puma 5.6.4 → 6.1.1

data/lib/puma/control_cli.rb

@@ -17,26 +17,27 @@ module Puma
     CMD_PATH_SIG_MAP = {
       'gc'       => nil,
       'gc-stats' => nil,
-      'halt'     => 'SIGQUIT',
-      'phased-restart' => 'SIGUSR1',
-      'refork'   => 'SIGURG',
+      'halt'              => 'SIGQUIT',
+      'info'              => 'SIGINFO',
+      'phased-restart'    => 'SIGUSR1',
+      'refork'            => 'SIGURG',
       'reload-worker-directory' => nil,
-      'restart'  => 'SIGUSR2',
+      'reopen-log'        => 'SIGHUP',
+      'restart'           => 'SIGUSR2',
       'start'    => nil,
       'stats'    => nil,
       'status'   => '',
-      'stop'     => 'SIGTERM',
-      'thread-backtraces' => nil
+      'stop'              => 'SIGTERM',
+      'thread-backtraces' => nil,
+      'worker-count-down' => 'SIGTTOU',
+      'worker-count-up'   => 'SIGTTIN'
     }.freeze
 
-    # @deprecated 6.0.0
-    COMMANDS = CMD_PATH_SIG_MAP.keys.freeze
-
     # commands that cannot be used in a request
-    NO_REQ_COMMANDS = %w{refork}.freeze
+    NO_REQ_COMMANDS = %w[info reopen-log worker-count-down worker-count-up].freeze
 
     # @version 5.0.0
-    PRINTABLE_COMMANDS = %w{gc-stats stats thread-backtraces}.freeze
+    PRINTABLE_COMMANDS = %w[gc-stats stats thread-backtraces].freeze
 
     def initialize(argv, stdout=STDOUT, stderr=STDERR)
       @state = nil
@@ -185,8 +186,6 @@ module Puma
 
       if @command == 'status'
         message 'Puma is started'
-      elsif NO_REQ_COMMANDS.include? @command
-        raise "Invalid request command: #{@command}"
       else
         url = "/#{@command}"
 
@@ -242,7 +241,11 @@ module Puma
           @stdout.flush unless @stdout.sync
           return
         elsif sig.start_with? 'SIG'
-          Process.kill sig, @pid
+          if Signal.list.key? sig.sub(/\ASIG/, '')
+            Process.kill sig, @pid
+          else
+            raise "Signal '#{sig}' not available'"
+          end
         elsif @command == 'status'
           begin
             Process.kill 0, @pid
@@ -268,7 +271,7 @@ module Puma
       return start if @command == 'start'
       prepare_configuration
 
-      if Puma.windows? || @control_url
+      if Puma.windows? || @control_url && !NO_REQ_COMMANDS.include?(@command)
         send_request
       else
         send_signal
@@ -281,7 +284,7 @@ module Puma
 
     private
     def start
-      require 'puma/cli'
+      require_relative 'cli'
 
       run_args = []
 
@@ -293,13 +296,13 @@ module Puma
       run_args += ["-C", @config_file] if @config_file
       run_args += ["-e", @environment] if @environment
 
-      events = Puma::Events.new @stdout, @stderr
+      log_writer = Puma::LogWriter.new(@stdout, @stderr)
 
       # replace $0 because puma use it to generate restart command
       puma_cmd = $0.gsub(/pumactl$/, 'puma')
       $0 = puma_cmd if File.exist?(puma_cmd)
 
-      cli = Puma::CLI.new run_args, events
+      cli = Puma::CLI.new run_args, log_writer
       cli.run
     end
   end

data/lib/puma/detect.rb

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ module Puma
   # @version 5.2.1
   HAS_FORK = ::Process.respond_to? :fork
 
+  HAS_NATIVE_IO_WAIT = ::IO.public_instance_methods(false).include? :wait_readable
+
   IS_JRUBY = Object.const_defined? :JRUBY_VERSION
 
   IS_OSX = RUBY_PLATFORM.include? 'darwin'
@@ -15,6 +17,8 @@ module Puma
   IS_WINDOWS = !!(RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /mswin|ming|cygwin/) ||
     IS_JRUBY && RUBY_DESCRIPTION.include?('mswin')
 
