puppet 7.29.1-universal-darwin → 8.0.1-universal-darwin

data/spec/unit/functions/lookup_spec.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3415 @@
+require 'spec_helper'
+require 'puppet_spec/compiler'
+require 'puppet_spec/files'
+require 'puppet/pops'
+require 'deep_merge/core'
+
+describe "The lookup function" do
+  include PuppetSpec::Compiler
+  include PuppetSpec::Files
+
+  let(:env_name) { 'spec' }
+  let(:code_dir_files) { {} }
+  let(:code_dir) { tmpdir('code') }
+  let(:ruby_dir) { tmpdir('ruby') }
+  let(:env_modules) { {} }
+  let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+    <<-YAML.unindent
+      ---
+      version: 5
+      hierarchy:
+        - name: "Common"
+          data_hash: yaml_data
+          path: "common.yaml"
+      YAML
+  end
+
+  let(:env_data) { {} }
+
+  let(:environment_files) do
+    {
+      env_name => {
+        'modules' => env_modules,
+        'hiera.yaml' => env_hiera_yaml,
+        'data' => env_data
+      }
+    }
+  end
+
+  let(:logs) { [] }
+  let(:scope_additions ) { {} }
+  let(:notices) { logs.select { |log| log.level == :notice }.map { |log| log.message } }
+  let(:warnings) { logs.select { |log| log.level == :warning }.map { |log| log.message } }
+  let(:debugs) { logs.select { |log| log.level == :debug }.map { |log| log.message } }
+  let(:env) { Puppet::Node::Environment.create(env_name.to_sym, [File.join(populated_env_dir, env_name, 'modules')]) }
+  let(:environments) { Puppet::Environments::Directories.new(populated_env_dir, []) }
+  let(:node) { Puppet::Node.new('test_lookup', :environment => env) }
+  let(:compiler) { Puppet::Parser::Compiler.new(node) }
+  let(:lookup_func) { Puppet.lookup(:loaders).puppet_system_loader.load(:function, 'lookup') }
+  let(:invocation_with_explain) { Puppet::Pops::Lookup::Invocation.new(compiler.topscope, {}, {}, true) }
+  let(:explanation) { invocation_with_explain.explainer.explain }
+
+  let(:populated_code_dir) do
+    dir_contained_in(code_dir, code_dir_files)
+    code_dir
+  end
+
+  let(:env_dir) do
+    d = File.join(populated_code_dir, 'environments')
+    Dir.mkdir(d)
+    d
+  end
+
+  let(:populated_env_dir) do
+    dir_contained_in(env_dir, environment_files)
+    env_dir
+  end
+
+  before(:each) do
+    Puppet.settings[:codedir] = code_dir
+    Puppet.push_context(:environments => environments, :current_environment => env)
+  end
+
+  after(:each) do
+    Puppet.pop_context
+    if Object.const_defined?(:Hiera)
+      Hiera.send(:remove_instance_variable, :@config) if Hiera.instance_variable_defined?(:@config)
+      Hiera.send(:remove_instance_variable, :@logger) if Hiera.instance_variable_defined?(:@logger)
+      if Hiera.const_defined?(:Config)
+        Hiera::Config.send(:remove_instance_variable, :@config) if Hiera::Config.instance_variable_defined?(:@config)
+      end
+      if Hiera.const_defined?(:Backend) && Hiera::Backend.respond_to?(:clear!)
+        Hiera::Backend.clear!
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def collect_notices(code, explain = false, &block)
+    Puppet[:code] = code
+    Puppet::Util::Log.with_destination(Puppet::Test::LogCollector.new(logs)) do
+      scope = compiler.topscope
+      scope['domain'] = 'example.com'
+      scope_additions.each_pair { |k, v| scope[k] = v }
+      if explain
+        begin
+          invocation_with_explain.lookup('dummy', nil) do
+            if block_given?
+              compiler.compile { |catalog| block.call(compiler.topscope); catalog }
+            else
+              compiler.compile
+            end
+          end
+        rescue RuntimeError => e
+          invocation_with_explain.report_text { e.message }
+        end
+      else
+        if block_given?
+          compiler.compile { |catalog| block.call(compiler.topscope); catalog }
+        else
+          compiler.compile
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def lookup(key, options = {}, explain = false, type = nil)
+    value_type = type ? ", #{type}" : ''
+    nc_opts = options.empty? ? '' : ", #{Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeFormatter.string(options)}"
+    keys = key.is_a?(Array) ? key : [key]
+    collect_notices(keys.map { |k| "notice(String(lookup('#{k}'#{value_type}#{nc_opts}), '%p'))" }.join("\n"), explain)
+    if explain
+      explanation
+    else
+      result = notices.map { |n| Puppet::Pops::Types::TypeParser.singleton.parse_literal(n) }
+      key.is_a?(Array) ? result : result[0]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def explain(key, options = {})
+    lookup(key, options, true)[1]
+    explanation
+  end
+
+  context 'with faulty hiera.yaml configuration' do
+    context 'in global layer' do
+      let(:global_data) do
+        {
+          'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+            a: value a (from global)
+            YAML
+        }
+      end
+
+      let(:code_dir_files) do
+        {
+          'hiera.yaml' => hiera_yaml,
+          'data' => global_data
+        }
+      end
+
+      before(:each) do
+        # Need to set here since spec_helper defines these settings in its "before each"
+        Puppet.settings[:codedir] = populated_code_dir
+        Puppet.settings[:hiera_config] = File.join(code_dir, 'hiera.yaml')
+      end
+
+      context 'using a not yet supported hiera version' do
+        let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          version: 6
+          YAML
+
+        it 'fails and reports error' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error("This runtime does not support hiera.yaml version 6 (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml)")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'with multiply defined backend using hiera version 3' do
+        let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          :version: 3
+          :backends:
+            - yaml
+            - json
+            - yaml
+          YAML
+
+        it 'fails and reports error' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+            "Backend 'yaml' is defined more than once. First defined at (line: 3) (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml, line: 5)")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using hiera version 4' do
+        let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          version: 4
+          YAML
+
+        it 'fails and reports error' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+            "hiera.yaml version 4 cannot be used in the global layer (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml)")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using hiera version 5' do
+        context 'with multiply defined hierarchy' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                path: common.yaml
+              - name: Other
+                path: other.yaml
+              - name: Common
+                path: common.yaml
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "Hierarchy name 'Common' defined more than once. First defined at (line: 3) (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml, line: 7)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with hiera3_backend that is provided as data_hash function' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                hiera3_backend: hocon
+                path: common.conf
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "Use \"data_hash: hocon_data\" instead of \"hiera3_backend: hocon\" (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml, line: 4)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with no data provider function defined' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            defaults:
+              datadir: data
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                path: common.txt
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "One of data_hash, lookup_key, data_dig, or hiera3_backend must be defined in hierarchy 'Common' (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with multiple data providers in defaults' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            defaults:
+              data_hash: yaml_data
+              lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key
+              datadir: data
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                path: common.txt
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "Only one of data_hash, lookup_key, data_dig, or hiera3_backend can be defined in defaults (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with non existing data provider function' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                data_hash: nonesuch_txt_data
+                path: common.yaml
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            Puppet[:strict] = :error
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "Unable to find 'data_hash' function named 'nonesuch_txt_data' (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with a declared default_hierarchy' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                path: common.yaml
+            default_hierarchy:
+              - name: Defaults
+                path: defaults.yaml
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "'default_hierarchy' is only allowed in the module layer (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml, line: 5)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with missing variables' do
+          let(:scope_additions) { { 'fqdn' => 'test.example.com' } }
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common # don't report this line %{::nonesuch}
+                path: "%{::fqdn}/%{::nonesuch}/data.yaml"
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports errors when strict == error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error("Function lookup() did not find a value for the name 'a'")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'using interpolation functions' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common # don't report this line %{::nonesuch}
+                path: "%{lookup('fqdn')}/data.yaml"
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports errors when strict == error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error("Interpolation using method syntax is not allowed in this context (file: #{code_dir}/hiera.yaml)")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'in environment layer' do
+      context 'using hiera version 4' do
+        context 'with an unknown backend' do
+          let(:env_hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 4
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                backend: nonesuch
+                path: common.yaml
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "No data provider is registered for backend 'nonesuch' (file: #{env_dir}/spec/hiera.yaml, line: 4)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with multiply defined hierarchy' do
+          let(:env_hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 4
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                backend: yaml
+                path: common.yaml
+              - name: Other
+                backend: yaml
+                path: other.yaml
+              - name: Common
+                backend: yaml
+                path: common.yaml
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "Hierarchy name 'Common' defined more than once. First defined at (line: 3) (file: #{env_dir}/spec/hiera.yaml, line: 9)")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using hiera version 5' do
+        context 'with a hiera3_backend declaration' do
+          let(:env_hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                hiera3_backend: something
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "'hiera3_backend' is only allowed in the global layer (file: #{env_dir}/spec/hiera.yaml, line: 4)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with a declared default_hierarchy' do
+          let(:env_hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            version: 5
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: Common
+                path: common.yaml
+            default_hierarchy:
+              - name: Defaults
+                path: defaults.yaml
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            Puppet[:strict] = :error
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(
+              "'default_hierarchy' is only allowed in the module layer (file: #{env_dir}/spec/hiera.yaml, line: 5)")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'with an environment' do
+    let(:env_data) do
+      {
+        'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+        ---
+        a: value a (from environment)
+        c:
+          c_b: value c_b (from environment)
+        mod_a::a: value mod_a::a (from environment)
+        mod_a::hash_a:
+          a: value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)
+        mod_a::hash_b:
+          a: value mod_a::hash_b.a (from environment)
+        hash_b:
+          hash_ba:
+            bab: value hash_b.hash_ba.bab (from environment)
+        hash_c:
+          hash_ca:
+            caa: value hash_c.hash_ca.caa (from environment)
+        lookup_options:
+          mod_a::hash_b:
+            merge: hash
+          hash_c:
+            merge: hash
+      YAML
+      }
+    end
+
+    it 'finds data in the environment' do
+      expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from environment)')
+    end
+
+    context 'with log-level debug' do
+      before(:each) { Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug' }
+
+      it 'does not report a regular lookup as APL' do
+        expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from environment)')
+        expect(debugs.count { |dbg| dbg =~ /\A\s*Automatic Parameter Lookup of/ }).to eql(0)
+      end
+
+      it 'reports regular lookup as lookup' do
+        expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from environment)')
+        expect(debugs.count { |dbg| dbg =~ /\A\s*Lookup of/ }).to eql(1)
+      end
+
+      it 'does not report APL as lookup' do
+        collect_notices("class mod_a($a) { notice($a) }; include mod_a")
+        expect(debugs.count { |dbg| dbg =~ /\A\s*Lookup of/ }).to eql(0)
+      end
+
+      it 'reports APL as APL' do
+        collect_notices("class mod_a($a) { notice($a) }; include mod_a")
+        expect(debugs.count { |dbg| dbg =~ /\A\s*Automatic Parameter Lookup of/ }).to eql(1)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'that has no lookup configured' do
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'data' => env_data
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'does not find data in the environment' do
+        expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError, /did not find a value for the name 'a'/)
+      end
+
+      context "but an environment.conf with 'environment_data_provider=hiera'" do
+        let(:environment_files) do
+          {
+            env_name => {
+              'environment.conf' => "environment_data_provider=hiera\n",
+              'data' => env_data
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the environment and reports deprecation warning for environment.conf' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from environment)')
+          expect(warnings).to include(/Defining environment_data_provider='hiera' in environment.conf is deprecated. A 'hiera.yaml' file should be used instead/)
+        end
+
+        context 'and a hiera.yaml file' do
+          let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+              ---
+              version: 4
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: common
+                  backend: yaml
+              YAML
+          end
+
+          let(:environment_files) do
+            {
+              env_name => {
+                'hiera.yaml' => env_hiera_yaml,
+                'environment.conf' => "environment_data_provider=hiera\n",
+                'data' => env_data
+              }
+            }
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data in the environment and reports deprecation warnings for both environment.conf and hiera.yaml' do
+            expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from environment)')
+            expect(warnings).to include(/Defining environment_data_provider='hiera' in environment.conf is deprecated/)
+            expect(warnings).to include(/Use of 'hiera.yaml' version 4 is deprecated. It should be converted to version 5/)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context "but an environment.conf with 'environment_data_provider=function'" do
+        let(:environment_files) do
+          {
+            env_name => {
