puppet 4.0.0 → 4.9.1

data/lib/puppet/pops/types/string_converter.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1033 @@
+module Puppet::Pops
+module Types
+
+# Converts Puppet runtime objects to String under the control of a Format.
+# Use from Puppet Language is via the function `new`.
+#
+# @api private
+#
+class StringConverter
+
+  # @api private
+  class FormatError < ArgumentError
+    def initialize(type_string, actual, expected)
+      super "Illegal format '#{actual}' specified for value of #{type_string} type - expected one of the characters '#{expected}'"
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Indentation
+    attr_reader :level
+    attr_reader :first
+    attr_reader :is_indenting
+    alias :first? :first
+    alias :is_indenting? :is_indenting
+
+    def initialize(level, first, is_indenting)
+      @level = level
+      @first = first
+      @is_indenting = is_indenting
+    end
+
+    def subsequent
+      first? ? self.class.new(level, false, @is_indenting) : self
+    end
+
+    def indenting(indenting_flag)
+      self.class.new(level, first?, indenting_flag)
+    end
+
+    def increase(indenting_flag = false)
+      self.class.new(level + 1, true, indenting_flag)
+    end
+
+    def breaks?
+      is_indenting? && level > 0 && ! first?
+    end
+
+    def padding
+      return ' ' * 2 * level
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Format represents one format specification that is textually represented by %<flags><width>.<precision><format>
+  # Format parses and makes the individual parts available when an instance is created.
+  # 
+  # @api private
+  #
+  class Format
+    # Boolean, alternate form (varies in meaning)
+    attr_reader :alt
+    alias :alt? :alt
+
+    # Nil or Integer with width of field > 0
+    attr_reader :width
+    # Nil or Integer precisions
+    attr_reader :prec
+    # One char symbol denoting the format
+    attr_reader :format
+    # Symbol, :space, :plus, :ignore
+    attr_reader :plus
+    # Boolean, left adjust in given width or not
+    attr_reader :left
+    # Boolean left_pad with zero instead of space
+    attr_reader :zero_pad
+    # Delimiters for containers, a "left" char representing the pair <[{(
+    attr_reader :delimiters
+
+    # Map of type to format for elements contained in an object this format applies to
+    attr_accessor :container_string_formats
+
+    # Separator string inserted between elements in a container
+    attr_accessor :separator
+
+    # Separator string inserted between sub elements in a container
+    attr_accessor :separator2
+
+    attr_reader :orig_fmt
+
+    FMT_PATTERN = /^%([\s\+\-#0\[\{<\(\|]*)([1-9][0-9]*)?(?:\.([0-9]+))?([a-zA-Z])/
+    DELIMITERS  = [ '[', '{', '(', '<', '|',]
+    DELIMITER_MAP = {
+      '[' => ['[', ']'],
+      '{' => ['{', '}'],
+      '(' => ['(', ')'],
+      '<' => ['<', '>'],
+      '|' => ['|', '|'],
+      :space => ['', '']
+    }.freeze
+
+    def initialize(fmt)
+      @orig_fmt = fmt
+      match = FMT_PATTERN.match(fmt)
+      unless match
+        raise ArgumentError, "The format '#{fmt}' is not a valid format on the form '%<flags><width>.<prec><format>'"
+      end
+
+      @format = match[4]
+      unless @format.is_a?(String) && @format.length == 1
+        raise ArgumentError, "The format must be a one letter format specifier, got '#{@format}'"
+      end
+      @format = @format.to_sym
+      flags  = match[1].split('') || []
+      unless flags.uniq.size == flags.size
+        raise ArgumentError, "The same flag can only be used once, got '#{fmt}'"
+      end
+      @left  = flags.include?('-')
+      @alt   = flags.include?('#')
+      @plus  = (flags.include?(' ') ? :space : (flags.include?('+') ? :plus : :ignore))
+      @zero_pad = flags.include?('0')
+
+      @delimiters = nil
+      DELIMITERS.each do |d|
+        next unless flags.include?(d)
+          if !@delimiters.nil?
+            raise ArgumentError, "Only one of the delimiters [ { ( < | can be given in the format flags, got '#{fmt}'"
+          end
+          @delimiters = d
+      end
+
+      @width = match[2] ? match[2].to_i : nil
+      @prec  = match[3] ? match[3].to_i : nil
+    end
+
+    # Merges one format into this and returns a new `Format`. The `other` format overrides this.