+  IS_LINUX = !(IS_OSX || IS_WINDOWS)
+
   # @version 5.2.0
   IS_MRI = (RUBY_ENGINE == 'ruby' || RUBY_ENGINE.nil?)
 

data/lib/puma/dsl.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'puma/const'
+require_relative 'const'
+require_relative 'util'
 
 module Puma
   # The methods that are available for use inside the configuration file.
@@ -31,8 +32,24 @@ module Puma
   # You can also find many examples being used by the test suite in
   # +test/config+.
   #
+  # Puma v6 adds the option to specify a key name (String or Symbol) to the
+  # hooks that run inside the forked workers.  All the hooks run inside the
+  # {Puma::Cluster::Worker#run} method.
+  #
+  # Previously, the worker index and the LogWriter instance were passed to the
+  # hook blocks/procs.  If a key name is specified, a hash is passed as the last
+  # parameter.  This allows storage of data, typically objects that are created
+  # before the worker that need to be passed to the hook when the worker is shutdown.
+  #
+  # The following hooks have been updated:
+  #
+  #     | DSL Method         |  Options Key            | Fork Block Location |
+  #     | on_worker_boot     | :before_worker_boot     | inside, before      |
+  #     | on_worker_shutdown | :before_worker_shutdown | inside, after       |
+  #     | on_refork          | :before_refork          | inside              |
+  #
   class DSL
-    include ConfigDefault
+    ON_WORKER_KEY = [String, Symbol].freeze
 
     # convenience method so logic can be used in CI
     # @see ssl_bind
@@ -46,27 +63,59 @@ module Puma
         else ''
         end
 
-      ca_additions = "&ca=#{opts[:ca]}" if ['peer', 'force_peer'].include?(verify)
+      ca_additions = "&ca=#{Puma::Util.escape(opts[:ca])}" if ['peer', 'force_peer'].include?(verify)
 
+      low_latency_str = opts.key?(:low_latency) ? "&low_latency=#{opts[:low_latency]}" : ''
       backlog_str = opts[:backlog] ? "&backlog=#{Integer(opts[:backlog])}" : ''
 
       if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-        ssl_cipher_list = opts[:ssl_cipher_list] ?
-          "&ssl_cipher_list=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_list]}" : nil
+        cipher_suites = opts[:ssl_cipher_list] ? "&ssl_cipher_list=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_list]}" : nil # old name
+        cipher_suites = "#{cipher_suites}&cipher_suites=#{opts[:cipher_suites]}" if opts[:cipher_suites]
+        protocols = opts[:protocols] ? "&protocols=#{opts[:protocols]}" : nil
 
         keystore_additions = "keystore=#{opts[:keystore]}&keystore-pass=#{opts[:keystore_pass]}"
+        keystore_additions = "#{keystore_additions}&keystore-type=#{opts[:keystore_type]}" if opts[:keystore_type]
+        if opts[:truststore]
+          truststore_additions = "&truststore=#{opts[:truststore]}"
+          truststore_additions = "#{truststore_additions}&truststore-pass=#{opts[:truststore_pass]}" if opts[:truststore_pass]
+          truststore_additions = "#{truststore_additions}&truststore-type=#{opts[:truststore_type]}" if opts[:truststore_type]
+        end
 
-        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?#{keystore_additions}#{ssl_cipher_list}" \
+        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?#{keystore_additions}#{truststore_additions}#{cipher_suites}#{protocols}" \
           "&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}#{backlog_str}"
       else
-        ssl_cipher_filter = opts[:ssl_cipher_filter] ?
-          "&ssl_cipher_filter=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_filter]}" : nil
-
-        v_flags = (ary = opts[:verification_flags]) ?
-          "&verification_flags=#{Array(ary).join ','}" : nil
+        ssl_cipher_filter = opts[:ssl_cipher_filter] ? "&ssl_cipher_filter=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_filter]}" : nil
+        v_flags = (ary = opts[:verification_flags]) ? "&verification_flags=#{Array(ary).join ','}" : nil
+
+        cert_flags = (cert = opts[:cert]) ? "cert=#{Puma::Util.escape(cert)}" : nil
+        key_flags = (key = opts[:key]) ? "&key=#{Puma::Util.escape(key)}" : nil
+
+        reuse_flag =
+          if (reuse = opts[:reuse])
+            if reuse == true
+              '&reuse=dflt'
+            elsif reuse.is_a?(Hash) && (reuse.key?(:size) || reuse.key?(:timeout))
+              val = +''
+              if (size = reuse[:size]) && Integer === size
+                val << size.to_s
+              end
+              if (timeout = reuse[:timeout]) && Integer === timeout
+                val << ",#{timeout}"
+              end
+              if val.empty?
+                nil
+              else
+                "&reuse=#{val}"
+              end
+            else
+              nil
+            end
+          else
+            nil
+          end
 