+              'environment.conf' => "environment_data_provider=function\n",
+              'functions' => {
+                'environment' => { 'data.pp' => <<-PUPPET.unindent }
+                    function environment::data() {
+                      { 'a' => 'value a' }
+                    }
+                    PUPPET
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the environment and reports deprecation warning for environment.conf' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a')
+          expect(warnings).to include(/Defining environment_data_provider='function' in environment.conf is deprecated. A 'hiera.yaml' file should be used instead/)
+          expect(warnings).to include(/Using of legacy data provider function 'environment::data'. Please convert to a 'data_hash' function/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'that has interpolated paths configured' do
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          version: 5
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: "Varying"
+              data_hash: yaml_data
+              path: "#{data_path}"
+          YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'hiera.yaml' => env_hiera_yaml,
+            'modules' => {},
+            'data' => {
+              'x.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                y: value y from x
+                YAML
+              'x_d.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                y: value y from x_d
+                YAML
+              'x_e.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                y: value y from x_e
+                YAML
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      context 'using local variable reference' do
+        let(:data_path) { 'x%{var.sub}.yaml' }
+
+        it 'reloads the configuration if interpolated values change' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            scope['var'] = {}
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x')
+            nested_scope = scope.compiler.newscope(scope)
+            nested_scope['var'] = { 'sub' => '_d' }
+            expect(lookup_func.call(nested_scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x_d')
+            nested_scope = scope.compiler.newscope(scope)
+            nested_scope['var'] = { 'sub' => '_e' }
+            expect(lookup_func.call(nested_scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x_e')
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+          expect(debugs.any? { |m| m =~ /Hiera configuration recreated due to change of scope variables used in interpolation expressions/ }).to be_truthy
+        end
+
+        it 'does not include the lookups performed during stability check in explain output' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            var = { 'sub' => '_d' }
+            scope['var'] = var
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x_d')
+
+            # Second call triggers the check
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x_d')
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+          expect(debugs.any? { |m| m =~ /Sub key: "sub"/ }).to be_falsey
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using global variable reference' do
+        let(:data_path) { 'x%{::var.sub}.yaml' }
+
+        it 'does not raise an error when reloads the configuration if interpolating undefined values' do
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            expect { lookup_func.call(scope, 'y') }.to_not raise_error
+          end
+        end
+
+        it 'does not reload the configuration if value changes locally' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            scope['var'] = { 'sub' => '_d' }
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x_d')
+            nested_scope = scope.compiler.newscope(scope)
+            nested_scope['var'] = { 'sub' => '_e' }
+            expect(lookup_func.call(nested_scope, 'y')).to eql('value y from x_d')
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+          expect(debugs.any? { |m| m =~ /Hiera configuration recreated due to change of scope variables used in interpolation expressions/ }).to be_falsey
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'that uses reserved' do
+       let(:environment_files) do
+        { env_name => { 'hiera.yaml' => hiera_yaml } }
+      end
+
+      context 'option' do
+       let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          version: 5
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: "Illegal"
+              options:
+                #{opt_spec}
+              data_hash: yaml_data
+          YAML
+
+        context 'path' do
+          let(:opt_spec) { 'path: data/foo.yaml' }
+
+          it 'fails and reports the reserved option key' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+              expect(e.message).to match(/Option key 'path' used in hierarchy 'Illegal' is reserved by Puppet/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'uri' do
+          let(:opt_spec) { 'uri: file:///data/foo.yaml' }
+
+          it 'fails and reports the reserved option key' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+              expect(e.message).to match(/Option key 'uri' used in hierarchy 'Illegal' is reserved by Puppet/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'default option' do
+        let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          ---
+          version: 5
+          defaults:
+              options:
+                #{opt_spec}
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: "Illegal"
+              data_hash: yaml_data
+          YAML
+
+        context 'path' do
+          let(:opt_spec) { 'path: data/foo.yaml' }
+
+          it 'fails and reports the reserved option key' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+              expect(e.message).to match(/Option key 'path' used in defaults is reserved by Puppet/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'uri' do
+          let(:opt_spec) { 'uri: file:///data/foo.yaml' }
+
+          it 'fails and reports the reserved option key' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+              expect(e.message).to match(/Option key 'uri' used in defaults is reserved by Puppet/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with yaml data file' do
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              ---
+              version: 5
+              YAML
+            'data' => {
+              'common.yaml' => common_yaml
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains hash values with interpolated keys' do
+        let(:common_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          a:
+              "%{key}": "the %{value}"
+          b:  "Detail in %{lookup('a.a_key')}"
+          YAML
+        end
+
+        it 'interpolates both key and value"' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            scope['key'] = ''
+            scope['value'] = ''
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'a')).to eql({'' => 'the '})
+            nested_scope = scope.compiler.newscope(scope)
+            nested_scope['key'] = 'a_key'
+            nested_scope['value'] = 'interpolated value'
+            expect(lookup_func.call(nested_scope, 'a')).to eql({'a_key' => 'the interpolated value'})
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+        end
+
+        it 'navigates to a value behind an interpolated key"' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            scope['key'] = 'a_key'
+            scope['value'] = 'interpolated value'
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'a.a_key')).to eql('the interpolated value')
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+        end
+
+        it 'navigates to a value behind an interpolated key using an interpolated value"' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            scope['key'] = 'a_key'
+            scope['value'] = 'interpolated value'
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'b')).to eql('Detail in the interpolated value')
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that is empty' do
+        let(:common_yaml) { '' }
+
+        it 'fails with a "did not find"' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+            expect(e.message).to match(/did not find a value for the name 'a'/)
+          end
+        end
+
+        it 'logs a warning that the file does not contain a hash' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError)
+          expect(warnings).to include(/spec\/data\/common.yaml: file does not contain a valid yaml hash/)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains illegal yaml' do
+        let(:common_yaml) { "@!#%**&:\n" }
+
+        it 'fails lookup and that the key is not found' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+            expect(e.message).to match(/Unable to parse/)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains a legal yaml that is not a hash' do
+        let(:common_yaml) { "- A list\n- of things" }
+
+        it 'fails with a "invalid yaml hash"' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+            expect(e.message).to match(/spec\/data\/common.yaml: file does not contain a valid yaml hash/)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'when strict mode is off' do
+          before :each do
+            Puppet[:strict] = :warning
+          end
+          it 'fails with a "did not find"' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+              expect(e.message).to match(/did not find a value for the name 'a'/)
+            end
+          end
+
+          it 'logs a warning that the file does not contain a hash' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError)
+            expect(warnings).to include(/spec\/data\/common.yaml: file does not contain a valid yaml hash/)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains a legal yaml hash with illegal types' do
+        let(:common_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          a: !ruby/object:Puppet::Graph::Key
+              value: x
+          YAML
+        end
+
+        it 'fails lookup and reports parsing failed' do
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+            expect(e.message).to match(/Unable to parse .*: Tried to load unspecified class: Puppet::Graph::Key/)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains a legal yaml hash with unexpected types' do
+        let(:common_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          a: 123
+          YAML
+        end
+
+        it 'fails lookup and reports a type mismatch' do
+          expect { lookup('a', {}, false, String) }.to raise_error do |e|
+            expect(e.message).to match(/Found value has wrong type, expects a String value, got Integer \(line: 1, column: \d+\)/)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains illegal interpolations' do
+        context 'in the form of an alias that is not the entire string' do
+          let(:common_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            a: "%{alias('x')} and then some"
+            x: value x
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails lookup and reports a type mismatch' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error("'alias' interpolation is only permitted if the expression is equal to the entire string")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'in the form of an unknown function name' do
+          let(:common_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+            a: "%{what('x')}"
+            x: value x
+            YAML
+
+          it 'fails lookup and reports a type mismatch' do
+            expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error("Unknown interpolation method 'what'")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains an array with duplicates' do
+        let(:common_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          a:
+           - alpha
+           - bravo
+           - charlie
+           - bravo
+          YAML
+
+        it 'retains the duplicates when using default merge strategy' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql(%w(alpha bravo charlie bravo))
+        end
+
+        it 'does deduplification when using merge strategy "unique"' do
+          expect(lookup('a', :merge => 'unique')).to eql(%w(alpha bravo charlie))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with lookup_options' do
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              ---
+              version: 5
+              YAML
+            'data' => {
+              'common.yaml' => common_yaml
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      context 'that are empty' do
+        let(:common_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          lookup_options:
+          a: b
+          YAML
+
+        it 'ignores empty options' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eq("b")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that contains a legal yaml hash with unexpected types' do
+        let(:common_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          lookup_options:
+            :invalid_symbol
+          YAML
+
+        it 'fails lookup and reports a type mismatch' do
+          expect {
+            lookup('a')
+          }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError, /has wrong type, expects Puppet::LookupValue, got Runtime\[ruby, 'Symbol'\]/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'with lookup_options configured using patterns' do
+      let(:mod_common) {
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+          mod::hash_a:
+            aa:
+              aaa: aaa (from module)
+            ab:
+              aba: aba (from module)
+          mod::hash_b:
+            ba:
+              baa: baa (from module)
+            bb:
+              bba: bba (from module)
+          lookup_options:
+            '^mod::ha.*_a':
+              merge: deep
+            '^mod::ha.*_b':
+              merge: deep
+        YAML
+      }
+
+      let(:mod_base) do
+        {
+          'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+            version: 5
+            YAML
+          'data' => {
+            'common.yaml' => mod_common
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      let(:env_modules) do
+        {
+          'mod' => mod_base
+        }
+      end
+
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          version: 5
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: X
+              paths:
+              - first.yaml
+              - second.yaml
+          YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:env_lookup_options) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+        lookup_options:
+          b:
+            merge: hash
+          '^[^b]$':
+             merge: deep
+          '^c':
+             merge: first
+          '^b':
+             merge: first
+          '^mod::ha.*_b':
+            merge: hash
+        YAML
+
+      let(:env_data) do
+        {
+          'first.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent + env_lookup_options,
+            a:
+              aa:
+                aaa: a.aa.aaa
+            b:
+              ba:
+                baa: b.ba.baa
+              bb:
+                bba: b.bb.bba
+            c:
+              ca:
+                caa: c.ca.caa
+            mod::hash_a:
+              aa:
+                aab: aab (from environment)
+              ab:
+                aba: aba (from environment)
+                abb: abb (from environment)
+            mod::hash_b:
+              ba:
+                bab: bab (from environment)
+              bc:
+                bca: bca (from environment)
+            sa:
+              sa1: ['e', 'd', '--f']
+            YAML
+          'second.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+            a:
+              aa:
+                aab: a.aa.aab
+            b:
+              ba:
+                bab: b.ba.bab
+              bb:
+                bbb: b.bb.bbb
+            c:
+              ca:
+                cab: c.ca.cab
+            sa:
+              sa1: ['b', 'a', 'f', 'c']
+            YAML
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'finds lookup_options that matches a pattern' do
+        expect(lookup('a')).to eql({'aa' => { 'aaa' => 'a.aa.aaa', 'aab' => 'a.aa.aab' }})
+      end
+
+      it 'gives a direct key match higher priority than a matching pattern' do
+        expect(lookup('b')).to eql({'ba' => { 'baa' => 'b.ba.baa' }, 'bb' => { 'bba'=>'b.bb.bba' }})
+      end
+
+      it 'uses the first matching pattern' do
+        expect(lookup('c')).to eql({'ca' => { 'caa' => 'c.ca.caa', 'cab' => 'c.ca.cab' }})
