar' => string_t})
+        t2 = hash_t(integer_t, string_t, range_t(2, 2))
+        expect(t1.assignable?(t2)).to eql(false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'for Callable, such that' do
+      it 'Callable is not assignable to any disjunct type' do
+        t = PCallableType::DEFAULT
+        tested_types = all_types - [
+          PCallableType,
+          PAnyType,
+          POptionalType,
+          PNotUndefType]
+        tested_types.each {|t2| expect(t).to_not be_assignable_to(t2::DEFAULT) }
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with parameter is assignable to the default callable' do
+        expect(callable_t(string_t)).to be_assignable_to(PCallableType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      it 'the default callable is not assignable to a callable with parameter' do
+        expect(PCallableType::DEFAULT).not_to be_assignable_to(callable_t(string_t))
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with a return type is assignable to the default callable' do
+        expect(callable_t([], string_t)).to be_assignable_to(PCallableType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      it 'the default callable is not assignable to a callable with a return type' do
+        expect(PCallableType::DEFAULT).not_to be_assignable_to(callable_t([],string_t))
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with a return type Any is assignable to the default callable' do
+        expect(callable_t([], any_t)).to be_assignable_to(PCallableType::DEFAULT)
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with a return type Any is equal to a callable with the same parameters and no return type' do
+        expect(callable_t([string_t], any_t)).to eql(callable_t(string_t))
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with a return type different than Any is not equal to a callable with the same parameters and no return type' do
+        expect(callable_t([string_t], string_t)).not_to eql(callable_t(string_t))
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with a return type is assignable from another callable with an assignable return type' do
+        expect(callable_t([], string_t)).to be_assignable_to(callable_t([], PScalarType::DEFAULT))
+      end
+
+      it 'a callable with a return type is not assignable from another callable unless the return type is assignable' do
+        expect(callable_t([], string_t)).not_to be_assignable_to(callable_t([], integer_t))
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should recognize mapped ruby types' do
+      { Integer    => PIntegerType::DEFAULT,
+        Float      => PFloatType::DEFAULT,
+        Numeric    => PNumericType::DEFAULT,
+        NilClass   => PUndefType::DEFAULT,
+        TrueClass  => PBooleanType::DEFAULT,
+        FalseClass => PBooleanType::DEFAULT,
+        String     => PStringType::DEFAULT,
+        Regexp     => PRegexpType::DEFAULT,
+        Regexp     => PRegexpType::DEFAULT,
+        Array      => TypeFactory.array_of_any,
+        Hash       => TypeFactory.hash_of_any
+      }.each do |ruby_type, puppet_type |
+          expect(ruby_type).to be_assignable_to(puppet_type)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with integer ranges' do
+      it 'should accept an equal range' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(range_t(2,5), range_t(2,5))).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a narrower range' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(range_t(2,10), range_t(3,5))).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a wider range' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(2,10))).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a partially overlapping range' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(2,4))).to eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(range_t(3,5), range_t(4,6))).to eq(false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with patterns' do
+      it 'should accept a string matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc')
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a regexp matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t(/abc/)
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a pattern matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t(pattern_t('abc'))
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a regexp matching a pattern' do
+        p_t = pattern_t(regexp_t('abc'))
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept a string matching all patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc', 'ab', 'c')
+        p_s = string_t('XabcY')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept multiple strings if they all match any patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('X', 'Y', 'abc')
+        p_s = enum_t('Xa', 'aY', 'abc')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject a string not matching any patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc', 'ab', 'c')
+        p_s = string_t('XqqqY')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject multiple strings if not all match any patterns' do
+        p_t = pattern_t('abc', 'ab', 'c', 'q')
+        p_s = enum_t('X', 'Y', 'Z')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(p_t, p_s)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept enum matching patterns as instanceof' do
+        enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L' 'XL', 'XXL')
+        pattern = pattern_t('S', 'M', 'L')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern, enum)).to  eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'pattern should accept a variant where all variants are acceptable' do
+        pattern = pattern_t(/^\w+$/)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern, variant_t(string_t('a'), string_t('b')))).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'pattern representing all patterns should accept any pattern' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, pattern_t('a'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, pattern_t)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'pattern representing all patterns should accept any enum' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, enum_t('a'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, enum_t)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'pattern representing all patterns should accept any string' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, string_t('a'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, string_t)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with enums' do