+    # @param [Format] other
+    # @returns [Format] a merged format
+    #
+    def merge(other)
+      result = Format.new(other.orig_fmt)
+      result.separator = other.separator || separator
+      result.separator2 = other.separator2 || separator2
+      result.container_string_formats = Format.merge_string_formats(container_string_formats, other.container_string_formats)
+      result
+    end
+
+    # Merges two formats where the `higher` format overrides the `lower`. Produces a new `Format`
+    # @param [Format] lower
+    # @param [Format] higher
+    # @returns [Format] the merged result
+    #
+    def self.merge(lower, higher)
+      unless lower && higher
+        return lower || higher
+      end
+      lower.merge(higher)
+    end
+
+    # Merges a type => format association and returns a new merged and sorted association.
+    # @param [Format] lower
+    # @param [Format] higher
+    # @returns [Hash] the merged type => format result
+    #
+    def self.merge_string_formats(lower, higher)
+      unless lower && higher
+        return lower || higher
+      end
+      merged = (lower.keys + higher.keys).uniq.map do |k|
+        [k, merge(lower[k], higher[k])]
+      end
+      sort_formats(merged)
+    end
+
+    # Sorts format based on generality of types - most specific types before general
+    #
+    def self.sort_formats(format_map)
+      format_map = format_map.sort do |(a,_),(b,_)| 
+        ab = b.assignable?(a)
+        ba = a.assignable?(b)
+        if a == b
+          0
+        elsif ab && !ba
+          -1
+        elsif !ab && ba
+          1
+        else
+          # arbitrary order if disjunct (based on name of type)
+          rank_a = type_rank(a)
+          rank_b = type_rank(b)
+          if rank_a == 0 || rank_b == 0
+            a.to_s <=> b.to_s
+          else
+            rank_a <=> rank_b
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      Hash[format_map]
+    end
+
+    # Ranks type on specificity where it matters
+    # lower number means more specific
+    def self.type_rank(t)
+      case t
+      when PStructType
+        1
+      when PHashType
+        2
+      when PTupleType
+        3
+      when PArrayType
+        4
+      when PPatternType
+        10
+      when PEnumType
+        11
+      when PStringType
+        12
+      else
+        0
+      end
+    end
+    # Returns an array with a delimiter pair derived from the format.
+    # If format does not contain a delimiter specification the given default is returned
+    # 
+    # @param [Array<String>] the default delimiters
+    # @returns [Array<String>] a tuple with left, right delimiters
+    #
+    def delimiter_pair(default = StringConverter::DEFAULT_ARRAY_DELIMITERS)
+      DELIMITER_MAP[ @delimiters || @plus ] || default
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      "%#{@flags}#{@width}.#{@prec}#{@format}"
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api public
+  def self.convert(value, string_formats = :default)
+    singleton.convert(value, string_formats)
+  end
+
+  # @return [TypeConverter] the singleton instance
+  #
+  # @api public
+  def self.singleton
+    @tconv_instance ||= new
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  #
+  def initialize
+    @@string_visitor   ||= Visitor.new(self, "string", 3, 3)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT_INDENTATION = Indentation.new(0, true, false).freeze
+
+  # format used by default for values in a container
+  # (basically strings are quoted since they may contain a ','))
+  #
+  DEFAULT_CONTAINER_FORMATS = {
+    PAnyType::DEFAULT  => Format.new('%p').freeze,   # quoted string (Ruby inspect)
+  }.freeze
+
+  DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT                          = Format.new('%a')
+  DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT.separator                = ','.freeze
+  DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT.separator2               = ','.freeze
+  DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT.container_string_formats = DEFAULT_CONTAINER_FORMATS
+  DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT.freeze
+
+  DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT                           = Format.new('%h')
+  DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.separator                 = ','.freeze
+  DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.separator2                = ' => '.freeze
+  DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.container_string_formats  = DEFAULT_CONTAINER_FORMATS
+  DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.freeze
+
+  DEFAULT_HASH_DELIMITERS                       = ['{', '}'].freeze
+  DEFAULT_ARRAY_DELIMITERS                      = ['[', ']'].freeze
+
+  DEFAULT_STRING_FORMATS = {
+    PFloatType::DEFAULT    => Format.new('%f').freeze,    # float
+    PNumericType::DEFAULT  => Format.new('%d').freeze,    # decimal number
+    PArrayType::DEFAULT    => DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT.freeze,
+    PHashType::DEFAULT     => DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.freeze,
+    PBinaryType::DEFAULT   => Format.new('%B').freeze,    # strict base64 string unquoted
+    PAnyType::DEFAULT      => Format.new('%s').freeze,    # unquoted string
+  }.freeze
+
+
+  # Converts the given value to a String, under the direction of formatting rules per type.