+      end
+
+      it 'uses lookup_option found by pattern from module' do
+        expect(lookup('mod::hash_a')).to eql({
+          'aa' => {
+            'aaa' => 'aaa (from module)',
+            'aab' => 'aab (from environment)'
+          },
+          'ab' => {
+            'aba' => 'aba (from environment)',
+            'abb' => 'abb (from environment)'
+          }
+        })
+      end
+
+      it 'merges lookup_options found by pattern in environment and module (environment wins)' do
+        expect(lookup('mod::hash_b')).to eql({
+          'ba' => {
+            'bab' => 'bab (from environment)'
+          },
+          'bb' => {
+            'bba' => 'bba (from module)'
+          },
+          'bc' => {
+            'bca' => 'bca (from environment)'
+          }
+        })
+      end
+
+      context 'and lookup_options is empty' do
+        let(:mod_common) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          lookup_options:
+          mod::a: b
+          YAML
+
+        it 'ignores empty options' do
+          expect(lookup('mod::a')).to eq("b")
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'and lookup_options contains a legal hash with unexpected types' do
+        let(:mod_common) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          lookup_options:
+            :invalid_symbol
+          YAML
+
+        it 'fails lookup and reports a type mismatch' do
+          expect {
+            lookup('mod::a')
+          }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError, /has wrong type, expects Puppet::LookupValue, got Runtime\[ruby, 'Symbol'\]/)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'and patterns in module are not limited to module keys' do
+        let(:mod_common) {
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          mod::hash_a:
+            aa:
+              aaa: aaa (from module)
+            ab:
+              aba: aba (from module)
+          lookup_options:
+            '^.*_a':
+              merge: deep
+          YAML
+        }
+
+        it 'fails with error' do
+          expect { lookup('mod::a') }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError, /all lookup_options patterns must match a key starting with module name/)
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'and there are no lookup options that do not use patterns' do
+
+        let(:env_lookup_options) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          lookup_options:
+            '^[^b]$':
+              merge: deep
+            '^c':
+              merge: first
+            '^b':
+              merge: first
+            '^mod::ha.*_b':
+              merge: hash
+          YAML
+
+        it 'finds lookup_options that matches a pattern' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql({'aa' => { 'aaa' => 'a.aa.aaa', 'aab' => 'a.aa.aab' }})
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'and lookup options use a hash' do
+
+        let(:env_lookup_options) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          lookup_options:
+            'sa':
+              merge:
+                strategy: deep
+                knockout_prefix: --
+                sort_merged_arrays: true
+        YAML
+
+        it 'applies knockout_prefix and sort_merged_arrays' do
+          expect(lookup('sa')).to eql({ 'sa1' => %w(a b c d e) })
+        end
+
+        it 'overrides knockout_prefix and sort_merged_arrays with explicitly given values' do
+          expect(
+            lookup('sa', 'merge' => { 'strategy' => 'deep', 'knockout_prefix' => '##', 'sort_merged_arrays' => false })).to(
+              eql({ 'sa1' => %w(b a f c e d --f) }))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and an environment Hiera v5 configuration using globs' do
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+        ---
+        version: 5
+        hierarchy:
+          - name: Globs
+            globs:
+              - "globs/*.yaml"
+              - "globs_%{domain}/*.yaml"
+        YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:env_data) do
+        {
+          'globs' => {
+            'a.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              glob_a: value glob_a
+              YAML
+            'b.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+              glob_b:
+                a: value glob_b.a
+                b: value glob_b.b
+            YAML
+          },
+          'globs_example.com' => {
+            'a.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              glob_c: value glob_a
+              YAML
+            'b.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+              glob_d:
+                a: value glob_d.a
+                b: value glob_d.b
+            YAML
+
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'finds environment data using globs' do
+        expect(lookup('glob_a')).to eql('value glob_a')
+        expect(warnings).to be_empty
+      end
+
+      it 'finds environment data using interpolated globs' do
+        expect(lookup('glob_d.a')).to eql('value glob_d.a')
+        expect(warnings).to be_empty
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and an environment Hiera v5 configuration using uris' do
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+        ---
+        version: 5
+        hierarchy:
+          - name: Uris
+            uris:
+              - "http://test.example.com"
+              - "/some/arbitrary/path"
+              - "urn:with:opaque:path"
+              - "dothis%20-f%20bar"
+            data_hash: mod::uri_test_func
+        YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:env_modules) do
+        {
+          'mod' => { 'lib' => { 'puppet' => { 'functions' => { 'mod' => { 'uri_test_func.rb' => <<-RUBY } } } } }
+            Puppet::Functions.create_function(:'mod::uri_test_func') do
+              dispatch :uri_test_func do
+                param 'Hash', :options
+                param 'Puppet::LookupContext', :context
+              end
+
+              def uri_test_func(options, context)
+                { 'uri' => [ options['uri'] ] }
+              end
+            end
+            RUBY
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'The uris are propagated in the options hash' do
+        expect(lookup('uri', 'merge' => 'unique')).to eql(
+          %w(http://test.example.com /some/arbitrary/path urn:with:opaque:path dothis%20-f%20bar))
+        expect(warnings).to be_empty
+      end
+
+      context 'and a uri uses bad syntax' do
+        let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+        ---
+        version: 5
+        hierarchy:
+          - name: Uris
+            uri: "dothis -f bar"
+            data_hash: mod::uri_test_func
+          YAML
+        end
+
+        it 'an attempt to lookup raises InvalidURIError' do
+          expect{ lookup('uri', 'merge' => 'unique') }.to raise_error(/bad URI/)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and an environment Hiera v5 configuration using mapped_paths' do
+      let(:scope_additions) do
+        {
+          'mapped' =>  {
+            'array_var' => ['a', 'b', 'c'],
+            'hash_var' => { 'x' => 'a', 'y' => 'b', 'z' => 'c' },
+            'string_var' => 's' },
+          'var' => 'global_var' # overridden by mapped path variable
+        }
+      end
+
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+        ---
+        version: 5
+        hierarchy:
+          - name: Mapped Paths
+            mapped_paths: #{mapped_paths}
+          - name: Global Path
+            path: "%{var}.yaml"
+        YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'hiera.yaml' => env_hiera_yaml,
+            'data' => env_data
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      context 'that originates from an array' do
+        let (:mapped_paths) { '[mapped.array_var, var, "paths/%{var}.yaml"]' }
+
+        let(:env_data) do
+          {
+            'paths' => {
+              'a.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                path_a: value path_a
+                path_h:
+                  a: value path_h.a
+                  c: value path_h.c
+                YAML
+              'b.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                path_h:
+                  b: value path_h.b
+                  d: value path_h.d
+                YAML
+              'd.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                path_h:
+                  b: value path_h.b (from d.yaml)
+                  d: value path_h.d (from d.yaml)
+                YAML
+            },
+            'global_var.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              path_h:
+                e: value path_h.e
+              YAML
+            'other_var.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+              path_h:
+                e: value path_h.e (from other_var.yaml)
+              YAML
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds environment data using mapped_paths' do
+          expect(lookup('path_a')).to eql('value path_a')
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'includes mapped path in explain output' do
+          explanation = explain('path_h', 'merge' => 'deep')
+          ['a', 'b', 'c'].each do |var|
+            expect(explanation).to match(/^\s+Path "#{env_dir}\/spec\/data\/paths\/#{var}\.yaml"\n\s+Original path: "paths\/%\{var\}\.yaml"/)
+          end
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'performs merges between mapped paths and global path interpolated using same key' do
+          expect(lookup('path_h', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+            {
+              'a' => 'value path_h.a',
+              'b' => 'value path_h.b',
+              'c' => 'value path_h.c',
+              'd' => 'value path_h.d',
+              'e' => 'value path_h.e'
+            })
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'keeps track of changes in key overridden by interpolated key' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'path_h', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+              {
+                'a' => 'value path_h.a',
+                'b' => 'value path_h.b',
+                'c' => 'value path_h.c',
+                'd' => 'value path_h.d',
+                'e' => 'value path_h.e'
+              })
+            scope.with_local_scope('var' => 'other_var') do
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'path_h', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+                {
+                  'a' => 'value path_h.a',
+                  'b' => 'value path_h.b',
+                  'c' => 'value path_h.c',
+                  'd' => 'value path_h.d',
+                  'e' => 'value path_h.e (from other_var.yaml)'
+                })
+            end
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+          expect(debugs.any? { |m| m =~ /Hiera configuration recreated due to change of scope variables used in interpolation expressions/ }).to be_truthy
+        end
+
+        it 'keeps track of changes in elements of mapped key' do
+          Puppet[:log_level] = 'debug'
+          collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'path_h', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+              {
+                'a' => 'value path_h.a',
+                'b' => 'value path_h.b',
+                'c' => 'value path_h.c',
+                'd' => 'value path_h.d',
+                'e' => 'value path_h.e'
+              })
+            scope['mapped']['array_var'] = ['a', 'c', 'd']
+            expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'path_h', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+              {
+                'a' => 'value path_h.a',
+                'b' => 'value path_h.b (from d.yaml)',
+                'c' => 'value path_h.c',
+                'd' => 'value path_h.d (from d.yaml)',
+                'e' => 'value path_h.e'
+              })
+          end
+          expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+          expect(debugs.any? { |m| m =~ /Hiera configuration recreated due to change of scope variables used in interpolation expressions/ }).to be_truthy
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that originates from a hash' do
+        let (:mapped_paths) { '[mapped.hash_var, var, "paths/%{var.0}.%{var.1}.yaml"]' }
+
+        let(:env_data) do
+          {
+            'paths' => {
+              'x.a.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                path_xa: value path_xa
+                path_m:
+                  a: value path_m.a
+                  c: value path_m.c
+                YAML
+              'y.b.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                path_m:
+                  b: value path_m.b
+                  d: value path_m.d
+                YAML
+            },
+            'global_var.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+              path_m:
+                e: value path_m.e
+              YAML
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds environment data using mapped_paths' do
+          expect(lookup('path_xa')).to eql('value path_xa')
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'includes mapped path in explain output' do
+          explanation = explain('path_h', 'merge' => 'deep')
+          ['x\.a', 'y\.b', 'z\.c'].each do |var|
+            expect(explanation).to match(/^\s+Path "#{env_dir}\/spec\/data\/paths\/#{var}\.yaml"\n\s+Original path: "paths\/%\{var\.0\}\.%\{var\.1\}\.yaml"/)
+          end
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'performs merges between mapped paths' do
+          expect(lookup('path_m', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+            {
+              'a' => 'value path_m.a',
+              'b' => 'value path_m.b',
+              'c' => 'value path_m.c',
+              'd' => 'value path_m.d',
+              'e' => 'value path_m.e'
+            })
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that originates from a string' do
+        let (:mapped_paths) { '[mapped.string_var, var, "paths/%{var}.yaml"]' }
+
+        let(:env_data) do
+          {
+            'paths' => {
+              's.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                path_s: value path_s
+                YAML
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'includes mapped path in explain output' do
+          expect(explain('path_s')).to match(/^\s+Path "#{env_dir}\/spec\/data\/paths\/s\.yaml"\n\s+Original path: "paths\/%\{var\}\.yaml"/)
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'finds environment data using mapped_paths' do
+          expect(lookup('path_s')).to eql('value path_s')
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'where the enty does not exist' do
+        let (:mapped_paths) { '[mapped.nosuch_var, var, "paths/%{var}.yaml"]' }
+
+        it 'finds environment data using mapped_paths' do
+          expect(explain('hello')).to match(/No such key: "hello"/)
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and an environment Hiera v3 configuration' do
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          :backends: yaml
+          :yaml:
+            :datadir:  #{env_dir}/#{env_name}/hieradata
+          YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'hiera.yaml' => env_hiera_yaml,
+            'hieradata' => {
+              'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                g: Value g
+                YAML
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      it 'will raise an error if --strict is set to error' do
+        Puppet[:strict] = :error
+        expect { lookup('g') }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /hiera.yaml version 3 cannot be used in an environment/)
+      end
+
+      it 'will log a warning and ignore the file if --strict is set to warning' do
+        Puppet[:strict] = :warning
+        expect { lookup('g') }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /did not find a value for the name 'g'/)
+      end
+
+      it 'will not log a warning and ignore the file if --strict is set to off' do
+        Puppet[:strict] = :off
+        expect { lookup('g') }.to raise_error(Puppet::Error, /did not find a value for the name 'g'/)
+        expect(warnings).to include(/hiera.yaml version 3 found at the environment root was ignored/)
+      end
+
+      it 'will use the configuration if appointed by global setting but still warn when encountered by environment data provider' do
+        Puppet[:strict] = :warning
+        Puppet.settings[:hiera_config] = File.join(env_dir, env_name, 'hiera.yaml')
+        expect(lookup('g')).to eql('Value g')