+      it 'should accept a string with matching content' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a', 'b'), string_t('a'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a', 'b'), string_t('b'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a', 'b'), string_t('c'))).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept an enum with matching enum' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a', 'b'), enum_t('a', 'b'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a', 'b'), enum_t('a'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a', 'b'), enum_t('c'))).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'non parameterized enum accepts any other enum but not the reverse' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t, enum_t('a'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t('a'), enum_t)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'enum should accept a variant where all variants are acceptable' do
+        enum = enum_t('a', 'b')
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum, variant_t(string_t('a'), string_t('b')))).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with string and enum combinations' do
+      it 'should accept assigning any enum to unrestricted string' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(string_t, enum_t('blue'))).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(string_t, enum_t('blue', 'red'))).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should not accept assigning longer enum value to size restricted string' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(constrained_string_t(range_t(2,2)), enum_t('a','blue'))).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept assigning any string to empty enum' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t, string_t)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept assigning empty enum to any string' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(string_t, enum_t)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should not accept assigning empty enum to size constrained string' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(constrained_string_t(range_t(2,2)), enum_t)).to eq(false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with string/pattern/enum combinations' do
+      it 'any string is equal to any enum is equal to any pattern' do
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(string_t, enum_t)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(string_t, pattern_t)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t, string_t)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(enum_t, pattern_t)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, string_t)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(pattern_t, enum_t)).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with tuples' do
+      it 'matches empty tuples' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t
+        tuple2 = tuple_t
+
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'accepts an empty tuple as assignable to a tuple with a min size of 0' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(0, :default))
+        tuple2 = tuple_t()
+
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching tuples' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching tuples where one is more general than the other' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Numeric,Numeric)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept ranged tuples' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(5,5), 1)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject ranged tuples when ranges does not match' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(4, 5), 1)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject ranged tuples when ranges does not match (using infinite upper bound)' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(4, :default), 1)
+        tuple2 = tuple_t(Integer,Integer, Integer, Integer, Integer)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching tuples with optional entries by repeating last' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(0, :default), 1,2)
+        tuple2 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(0, :default), Numeric,Numeric)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, tuple2)).to eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple2, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching tuples with optional entries' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(1, 3), Integer, Integer, String)
+        array2 = array_t(Integer, range_t(2,2))
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, array2)).to eq(true)
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(3, 3), tuple1.types)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, array2)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching array' do
+        tuple1 = tuple_t(1,2)
+        array = array_t(Integer, range_t(2, 2))
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, array)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(array, tuple1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept empty array when tuple allows min of 0' do
+        tuple1 = constrained_tuple_t(range_t(0, 1), Integer)
+        array = array_t(unit_t, range_t(0, 0))
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(tuple1, array)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(array, tuple1)).to eq(false)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'when dealing with structs' do
+      it 'should accept matching structs' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct2, struct1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching structs with less elements when unmatched elements are optional' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer, 'c'=>optional_t(Integer)})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject matching structs with more elements even if excess elements are optional' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer, 'c'=>optional_t(Integer)})
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching structs where one is more general than the other with respect to optional' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer, 'c'=>optional_t(Integer)})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer, 'c'=>Integer})
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should reject matching structs where one is more special than the other with respect to optional' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer, 'c'=>Integer})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer, 'c'=>optional_t(Integer)})