+  #
+  # When converting to string it is possible to use a set of built in conversion rules.
+  #
+  # A format is specified on the form:
+  # 
+  # ´´´
+  # %[Flags][Width][.Precision]Format
+  # ´´´
+  #
+  # `Width` is the number of characters into which the value should be fitted. This allocated space is
+  # padded if value is shorter. By default it is space padded, and the flag 0 will cause padding with 0
+  # for numerical formats.
+  #
+  # `Precision` is the number of fractional digits to show for floating point, and the maximum characters
+  # included in a string format.
+  #
+  # Note that all data type supports the formats `s` and `p` with the meaning "default to-string" and
+  # "default-programmatic to-string".
+  #
+  # ### Integer
+  #
+  # | Format  | Integer Formats
+  # | ------  | ---------------
+  # | d       | Decimal, negative values produces leading '-'
+  # | x X     | Hexadecimal in lower or upper case. Uses ..f/..F for negative values unless # is also used
+  # | o       | Octal. Uses ..0 for negative values unless # is also used
+  # | b B     | Binary with prefix 'b' or 'B'. Uses ..1/..1 for negative values unless # is also used
+  # | c       | numeric value representing a Unicode value, result is a one unicode character string, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  # | s       | same as d, or d in quotes if alternative flag # is used
+  # | p       | same as d
+  # | eEfgGaA | converts integer to float and formats using the floating point rules
+  #
+  # Defaults to `d`
+  #
+  # ### Float
+  #
+  # | Format  | Float formats
+  # | ------  | -------------
+  # | f       | floating point in non exponential notation
+  # | e E     | exponential notation with 'e' or 'E'
+  # | g G     | conditional exponential with 'e' or 'E' if exponent < -4 or >= the precision
+  # | a A     | hexadecimal exponential form, using 'x'/'X' as prefix and 'p'/'P' before exponent
+  # | s       | converted to string using format p, then applying string formatting rule, alternate form # quotes result
+  # | p       | f format with minimum significant number of fractional digits, prec has no effect
+  # | dxXobBc | converts float to integer and formats using the integer rules
+  #
+  # Defaults to `p`
+  #
+  # ### String
+  #
+  # | Format | String
+  # | ------ | ------
+  # | s      | unquoted string, verbatim output of control chars
+  # | p      | programmatic representation - strings are quoted, interior quotes and control chars are escaped
+  # | C      | each :: name segment capitalized, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  # | c      | capitalized string, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  # | d      | downcased string, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  # | u      | upcased string, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  # | t      | trims leading and trailing whitespace from the string, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  #
+  # Defaults to `s` at top level and `p` inside array or hash.
+  #
+  # ### Boolean
+  # 
+  # | Format    | Boolean Formats
+  # | ----      | -------------------   
+  # | t T       | 'true'/'false' or 'True'/'False' , first char if alternate form is used (i.e. 't'/'f' or 'T'/'F').