+        expect(warnings).to include(/hiera.yaml version 3 found at the environment root was ignored/)
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and a global empty Hiera configuration' do
+      let(:hiera_yaml_path) { File.join(code_dir, 'hiera.yaml') }
+      let(:code_dir_files) do
+        {
+          'hiera.yaml' => '',
+        }
+      end
+
+      let(:environment_files) do
+        {
+          env_name => {
+            'hieradata' => {
+              'common.yaml' =>  <<-YAML.unindent,
+                x: value x (from environment)
+                YAML
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      before(:each) do
+        # Need to set here since spec_helper defines these settings in its "before each"
+        Puppet.settings[:hiera_config] = hiera_yaml_path
+      end
+
+      it 'uses a Hiera version 3 defaults' do
+        expect(lookup('x')).to eql('value x (from environment)')
+      end
+
+      context 'obtained using /dev/null', :unless => Puppet::Util::Platform.windows? do
+        let(:code_dir_files) { {} }
+
+        it 'uses a Hiera version 3 defaults' do
+          Puppet[:hiera_config] = '/dev/null'
+          expect(lookup('x')).to eql('value x (from environment)')
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and a global configuration' do
+      let(:hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+        ---
+        :backends:
+          - yaml
+          - json
+          - custom
+          - hocon
+        :yaml:
+          :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+        :json:
+          :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+        :hocon:
+          :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+        :hierarchy:
+          - common
+          - "%{domain}"
+        :merge_behavior: deeper
+        YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:code_dir_files) do
+        {
+          'hiera.yaml' => hiera_yaml,
+          'hieradata' => {
+            'common.yaml' =>  <<-YAML.unindent,
+              a: value a (from global)
+              hash_b:
+                hash_ba:
+                  bab: value hash_b.hash_ba.bab (from global)
+              hash_c:
+                hash_ca:
+                  cab: value hash_c.hash_ca.cab (from global)
+              ipl_hiera_env: "environment value '%{hiera('mod_a::hash_a.a')}'"
+              ipl_hiera_mod: "module value '%{hiera('mod_a::abc')}'"
+              ipl_hiera_modc: "module value '%{hiera('mod_a::caller')}'"
+              YAML
+            'example.com.yaml' =>  <<-YAML.unindent,
+              x: value x (from global example.com.yaml)
+              YAML
+            'common.json' =>  <<-JSON.unindent,
+              {
+                "hash_b": {
+                  "hash_ba": {
+                    "bac": "value hash_b.hash_ba.bac (from global json)"
+                  }
+                },
+                "hash_c": {
+                  "hash_ca": {
+                    "cac": "value hash_c.hash_ca.cac (from global json)"
+                  }
+                }
+              }
+              JSON
+            'common.conf' =>  <<-HOCON.unindent,
+              // The 'xs' is a value used for testing
+              xs = { subkey = value xs.subkey (from global hocon) }
+              HOCON
+          }
+        }
+      end
+
+      before(:all) do
+        $LOAD_PATH.unshift(my_fixture_dir)
+      end
+
+      after(:all) do
+        if Kernel.const_defined?(:Hiera) && Hiera.const_defined?(:Backend)
+          Hiera::Backend.send(:remove_const, :Custom_backend) if Hiera::Backend.const_defined?(:Custom_backend)
+          Hiera::Backend.send(:remove_const, :Other_backend) if Hiera::Backend.const_defined?(:Other_backend)
+        end
+        $LOAD_PATH.shift
+      end
+
+      before(:each) do
+        # Need to set here since spec_helper defines these settings in its "before each"
+        Puppet.settings[:codedir] = populated_code_dir
+        Puppet.settings[:hiera_config] = File.join(code_dir, 'hiera.yaml')
+      end
+
+      around(:each) do |example|
+        Puppet.override(:environments => environments, :current_environment => env) do
+          example.run
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'version 3', :if => Puppet.features.hiera? do
+        it 'finds data in in global layer and reports deprecation warnings for hiera.yaml' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from global)')
+          expect(warnings).to include(/Use of 'hiera.yaml' version 3 is deprecated. It should be converted to version 5/)
+        end
+
+        it 'explain contains output from global layer' do
+          explanation = explain('a')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Global Data Provider (hiera configuration version 3)')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Hierarchy entry "yaml"')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Hierarchy entry "json"')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Found key: "a" value: "value a (from global)"')
+        end
+
+        it 'ignores merge behavior specified in global hiera.yaml' do
+          expect(lookup('hash_b')).to eql(
+            { 'hash_ba' => { 'bab' => 'value hash_b.hash_ba.bab (from global)'} })
+        end
+
+        it 'uses the merge from lookup options to merge all layers' do
+          expect(lookup('hash_c')).to eql(
+            { 'hash_ca' => { 'cab' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cab (from global)' } })
+        end
+
+        it 'uses the explicitly given merge to override lookup options and to merge all layers' do
+          expect(lookup('hash_c', 'merge' => 'deep')).to eql(
+            {
+              'hash_ca' =>
+              {
+                'caa' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.caa (from environment)',
+                'cab' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cab (from global)',
+                'cac' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cac (from global json)',
+                'cad' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cad (from global custom)'
+              }
+            })
+        end
+
+        it 'paths are interpolated' do
+          expect(lookup('x')).to eql('value x (from global example.com.yaml)')
+        end
+
+        it 'backend data sources are propagated to custom backend' do
+          expect(lookup('datasources')).to eql(['common', 'example.com'])
+        end
+
+        it 'backend specific options are propagated to custom backend' do
+          expect(lookup('other_option')).to eql('value of other_option')
+        end
+
+        it 'dotted keys are passed down to custom backend' do
+          expect(lookup('dotted.key')).to eql('custom backend received request for dotted.key value')
+        end
+        
+        it 'delegates configured hocon backend to hocon_data function' do
+          expect(explain('xs')).to match(/Hierarchy entry "hocon"\n.*\n.*\n.*"common"\n\s*Found key: "xs"/m)
+        end
+
+        it 'can dig down into subkeys provided by hocon_data function' do
+          expect(lookup('xs.subkey')).to eql('value xs.subkey (from global hocon)')
+        end
+
+        it 'multiple hiera3_backend declarations can be used and are merged into the generated config' do
+          expect(lookup(['datasources', 'other_option'])).to eql([['common', 'example.com'], 'value of other_option'])
+          expect(Hiera::Config.instance_variable_get(:@config)).to eql(
+            {
+              :backends => ['custom', 'other'],
+              :hierarchy => ['common', '%{domain}'],
+              :custom => { :datadir => "#{code_dir}/hieradata" },
+              :other => { :other_option => 'value of other_option', :datadir=>"#{code_dir}/hieradata" },
+              :logger => 'puppet'
+            })
+        end
+
+        context 'with a module data provider' do
+          let(:module_files) do
+            {
+              'mod_a' => {
+                'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                  version: 5
+                  hierarchy:
+                    - name: Common
+                      path: common.yaml
+                  YAML
+                'data' => {
+                  'common.yaml' =>  <<-YAML.unindent
+                    mod_a::abc: value mod_a::abc (from module)
+                    mod_a::caller: "calling module is %{calling_module}"
+                  YAML
+                }
+              }
+            }
+          end
+
+          let(:environment_files) do
+            {
+              env_name => {
+                'hiera.yaml' => env_hiera_yaml,
+                'data' => env_data,
+                'modules' => module_files
+              }
+            }
+          end
+
+          it "interpolation function 'hiera' finds values in environment" do
+            expect(lookup('ipl_hiera_env')).to eql("environment value 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)'")
+          end
+
+          it "interpolation function 'hiera' finds values in module" do
+            expect(lookup('ipl_hiera_mod')).to eql("module value 'value mod_a::abc (from module)'")
+          end
+
+          it "interpolation function 'hiera' finds values in module and that module does not find %{calling_module}" do
+            expect(lookup('ipl_hiera_modc')).to eql("module value 'calling module is '")
+          end
+
+          context 'but no environment data provider' do
+            let(:environment_files) do
+              {
+                env_name => {
+                  'modules' => module_files
+                }
+              }
+            end
+
+            it "interpolation function 'hiera' does not find values in a module" do
+              expect(lookup('ipl_hiera_mod')).to eql("module value ''")
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+
+        context 'using an eyaml backend' do
+          let(:private_key_name) { 'private_key.pkcs7.pem' }
+          let(:public_key_name) { 'public_key.pkcs7.pem' }
+
+          let(:private_key) do
+            <<-PKCS7.unindent
+              -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+              MIIEogIBAAKCAQEAwHB3GvImq59em4LV9DMfP0Zjs21eW3Jd5I9fuY0jLJhIkH6f
+              CR7tyOpYV6xUj+TF8giq9WLxZI7sourMJMWjEWhVjgUr5lqp1RLv4lwfDv3Wk4XC
+              2LUuqj1IAErUXKeRz8i3lUSZW1Pf4CaMpnIiPdWbz6f0KkaJSFi9bqexONBx4fKQ
+              NlgZwm2/aYjjrYng788I0QhWDKUqsQOi5mZKlHNRsDlk7J3Afhsx/jTLrCX/G8+2
+              tPtLsHyRN39kluM5vYHbKXDsCG/a88Z2yUE2+r4Clp0FUKffiEDBPm0/H0sQ4Q1o
+              EfQFDQRKaIkhpsm0nOnLYTy3/xJc5uqDNkLiawIDAQABAoIBAE98pNXOe8ab93oI
+              mtNZYmjCbGAqprTjEoFb71A3SfYbmK2Gf65GxjUdBwx/tBYTiuekSOk+yzKcDoZk
+              sZnmwKpqDByzaiSmAkxunANFxdZtZvpcX9UfUX0j/t+QCROUa5gF8j6HrUiZ5nkx
+              sxr1PcuItekaGLJ1nDLz5JsWTQ+H4M+GXQw7/t96x8v8g9el4exTiAHGk6Fv16kD
+              017T02M9qTTmV3Ab/enDIBmKVD42Ta36K/wc4l1aoUQNiRbIGVh96Cgd1CFXLF3x
+              CsaNbYT4SmRXaYqoj6MKq+QFEGxadFmJy48NoSd4joirIn2lUjHxJebw3lLbNLDR
+              uvQnQ2ECgYEA/nD94wEMr6078uMv6nKxPpNGq7fihwSKf0G/PQDqrRmjUCewuW+k
+              /iXMe1Y/y0PjFeNlSbUsUvKQ5xF7F/1AnpuPHIrn3cjGVLb71W+zen1m8SnhsW/f
+              7dPgtcb4SCvfhmLgoov+P34YcNfGi6qgPUu6319IqoB3BIi7PvfEomkCgYEAwZ4+
+              V0bMjFdDn2hnYzjTNcF2aUQ1jPvtuETizGwyCbbMLl9522lrjC2DrH41vvqX35ct
+              CBJkhQFbtHM8Gnmozv0vxhI2jP+u14mzfePZsaXuYrEgWRj+BCsYUHodXryxnEWj
+              yVrTNskab1B5jFm2SCJDmKcycBOYpRBLCMx6W7MCgYBA99z7/6KboOIzzKrJdGup
+              jLV410UyMIikoccQ7pD9jhRTPS80yjsY4dHqlEVJw5XSWvPb9DTTITi6p44EvBep
+              6BKMuTMnQELUEr0O7KypVCfa4FTOl8BX28f+4kU3OGykxc6R8qkC0VGwTohV1UWB
+              ITsgGhZV4uOA9uDI3T8KMQKBgEnQY2HwmuDSD/TA39GDA3qV8+ez2lqSXRGIKZLX
+              mMf9SaBQQ+uzKA4799wWDbVuYeIbB07xfCL83pJP8FUDlqi6+7Celu9wNp7zX1ua
+              Nw8z/ErhzjxJe+Xo7A8aTwIkG+5A2m1UU/up9YsEeiJYvVaIwY58B42U2vfq20BS
+              fD9jAoGAX2MscBzIsmN+U9R0ptL4SXcPiVnOl8mqvQWr1B4OLgxX7ghht5Fs956W
+              bHipxOWMFCPJA/AhNB8q1DvYiD1viZbIALSCJVUkzs4AEFIjiPsCBKxerl7jF6Xp
+              1WYSaCmfvoCVEpFNt8cKp4Gq+zEBYAV4Q6TkcD2lDtEW49MuN8A=
+              -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+              PKCS7
+          end
+
+          let(:public_key) do
+            <<-PKCS7.unindent
+              -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+              MIIC2TCCAcGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADAAMCAXDTE3MDExMzA5MTY1
+              MloYDzIwNjcwMTAxMDkxNjUyWjAAMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIB
+              CgKCAQEAwHB3GvImq59em4LV9DMfP0Zjs21eW3Jd5I9fuY0jLJhIkH6fCR7tyOpY
+              V6xUj+TF8giq9WLxZI7sourMJMWjEWhVjgUr5lqp1RLv4lwfDv3Wk4XC2LUuqj1I
+              AErUXKeRz8i3lUSZW1Pf4CaMpnIiPdWbz6f0KkaJSFi9bqexONBx4fKQNlgZwm2/
+              aYjjrYng788I0QhWDKUqsQOi5mZKlHNRsDlk7J3Afhsx/jTLrCX/G8+2tPtLsHyR
+              N39kluM5vYHbKXDsCG/a88Z2yUE2+r4Clp0FUKffiEDBPm0/H0sQ4Q1oEfQFDQRK
+              aIkhpsm0nOnLYTy3/xJc5uqDNkLiawIDAQABo1wwWjAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/
+              MB0GA1UdDgQWBBSejWrVnw7QaBjNFCHMNFi+doSOcTAoBgNVHSMEITAfgBSejWrV
+              nw7QaBjNFCHMNFi+doSOcaEEpAIwAIIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAAe85
+              BQ1ydAHFqo0ib38VRPOwf5xPHGbYGhvQi4/sU6aTuR7pxaOJPYz05jLhS+utEmy1
+              sknBq60G67yhQE7IHcfwrl1arirG2WmKGvAbjeYL2K1UiU0pVD3D+Klkv/pK6jIQ
+              eOJRGb3qNUn0Sq9EoYIOXiGXQ641F0bZZ0+5H92kT1lmnF5oLfCb84ImD9T3snH6
+              pIr5RKRx/0YmJIcv3WdpoPT903rOJiRIEgIj/hDk9QZTBpm222Ul5yQQ5pBywpSp
+              xh0bmJKAQWhQm7QlybKfyaQmg5ot1jEzWAvD2I5FjHQxmAlchjb6RreaRhExj+JE
+              5O117dMBdzDBjcNMOA==
+              -----END CERTIFICATE-----
+              PKCS7
+          end
+
+          let(:keys_dir) do
+            keys = tmpdir('keys')
+            dir_contained_in(keys, {
+              private_key_name => private_key,
+              public_key_name => public_key
+            })
+            keys
+          end
+
+          let(:private_key_path) { File.join(keys_dir, private_key_name) }
+          let(:public_key_path) { File.join(keys_dir, public_key_name) }
+          let(:hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+            :backends:
+              - eyaml
+              - yaml
+            :eyaml:
+              :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+              :pkcs7_private_key: #{private_key_path}
+              :pkcs7_public_key: #{public_key_path}
+            :yaml:
+              :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+            :hierarchy:
+              - common
+           YAML
+          end
+
+          let(:data_files) do
+            {
+              'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                b: value 'b' (from global)
+                c:
+                  c_a: value c_a (from global)
+                YAML
+              'common.eyaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                a: >
+                  ENC[PKCS7,MIIBmQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBijCCAYYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+                  DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAH457bsfL8kYw9O50roE3dcE21nCnmPnQ2XSX
+                  LYRJ2C78LarbfFonKz0gvDW7tyhsLWASFCFaiU8T1QPBd2b3hoQK8E4B2Ual
+                  xga/K7r9y3OSgRomTm9tpTltC6re0Ubh3Dy71H61obwxEdNVTqjPe95+m2b8
+                  6zWZVnzZzXXsTG1S17yJn1zaB/LXHbWNy4KyLLKCGAml+Gfl6ZMjmaplTmUA
+                  QIC5rI8abzbPP3TDMmbLOGNkrmLqI+3uS8tSueTMoJmWaMF6c+H/cA7oRxmV
+                  QCeEUVXjyFvCHcmbA+keS/RK9XF+vc07/XS4XkYSPs/I5hLQji1y9bkkGAs0
+                  tehxQjBcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBDHpA6Fcl/R16aIYcow
+                  oiO4gDAvfFH6jLUwXkcYtagnwdmhkd9TQJtxNWcIwMpvmk036MqIoGwwhQdg
+                  gV4beiCFtLU=]
+                a_ref: "A reference to %{hiera('a')}"
+                b_ref: "A reference to %{hiera('b')}"
+                c_ref: "%{alias('c')}"
+                :symbol: "A symbol"
+                YAML
+            }
+          end
+
+          let(:code_dir_files) do
+            {
+              'hiera.yaml' => hiera_yaml,
+              'hieradata' => data_files
+            }
+          end
+
+          before(:each) do
+            Puppet.settings[:hiera_config] = File.join(code_dir, 'hiera.yaml')
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data in the global layer' do
+            expect(lookup('a')).to eql("Encrypted value 'a' (from global)")
+          end
+
+          it 'can use a hiera interpolation' do
+            expect(lookup('a_ref')).to eql("A reference to Encrypted value 'a' (from global)")
+          end
+
+          it 'can use a hiera interpolation that refers back to yaml' do