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching structs where one is more general than the other' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        struct2 = struct_t({'a'=>Numeric, 'b'=>Numeric})
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, struct2)).to eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct2, struct1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept matching hash' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>Integer})
+        non_empty_string = constrained_string_t(range_t(1, nil))
+        hsh = hash_t(non_empty_string, Integer, range_t(2,2))
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, hsh)).to eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(hsh, struct1)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should accept empty hash with key_type unit' do
+        struct1 = struct_t({'a'=>optional_t(Integer)})
+        hsh = hash_t(unit_t, unit_t, range_t(0, 0))
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(struct1, hsh)).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should recognize ruby type inheritance' do
+      class Foo
+      end
+
+      class Bar < Foo
+      end
+
+      fooType = calculator.infer(Foo.new)
+      barType = calculator.infer(Bar.new)
+
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(fooType, fooType)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(Foo, fooType)).to eq(true)
+
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(fooType, barType)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(Foo, barType)).to eq(true)
+
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(barType, fooType)).to eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(Bar, fooType)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should allow host class with same name' do
+      hc1 = TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      hc2 = TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should allow host class with name assigned to hostclass without name' do
+      hc1 = TypeFactory.host_class
+      hc2 = TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should reject host classes with different names' do
+      hc1 = TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      hc2 = TypeFactory.host_class('another_name')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should reject host classes without name assigned to host class with name' do
+      hc1 = TypeFactory.host_class('the_name')
+      hc2 = TypeFactory.host_class
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(hc1, hc2)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should allow resource with same type_name and title' do
+      r1 = TypeFactory.resource('file', 'foo')
+      r2 = TypeFactory.resource('file', 'foo')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(r1, r2)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should allow more specific resource assignment' do
+      r1 = TypeFactory.resource
+      r2 = TypeFactory.resource('file')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(r1, r2)).to eq(true)
+      r2 = TypeFactory.resource('file', '/tmp/foo')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(r1, r2)).to eq(true)
+      r1 = TypeFactory.resource('file')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(r1, r2)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should reject less specific resource assignment' do
+      r1 = TypeFactory.resource('file', '/tmp/foo')
+      r2 = TypeFactory.resource('file')
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(r1, r2)).to eq(false)
+      r2 = TypeFactory.resource
+      expect(calculator.assignable?(r1, r2)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    context 'for TypeAlias, such that' do
+      let!(:parser) { TypeParser.singleton }
+
+      it 'it is assignable to the type that it is an alias for' do
+        t = type_alias_t('Alias', 'Integer').resolve(nil)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(integer_t, t)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'the type that it is an alias for is assignable to it' do
+        t = type_alias_t('Alias', 'Integer').resolve(nil)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t, integer_t)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'a recursive alias can be assignable from a conformant type with any depth' do
+        scope = {}
+
+        t = type_alias_t('Tree', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree]]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree').and_return(t)
+
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t.resolve(scope)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t, parser.parse('Hash[String,Variant[String,Hash[String,Variant[String,String]]]]'))).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+
+      it 'similar recursive aliases are assignable' do
+        scope = {}
+
+        t1 = type_alias_t('Tree1', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree1]]')
+        t2 = type_alias_t('Tree2', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree2]]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree1').and_return(t1)
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree2').and_return(t2)
+
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1.resolve(scope)
+        t2.resolve(scope)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t1, t2)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'crossing recursive aliases are assignable' do
+        t1 = type_alias_t('Tree1', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree2]]')
+        t2 = type_alias_t('Tree2', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree1]]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree1').and_return(t1)
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree2').and_return(t2)
+
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1.resolve(loader)
+        t2.resolve(loader)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t1, t2)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'Type[T] is assignable to Type[AT] when AT is an alias for T' do
+        scope = {}
+
+        ta = type_alias_t('PositiveInteger', 'Integer[0,default]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'positiveinteger').and_return(ta)
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1 = type_t(range_t(0, :default))