+  # | y Y       | 'yes'/'no', 'Yes'/'No', 'y'/'n' or 'Y'/'N' if alternative flag # is used
+  # | dxXobB    | numeric value 0/1 in accordance with the given format which must be valid integer format
+  # | eEfgGaA   | numeric value 0.0/1.0 in accordance with the given float format and flags
+  # | s         | 'true' / 'false'
+  # | p         | 'true' / 'false'
+  #
+  # ### Regexp
+  #
+  # | Format    | Regexp Formats (%/)
+  # | ----      | ------------------
+  # | s         | / / delimiters, alternate flag replaces / delimiters with quotes
+  # | p         | / / delimiters
+  #
+  # ### Undef
+  #
+  # | Format    | Undef formats
+  # | ------    | -------------
+  # | s         | empty string, or quoted empty string if alternative flag # is used
+  # | p         | 'undef', or quoted '"undef"' if alternative flag # is used
+  # | n         | 'nil', or 'null' if alternative flag # is used
+  # | dxXobB    | 'NaN'
+  # | eEfgGaA   | 'NaN'
+  # | v         | 'n/a'
+  # | V         | 'N/A'
+  # | u         | 'undef', or 'undefined' if alternative # flag is used
+  #
+  # ### Default (value)
+  # 
+  # | Format    | Default formats
+  # | ------    | ---------------
+  # | d D       | 'default' or 'Default', alternative form # causes value to be quoted
+  # | s         | same as d
+  # | p         | same as d
+  #
+  # ### Binary (value)
+  #
+  # | Format    | Default formats
+  # | ------    | ---------------
+  # | s         | binary as unquoted characters
+  # | p         | 'Binary("<base64strict>")'
+  # | b         | '<base64>' - base64 string with newlines inserted
+  # | B         | '<base64strict>' - base64 strict string (without newlines inserted)
+  # | u         | '<base64urlsafe>' - base64 urlsafe string
+  # | t         | 'Binary' - outputs the name of the type only
+  # | T         | 'BINARY' - output the name of the type in all caps only
+  #
+  # The alternate form flag `#` will quote the binary or base64 text output
+  # The width and precision values are applied to the text part only in `%p` format.
+  #
+  # ### Array & Tuple
+  #
+  # | Format    | Array/Tuple Formats
+  # | ------    | -------------
+  # | a         | formats with `[ ]` delimiters and `,`, alternate form `#` indents nested arrays/hashes
+  # | s         | same as a
+  # | p         | same as a
+  #
+  # See "Flags" `<[({\|` for formatting of delimiters, and "Additional parameters for containers; Array and Hash" for
+  # more information about options.
+  #
+  # The alternate form flag `#` will cause indentation of nested array or hash containers. If width is also set
+  # it is taken as the maximum allowed length of a sequence of elements (not including delimiters). If this max length
+  # is exceeded, each element will be indented.
+  #
+  # ### Hash & Struct
+  #
+  # | Format    | Hash/Struct Formats
+  # | ------    | -------------
+  # | h         | formats with `{ }` delimiters, `,` element separator and ` => ` inner element separator unless overridden by flags 
+  # | s         | same as h
+  # | p         | same as h
+  # | a         | converts the hash to an array of [k,v] tuples and formats it using array rule(s)
+  # 
+  # See "Flags" `<[({\|` for formatting of delimiters, and "Additional parameters for containers; Array and Hash" for
+  # more information about options.
+  #
+  # The alternate form flag `#` will format each hash key/value entry indented on a separate line.
+  #
+  # ### Type
+  # 
+  # | Format    | Array/Tuple Formats
+  # | ------    | -------------
+  # | s        | The same as p, quoted if alternative flag # is used
+  # | p        | Outputs the type in string form as specified by the Puppet Language
+  #
+  # ### Flags
+  #
+  # | Flag     | Effect 
+  # | ------   | ------
+  # | (space)  | space instead of + for numeric output (- is shown), for containers skips delimiters
+  # | #        | alternate format; prefix 0x/0x, 0 (octal) and 0b/0B for binary, Floats force decimal '.'. For g/G keep trailing 0.
+  # | +        | show sign +/- depending on value's sign, changes x,X, o,b, B format to not use 2's complement form
+  # | -        | left justify the value in the given width
+  # | 0        | pad with 0 instead of space for widths larger than value
+  # | <[({\|   | defines an enclosing pair <> [] () {} or \| \| when used with a container type
+  #
+  # 
+  # ### Additional parameters for containers; Array and Hash
+  #
+  # For containers (Array and Hash), the format is specified by a hash where the following keys can be set:
+  # * `'format'` - the format specifier for the container itself
+  # * `'separator'` - the separator string to use between elements, should not contain padding space at the end
+  # * `'separator2'` - the separator string to use between association of hash entries key/value
+  # * `'string_formats'´ - a map of type to format for elements contained in the container
+  # 
+  # Note that the top level format applies to Array and Hash objects contained/nested in an Array or a Hash.
+  #
+  # Given format mappings are merged with (default) formats and a format specified for a narrower type
+  # wins over a broader.