+            expect(lookup('b_ref')).to eql("A reference to value 'b' (from global)")
+          end
+
+          it 'can use a hiera interpolation that refers back to yaml, but only in global layer' do
+            expect(lookup(['c', 'c_ref'], 'merge' => 'deep')).to eql([{'c_a' => 'value c_a (from global)', 'c_b' => 'value c_b (from environment)'}, { 'c_a' => 'value c_a (from global)' }])
+          end
+
+          it 'delegates configured eyaml backend to eyaml_lookup_key function' do
+            expect(explain('a')).to match(/Hierarchy entry "eyaml"\n.*\n.*\n.*"common"\n\s*Found key: "a"/m)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'using deep_merge_options' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+              ---
+              :backends:
+                - yaml
+              :yaml:
+                :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+              :hierarchy:
+                - common
+                - other
+              :merge_behavior: deeper
+              :deep_merge_options:
+                :unpack_arrays: ','
+              YAML
+          end
+
+          let(:code_dir_files) do
+            {
+              'hiera.yaml' => hiera_yaml,
+              'hieradata' => {
+                'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                  hash:
+                    array:
+                      - x1,x2
+                  array:
+                    - x1,x2
+                  str: a string
+                  mixed:
+                    x: hx
+                    y: hy
+                  YAML
+                'other.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                  hash:
+                    array:
+                      - x3
+                      - x4
+                  array:
+                    - x3
+                    - x4
+                  str: another string
+                  mixed:
+                    - h1
+                    - h2
+                  YAML
+              }
+            }
+          end
+
+          it 'ignores configured merge_behavior when looking up arrays' do
+            expect(lookup('array')).to eql(['x1,x2'])
+          end
+
+          it 'ignores configured merge_behavior when merging arrays' do
+            expect(lookup('array', 'merge' => 'unique')).to eql(['x1,x2', 'x3', 'x4'])
+          end
+
+          it 'ignores configured merge_behavior when looking up hashes' do
+            expect(lookup('hash')).to eql({'array' => ['x1,x2']})
+          end
+
+          it 'ignores configured merge_behavior when merging hashes' do
+            expect(lookup('hash', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql({'array' => ['x1,x2']})
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'using relative datadir paths' do
+          let(:hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          :backends:
+            - yaml
+          :yaml:
+            :datadir: relative_data
+          :hierarchy:
+            - common
+            YAML
+          end
+
+          let(:populated_code_dir) do
+            dir_contained_in(code_dir, code_dir_files.merge({
+              'fake_cwd' => {
+                'relative_data' => {
+                  'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                    a: value a (from fake_cwd/relative_data/common.yaml)
+                  YAML
+                }
+              }
+            }))
+            code_dir
+          end
+
+          around(:each) do |example|
+            cwd = Dir.pwd
+            Dir.chdir(File.join(code_dir, 'fake_cwd'))
+            begin
+              example.run
+            ensure
+              Dir.chdir(cwd)
+            end
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data from data file beneath relative datadir' do
+            expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from fake_cwd/relative_data/common.yaml)')
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'version 5' do
+        let(:scope_additions) { { 'ipl_datadir' => 'hieradata' } }
+        let(:hiera_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          version: 5
+          defaults:
+            datadir: "%{ipl_datadir}"
+
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: Yaml
+              data_hash: yaml_data
+              paths:
+                - common.yaml
+                - "%{domain}.yaml"
+            - name: Json
+              data_hash: json_data
+              paths:
+                - common.json
+                - "%{domain}.json"
+            - name: Hocon
+              data_hash: hocon_data
+              paths:
+                - common.conf
+                - "%{domain}.conf"
+              YAML
+        end
+
+        it 'finds global data and reports no deprecation warnings' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql('value a (from global)')
+          expect(warnings).to be_empty
+        end
+
+        it 'explain contains output from global layer' do
+          explanation = explain('a')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Global Data Provider (hiera configuration version 5)')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Hierarchy entry "Yaml"')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Hierarchy entry "Json"')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Hierarchy entry "Hocon"')
+          expect(explanation).to include('Found key: "a" value: "value a (from global)"')
+        end
+
+        it 'uses the explicitly given merge to override lookup options and to merge all layers' do
+          expect(lookup('hash_c', 'merge' => 'deep')).to eql(
+            {
+              'hash_ca' =>
+                {
+                  'caa' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.caa (from environment)',
+                  'cab' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cab (from global)',
+                  'cac' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cac (from global json)',
+                }
+            })
+        end
+
+        it 'provides a sensible error message when the hocon library is not loaded' do
+          allow(Puppet.features).to receive(:hocon?).and_return(false)
+
+          expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error do |e|
+            expect(e.message).to match(/Lookup using Hocon data_hash function is not supported without hocon library/)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with missing path declaraion' do
+          context 'and yaml_data function' do
+            let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+              version: 5
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: Yaml
+                  data_hash: yaml_data
+              YAML
+
+            it 'fails and reports the missing path' do
+              expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(/one of 'path', 'paths' 'glob', 'globs' or 'mapped_paths' must be declared in hiera.yaml when using this data_hash function/)
+            end
+          end
+
+          context 'and json_data function' do
+            let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+              version: 5
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: Json
+                  data_hash: json_data
+              YAML
+
+            it 'fails and reports the missing path' do
+              expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(/one of 'path', 'paths' 'glob', 'globs' or 'mapped_paths' must be declared in hiera.yaml when using this data_hash function/)
+            end
+          end
+
+          context 'and hocon_data function' do
+            let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+              version: 5
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: Hocon
+                  data_hash: hocon_data
+              YAML
+
+            it 'fails and reports the missing path' do
+              expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(/one of 'path', 'paths' 'glob', 'globs' or 'mapped_paths' must be declared in hiera.yaml when using this data_hash function/)
+            end
+          end
+
+          context 'and eyaml_lookup_key function', :if => Puppet.features.hiera_eyaml? do
+            let(:hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+              version: 5
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: Yaml
+                  lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key
+              YAML
+
+            it 'fails and reports the missing path' do
+              expect { lookup('a') }.to raise_error(/one of 'path', 'paths' 'glob', 'globs' or 'mapped_paths' must be declared in hiera.yaml when using this lookup_key function/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'with a hiera3_backend that has no paths', :if => Puppet.features.hiera? do
+        let(:hiera_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          ---
+          version: 5
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: Custom
+              hiera3_backend: custom
+          YAML
+        end
+
+        it 'calls the backend' do
+          expect(lookup('hash_c')).to eql(
+            { 'hash_ca' => { 'cad' => 'value hash_c.hash_ca.cad (from global custom)' }})
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and a module' do
+      let(:mod_a_files) { {} }
+
+      let(:populated_env_dir) do
+        dir_contained_in(env_dir, DeepMerge.deep_merge!(environment_files, env_name => { 'modules' => mod_a_files }))
+        env_dir
+      end
+
+      context 'that has no lookup configured' do
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'data' => {
+                'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                ---
+                mod_a::b: value mod_a::b (from mod_a)
+              YAML
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'does not find data in the module' do
+          expect { lookup('mod_a::b') }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError, /did not find a value for the name 'mod_a::b'/)
+        end
+
+        context 'with a Hiera v3 configuration', :if => Puppet.features.hiera?  do
+          let(:mod_a_files) do
+            {
+              'mod_a' => {
+                'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                  ---
+                  :backends: yaml
+                  YAML
+              }
+            }
+          end
+
+          it 'raises a warning' do
+            expect(lookup('mod_a::a')).to eql('value mod_a::a (from environment)')
+            expect(warnings).to include(/hiera.yaml version 3 found at module root was ignored/)
+          end
+        end
+
+        context "but a metadata.json with 'module_data_provider=hiera'" do
+          let(:mod_a_files_1) { DeepMerge.deep_merge!(mod_a_files, 'mod_a' => { 'metadata.json' => <<-JSON.unindent }) }
+              {
+                  "name": "example/mod_a",
+                  "version": "0.0.2",
+                  "source": "git@github.com/example/mod_a.git",
+                  "dependencies": [],
+                  "author": "Bob the Builder",
+                  "license": "Apache-2.0",
+                  "data_provider": "hiera"
+              }
+              JSON
+
+          let(:populated_env_dir) do
+            dir_contained_in(env_dir, DeepMerge.deep_merge!(environment_files, env_name => { 'modules' => mod_a_files_1 }))
+            env_dir
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data in the module and reports deprecation warning for metadata.json' do
+            expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from mod_a)')
+            expect(warnings).to include(/Defining "data_provider": "hiera" in metadata.json is deprecated. A 'hiera.yaml' file should be used instead/)
+          end
+
+          context 'and a hiera.yaml file' do
+            let(:mod_a_files_2) { DeepMerge.deep_merge!(mod_a_files_1, 'mod_a' => { 'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent }) }
+            ---
+            version: 4
+            hierarchy:
+              - name: common
+                backend: yaml
+            YAML
+
+            let(:populated_env_dir) do
+              dir_contained_in(env_dir, DeepMerge.deep_merge!(environment_files, env_name => { 'modules' => mod_a_files_2 }))
+              env_dir
+            end
+
+            it 'finds data in the module and reports deprecation warnings for both metadata.json and hiera.yaml' do
+              expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from mod_a)')
+              expect(warnings).to include(/Defining "data_provider": "hiera" in metadata.json is deprecated/)
+              expect(warnings).to include(/Use of 'hiera.yaml' version 4 is deprecated. It should be converted to version 5/)
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using deep merge and module values that aliases environment values' do
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'data' => {
+                'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                  ---
+                  mod_a::hash:
+                    b: value b (from module)
+                  lookup_options:
+                    mod_a::hash:
+                      merge: deep
+                  YAML
+              },
+              'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                ---
+                version: 5
+                hierarchy:
+                  - name: "Common"
+                    path: "common.yaml"
+                  - name: "Other"
+                    path: "other.yaml"
+                YAML
+            }
+          }
+        end
+        let(:env_data) do
+          {
+            'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+              a: value a (from environment)
+              mod_a::hash:
+                a: value mod_a::hash.a (from environment)
+                c: '%{alias("a")}'
+              YAML
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'continues with module lookup after alias is resolved in environment' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::hash')).to eql(
+            {
+              'a' => 'value mod_a::hash.a (from environment)',
+              'b' => 'value b (from module)',
+              'c' => 'value a (from environment)'
+            })
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using a data_hash that reads a yaml file' do
+        let(:defaults) {
+          {
+            'mod_a::xd' => 'value mod_a::xd (from default)',
+            'mod_a::xd_found' => 'value mod_a::xd_found (from default)',
+            'scope_xd' => 'value scope_xd (from default)'
+          }}
+        let(:overrides) {
+          {
+            'mod_a::xo' => 'value mod_a::xo (from override)',
+            'scope_xo' => 'value scope_xo (from override)'
+          }}
+
+        let(:scope_additions) do
+          {
+            'scope_scalar' => 'scope scalar value',
+            'scope_hash' => { 'a' => 'scope hash a', 'b' => 'scope hash b' }
+          }
+        end
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'data' => {
+                'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                ---
+                mod_a::a: value mod_a::a (from mod_a)
+                mod_a::b: value mod_a::b (from mod_a)
+                mod_a::xo: value mod_a::xo (from mod_a)
+                mod_a::xd_found: value mod_a::xd_found (from mod_a)
+                mod_a::interpolate_xo: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::xo')} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_xd: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::xd')} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_scope_xo: "-- %{scope_xo} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_scope_xd: "-- %{scope_xd} --"
+                mod_a::hash_a:
+                  a: value mod_a::hash_a.a (from mod_a)
+                  b: value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)
+                mod_a::hash_b:
+                  a: value mod_a::hash_b.a (from mod_a)
+                  b: value mod_a::hash_b.b (from mod_a)
+                mod_a::interpolated: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --"
+                mod_a::a_a: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_a.a')} --"
+                mod_a::a_b: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_a.b')} --"
+                mod_a::b_a: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_b.a')} --"
+                mod_a::b_b: "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_b.b')} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_array:
+                  - "-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --"