-        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?cert=#{opts[:cert]}&key=#{opts[:key]}" \
-          "#{ssl_cipher_filter}&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}#{v_flags}#{backlog_str}"
+        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?#{cert_flags}#{key_flags}#{ssl_cipher_filter}" \
+          "#{reuse_flag}&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}#{v_flags}#{backlog_str}#{low_latency_str}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -102,7 +151,7 @@ module Puma
     end
 
     def default_host
-      @options[:default_host] || Configuration::DefaultTCPHost
+      @options[:default_host] || Configuration::DEFAULTS[:tcp_host]
     end
 
     def inject(&blk)
@@ -202,6 +251,7 @@ module Puma
     #
     # * Set the socket backlog depth with +backlog+, default is 1024.
     # * Set up an SSL certificate with +key+ & +cert+.
+    # * Set up an SSL certificate for mTLS with +key+, +cert+, +ca+ and +verify_mode+.
     # * Set whether to optimize for low latency instead of throughput with
     #   +low_latency+, default is to not optimize for low latency. This is done
     #   via +Socket::TCP_NODELAY+.
@@ -211,6 +261,8 @@ module Puma
     #   bind 'unix:///var/run/puma.sock?backlog=512'
     # @example SSL cert
     #   bind 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=key.key&cert=cert.pem'
+    # @example SSL cert for mutual TLS (mTLS)
+    #   bind 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=key.key&cert=cert.pem&ca=ca.pem&verify_mode=force_peer'
     # @example Disable optimization for low latency
     #   bind 'tcp://0.0.0.0:9292?low_latency=false'
     # @example Socket permissions
@@ -448,6 +500,10 @@ module Puma
     # Puma will assume you are using the +localhost+ gem and try to load the
     # appropriate files.
     #
+    # When using the options hash parameter, the `reuse:` value is either
+    # `true`, which sets reuse 'on' with default values, or a hash, with `:size`
+    # and/or `:timeout` keys, each with integer values.
+    #
     # @example
     #   ssl_bind '127.0.0.1', '9292', {
     #     cert: path_to_cert,
@@ -455,6 +511,7 @@ module Puma
     #     ssl_cipher_filter: cipher_filter, # optional
     #     verify_mode: verify_mode,         # default 'none'
     #     verification_flags: flags,        # optional, not supported by JRuby
+    #     reuse: true                       # optional
     #   }
     #
     # @example Using self-signed certificate with the +localhost+ gem:
@@ -464,6 +521,7 @@ module Puma
     #   ssl_bind '127.0.0.1', '9292', {
     #     cert_pem: File.read(path_to_cert),
     #     key_pem: File.read(path_to_key),
+    #     reuse: {size: 2_000, timeout: 20} # optional
     #   }
     #
     # @example For JRuby, two keys are required: +keystore+ & +keystore_pass+
@@ -556,9 +614,8 @@ module Puma
     #   on_worker_boot do
     #     puts 'Before worker boot...'
     #   end
-    def on_worker_boot(&block)
-      @options[:before_worker_boot] ||= []
-      @options[:before_worker_boot] << block
+    def on_worker_boot(key = nil, &block)
+      process_hook :before_worker_boot, key, block, 'on_worker_boot'
     end
 
     # Code to run immediately before a worker shuts
@@ -573,9 +630,8 @@ module Puma
     #   on_worker_shutdown do
     #     puts 'On worker shutdown...'
     #   end
-    def on_worker_shutdown(&block)
-      @options[:before_worker_shutdown] ||= []
-      @options[:before_worker_shutdown] << block
+    def on_worker_shutdown(key = nil, &block)
+      process_hook :before_worker_shutdown, key, block, 'on_worker_shutdown'
     end
 