+  #
+  # @param mode [String, Symbol] :strict or :extended (or :default which is the same as :strict)
+  # @param string_formats [String, Hash] format tring, or a hash mapping type to a format string, and for Array and Hash types map to hash of details
+  #
+  def convert(value, string_formats = :default)
+    options = DEFAULT_STRING_FORMATS
+
+    value_type = TypeCalculator.infer_set(value)
+    if string_formats.is_a?(String)
+      # add the format given for the exact type
+      string_formats = { value_type => string_formats }
+    end
+
+    case string_formats
+    when :default
+     # do nothing, use default formats
+
+    when Hash
+      # Convert and validate user input
+      string_formats = validate_input(string_formats)
+      # Merge user given with defaults such that user options wins, merge is deep and format specific
+      options = Format.merge_string_formats(DEFAULT_STRING_FORMATS, string_formats)
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "string conversion expects a Default value or a Hash of type to format mappings, got a '#{string_formats.class}'"
+    end
+
+    _convert(value_type, value, options, DEFAULT_INDENTATION)
+  end
+
+#  # A method only used for manual debugging as the default output of the formatting rules is
+#  # very hard to read otherwise.
+#  #
+#  # @api private
+#  def dump_string_formats(f, indent = 1)
+#     return f.to_s unless f.is_a?(Hash)
+#     "{#{f.map {|k,v| "#{k.to_s} => #{dump_string_formats(v,indent+1)}"}.join(",\n#{'  '*indent}  ")}}"
+#  end
+
+  def _convert(val_type, value, format_map, indentation)
+    @@string_visitor.visit_this_3(self, val_type, value, format_map, indentation)
+  end
+  private :_convert
+
+  def validate_input(fmt)
+    return nil if fmt.nil?
+    unless fmt.is_a?(Hash)
+      raise ArgumentError, "expected a hash with type to format mappings, got instance of '#{fmt.class}'"
+    end
+    fmt.reduce({}) do | result, entry|
+      key, value = entry
+      unless key.is_a?(Types::PAnyType)
+        raise ArgumentError, "top level keys in the format hash must be data types, got instance of '#{key.class}'"
+      end
+      if value.is_a?(Hash)
+        result[key] = validate_container_input(value)
+      else
+        result[key] = Format.new(value)
+      end
+      result
+    end
+  end
+  private :validate_input
+
+  FMT_KEYS = %w{separator separator2 format string_formats}.freeze
+
+  def validate_container_input(fmt)
+    if (fmt.keys - FMT_KEYS).size > 0
+      raise ArgumentError, "only #{FMT_KEYS}.map {|k| "'#{k}'"}.join(', ')} are allowed in a container format, got #{fmt}"
+    end
+    result                          = Format.new(fmt['format'])
+    result.separator                = fmt['separator']
+    result.separator2               = fmt['separator2']
+    result.container_string_formats = validate_input(fmt['string_formats'])
+    result
+  end
+  private :validate_container_input
+
+  def string_PRuntimeType(val_type, val, format_map)
+    case (f = get_format(val_type, format_map))
+    when :s
+      val.to_s
+    when :q
+      val.to_s.inspect
+    when :puppet
+      puppet_safe(val.to_s)
+    when :i, :d, :x, :o, :f, :puppet
+      converted = convert(o, PNumericType) # rest is default
+      "%#{f}" % converted
+    else
+      throw(:failed_conversion, [o, PStringType::DEFAULT, f])
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Given an unsafe string make it safe for puppet
+  def puppet_safe(str)
+    str = str.inspect # all specials are now quoted
+    # all $ variables must be quoted
+    str.gsub!("\$", "\\\$")
+    str
+  end
+
+  # Basically string_PAnyType converts the value to a String and then formats it according
+  # to the resulting type
+  #
+  # @api private
+  def string_PAnyType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val)
+  end
+
+  def string_PDefaultType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    apply_string_flags(f, case f.format
+    when :d, :s, :p
+      f.alt? ? '"default"' : 'default'
+    when :D
+      f.alt? ? '"Default"' : 'Default'
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Default', f.format, 'dDsp')
+    end)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PUndefType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    apply_string_flags(f, case f.format