+                  - "-- %{lookup('mod_a::b')} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_literal: "-- %{literal('hello')} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_scope: "-- %{scope_scalar} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_scope_not_found: "-- %{scope_nope} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_scope_dig: "-- %{scope_hash.a} --"
+                mod_a::interpolate_scope_dig_not_found: "-- %{scope_hash.nope} --"
+                mod_a::quoted_interpolation: '-- %{lookup(''"mod_a::a.quoted.key"'')} --'
+                "mod_a::a.quoted.key": "value mod_a::a.quoted.key (from mod_a)"
+              YAML
+              },
+              'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              ---
+              version: 5
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: "Common"
+                  data_hash: yaml_data
+                  path: "common.yaml"
+            YAML
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the module' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from mod_a)')
+        end
+
+        it 'environment data has higher priority than module data' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::a')).to eql('value mod_a::a (from environment)')
+        end
+
+        it 'environment data has higher priority than module data in interpolated module data' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolated')).to eql('-- value mod_a::a (from environment) --')
+        end
+
+        it 'overrides have higher priority than found data' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::xo', { 'override' => overrides })).to eql('value mod_a::xo (from override)')
+        end
+
+        it 'overrides have higher priority than found data in lookup interpolations' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_xo', { 'override' => overrides })).to eql('-- value mod_a::xo (from override) --')
+        end
+
+        it 'overrides have higher priority than found data in scope interpolations' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_scope_xo', { 'override' => overrides })).to eql('-- value scope_xo (from override) --')
+        end
+
+        it 'defaults have lower priority than found data' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::xd_found', { 'default_values_hash' => defaults })).to eql('value mod_a::xd_found (from mod_a)')
+        end
+
+        it 'defaults are used when data is not found' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::xd', { 'default_values_hash' => defaults })).to eql('value mod_a::xd (from default)')
+        end
+
+        it 'defaults are used when data is not found in lookup interpolations' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_xd', { 'default_values_hash' => defaults })).to eql('-- value mod_a::xd (from default) --')
+        end
+
+        it 'defaults are used when data is not found in scope interpolations' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_scope_xd', { 'default_values_hash' => defaults })).to eql('-- value scope_xd (from default) --')
+        end
+
+        it 'merges hashes from environment and module unless strategy hash is used' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::hash_a')).to eql({'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)'})
+        end
+
+        it 'merges hashes from environment and module when merge strategy hash is used' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::hash_a', :merge => 'hash')).to eql(
+            {'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)', 'b' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)'})
+        end
+
+        it 'will not merge hashes from environment and module in interpolated expressions' do
+          expect(lookup(['mod_a::a_a', 'mod_a::a_b'])).to eql(
+            ['-- value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment) --', '--  --']) # root key found in environment, no hash merge is performed
+        end
+
+        it 'interpolates arrays' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_array')).to eql(['-- value mod_a::a (from environment) --', '-- value mod_a::b (from mod_a) --'])
+        end
+
+        it 'can dig into arrays using subkeys' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_array.1')).to eql('-- value mod_a::b (from mod_a) --')
+        end
+
+        it 'treats an out of range subkey as not found' do
+          expect(explain('mod_a::interpolate_array.2')).to match(/No such key: "2"/)
+        end
+
+        it 'interpolates a literal' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_literal')).to eql('-- hello --')
+        end
+
+        it 'interpolates scalar from scope' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_scope')).to eql('-- scope scalar value --')
+        end
+
+        it 'raises an error when trying to interpolate not found in scope' do
+          expect { lookup('mod_a::interpolate_scope_not_found') 
+          }.to raise_error(/Evaluation Error: Error while evaluating a Function Call, Undefined variable 'scope_nope';/)
+        end
+
+        it 'interpolates dotted key from scope' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_scope_dig')).to eql('-- scope hash a --')
+        end
+
+        it 'treats interpolated dotted key but not found in scope as empty string' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolate_scope_dig_not_found')).to eql('--  --')
+        end
+
+        it 'can use quoted keys in interpolation' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::quoted_interpolation')).to eql('-- value mod_a::a.quoted.key (from mod_a) --') # root key found in environment, no hash merge is performed
+        end
+
+        it 'merges hashes from environment and module in interpolated expressions if hash merge is specified in lookup options' do
+          expect(lookup(['mod_a::b_a', 'mod_a::b_b'])).to eql(
+            ['-- value mod_a::hash_b.a (from environment) --', '-- value mod_a::hash_b.b (from mod_a) --'])
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using a lookup_key that uses a path' do
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'functions' => {
+                'pp_lookup_key.pp' => <<-PUPPET.unindent
+                  function mod_a::pp_lookup_key($key, $options, $context) {
+                    if !$context.cache_has_key(undef) {
+                      $context.cache_all(yaml_data($options, $context))
+                      $context.cache(undef, true)
+                    }
+                    if $context.cache_has_key($key) { $context.cached_value($key) } else { $context.not_found }
+                  }
+                  PUPPET
+              },
+              'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                ---
+                version: 5
+                hierarchy:
+                  - name: "Common"
+                    lookup_key: mod_a::pp_lookup_key
+                    path: common.yaml
+                YAML
+              'data' => {
+                'common.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                  mod_a::b: value mod_a::b (from mod_a)
+                  YAML
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the module' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from mod_a)')
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using a lookup_key that is a puppet function' do
+        let(:puppet_function) { <<-PUPPET.unindent }
+          function mod_a::pp_lookup_key(Puppet::LookupKey $key, Hash[String,String] $options, Puppet::LookupContext $context) >> Puppet::LookupValue {
+            case $key {
+              'mod_a::really_interpolated': { $context.interpolate("-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --") }
+              'mod_a::recursive': { lookup($key) }
+              default: {
+                if $context.cache_has_key(mod_a::a) {
+                  $context.explain || { 'reusing cache' }
+                } else {
+                  $context.explain || { 'initializing cache' }
+                  $context.cache_all({
+                    mod_a::a => 'value mod_a::a (from mod_a)',
+                    mod_a::b => 'value mod_a::b (from mod_a)',
+                    mod_a::c => 'value mod_a::c (from mod_a)',
+                    mod_a::hash_a => {
+                      a => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from mod_a)',
+                      b => 'value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)'
+                    },
+                    mod_a::hash_b => {
+                      a => 'value mod_a::hash_b.a (from mod_a)',
+                      b => 'value mod_a::hash_b.b (from mod_a)'
+                    },
+                    mod_a::interpolated => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --",
+                    mod_a::a_a => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_a.a')} --",
+                    mod_a::a_b => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_a.b')} --",
+                    mod_a::b_a => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_b.a')} --",
+                    mod_a::b_b => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_b.b')} --",
+                    'mod_a::a.quoted.key' => 'value mod_a::a.quoted.key (from mod_a)',
+                    mod_a::sensitive => Sensitive('reduct me please'),
+                    mod_a::type => Object[{name => 'FindMe', 'attributes' => {'x' => String}}],
+                    mod_a::version => SemVer('3.4.1'),
+                    mod_a::version_range => SemVerRange('>=3.4.1'),
+                    mod_a::timestamp => Timestamp("1994-03-25T19:30:00"),
+                    mod_a::timespan => Timespan("3-10:00:00")
+                  })
+                }
+                if !$context.cache_has_key($key) {
+                  $context.not_found
+                }
+                $context.explain || { "returning value for $key" }
+                $context.cached_value($key)
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        PUPPET
+
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'functions' => {
+                'pp_lookup_key.pp' => puppet_function
+              },
+              'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              ---
+              version: 5
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: "Common"
+                  lookup_key: mod_a::pp_lookup_key
+            YAML
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the module' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from mod_a)')
+        end
+
+        it 'environment data has higher priority than module data' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::a')).to eql('value mod_a::a (from environment)')
+        end
+
+        it 'finds quoted keys in the module' do
+          expect(lookup('"mod_a::a.quoted.key"')).to eql('value mod_a::a.quoted.key (from mod_a)')
+        end
+
+        it 'will not resolve interpolated expressions' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolated')).to eql("-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --")
+        end
+
+        it 'resolves interpolated expressions using Context#interpolate' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::really_interpolated')).to eql("-- value mod_a::a (from environment) --")
+        end
+
+        it 'will not merge hashes from environment and module unless strategy hash is used' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::hash_a')).to eql({ 'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)' })
+        end
+
+        it 'merges hashes from environment and module when merge strategy hash is used' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::hash_a', :merge => 'hash')).to eql({ 'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)', 'b' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)' })
+        end
+
+        it 'traps recursive lookup trapped' do
+          expect(explain('mod_a::recursive')).to include('Recursive lookup detected')
+        end
+
+        it 'private cache is persisted over multiple calls' do
+          collect_notices("notice(lookup('mod_a::b')) notice(lookup('mod_a::c'))", true)
+          expect(notices).to eql(['value mod_a::b (from mod_a)', 'value mod_a::c (from mod_a)'])
+          expect(explanation).to match(/initializing cache.*reusing cache/m)
+          expect(explanation).not_to match(/initializing cache.*initializing cache/m)
+        end
+
+        it 'the same key is requested only once' do
+          collect_notices("notice(lookup('mod_a::b')) notice(lookup('mod_a::b'))", true)
+          expect(notices).to eql(['value mod_a::b (from mod_a)', 'value mod_a::b (from mod_a)'])
+          expect(explanation).to match(/Found key: "mod_a::b".*Found key: "mod_a::b"/m)
+          expect(explanation).to match(/returning value for mod_a::b/m)
+          expect(explanation).not_to match(/returning value for mod_a::b.*returning value for mod_a::b/m)
+        end
+
+        context 'and calling function via API' do
+          it 'finds and delivers rich data' do
+            collect_notices("notice('success')") do |scope|
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'mod_a::sensitive')).to be_a(Puppet::Pops::Types::PSensitiveType::Sensitive)
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'mod_a::type')).to be_a(Puppet::Pops::Types::PObjectType)
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'mod_a::version')).to eql(SemanticPuppet::Version.parse('3.4.1'))
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'mod_a::version_range')).to eql(SemanticPuppet::VersionRange.parse('>=3.4.1'))
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'mod_a::timestamp')).to eql(Puppet::Pops::Time::Timestamp.parse('1994-03-25T19:30:00'))
+              expect(lookup_func.call(scope, 'mod_a::timespan')).to eql(Puppet::Pops::Time::Timespan.parse('3-10:00:00'))
+            end
+            expect(notices).to eql(['success'])
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with declared but incompatible return_type' do
+          let(:puppet_function) { <<-PUPPET.unindent }
+            function mod_a::pp_lookup_key(Puppet::LookupKey $key, Hash[String,String] $options, Puppet::LookupContext $context) >> Runtime['ruby','Symbol'] {
+              undef
+            }
+            PUPPET
+
+          it 'fails and reports error' do
+            expect{lookup('mod_a::a')}.to raise_error(
+              "Return type of 'lookup_key' function named 'mod_a::pp_lookup_key' is incorrect, expects a RichData value, got Runtime")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'using a data_dig that is a ruby function' do
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'lib' => {
+                'puppet' => {
+                  'functions' => {
+                    'mod_a' => {
+                      'ruby_dig.rb' => <<-RUBY.unindent
+                      Puppet::Functions.create_function(:'mod_a::ruby_dig') do
+                        dispatch :ruby_dig do
+                          param 'Array[String[1]]', :segments
+                          param 'Hash[String,Any]', :options
+                          param 'Puppet::LookupContext', :context
+                          return_type 'Puppet::LookupValue'
+                        end
+
+                        def ruby_dig(segments, options, context)
+                          sub_segments = segments.dup
+                          root_key = sub_segments.shift
+                          case root_key
+                          when 'mod_a::options'
+                            hash = { 'mod_a::options' => options }
+                          when 'mod_a::lookup'
+                            return call_function('lookup', segments.join('.'))
+                          else
+                            hash = {
+                              'mod_a::a' => 'value mod_a::a (from mod_a)',
+                              'mod_a::b' => 'value mod_a::b (from mod_a)',
+                              'mod_a::hash_a' => {
+                                'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from mod_a)',
+                                'b' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)'
+                              },
+                              'mod_a::hash_b' => {
+                                'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_b.a (from mod_a)',
+                                'b' => 'value mod_a::hash_b.b (from mod_a)'
+                              },
+                              'mod_a::interpolated' => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --",
+                              'mod_a::really_interpolated' => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --",
+                              'mod_a::a_a' => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_a.a')} --",
+                              'mod_a::a_b' => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_a.b')} --",