+        t2 = parser.parse('Type[PositiveInteger]', scope)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t2, t1)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'Type[T] is assignable to AT when AT is an alias for Type[T]' do
+        scope = {}
+
+        ta = type_alias_t('PositiveIntegerType', 'Type[Integer[0,default]]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'positiveintegertype').and_return(ta)
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1 = type_t(range_t(0, :default))
+        t2 = parser.parse('PositiveIntegerType', scope)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t2, t1)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'Type[Type[T]] is assignable to Type[Type[AT]] when AT is an alias for T' do
+        scope = {}
+
+        ta = type_alias_t('PositiveInteger', 'Integer[0,default]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'positiveinteger').and_return(ta)
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1 = type_t(type_t(range_t(0, :default)))
+        t2 = parser.parse('Type[Type[PositiveInteger]]', scope)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t2, t1)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'Type[Type[T]] is assignable to Type[AT] when AT is an alias for Type[T]' do
+        scope = {}
+
+        ta = type_alias_t('PositiveIntegerType', 'Type[Integer[0,default]]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'positiveintegertype').and_return(ta)
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1 = type_t(type_t(range_t(0, :default)))
+        t2 = parser.parse('Type[PositiveIntegerType]', scope)
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(t2, t1)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'An alias for a Type that describes an Iterable instance is assignable to Iterable' do
+        t = type_alias_t('MyType', 'Enum[a,b]').resolve(nil)
+
+        # True because String is iterable and an instance of Enum is a String
+        expect(calculator.assignable?(iterable_t, t)).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when testing if x is instance of type t' do
+    include_context 'types_setup'
+
+    it 'should consider undef to be instance of Any, NilType, and optional' do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PUndefType::DEFAULT, nil)).to    eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PAnyType::DEFAULT, nil)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(POptionalType::DEFAULT, nil)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'all types should be (ruby) instance of PAnyType' do
+      all_types.each do |t|
+        expect(t::DEFAULT.is_a?(PAnyType)).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it "should infer :undef to be Undef" do
+      expect(calculator.infer(:undef)).to be_assignable_to(undef_t)
+    end
+
+    it "should not consider :default to be instance of Runtime['ruby', 'Symbol]" do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PRuntimeType.new(:ruby, 'Symbol'), :default)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it "should not consider :undef to be instance of Runtime['ruby', 'Symbol]" do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PRuntimeType.new(:ruby, 'Symbol'), :undef)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider :undef to be instance of an Optional type' do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(POptionalType::DEFAULT, :undef)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should not consider undef to be an instance of any other type than Any, Undef, Optional, and Init' do
+      types_to_test = all_types - [
+        PAnyType,
+        PUndefType,
+        POptionalType,
+        PInitType
+        ]
+
+      types_to_test.each {|t| expect(calculator.instance?(t::DEFAULT, nil)).to eq(false) }
+      types_to_test.each {|t| expect(calculator.instance?(t::DEFAULT, :undef)).to eq(false) }
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider default to be instance of Default and Any' do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PDefaultType::DEFAULT, :default)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PAnyType::DEFAULT, :default)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should not consider "default" to be an instance of anything but Default, Init, NotUndef, and Any' do
+      types_to_test = all_types - [
+        PAnyType,
+        PNotUndefType,
+        PDefaultType,
+        PInitType,
+        ]
+
+      types_to_test.each {|t| expect(calculator.instance?(t::DEFAULT, :default)).to eq(false) }
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider integer instanceof PIntegerType' do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PIntegerType::DEFAULT, 1)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider integer instanceof Integer' do
+      expect(calculator.instance?(Integer, 1)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider integer in range' do
+      range = range_t(0,10)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, 1)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, 10)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, -1)).to eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, 11)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider string in length range' do
+      range = constrained_string_t(range_t(1,3))
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, 'a')).to    eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, 'abc')).to  eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, '')).to     eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, 'abcd')).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider string values' do
+      string = string_t('a')
+      expect(calculator.instance?(string, 'a')).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(string, 'c')).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array in length range' do
+      range = array_t(integer_t, range_t(1,3))
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [1])).to    eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3])).to  eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [])).to     eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3,4])).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider hash in length range' do
+      range = hash_t(integer_t, integer_t, range_t(1,2))
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1})).to             eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2})).to       eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {})).to                 eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3})).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider collection in length range for array ' do