+    when :n
+      f.alt? ? 'null' : 'nil'
+    when :u
+      f.alt? ? 'undefined' : 'undef'
+    when :d, :x, :X, :o, :b, :B, :e, :E, :f, :g, :G, :a, :A
+      'NaN'
+    when :v
+      'n/a'
+    when :V
+      'N/A'
+    when :s
+      f.alt? ? '""' : ''
+    when :p
+      f.alt? ? '"undef"' : 'undef'
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Undef', f.format, 'nudxXobBeEfgGaAvVsp')
+    end)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PBooleanType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    case f.format
+    when :t
+      # 'true'/'false' or 't'/'f' if in alt mode
+      str_bool = val.to_s
+      apply_string_flags(f, f.alt? ? str_bool[0] : str_bool)
+
+    when :T
+      # 'True'/'False' or 'T'/'F' if in alt mode
+      str_bool = val.to_s.capitalize
+      apply_string_flags(f, f.alt? ? str_bool[0] : str_bool)
+
+    when :y
+      # 'yes'/'no' or 'y'/'n' if in alt mode
+      str_bool = val ? 'yes' : 'no'
+      apply_string_flags(f, f.alt? ? str_bool[0] : str_bool)
+
+    when :Y
+      # 'Yes'/'No' or 'Y'/'N' if in alt mode
+      str_bool = val ? 'Yes' : 'No'
+      apply_string_flags(f, f.alt? ? str_bool[0] : str_bool)
+
+    when :d, :x, :X, :o, :b, :B
+      # Boolean in numeric form, formated by integer rule
+      numeric_bool = val ? 1 : 0
+      string_formats = { Puppet::Pops::Types::PIntegerType::DEFAULT => f}
+      _convert(TypeCalculator.infer_set(numeric_bool), numeric_bool, string_formats, indentation)
+
+    when :e, :E, :f, :g, :G, :a, :A
+      # Boolean in numeric form, formated by float rule
+      numeric_bool = val ? 1.0 : 0.0
+      string_formats = { Puppet::Pops::Types::PFloatType::DEFAULT => f}
+      _convert(TypeCalculator.infer_set(numeric_bool), numeric_bool, string_formats, indentation)
+
+    when :s
+      apply_string_flags(f, val.to_s)
+
+    when :p
+      apply_string_flags(f, val.inspect)
+
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Boolean', f.format, 'tTyYdxXobBeEfgGaAsp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Performs post-processing of literals to apply width and precision flags
+  def apply_string_flags(f, literal_str)
+    if f.left || f.width || f.prec
+      fmt = '%'
+      fmt << '-' if f.left
+      fmt << f.width.to_s if f.width
+      fmt << '.' << f.prec.to_s if f.prec
+      fmt << 's'
+      Kernel.format(fmt, literal_str)
+    else
+      literal_str
+    end
+  end
+  private :apply_string_flags
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PIntegerType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    case f.format
+    when :d, :x, :X, :o, :b, :B, :p
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val)
+
+    when :e, :E, :f, :g, :G, :a, :A
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val.to_f)
+
+    when :c
+      char = [val].pack("U")
+      char = f.alt? ? "\"#{char}\"" : char
+      char = Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('c','s'), char)
+
+    when :s
+      fmt = f.alt? ? 'p' : 's'
+      int_str = Kernel.format('%d', val)
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('s', fmt), int_str)
+
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Integer', f.format, 'dxXobBeEfgGaAspc')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PFloatType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    case f.format
+    when :d, :x, :X, :o, :b, :B
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val.to_i)
+
+    when :e, :E, :f, :g, :G, :a, :A, :p
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val)
+
+    when :s
+      float_str = f.alt? ? "\"#{Kernel.format('%p', val)}\"" : Kernel.format('%p', val)
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, float_str)
+
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Float', f.format, 'dxXobBeEfgGaAsp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PBinaryType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    substitute = f.alt? ? 'p' : 's'
+    case f.format
+    when :s
+      val_to_convert = val.binary_buffer
+      if !f.alt?
+        # Assume it is valid UTF-8
+        val_to_convert = val_to_convert.dup.force_encoding('UTF-8')
+        # If it isn't
+        unless val_to_convert.valid_encoding?