+                              'mod_a::b_a' => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_b.a')} --",
+                              'mod_a::b_b' => "-- %{lookup('mod_a::hash_b.b')} --",
+                              'mod_a::bad_type' => :oops,
+                              'mod_a::bad_type_in_hash' => { 'a' => :oops },
+                            }
+                            end
+                          context.not_found unless hash.include?(root_key)
+                          value = sub_segments.reduce(hash[root_key]) do |memo, segment|
+                            context.not_found unless memo.is_a?(Hash) && memo.include?(segment)
+                            memo[segment]
+                          end
+                          root_key == 'mod_a::really_interpolated' ? context.interpolate(value) : value
+                        end
+                      end
+                    RUBY
+                    }
+                  }
+                }
+              },
+              'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+              ---
+              version: 5
+              defaults:
+                options:
+                  option_b:
+                    z: Default option value b.z
+
+              hierarchy:
+                - name: "Common"
+                  data_dig: mod_a::ruby_dig
+                  uri: "http://www.example.com/passed/as/option"
+                  options:
+                    option_a: Option value a
+                    option_b:
+                      x: Option value b.x
+                      y: Option value b.y
+                - name: "Extra"
+                  data_dig: mod_a::ruby_dig
+           YAML
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the module' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from mod_a)')
+        end
+
+        it 'environment data has higher priority than module data' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::a')).to eql('value mod_a::a (from environment)')
+        end
+
+        it 'will not resolve interpolated expressions' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::interpolated')).to eql("-- %{lookup('mod_a::a')} --")
+        end
+
+        it 'resolves interpolated expressions using Context#interpolate' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::really_interpolated')).to eql("-- value mod_a::a (from environment) --")
+        end
+
+        it 'does not accept return of runtime type from function' do
+          # Message is produced by the called function, not by the lookup framework
+          expect(explain('mod_a::bad_type')).to include("value returned from function 'ruby_dig' has wrong type")
+        end
+
+        it 'does not accept return of runtime type embedded in hash from function' do
+          # Message is produced by the called function, not by the lookup framework
+          expect(explain('mod_a::bad_type_in_hash')).to include("value returned from function 'ruby_dig' has wrong type")
+        end
+
+        it 'will not merge hashes from environment and module unless strategy hash is used' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::hash_a')).to eql({'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)'})
+        end
+
+        it 'hierarchy entry options are passed to the function' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::options.option_b.x')).to eql('Option value b.x')
+        end
+
+        it 'default options are passed to the function' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::options.option_b.z')).to eql('Default option value b.z')
+        end
+
+        it 'default options are not merged with hierarchy options' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::options')).to eql(
+            {
+              'option_a' => 'Option value a',
+              'option_b' => {
+                'y' => 'Option value b.y',
+                'x' => 'Option value b.x'
+              },
+              'uri' => 'http://www.example.com/passed/as/option'
+            })
+        end
+
+        it 'hierarchy entry "uri" is passed as location option to the function' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::options.uri')).to eql('http://www.example.com/passed/as/option')
+        end
+
+        it 'recursive lookup is trapped' do
+          expect(explain('mod_a::lookup.mod_a::lookup')).to include('Recursive lookup detected')
+        end
+
+        context 'with merge strategy hash' do
+          it 'merges hashes from environment and module' do
+            expect(lookup('mod_a::hash_a', :merge => 'hash')).to eql({'a' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)', 'b' => 'value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)'})
+          end
+
+          it 'will "undig" value from data_dig function, merge root hashes, and then dig to get values by subkey' do
+            expect(lookup(['mod_a::hash_a.a', 'mod_a::hash_a.b'], :merge => 'hash')).to eql(
+              ['value mod_a::hash_a.a (from environment)', 'value mod_a::hash_a.b (from mod_a)'])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      context 'that has a default_hierarchy' do
+        let(:mod_a_hiera_yaml) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          version: 5
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: "Common"
+              path: common.yaml
+            - name: "Common 2"
+              path: common2.yaml
+
+          default_hierarchy:
+            - name: "Default"
+              path: defaults.yaml
+            - name: "Default 2"
+              path: defaults2.yaml
+          YAML
+
+        let(:mod_a_common) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          mod_a::a: value mod_a::a (from module)
+          mod_a::d:
+            a: value mod_a::d.a (from module)
+          mod_a::f:
+            a:
+              a: value mod_a::f.a.a (from module)
+          mod_a::to_array1: 'hello'
+          mod_a::to_array2: 'hello'
+          mod_a::to_int: 'bananas'
+          mod_a::to_bad_type: 'pyjamas'
+          mod_a::undef_value: null
+          lookup_options:
+            mod_a::e:
+              merge: deep
+            mod_a::to_array1:
+              merge: deep
+              convert_to: "Array"
+            mod_a::to_array2:
+              convert_to:
+                - "Array"
+                - true
+            mod_a::to_int:
+              convert_to: "Integer"
+            mod_a::to_bad_type:
+              convert_to: "ComicSans"
+            mod_a::undef_value:
+              convert_to:
+                - "Array"
+                - true
+          YAML
+
+
+        let(:mod_a_common2) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          mod_a::b: value mod_a::b (from module)
+          mod_a::d:
+            c: value mod_a::d.c (from module)
+          mod_a::f:
+            a:
+              b: value mod_a::f.a.b (from module)
+          YAML
+
+        let(:mod_a_defaults) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          mod_a::a: value mod_a::a (from module defaults)
+          mod_a::b: value mod_a::b (from module defaults)
+          mod_a::c: value mod_a::c (from module defaults)
+          mod_a::d:
+            b: value mod_a::d.b (from module defaults)
+          mod_a::e:
+            a:
+              a: value mod_a::e.a.a (from module defaults)
+          mod_a::g:
+            a:
+              a: value mod_a::g.a.a (from module defaults)
+          lookup_options:
+            mod_a::d:
+              merge: hash
+            mod_a::g:
+              merge: deep
+          YAML
+
+        let(:mod_a_defaults2) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          mod_a::e:
+            a:
+              b: value mod_a::e.a.b (from module defaults)
+          mod_a::g:
+            a:
+              b: value mod_a::g.a.b (from module defaults)
+          YAML
+
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'data' => {
+                'common.yaml' => mod_a_common,
+                'common2.yaml' => mod_a_common2,
+                'defaults.yaml' => mod_a_defaults,
+                'defaults2.yaml' => mod_a_defaults2
+              },
+              'hiera.yaml' => mod_a_hiera_yaml
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'the default hierarchy does not interfere with environment hierarchy' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::a')).to eql('value mod_a::a (from environment)')
+        end
+
+        it 'the default hierarchy does not interfere with regular hierarchy in module' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::b')).to eql('value mod_a::b (from module)')
+        end
+
+        it 'the default hierarchy is consulted when no value is found elsewhere' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::c')).to eql('value mod_a::c (from module defaults)')
+        end
+
+        it 'the default hierarchy does not participate in a merge' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::d', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql('a' => 'value mod_a::d.a (from module)', 'c' => 'value mod_a::d.c (from module)')
+        end
+
+        it 'lookup_options from regular hierarchy does not effect values found in the default hierarchy' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::e')).to eql('a' => { 'a' => 'value mod_a::e.a.a (from module defaults)' })
+        end
+
+        it 'lookup_options from default hierarchy affects values found in the default hierarchy' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::g')).to eql('a' => { 'a' => 'value mod_a::g.a.a (from module defaults)', 'b' => 'value mod_a::g.a.b (from module defaults)'})
+        end
+
+        it 'merge parameter does not override lookup_options defined in the default hierarchy' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::g', 'merge' => 'hash')).to eql(
+            'a' => { 'a' => 'value mod_a::g.a.a (from module defaults)', 'b' => 'value mod_a::g.a.b (from module defaults)'})
+        end
+
+        it 'lookup_options from default hierarchy does not effect values found in the regular hierarchy' do
+          expect(lookup('mod_a::d')).to eql('a' => 'value mod_a::d.a (from module)')
+        end
+
+        context "and conversion via convert_to" do
+          it 'converts with a single data type value' do
+            expect(lookup('mod_a::to_array1')).to eql(['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o'])
+          end
+
+          it 'converts with an array of arguments to the convert_to call' do
+            expect(lookup('mod_a::to_array2')).to eql(['hello'])
+          end
+
+          it 'converts an undef/nil value that has convert_to option' do
+            expect(lookup('mod_a::undef_value')).to eql([nil])
+          end
+
+          it 'errors if a convert_to lookup_option cannot be performed because value does not match type' do
+            expect{lookup('mod_a::to_int')}.to raise_error(/The convert_to lookup_option for key 'mod_a::to_int' raised error.*The string 'bananas' cannot be converted to Integer/)
+          end
+
+          it 'errors if a convert_to lookup_option cannot be performed because type does not exist' do
+            expect{lookup('mod_a::to_bad_type')}.to raise_error(/The convert_to lookup_option for key 'mod_a::to_bad_type' raised error.*Creation of new instance of type 'TypeReference\['ComicSans'\]' is not supported/)
+          end
+
+          it 'adds explanation that conversion took place with a type' do
+            explanation = explain('mod_a::to_array1')
+            expect(explanation).to include('Applying convert_to lookup_option with arguments [Array]')
+          end
+
+          it 'adds explanation that conversion took place with a type and arguments' do
+            explanation = explain('mod_a::to_array2')
+            expect(explanation).to include('Applying convert_to lookup_option with arguments [Array, true]')
+          end
+        end
+
+        it 'the default hierarchy lookup is included in the explain output' do
+          explanation = explain('mod_a::c')
+          expect(explanation).to match(/Searching default_hierarchy of module "mod_a".+Original path: "defaults.yaml"/m)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    context 'and an eyaml lookup_key function', :if => Puppet.features.hiera_eyaml? do
+      let(:private_key_name) { 'private_key.pkcs7.pem' }
+      let(:public_key_name) { 'public_key.pkcs7.pem' }
+
+      let(:private_key) do
+        <<-PKCS7.unindent
+          -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+          MIIEogIBAAKCAQEAwHB3GvImq59em4LV9DMfP0Zjs21eW3Jd5I9fuY0jLJhIkH6f
+          CR7tyOpYV6xUj+TF8giq9WLxZI7sourMJMWjEWhVjgUr5lqp1RLv4lwfDv3Wk4XC
+          2LUuqj1IAErUXKeRz8i3lUSZW1Pf4CaMpnIiPdWbz6f0KkaJSFi9bqexONBx4fKQ
+          NlgZwm2/aYjjrYng788I0QhWDKUqsQOi5mZKlHNRsDlk7J3Afhsx/jTLrCX/G8+2
+          tPtLsHyRN39kluM5vYHbKXDsCG/a88Z2yUE2+r4Clp0FUKffiEDBPm0/H0sQ4Q1o
+          EfQFDQRKaIkhpsm0nOnLYTy3/xJc5uqDNkLiawIDAQABAoIBAE98pNXOe8ab93oI
+          mtNZYmjCbGAqprTjEoFb71A3SfYbmK2Gf65GxjUdBwx/tBYTiuekSOk+yzKcDoZk
+          sZnmwKpqDByzaiSmAkxunANFxdZtZvpcX9UfUX0j/t+QCROUa5gF8j6HrUiZ5nkx
+          sxr1PcuItekaGLJ1nDLz5JsWTQ+H4M+GXQw7/t96x8v8g9el4exTiAHGk6Fv16kD
+          017T02M9qTTmV3Ab/enDIBmKVD42Ta36K/wc4l1aoUQNiRbIGVh96Cgd1CFXLF3x
+          CsaNbYT4SmRXaYqoj6MKq+QFEGxadFmJy48NoSd4joirIn2lUjHxJebw3lLbNLDR
+          uvQnQ2ECgYEA/nD94wEMr6078uMv6nKxPpNGq7fihwSKf0G/PQDqrRmjUCewuW+k
+          /iXMe1Y/y0PjFeNlSbUsUvKQ5xF7F/1AnpuPHIrn3cjGVLb71W+zen1m8SnhsW/f
+          7dPgtcb4SCvfhmLgoov+P34YcNfGi6qgPUu6319IqoB3BIi7PvfEomkCgYEAwZ4+
+          V0bMjFdDn2hnYzjTNcF2aUQ1jPvtuETizGwyCbbMLl9522lrjC2DrH41vvqX35ct
+          CBJkhQFbtHM8Gnmozv0vxhI2jP+u14mzfePZsaXuYrEgWRj+BCsYUHodXryxnEWj
+          yVrTNskab1B5jFm2SCJDmKcycBOYpRBLCMx6W7MCgYBA99z7/6KboOIzzKrJdGup
+          jLV410UyMIikoccQ7pD9jhRTPS80yjsY4dHqlEVJw5XSWvPb9DTTITi6p44EvBep
+          6BKMuTMnQELUEr0O7KypVCfa4FTOl8BX28f+4kU3OGykxc6R8qkC0VGwTohV1UWB
+          ITsgGhZV4uOA9uDI3T8KMQKBgEnQY2HwmuDSD/TA39GDA3qV8+ez2lqSXRGIKZLX
+          mMf9SaBQQ+uzKA4799wWDbVuYeIbB07xfCL83pJP8FUDlqi6+7Celu9wNp7zX1ua
+          Nw8z/ErhzjxJe+Xo7A8aTwIkG+5A2m1UU/up9YsEeiJYvVaIwY58B42U2vfq20BS
+          fD9jAoGAX2MscBzIsmN+U9R0ptL4SXcPiVnOl8mqvQWr1B4OLgxX7ghht5Fs956W
+          bHipxOWMFCPJA/AhNB8q1DvYiD1viZbIALSCJVUkzs4AEFIjiPsCBKxerl7jF6Xp
+          1WYSaCmfvoCVEpFNt8cKp4Gq+zEBYAV4Q6TkcD2lDtEW49MuN8A=
+          -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+          PKCS7
+      end
+
+      let(:public_key) do
+        <<-PKCS7.unindent
+          -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+          MIIC2TCCAcGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADAAMCAXDTE3MDExMzA5MTY1
+          MloYDzIwNjcwMTAxMDkxNjUyWjAAMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIB
+          CgKCAQEAwHB3GvImq59em4LV9DMfP0Zjs21eW3Jd5I9fuY0jLJhIkH6fCR7tyOpY
+          V6xUj+TF8giq9WLxZI7sourMJMWjEWhVjgUr5lqp1RLv4lwfDv3Wk4XC2LUuqj1I
+          AErUXKeRz8i3lUSZW1Pf4CaMpnIiPdWbz6f0KkaJSFi9bqexONBx4fKQNlgZwm2/
+          aYjjrYng788I0QhWDKUqsQOi5mZKlHNRsDlk7J3Afhsx/jTLrCX/G8+2tPtLsHyR
+          N39kluM5vYHbKXDsCG/a88Z2yUE2+r4Clp0FUKffiEDBPm0/H0sQ4Q1oEfQFDQRK
+          aIkhpsm0nOnLYTy3/xJc5uqDNkLiawIDAQABo1wwWjAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/
+          MB0GA1UdDgQWBBSejWrVnw7QaBjNFCHMNFi+doSOcTAoBgNVHSMEITAfgBSejWrV
+          nw7QaBjNFCHMNFi+doSOcaEEpAIwAIIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAAe85
+          BQ1ydAHFqo0ib38VRPOwf5xPHGbYGhvQi4/sU6aTuR7pxaOJPYz05jLhS+utEmy1
+          sknBq60G67yhQE7IHcfwrl1arirG2WmKGvAbjeYL2K1UiU0pVD3D+Klkv/pK6jIQ
+          eOJRGb3qNUn0Sq9EoYIOXiGXQ641F0bZZ0+5H92kT1lmnF5oLfCb84ImD9T3snH6
+          pIr5RKRx/0YmJIcv3WdpoPT903rOJiRIEgIj/hDk9QZTBpm222Ul5yQQ5pBywpSp
+          xh0bmJKAQWhQm7QlybKfyaQmg5ot1jEzWAvD2I5FjHQxmAlchjb6RreaRhExj+JE
+          5O117dMBdzDBjcNMOA==
+          -----END CERTIFICATE-----
+          PKCS7
+      end
+
+      let(:keys_dir) do
+        keys = tmpdir('keys')
+        dir_contained_in(keys, {
+          private_key_name => private_key,
+          public_key_name => public_key
+        })
+        keys
+      end
+
+      let(:private_key_path) { File.join(keys_dir, private_key_name) }
+      let(:public_key_path) { File.join(keys_dir, public_key_name) }
+
+      let(:env_hiera_yaml) do
+        <<-YAML.unindent
+          version: 5
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: EYaml
+              path: common.eyaml
+              lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key
+              options:
+                pkcs7_private_key: #{private_key_path}
+                pkcs7_public_key: #{public_key_path}
+          YAML
+      end
+
+      let(:scope_additions) { { 'ipl_suffix' => 'aa' } }