     # Code to run in the master right before a worker is started. The worker's
@@ -589,8 +645,7 @@ module Puma
     #     puts 'Before worker fork...'
     #   end
     def on_worker_fork(&block)
-      @options[:before_worker_fork] ||= []
-      @options[:before_worker_fork] << block
+      process_hook :before_worker_fork, nil, block, 'on_worker_fork'
     end
 
     # Code to run in the master after a worker has been started. The worker's
@@ -604,8 +659,7 @@ module Puma
     #     puts 'After worker fork...'
     #   end
     def after_worker_fork(&block)
-      @options[:after_worker_fork] ||= []
-      @options[:after_worker_fork] << block
+      process_hook :after_worker_fork, nil, block, 'after_worker_fork'
     end
 
     alias_method :after_worker_boot, :after_worker_fork
@@ -628,9 +682,8 @@ module Puma
     #   end
     # @version 5.0.0
     #
-    def on_refork(&block)
-      @options[:before_refork] ||= []
-      @options[:before_refork] << block
+    def on_refork(key = nil, &block)
+      process_hook :before_refork, key, block, 'on_refork'
     end
 
     # Code to run out-of-band when the worker is idle.
@@ -643,8 +696,7 @@ module Puma
     #
     # This can be called multiple times to add several hooks.
     def out_of_band(&block)
-      @options[:out_of_band] ||= []
-      @options[:out_of_band] << block
+      process_hook :out_of_band, nil, block, 'out_of_band'
     end
 
     # The directory to operate out of.
@@ -774,7 +826,7 @@ module Puma
     #
     def worker_timeout(timeout)
       timeout = Integer(timeout)
-      min = @options.fetch(:worker_check_interval, Puma::ConfigDefault::DefaultWorkerCheckInterval)
+      min = @options.fetch(:worker_check_interval, Configuration::DEFAULTS[:worker_check_interval])
 
       if timeout <= min
         raise "The minimum worker_timeout must be greater than the worker reporting interval (#{min})"
@@ -878,13 +930,16 @@ module Puma
     # There are 5 possible values:
     #
     # 1. **:socket** (the default) - read the peername from the socket using the
-    #    syscall. This is the normal behavior.
+    #    syscall. This is the normal behavior. If this fails for any reason (e.g.,
+    #    if the peer disconnects between the connection being accepted and the getpeername
+    #    system call), Puma will return "0.0.0.0"
     # 2. **:localhost** - set the remote address to "127.0.0.1"
     # 3. **header: <http_header>**- set the remote address to the value of the
     #    provided http header. For instance:
     #    `set_remote_address header: "X-Real-IP"`.
     #    Only the first word (as separated by spaces or comma) is used, allowing
-    #    headers such as X-Forwarded-For to be used as well.
+    #    headers such as X-Forwarded-For to be used as well. If this header is absent,
+    #    Puma will fall back to the behavior of :socket
     # 4. **proxy_protocol: :v1**- set the remote address to the value read from the
     #    HAproxy PROXY protocol, version 1. If the request does not have the PROXY
     #    protocol attached to it, will fall back to :socket
@@ -938,23 +993,6 @@ module Puma
       @options[:fork_worker] = Integer(after_requests)
     end
 
-    # When enabled, Puma will GC 4 times before forking workers.
-    # If available (Ruby 2.7+), we will also call GC.compact.
-    # Not recommended for non-MRI Rubies.
-    #
-    # Based on the work of Koichi Sasada and Aaron Patterson, this option may
-    # decrease memory utilization of preload-enabled cluster-mode Pumas. It will
-    # also increase time to boot and fork. See your logs for details on how much
-    # time this adds to your boot process. For most apps, it will be less than one
-    # second.
-    #
-    # @see Puma::Cluster#nakayoshi_gc
-    # @version 5.0.0
-    #
-    def nakayoshi_fork(enabled=true)
-      @options[:nakayoshi_fork] = enabled
-    end
-
     # The number of requests to attempt inline before sending a client back to
     # the reactor to be subject to normal ordering.
     #
@@ -985,6 +1023,19 @@ module Puma
       @options[:mutate_stdout_and_stderr_to_sync_on_write] = enabled
     end
 