+          # try to convert and fail with details about what is wrong
+          val_to_convert = val.binary_buffer.encode('UTF-8')
+        end
+      else
+        val_to_convert = val.binary_buffer
+      end
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('s', substitute), val_to_convert)
+
+    when :p
+      # width & precision applied to string, not the the name of the type
+      "Binary(\"#{Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('p', 's'), val.to_s)}\")"
+
+    when :b
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('b', substitute), val.relaxed_to_s)
+
+    when :B
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('B', substitute), val.to_s)
+
+    when :u
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('u', substitute), val.urlsafe_to_s)
+
+    when :t
+      # Output as the type without any data
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('t', substitute), 'Binary')
+
+    when :T
+      # Output as the type without any data in all caps
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('T', substitute), 'BINARY')
+
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Binary', f.format, 'bButTsp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PStringType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    case f.format
+    when :s
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val)
+
+    when :p
+      apply_string_flags(f, puppet_quote(val))
+
+    when :c
+      c_val = val.capitalize
+      f.alt? ? apply_string_flags(f, puppet_quote(c_val)) :  Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('c', 's'), c_val)
+
+    when :C
+      c_val = val.split('::').map {|s| s.capitalize }.join('::')
+      f.alt? ? apply_string_flags(f, puppet_quote(c_val)) :  Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('C', 's'), c_val)
+
+    when :u
+      c_val = val.upcase
+      f.alt? ? apply_string_flags(f, puppet_quote(c_val)) :  Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('u', 's'), c_val)
+
+    when :d
+      c_val = val.downcase
+      f.alt? ? apply_string_flags(f, puppet_quote(c_val)) :  Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('d', 's'), c_val)
+
+    when :t  # trim
+      c_val = val.strip
+      f.alt? ? apply_string_flags(f, puppet_quote(c_val)) :  Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('t', 's'), c_val)
+
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('String', f.format, 'cCudspt')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Performs a '%p' formatting of the given _str_ such that the output conforms to Puppet syntax. An ascii string
+  # without control characters, dollar, single-qoute, or backslash, will be quoted using single quotes. All other
+  # strings will be quoted using double quotes.
+  #
+  # @param [String] str the string that should be formatted
+  # @return [String] the formatted string
+  #
+  # @api public
+  def puppet_quote(str)
+    if str.ascii_only? && (str =~ /(?:'|\$|\p{Cntrl}|\\)/).nil?
+      "'#{str}'"
+    else
+      bld = '"'
+      str.codepoints do |codepoint|
+        case codepoint
+        when 0x09
+          bld << '\\t'
+        when 0x0a
+          bld << '\\n'
+        when 0x0d
+          bld << '\\r'
+        when 0x22
+          bld << '\\"'
+        when 0x24
+          bld << '\\$'
+        when 0x5c
+          bld << '\\\\'
+        else
+          if codepoint < 0x20 || codepoint > 0x7f
+            bld << sprintf('\\u{%X}', codepoint)
+          else
+            bld.concat(codepoint)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      bld << '"'
+      bld
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PRegexpType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    case f.format
+    when :p
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, val)
+    when :s
+      str_regexp = val.inspect
+      str_regexp = f.alt? ? "\"#{str_regexp[1..-2]}\"" : str_regexp
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, str_regexp)
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Regexp', f.format, 'rsp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def string_PArrayType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+    format         = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    sep            = format.separator || DEFAULT_ARRAY_FORMAT.separator
+    string_formats = format.container_string_formats || DEFAULT_CONTAINER_FORMATS
+    delims         = format.delimiter_pair(DEFAULT_ARRAY_DELIMITERS)
+
+    # Make indentation active, if array is in alternative format, or if nested in indenting
+    indentation = indentation.indenting(format.alt? || indentation.is_indenting?)
+
+    case format.format
+    when :a, :s, :p
+      buf = ''
+      if indentation.breaks?
+        buf << "\n"
+        buf << indentation.padding
+      end
+      buf << delims[0]
+
+      # Make a first pass to format each element
+      children_indentation = indentation.increase(format.alt?) # tell children they are expected to indent
+      mapped = val.map do |v|
+        if children_indentation.first?