+      let(:data_files) do
+        {
+          'common.eyaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+            # a: Encrypted value 'a' (from environment)
+            a: >
+              ENC[PKCS7,MIIBmQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBijCCAYYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+              DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAUwwNRA5ZKM87SLnjnJfzDFRQbeheSYMTOhcr
+              sgTPCGtzEAzvRBrkdIRAvDZVRfadV9OB+bJsYrhWIkU1bYiOn1m78ginh96M
+              44RuspnIZYnL9Dhs+JyC8VvB5nlvlEph2RGt+KYg9iU4JYhwZ2+8+yxB6/UK
+              H5HGKDCjBbEc8o9MbCckLsciIh11hKKgT6K0yhKB/nBxxM78nrX0BxmAHX2u
+              bejKDRa9S/0uS7Y91nvnbIkaQpZ4KteSQ+J4/lQBMlMAeE+2F9ncM8jFKnQC
+              rzzdbn1O/zwsEt5J5CRP1Sc+8hM644+IqkLs+17segxArHVGOsEqyDcHbXEK
+              9jspfzBcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBCIq/L5HeJgA9XQm67j
+              JHUngDDS5s52FsuSIMin7Z/pV+XuaJGFkL80ia4bXnCWilmtM8oUa/DZuBje
+              dCILO7I8QqU=]
+            hash_a:
+              "hash_%{ipl_suffix}":
+                # aaa: Encrypted value hash_a.hash_aa.aaa (from environment)
+                aaa: >
+                  ENC[PKCS7,MIIBqQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBmjCCAZYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+                  DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAhvGXL5RxVUs9wdqJvpCyXtfCHrm2HbG/u30L
+                  n8EuRD9ravlsgIISAnd27JPtrxA+0rZq4EQRGz6OcovnH9vTg86/lVBhhPnz
+                  b83ArptGJhRvTYUJ19GZI3AYjJbhWj/Jo5NL56oQJaPBccqHxMApm/U0wlus
+                  QtASL94cLuh4toVIBQCQzD5/Bx51p2wQobm9p4WKSl1zJhDceurmoLZXqhuN
+                  JwwEBwXopJvgid3ZDPbdX8nI6vHhb/8wDq9yb5DOsrkgqDqQgwPU9sUUioQj
+                  Hr1pGyeOWnbEe99iEb2+m7TWsC0NN7OBo06mAgFNbBLjvn2k4PiCxrOOgJ8S
+                  LI5eXjBsBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBCWNS6j3m/Xvrp5RFaN
+                  ovm/gEB4oPlYJswoXuWqcEBfwZzbpy96x3b2Le/yoa72ylbPAUc5GfLENvFQ
+                  zXpTtSmQE0fixY4JMaBTke65ZRvoiOQO]
+            array_a:
+              # - "array_a[0]"
+              - >
+                ENC[PKCS7,MIIBeQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBajCCAWYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+                DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAmXZfyfU77vVCZqHpR10qhD0Jy9DpMGBgal97
+                vUO2VHX7KlCgagK0kz8/uLRIthkYzcpn8ISmw/+CIAny3jOjxOsylJiujqyu
+                hx/JEFl8bOKOg40Bd0UuBaw/qZ+CoAtOorhiIW7x6t7DpknItC6gkH/cSJ4/
+                p3MdhoARRuwj2fvuaChVsD39l2rXjgJj0OJOaDXdbuisG75VRZf5l8IH6+44
+                Q7m6W7BU69LX+ozn+W3filQoiJ5MPf8w/KXAObMSbKYIDsrZUyIWyyNUbpW0
+                MieIkHj93bX3gIEcenECLdWaEzcPa7MHgl6zevQKg4H0JVmcvKYyfHYqcrVE
+                PqizKDA8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBDf259KZEay1widVSFy
+                I9zGgBAICjm0x2GeqoCnHdiAA+jt]
+              # - "array_a[1]"
+              - >
+                ENC[PKCS7,MIIBeQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBajCCAWYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+                DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEATVy4hHG356INFKOswAhoravh66iJljp+Vn3o
+                UVD1kyRiqY5tz3UVSptzUmzD+YssX/f73AKCjUI3HrPNL7kAxsk6fWS7nDEj
+                AuxtCqGYeBha6oYJYziSGIHfAdY3MiJUI1C9g/OQB4TTvKdrlDArPiY8THJi
+                bzLLMbVQYJ6ixSldwkdKD75vtikyamx+1LSyVBSg8maVyPvLHtLZJuT71rln
+                WON3Ious9PIbd+izbcCzaoqh5UnTfDCjOuAYliXalBxamIIwNzSV1sdR8/qf
+                t22zpYK4J8lgCBV2gKfrOWSi9MAs6JhCeOb8wNLMmAUTbc0WrFJxoCwAPX0z
+                MAjsNjA8BgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBC4v4bNE4gFlbLmVY+9
+                BtSLgBBm7U0wu6d6s9wF9Ek9IHPe]
+            # ref_a: "A resolved = '%{hiera('a')}'"
+            ref_a: >
+                ENC[PKCS7,MIIBiQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBejCCAXYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+                DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAFSuUp+yk+oaA7b5ekT0u360CQ9Q2sIQ/bTcM
+                jT3XLjm8HIGYPcysOEnuo8WcAxJFY5iya4yQ7Y/UhMWXaTi7Vzv/6BmyPDwz
+                +7Z2Mf0r0PvS5+ylue6aem/3bXPOmXTKTf68OCehTRXlDUs8/av9gnsDzojp
+                yiUTBZvKxhIP2n//GyoHgyATveHT0lxPVpdMycB347DtWS7IduCxx0+KiOOw
+                DXYFlYbIVxVInwgERxtsfYSr+Fu0/mkjtRsQm+dPzMQOATE9Val2gGKsV6bi
+                kdm1OM9HrwVsFj6Lma6FYmr89Bcm/1uEc8fiOMtNK3z2+nwunWBMNCGneMYD
+                C5IJejBMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBAeiZDGQyXHkZlV5ceT
+                iCxpgCDDatuVvbPEEi8rKOC7xhPHZ22zLEEV//l7C9jxq+DZcA==]
+            YAML
+        }
+      end
+
+      let(:env_data) { data_files }
+
+      context 'with unencryptable eyaml' do
+        let(:data_files) do
+          {
+            'common.eyaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+              key_with_invalid_eyaml: ENC[PKCS7,INVALID]
+              YAML
+          }
+        end
+
+        it 'fails and reports error with ENC value, key being looked up and filename' do
+          expect { lookup('key_with_invalid_eyaml') }.to raise_error(Puppet::DataBinding::LookupError, /hiera-eyaml backend error decrypting ENC\[PKCS7,INVALID\] when looking up key_with_invalid_eyaml in .*common\.eyaml\. Error was/)
+        end
+      end
+      context 'and a module using eyaml with different options' do
+
+        let(:private_module_key) do
+          <<-PKCS7.unindent
+          -----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+          MIIEogIBAAKCAQEAuqVpctipK4OMWM+RwKcd/mR4pg6qE3+ItPVC9TlvBrmDaN/y
+          YZRjQR+XovXSGuy/CneSQ9Qss0Ff3FKAmEeH0qN0V47a81hgLpjhLCX1n+Ov7r1Q
+          DC1ciTpVzHE4krN3rJ/RmDohitIqT1IYYhdcEdaMG9E26HIzn1QIwaDiYU3mfqWM
+          8CZExa0CeIsEzHRLSxuMi/xX0ENImCRUzY9GH88Cu2gUhpKlbVzJmVqGPgp94pJY
+          YM+SUb0XP1yRySpJMnVg98oCUrQO2OoE/Gax/djAi6hrJUzejPsEKdZ1yxM6OyJW
+          NjWZYs8izAxBqm7pv1hx5+X7AIPqwZTMVrB7TQIDAQABAoIBAHIex13QOYeAlGSM
+          7bpUtBMiTV6DItxvIyA5wen8ZvU+oqmSHDorp5BfB7E9Cm0qChkVSRot9fLYawtk
+          anoxakuRY4ZRs3AMvipfkXYT854CckTP/cykQ6soPuOU6plQIEEtKtMf3/hoTjRX
+          ps77J3FEtEAh6Kexg/zMPdpeS2xgULhk0P9ZQEg+JhLA5dq0p0nz3SBkuzcxei79
+          +Za/Tg1osD0AINOajdvPnKxvlmWJN0+LpGwVjFNhkoUXPeDyvq0z2V/Uqwz4HP2I
+          UGv4tz3SbzFc3Ie4lzgUZzCQgUK3u60pq1uyA6BRtxwdEmpn5v++jGXBGJZpWwcW
+          UNblESUCgYEA4aTH9+LHsNjLPs2FmSc7hNjwHG1rAHcDXTX2ccySjRcQvH4Z7xBL
+          di+SzZ2Tf8gSLycPRgRVCbrgCODpjoV2D5wWnyUHfWm4+GQxHURYa4UDx69tsSKE
+          OTRASJo7/Mz0M1a6YzgCzVRM/TO676ucmawzKUY5OUm1oehtODAiZOcCgYEA08GM
+          AMBOznys02xREJI5nLR6AveuTbIjF2efEidoxoW+1RrMOkcqaDTrJQ5PLM+oDDwD
+          iPzVjnroSbwJzFB71atIg7b7TwltgkXy7wNTedO2cm5u/I0q8tY2Jaa4Mz8JUnbe
+          yafvtS0/mY6A5k+8/2UIMFin2rqU9NC9EUPIo6sCgYBhOvAwELibq89osIbxB8bN
+          5+0PUtbYzG/WqnoXb193DIlZr7zdFththPJtR4lXdo7fYqViNluuZahEKyZ5E2lc
+          MJZO3VXs5LGf1wyS3/B55EdMtHs/6O+w9qL8pflTZb2UobqPJoOOltTWBoR24iwI
+          y/r/vhLKbMini9AEdjlb4QKBgGdYsax4Lr4GCQ8ScSnmQ6ngRyAFo5MV2pyEnRTu
+          GOuywKUe9AeJTgAXu5+VMT0Mh9aYv5zu0Ic+IvpBhIKr0RRCCR0Hg/VaA5Et9FeE
+          RwxRMFz+2rn1Z72moDyV9pZEMJeHnknK5WmGEOEvtGczCWmX9Hwr+Jf+sc4dxfiU
+          HWsLAoGAXWSX73p/6R4eRfF5zU2UFJPvDzhmwObAuvU4zKs9x7PMxZfvyt/eBCO1
+          fj2+hIR72RxVuHbLApF1BT6gPVLtNdvaNuCs8YlHcnx/Oi088F0ni7fL/xYBUvaB
+          7wTf188UJxP1ofVMZW00P4I9mR6BrOulv455gCwsmg2X7WtJU48=
+          -----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
+          PKCS7
+        end
+
+        let(:public_module_key) do
+          <<-PKCS7.unindent
+          -----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
+          MIIC2TCCAcGgAwIBAgIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFADAAMCAXDTE3MDUzMTE2Mjc0
+          M1oYDzIwNjcwNTE5MTYyNzQzWjAAMIIBIjANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQEFAAOCAQ8AMIIB
+          CgKCAQEAuqVpctipK4OMWM+RwKcd/mR4pg6qE3+ItPVC9TlvBrmDaN/yYZRjQR+X
+          ovXSGuy/CneSQ9Qss0Ff3FKAmEeH0qN0V47a81hgLpjhLCX1n+Ov7r1QDC1ciTpV
+          zHE4krN3rJ/RmDohitIqT1IYYhdcEdaMG9E26HIzn1QIwaDiYU3mfqWM8CZExa0C
+          eIsEzHRLSxuMi/xX0ENImCRUzY9GH88Cu2gUhpKlbVzJmVqGPgp94pJYYM+SUb0X
+          P1yRySpJMnVg98oCUrQO2OoE/Gax/djAi6hrJUzejPsEKdZ1yxM6OyJWNjWZYs8i
+          zAxBqm7pv1hx5+X7AIPqwZTMVrB7TQIDAQABo1wwWjAPBgNVHRMBAf8EBTADAQH/
+          MB0GA1UdDgQWBBQkhoMgOyPzEe7tOOimNH2//PYF2TAoBgNVHSMEITAfgBQkhoMg
+          OyPzEe7tOOimNH2//PYF2aEEpAIwAIIBATANBgkqhkiG9w0BAQUFAAOCAQEAhRWc
+          Nz3PcUJllao5G/v4AyvjLgwB2JgjJgh6D3ILoOe9TrDSXD7ZV3F30vFae+Eztk86
+          pmM8x57E0HsuuY+Owf6/hvELtwbzf9N/lc9ySZSogGFoQeJ8rnCJAQ0FaPjqb7AN
+          xTaY9HTzr4dZG1f+sw32RUu2fDe7Deqgf85uMSZ1mtRTt9zvo8lMQxVA2nVOfwz2
+          Nxf+qSNYSCtf0/6iwfzHy0qPjaJnywgBCi3Lg2IMSqGUatxzH+9HWrBgD+ZYxmDz
+          2gW+EIU1Y/We/tbjIWaR1PD+IzeRJi5fHq60RKHPSdp7TGtV48bQRvyZXC7sVCRa
+          yxfX1IGYhCDzbFRQNg==
+          -----END CERTIFICATE-----
+          PKCS7
+        end
+
+        let(:module_keys_dir) do
+          keys = tmpdir('keys')
+          dir_contained_in(keys, {
+            private_key_name => private_module_key,
+            public_key_name => public_module_key
+          })
+          keys
+        end
+
+        let(:private_module_key_path) { File.join(module_keys_dir, private_key_name) }
+        let(:public_module_key_path) { File.join(module_keys_dir, public_key_name) }
+
+        let(:mod_a_files) do
+          {
+            'mod_a' => {
+              'hiera.yaml' => <<-YAML.unindent,
+                version: 5
+                hierarchy:
+                  - name: EYaml
+                    path: common.eyaml
+                    lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key
+                    options:
+                      pkcs7_private_key: #{private_module_key_path}
+                      pkcs7_public_key: #{public_module_key_path}
+                YAML
+              'data' => {
+                'common.eyaml' => <<-YAML.unindent
+                ---
+                # "%{lookup('a')} (from module)"
+                mod_a::a: >
+                  ENC[PKCS7,MIIBiQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBejCCAXYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+                  DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAC+lvda8mX6XkgCBstNw4IQUDyFcS6M0mS9gZ
+                  ev4VBDeUK4AUNVnzzdbW0Mnj9LbqlpzFx96VGqSxsRBpe7BVD0kVo5jQsEMn
+                  nbrWOD1lvXYrXZMXBeD9xJbMbH5EiiFhbaXcEKRAVGaLVQKjXDENDQ/On+it
+                  1+wmmVwJynDJR0lsCz6dcSKvw6wnxBcv32qFyePvJuIf04CHMhaS4ykedYHK
+                  vagUn5uVXOv/8G0JPlZnQLyxjE0v0heb0Zj0mvcP2+Y5BSW50AQVrMWJNtdW
+                  aFEg6H5hpjduQfQh3iWVuDLnWhbP0sY2Grn5dTOxQP8aTDSsiTUcSeIAmjr/
+                  K8YRCjBMBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBAjL7InlBjRuohLLcBx
+                  686ogCDkhCan8bCE7aX2nr75QtLF3q89pFIR4/NGl5+oGEO+qQ==]
+                YAML
+              }
+            }
+          }
+        end
+
+        let(:populated_env_dir) do
+          dir_contained_in(env_dir, DeepMerge.deep_merge!(environment_files, env_name => { 'modules' => mod_a_files }))
+          env_dir
+        end
+
+        it 'repeatedly finds data in environment and module' do
+          expect(lookup(['array_a', 'mod_a::a', 'hash_a'])).to eql([
+            ['array_a[0]', 'array_a[1]'],
+            "Encrypted value 'a' (from environment) (from module)",
+            {'hash_aa'=>{'aaa'=>'Encrypted value hash_a.hash_aa.aaa (from environment)'}}])
+        end
+      end
+
+      it 'finds data in the environment' do
+        expect(lookup('a')).to eql("Encrypted value 'a' (from environment)")
+      end
+
+      it 'evaluates interpolated keys' do
+        expect(lookup('hash_a')).to include('hash_aa')
+      end
+
+      it 'evaluates interpolations in encrypted values' do
+        expect(lookup('ref_a')).to eql("A resolved = 'Encrypted value 'a' (from environment)'")
+      end
+
+      it 'can read encrypted values inside a hash' do
+        expect(lookup('hash_a.hash_aa.aaa')).to eql('Encrypted value hash_a.hash_aa.aaa (from environment)')
+      end
+
+      it 'can read encrypted values inside an array' do
+        expect(lookup('array_a')).to eql(['array_a[0]', 'array_a[1]'])
+      end
+
+      context 'declared in global scope as a Hiera v3 backend', :if => Puppet.features.hiera? do
+        let(:environment_files) { {} }
+        let(:data_file_content) { <<-YAML.unindent }
+          a: >
+            ENC[PKCS7,MIIBmQYJKoZIhvcNAQcDoIIBijCCAYYCAQAxggEhMIIBHQIBADAFMAACAQEw
+            DQYJKoZIhvcNAQEBBQAEggEAH457bsfL8kYw9O50roE3dcE21nCnmPnQ2XSX
+            LYRJ2C78LarbfFonKz0gvDW7tyhsLWASFCFaiU8T1QPBd2b3hoQK8E4B2Ual
+            xga/K7r9y3OSgRomTm9tpTltC6re0Ubh3Dy71H61obwxEdNVTqjPe95+m2b8
+            6zWZVnzZzXXsTG1S17yJn1zaB/LXHbWNy4KyLLKCGAml+Gfl6ZMjmaplTmUA
+            QIC5rI8abzbPP3TDMmbLOGNkrmLqI+3uS8tSueTMoJmWaMF6c+H/cA7oRxmV
+            QCeEUVXjyFvCHcmbA+keS/RK9XF+vc07/XS4XkYSPs/I5hLQji1y9bkkGAs0
+            tehxQjBcBgkqhkiG9w0BBwEwHQYJYIZIAWUDBAEqBBDHpA6Fcl/R16aIYcow
+            oiO4gDAvfFH6jLUwXkcYtagnwdmhkd9TQJtxNWcIwMpvmk036MqIoGwwhQdg
+            gV4beiCFtLU=]
+          YAML
+
+        let(:hiera_yaml) do
+          <<-YAML.unindent
+          :backends: eyaml
+          :eyaml:
+            :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+            :pkcs7_private_key: #{private_key_path}
+            :pkcs7_public_key: #{public_key_path}
+          :hierarchy:
+            - common
+          YAML
+        end
+
+        let(:data_files) do
+          {
+            'common.eyaml' => data_file_content
+          }
+        end
+
+        let(:code_dir_files) do
+          {
+            'hiera.yaml' => hiera_yaml,
+            'hieradata' => data_files
+          }
+        end
+
+        before(:each) do
+          Puppet.settings[:hiera_config] = File.join(code_dir, 'hiera.yaml')
+        end
+
+        it 'finds data in the global layer' do
+          expect(lookup('a')).to eql("Encrypted value 'a' (from global)")
+        end
+
+        it 'delegates configured eyaml backend to eyaml_lookup_key function' do
+          expect(explain('a')).to match(/Hierarchy entry "eyaml"\n.*\n.*\n.*"common"\n\s*Found key: "a"/m)
+        end
+
+        context 'using intepolated paths to the key pair' do
+          let(:scope_additions) { { 'priv_path' => private_key_path, 'pub_path' => public_key_path } }
+
+          let(:hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+          :backends: eyaml
+          :eyaml:
+            :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+            :pkcs7_private_key: "%{priv_path}"
+            :pkcs7_public_key: "%{pub_path}"
+          :hierarchy:
+            - common
+            YAML
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data in the global layer' do
+            expect(lookup('a')).to eql("Encrypted value 'a' (from global)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'using options containing intepolated paths to the key pair' do
+          let(:scope_additions) { { 'priv_path' => private_key_path, 'pub_path' => public_key_path } }
+
+          let(:hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+          version: 5
+          defaults:
+            datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+          hierarchy:
+            - name: "secret data"
+              lookup_key: eyaml_lookup_key
+              path: common.eyaml
+              options:
+                pkcs7_private_key: "%{priv_path}"
+                pkcs7_public_key: "%{pub_path}"
+            YAML
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data in the global layer' do
+            expect(lookup('a')).to eql("Encrypted value 'a' (from global)")
+          end
+        end
+
+        context 'with special extension declared in options' do
+          let(:environment_files) { {} }
+          let(:hiera_yaml) do
+            <<-YAML.unindent
+            :backends: eyaml
+            :eyaml:
+              :extension: xyaml
+              :datadir: #{code_dir}/hieradata
+              :pkcs7_private_key: #{private_key_path}
+              :pkcs7_public_key: #{public_key_path}
+            :hierarchy:
+              - common
+            YAML
+          end
+
+          let(:data_files) do
+            {
+              'common.xyaml' => data_file_content
+            }
+          end
+
+          it 'finds data in the global layer' do
+            expect(lookup('a')).to eql("Encrypted value 'a' (from global)")
+          end
+
+          it 'delegates configured eyaml backend to eyaml_lookup_key function' do
+            expect(explain('a')).to match(/Hierarchy entry "eyaml"\n.*\n.*\n.*"common"\n\s*Found key: "a"/m)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end