+      range = collection_t(range_t(1,3))
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [1])).to    eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3])).to  eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [])).to     eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, [1,2,3,4])).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider collection in length range for hash' do
+      range = collection_t(range_t(1,2))
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1})).to             eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2})).to       eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {})).to                 eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(range, {1=>1, 2=>2, 3=>3})).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider string matching enum as instanceof' do
+      enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L', 'XL', '0')
+      expect(calculator.instance?(enum, 'XS')).to  eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(enum, 'S')).to   eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(enum, 'XXL')).to eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(enum, '')).to    eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(enum, '0')).to   eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(enum, 0)).to     eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array[string] as instance of Array[Enum] when strings are instance of Enum' do
+      enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L', 'XL', '0')
+      array = array_t(enum)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 'XL'])).to  eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 'XXL'])).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array[mixed] as instance of Variant[mixed] when mixed types are listed in Variant' do
+      enum = enum_t('XS', 'S', 'M', 'L', 'XL')
+      sizes = range_t(30, 50)
+      array = array_t(variant_t(enum, sizes))
+      expect(calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 30, 50])).to  eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 'XXL'])).to   eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(array, ['XS', 'S', 29])).to      eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should consider array[seq] as instance of Tuple[seq] when elements of seq are instance of' do
+      tuple = tuple_t(Integer, String, Float)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(tuple, [1, 'a', 3.14])).to       eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(tuple, [1.2, 'a', 3.14])).to     eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(tuple, [1, 1, 3.14])).to         eq(false)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(tuple, [1, 'a', 1])).to          eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'should not consider ProcessOutput objects as instanceof PScalarDataType' do
+      object = Puppet::Util::Execution::ProcessOutput.new('object', 0)
+      
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PScalarDataType::DEFAULT, object)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    context 'and t is Struct' do
+      it 'should consider hash[cont] as instance of Struct[cont-t]' do
+        struct = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String, 'c'=>Float})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>3.14})).to       eq(true)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1.2, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>3.14})).to     eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>1, 'c'=>3.14})).to         eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>1})).to          eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider empty hash as instance of Struct[x=>Optional[String]]' do
+        struct = struct_t({'a'=>optional_t(String)})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {})).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider hash[cont] as instance of Struct[cont-t,optionals]' do
+        struct = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String, 'c'=>optional_t(Float)})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a'})).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider hash[cont] as instance of Struct[cont-t,variants with optionals]' do
+        struct = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String, 'c'=>variant_t(String, optional_t(Float))})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a'})).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should not consider hash[cont,cont2] as instance of Struct[cont-t]' do
+        struct = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>'x'})).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should not consider hash[cont,cont2] as instance of Struct[cont-t,optional[cont3-t]' do
+        struct = struct_t({'a'=>Integer, 'b'=>String, 'c'=>optional_t(Float)})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>1, 'b'=>'a', 'c'=>'x'})).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider nil to be a valid element value' do
+        struct = struct_t({not_undef_t('a') => any_t, 'b'=>String})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>nil , 'b'=>'a'})).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider nil to be a valid element value but subject to value type' do
+        struct = struct_t({not_undef_t('a') => String, 'b'=>String})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>nil , 'b'=>'a'})).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider nil to be a valid element value but subject to value type even when key is optional' do
+        struct = struct_t({optional_t('a') => String, 'b'=>String})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'a'=>nil , 'b'=>'a'})).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider a hash where optional key is missing as assignable even if value of optional key is required' do
+        struct = struct_t({optional_t('a') => String, 'b'=>String})
+        expect(calculator.instance?(struct, {'b'=>'a'})).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and t is Data' do