+          children_indentation = children_indentation.subsequent
+        end
+        val_t = TypeCalculator.infer_set(v)
+        _convert(val_t, v, is_container?(val_t) ? format_map : string_formats, children_indentation)
+      end
+
+      # compute widest run in the array, skip nested arrays and hashes
+      # then if size > width, set flag if a break on each element should be performed
+      if format.alt? && format.width
+        widest = val.each_with_index.reduce([0]) do | memo, v_i |
+          # array or hash breaks
+          if is_a_or_h?(v_i[0])
+            memo << 0
+          else
+            memo[-1] += mapped[v_i[1]].length
+          end
+          memo
+        end
+        widest = widest.max
+        sz_break = widest > (format.width || Float::INFINITY)
+      else
+        sz_break = false
+      end
+
+      # output each element with breaks and padding
+      children_indentation = indentation.increase(format.alt?)
+      val.each_with_index do |v, i|
+        str_val = mapped[i]
+        if children_indentation.first?
+          children_indentation = children_indentation.subsequent
+          # if breaking, indent first element by one
+          if sz_break && !is_a_or_h?(v)
+            buf << ' '
+          end
+        else
+          buf << sep
+          # if break on each (and breaking will not occur because next is an array or hash)
+          # or, if indenting, and previous was an array or hash, then break and continue on next line
+          # indented.
+          if (sz_break && !is_a_or_h?(v)) || (format.alt? && i > 0 && is_a_or_h?(val[i-1]) && !is_a_or_h?(v))
+            buf << "\n"
+            buf << children_indentation.padding
+          elsif !(format.alt? && is_a_or_h?(v))
+            buf << ' '
+          end
+        end
+        buf << str_val
+      end
+      buf << delims[1]
+      buf
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Array', format.format, 'asp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  def is_a_or_h?(x)
+    x.is_a?(Array) || x.is_a?(Hash)
+  end
+
+  def is_container?(t)
+    case t
+    when PArrayType, PHashType, PStructType, PTupleType
+      true
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PTupleType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+    string_PArrayType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PIteratorType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+    v = val.to_a
+    _convert(TypeCalculator.infer_set(v), v, format_map, indentation)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PHashType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+    format         = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    sep            = format.separator  || DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.separator
+    assoc          = format.separator2 || DEFAULT_HASH_FORMAT.separator2
+    string_formats = format.container_string_formats || DEFAULT_CONTAINER_FORMATS
+    delims         = format.delimiter_pair(DEFAULT_HASH_DELIMITERS)
+
+    sep = format.alt? ? "#{sep}\n" : "#{sep} "
+
+    cond_break     = ''
+    padding        = ''
+
+    case format.format
+    when :a
+      # Convert to array and use array rules
+      array_hash = val.to_a
+      _convert(TypeCalculator.infer_set(array_hash), array_hash, format_map, indentation)
+
+    when :h, :s, :p
+      indentation = indentation.indenting(format.alt? || indentation.is_indenting?)
+      buf = ''
+      if indentation.breaks?
+        buf << "\n"
+        buf << indentation.padding
+      end
+
+      children_indentation = indentation.increase
+      if format.alt?
+        cond_break = "\n"
+        padding = children_indentation.padding
+      end
+      buf << delims[0]
+      buf << cond_break  # break after opening delimiter if pretty printing
+      buf << val.map do |k,v|
+        key_type = TypeCalculator.infer_set(k)
+        val_type = TypeCalculator.infer_set(v)
+        key = _convert(key_type, k, is_container?(key_type) ? format_map : string_formats, children_indentation)
+        val = _convert(val_type, v, is_container?(val_type) ? format_map : string_formats, children_indentation)
+        "#{padding}#{key}#{assoc}#{val}"
+      end.join(sep)
+      if format.alt?
+        buf << cond_break
+        buf << indentation.padding
+      end
+      buf << delims[1]
+      buf
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Hash', format.format, 'hasp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PStructType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+    string_PHashType(val_type, val, format_map, indentation)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def string_PType(val_type, val, format_map, _)
+    f = get_format(val_type, format_map)
+    case f.format
+    when :s
+      str_val = f.alt? ? "\"#{val.to_s}\"" : val.to_s
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt, str_val)
+    when :p
+      Kernel.format(f.orig_fmt.gsub('p', 's'), val.to_s)
+    else
+      raise FormatError.new('Type', f.format, 'sp')
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Maps the inferred type of o to a formatting rule
+  def get_format(val_t, format_options)
+    fmt = format_options.find {|k,_| k.assignable?(val_t) }
+    return fmt[1] unless fmt.nil?
+    return Format.new("%s")
+  end
+  private :get_format
+
+end
+end
+end