+      it 'undef should be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, nil)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'other symbols should not be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, :love)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty array should be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, [])).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'an empty hash should be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, {})).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'a hash with nil/undef data should be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, {'a' => nil})).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'a hash with nil/default key should not considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, {nil => 10})).to eq(false)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, {:default => 10})).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'an array with nil entries should be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, [nil])).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'an array with nil + data entries should be considered instance of Data' do
+        expect(calculator.instance?(data_t, [1, nil, 'a'])).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and t is something Callable' do
+
+      it 'a Closure should be considered a Callable' do
+        factory = Model::Factory
+        params = [factory.PARAM('a')]
+        the_block = factory.LAMBDA(params,factory.literal(42), nil).model
+        the_closure = Evaluator::Closure::Dynamic.new(:fake_evaluator, the_block, :fake_scope)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(all_callables_t, the_closure)).to be_truthy
+        expect(calculator.instance?(callable_t(any_t), the_closure)).to be_truthy
+        expect(calculator.instance?(callable_t(any_t, any_t), the_closure)).to be_falsey
+      end
+
+      it 'a Function instance should be considered a Callable' do
+        fc = Puppet::Functions.create_function(:foo) do
+          dispatch :foo do
+            param 'String', :a
+          end
+
+          def foo(a)
+            a
+          end
+        end
+        f = fc.new(:closure_scope, :loader)
+        # Any callable
+        expect(calculator.instance?(all_callables_t, f)).to be_truthy
+        # Callable[String]
+        expect(calculator.instance?(callable_t(String), f)).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and t is a TypeAlias' do
+      let!(:parser) { TypeParser.singleton }
+
+      it 'should consider x an instance of the aliased simple type' do
+        t = type_alias_t('Alias', 'Integer').resolve(nil)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(t, 15)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider x an instance of the aliased parameterized type' do
+        t = type_alias_t('Alias', 'Integer[0,20]').resolve(nil)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(t, 15)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider t an instance of Iterable when aliased type is Iterable' do
+        t = type_alias_t('Alias', 'Enum[a, b]').resolve(nil)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(iterable_t, t)).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider x an instance of the aliased type that uses self recursion' do
+        t = type_alias_t('Tree', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,Tree]]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree').and_return(t)
+
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t.resolve(loader)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(t, {'a'=>{'aa'=>{'aaa'=>'aaaa'}}, 'b'=>'bb'})).to be_truthy
+      end
+
+      it 'should consider x an instance of the aliased type that uses contains an alias that causes self recursion' do
+        t1 = type_alias_t('Tree', 'Hash[String,Variant[String,OtherTree]]')
+        t2 = type_alias_t('OtherTree', 'Hash[String,Tree]')
+        loader = double
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'tree').and_return(t1)
+        expect(loader).to receive(:load).with(:type, 'othertree').and_return(t2)
+
+        expect(Adapters::LoaderAdapter).to receive(:loader_for_model_object).at_least(:once).and_return(loader)
+
+        t1.resolve(loader)
+        expect(calculator.instance?(t1, {'a'=>{'aa'=>{'aaa'=>'aaaa'}}, 'b'=>'bb'})).to be_truthy
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when converting a ruby class' do
+    it 'should yield \'PIntegerType\' for Integer' do
+      expect(calculator.type(Integer).class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PFloatType\' for Float' do
+      expect(calculator.type(Float).class).to eq(PFloatType)
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PBooleanType\' for FalseClass and TrueClass' do
+      [FalseClass,TrueClass].each do |c|
+        expect(calculator.type(c).class).to eq(PBooleanType)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PUndefType\' for NilClass' do
+      expect(calculator.type(NilClass).class).to eq(PUndefType)
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PStringType\' for String' do
+      expect(calculator.type(String).class).to eq(PStringType)
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PRegexpType\' for Regexp' do
+      expect(calculator.type(Regexp).class).to eq(PRegexpType)
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PArrayType[PAnyType]\' for Array' do
+      t = calculator.type(Array)
+      expect(t.class).to eq(PArrayType)
+      expect(t.element_type.class).to eq(PAnyType)
+    end
+
+    it 'should yield \'PHashType[PAnyType,PAnyType]\' for Hash' do
+      t = calculator.type(Hash)
+      expect(t.class).to eq(PHashType)
+      expect(t.key_type.class).to eq(PAnyType)
+      expect(t.value_type.class).to eq(PAnyType)
+    end
+
+    it 'type should yield \'PRuntimeType[ruby,Rational]\' for Rational' do
+      t = calculator.type(Rational)
+      expect(t.class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+      expect(t.runtime).to eq(:ruby)
+      expect(t.runtime_type_name).to eq('Rational')
+    end
+
+    it 'infer should yield \'PRuntimeType[ruby,Rational]\' for Rational instance' do
+      t = calculator.infer(Rational(2, 3))
+      expect(t.class).to eq(PRuntimeType)
+      expect(t.runtime).to eq(:ruby)
+      expect(t.runtime_type_name).to eq('Rational')
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when processing meta type' do
+    it 'should infer PTypeType as the type of all other types' do
+      ptype = PTypeType
+      expect(calculator.infer(PUndefType::DEFAULT     ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PScalarType::DEFAULT    ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PScalarDataType::DEFAULT).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PStringType::DEFAULT    ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PNumericType::DEFAULT   ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PIntegerType::DEFAULT   ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PFloatType::DEFAULT     ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PRegexpType::DEFAULT    ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PBooleanType::DEFAULT   ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PCollectionType::DEFAULT).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PArrayType::DEFAULT     ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PHashType::DEFAULT      ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PIterableType::DEFAULT  ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PRuntimeType::DEFAULT   ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PClassType::DEFAULT ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PResourceType::DEFAULT  ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PEnumType::DEFAULT      ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PPatternType::DEFAULT   ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PVariantType::DEFAULT   ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PTupleType::DEFAULT     ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(POptionalType::DEFAULT  ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+      expect(calculator.infer(PCallableType::DEFAULT  ).is_a?(ptype)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should infer PTypeType as the type of all other types' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(PUndefType::DEFAULT     ).to_s).to eq('Type[Undef]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PScalarType::DEFAULT    ).to_s).to eq('Type[Scalar]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PScalarDataType::DEFAULT).to_s).to eq('Type[ScalarData]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PStringType::DEFAULT    ).to_s).to eq('Type[String]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PNumericType::DEFAULT   ).to_s).to eq('Type[Numeric]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PIntegerType::DEFAULT   ).to_s).to eq('Type[Integer]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PFloatType::DEFAULT     ).to_s).to eq('Type[Float]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PRegexpType::DEFAULT    ).to_s).to eq('Type[Regexp]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PBooleanType::DEFAULT   ).to_s).to eq('Type[Boolean]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PCollectionType::DEFAULT).to_s).to eq('Type[Collection]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PArrayType::DEFAULT     ).to_s).to eq('Type[Array]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PHashType::DEFAULT      ).to_s).to eq('Type[Hash]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PIterableType::DEFAULT  ).to_s).to eq('Type[Iterable]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PRuntimeType::DEFAULT   ).to_s).to eq('Type[Runtime]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PClassType::DEFAULT ).to_s).to eq('Type[Class]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PResourceType::DEFAULT  ).to_s).to eq('Type[Resource]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PEnumType::DEFAULT      ).to_s).to eq('Type[Enum]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PVariantType::DEFAULT   ).to_s).to eq('Type[Variant]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PPatternType::DEFAULT   ).to_s).to eq('Type[Pattern]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PTupleType::DEFAULT     ).to_s).to eq('Type[Tuple]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(POptionalType::DEFAULT  ).to_s).to eq('Type[Optional]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PCallableType::DEFAULT  ).to_s).to eq('Type[Callable]')
+
+      expect(calculator.infer(PResourceType.new('foo::fee::fum')).to_s).to eq('Type[Foo::Fee::Fum]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PResourceType.new('foo::fee::fum')).to_s).to eq('Type[Foo::Fee::Fum]')
+      expect(calculator.infer(PResourceType.new('Foo::Fee::Fum')).to_s).to eq('Type[Foo::Fee::Fum]')
+    end
+
+    it "computes the common type of PTypeType's type parameter" do
+      int_t    = PIntegerType::DEFAULT
+      string_t = PStringType::DEFAULT
+      expect(calculator.infer([int_t]).to_s).to eq('Array[Type[Integer], 1, 1]')
+      expect(calculator.infer([int_t, string_t]).to_s).to eq('Array[Type[ScalarData], 2, 2]')
+    end
+
+    it 'should infer PTypeType as the type of ruby classes' do
+      class Foo
+      end
+      [Object, Numeric, Integer, Float, String, Regexp, Array, Hash, Foo].each do |c|
+        expect(calculator.infer(c).is_a?(PTypeType)).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should infer PTypeType as the type of PTypeType (meta regression short-circuit)' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(PTypeType::DEFAULT).is_a?(PTypeType)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'computes instance? to be true if parameterized and type match' do
+      int_t    = PIntegerType::DEFAULT
+      type_t   = TypeFactory.type_type(int_t)
+      type_type_t   = TypeFactory.type_type(type_t)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(type_type_t, type_t)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'computes instance? to be false if parameterized and type do not match' do
+      int_t    = PIntegerType::DEFAULT
+      string_t = PStringType::DEFAULT
+      type_t   = TypeFactory.type_type(int_t)
+      type_t2   = TypeFactory.type_type(string_t)
+      type_type_t   = TypeFactory.type_type(type_t)
+      # i.e. Type[Integer] =~ Type[Type[Integer]] # false
+      expect(calculator.instance?(type_type_t, type_t2)).to eq(false)
+    end
+
+    it 'computes instance? to be true if unparameterized and matched against a type[?]' do
+      int_t    = PIntegerType::DEFAULT
+      type_t   = TypeFactory.type_type(int_t)
+      expect(calculator.instance?(PTypeType::DEFAULT, type_t)).to eq(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when asking for an iterable ' do
+    it 'should produce an iterable for an Integer range that is finite' do
+      t = PIntegerType.new(1, 10)
+      expect(calculator.iterable(t).respond_to?(:each)).to eq(true)
+    end
+
+    it 'should not produce an iterable for an Integer range that has an infinite side' do
+      t = PIntegerType.new(nil, 10)
+      expect(calculator.iterable(t)).to eq(nil)
+
+      t = PIntegerType.new(1, nil)
+      expect(calculator.iterable(t)).to eq(nil)
+    end
+
+    it 'all but Integer range are not iterable' do
+      [Object, Numeric, Float, String, Regexp, Array, Hash].each do |t|
+        expect(calculator.iterable(calculator.type(t))).to eq(nil)
+      end
+    end
+
+    it 'should produce an iterable for a type alias of an Iterable type' do
+      t = PTypeAliasType.new('MyAlias', nil, PIntegerType.new(1, 10))
+      expect(calculator.iterable(t).respond_to?(:each)).to eq(true)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when dealing with different types of inference' do
+    it 'an instance specific inference is produced by infer' do
+      expect(calculator.infer(['a','b']).element_type.values).to eq(['a', 'b'])
+    end
+
+    it 'a generic inference is produced using infer_generic' do
+      expect(calculator.infer_generic(['a','b']).element_type).to eql(string_t(range_t(1,1)))
+    end
+
+    it 'a generic result is created by generalize given an instance specific result for an Array' do
+      generic = calculator.infer(['a','b'])
+      expect(generic.element_type.values).to eq(['a','b'])
+      generic = generic.generalize
+      expect(generic.element_type).to eql(string_t(range_t(1,1)))
+    end
+
+    it 'a generic result is created by generalize given an instance specific result for a Hash' do
+      generic = calculator.infer({'a' =>1,'bcd' => 2})
+      expect(generic.key_type.values.sort).to eq(['a', 'bcd'])
+      expect(generic.value_type.from).to eq(1)
+      expect(generic.value_type.to).to eq(2)
+      generic = generic.generalize
+      expect(generic.key_type.size_type).to eq(range_t(1,3))
+      expect(generic.value_type.from).to eq(nil)
+      expect(generic.value_type.to).to eq(nil)
+    end
+
+    it 'ensures that Struct key types are not generalized' do
+      generic = struct_t({'a' => any_t}).generalize
+      expect(generic.to_s).to eq("Struct[{'a' => Any}]")
+      generic = struct_t({not_undef_t('a') => any_t}).generalize
+      expect(generic.to_s).to eq("Struct[{NotUndef['a'] => Any}]")
+      generic = struct_t({optional_t('a') => string_t}).generalize
+      expect(generic.to_s).to eq("Struct[{Optional['a'] => String}]")
+    end
+
+    it 'ensures that Struct value types are generalized' do
+      generic = struct_t({'a' => range_t(1, 3)}).generalize
+      expect(generic.to_s).to eq("Struct[{'a' => Integer}]")
+    end
+
+    it "does not reduce by combining types when using infer_set" do
+      element_type = calculator.infer(['a','b',1,2]).element_type
+      expect(element_type.class).to eq(PScalarDataType)
+      inferred_type = calculator.infer_set(['a','b',1,2])
+      expect(inferred_type.class).to eq(PTupleType)
+      element_types = inferred_type.types
+      expect(element_types[0].class).to eq(PStringType)
+      expect(element_types[1].class).to eq(PStringType)
+      expect(element_types[2].class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+      expect(element_types[3].class).to eq(PIntegerType)
+    end
+
+    it 'does not reduce by combining types when using infer_set and values are undef' do
+      element_type = calculator.infer(['a',nil]).element_type
+      expect(element_type.class).to eq(PStringType)
+      inferred_type = calculator.infer_set(['a',nil])
+      expect(inferred_type.class).to eq(PTupleType)
+      element_types = inferred_type.types
+      expect(element_types[0].class).to eq(PStringType)
+      expect(element_types[1].class).to eq(PUndefType)
+    end
+
+    it 'infers on an empty Array produces Array[Unit,0,0]' do
+      inferred_type = calculator.infer([])
+      expect(inferred_type.element_type.class).to eq(PUnitType)
+      expect(inferred_type.size_range).to eq([0, 0])
+    end
+
+    it 'infer_set on an empty Array produces Array[Unit,0,0]' do
+      inferred_type = calculator.infer_set([])
+      expect(inferred_type.element_type.class).to eq(PUnitType)
+      expect(inferred_type.size_range).to eq([0, 0])
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'when determening callability' do
+    context 'and given is exact' do
+      it 'with callable' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t)
+        given = callable_t(string_t)
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t)
+        given = tuple_t(string_t)
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple having a block' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t, callable_t(string_t))
+        given = tuple_t(string_t, callable_t(string_t))
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args array' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t)
+        given = array_t(string_t, range_t(1, 1))
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and given is more generic' do
+      it 'with callable' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t)
+        given = callable_t(any_t)
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t)
+        given = tuple_t(any_t)
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple having a block' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t, callable_t(string_t))
+        given = tuple_t(string_t, callable_t(any_t))
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple having a block with captures rest' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t, callable_t(string_t))
+        given = tuple_t(string_t, callable_t(any_t, 0, :default))
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and given is more specific' do
+      it 'with callable' do
+        required = callable_t(any_t)
+        given = callable_t(string_t)
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple' do
+        required = callable_t(any_t)
+        given = tuple_t(string_t)
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(true)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple having a block' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t, callable_t(any_t))
+        given = tuple_t(string_t, callable_t(string_t))
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(false)
+      end
+
+      it 'with args tuple having a block with captures rest' do
+        required = callable_t(string_t, callable_t(any_t))
+        given = tuple_t(string_t, callable_t(string_t, 0, :default))
+        expect(calculator.callable?(required, given)).to eq(false)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  matcher :be_assignable_to do |type|
+    match do |actual|
+      type.is_a?(PAnyType) && type.assignable?(actual)
+    end
+
+    failure_message do |actual|
+      "#{TypeFormatter.string(actual)} should be assignable to #{TypeFormatter.string(type)}"
+    end
+
+    failure_message_when_negated do |actual|
+      "#{TypeFormatter.string(actual)} is assignable to #{TypeFormatter.string(type)} when it should not"
+    end
+  end
+end
+end
+end