+    # Specify how big the request payload should be, in bytes.
+    # This limit is compared against Content-Length HTTP header.
+    # If the payload size (CONTENT_LENGTH) is larger than http_content_length_limit,
+    # HTTP 413 status code is returned.
+    #
+    # When no Content-Length http header is present, it is compared against the
+    # size of the body of the request.
+     #
+    # The default value for http_content_length_limit is nil.
+    def http_content_length_limit(limit)
+      @options[:http_content_length_limit] = limit
+    end
+
     private
 
     # To avoid adding cert_pem and key_pem as URI params, we store them on the
@@ -1004,5 +1055,16 @@ module Puma
         end
       end
     end
+
+    def process_hook(options_key, key, block, meth)
+      @options[options_key] ||= []
+      if ON_WORKER_KEY.include? key.class
+        @options[options_key] << [block, key.to_sym]
+      elsif key.nil?
+        @options[options_key] << block
+      else
+        raise "'#{method}' key must be String or Symbol"
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/error_logger.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'puma/const'
+require_relative 'const'
 
 module Puma
   # The implementation of a detailed error logging.
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ module Puma
 
     REQUEST_FORMAT = %{"%s %s%s" - (%s)}
 
+    LOG_QUEUE = Queue.new
+
     def initialize(ioerr)
       @ioerr = ioerr
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ module Puma
     #   and before all remaining info.
     #
     def info(options={})
-      log title(options)
+      internal_write title(options)
     end
 
     # Print occurred error details only if
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ module Puma
       string_block << request_dump(req) if request_parsed?(req)
       string_block << error.backtrace if error
 
-      log string_block.join("\n")
+      internal_write string_block.join("\n")
     end
 
     def title(options={})
@@ -93,12 +95,18 @@ module Puma
       req && req.env[REQUEST_METHOD]
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def log(str)
-      ioerr.puts str
-
-      ioerr.flush unless ioerr.sync
+    def internal_write(str)
+      LOG_QUEUE << str
+      while (w_str = LOG_QUEUE.pop(true)) do
+        begin
+          @ioerr.is_a?(IO) and @ioerr.wait_writable(1)
+          @ioerr.write "#{w_str}\n"
+          @ioerr.flush unless @ioerr.sync
+        rescue Errno::EPIPE, Errno::EBADF, IOError
+        end
+      end
+    rescue ThreadError
     end
+    private :internal_write
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/events.rb

@@ -1,52 +1,23 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "puma/null_io"
-require 'puma/error_logger'
-require 'stringio'
-
 module Puma
-  # The default implement of an event sink object used by Server
-  # for when certain kinds of events occur in the life of the server.
-  #
-  # The methods available are the events that the Server fires.
-  #
-  class Events
-    class DefaultFormatter
-      def call(str)
-        str
-      end
-    end
-
-    class PidFormatter
-      def call(str)
-        "[#{$$}] #{str}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Create an Events object that prints to +stdout+ and +stderr+.
-    #
-    def initialize(stdout, stderr)
-      @formatter = DefaultFormatter.new
-      @stdout = stdout
-      @stderr = stderr
 
-      @debug = ENV.key? 'PUMA_DEBUG'
-      @error_logger = ErrorLogger.new(@stderr)
+  # This is an event sink used by `Puma::Server` to handle
+  # lifecycle events such as :on_booted, :on_restart, and :on_stopped.
+  # Using `Puma::DSL` it is possible to register callback hooks
+  # for each event type.
+  class Events
 
+    def initialize
       @hooks = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     end
 
-    attr_reader :stdout, :stderr
-    attr_accessor :formatter
-
     # Fire callbacks for the named hook
-    #
     def fire(hook, *args)
       @hooks[hook].each { |t| t.call(*args) }
     end
 
     # Register a callback for a given hook
-    #
     def register(hook, obj=nil, &blk)
       if obj and blk
         raise "Specify either an object or a block, not both"
@@ -59,79 +30,6 @@ module Puma
       h
     end
 
-    # Write +str+ to +@stdout+
-    #
-    def log(str)
-      @stdout.puts format(str) if @stdout.respond_to? :puts
-
-      @stdout.flush unless @stdout.sync
-    rescue Errno::EPIPE
-    end
-
-    def write(str)
-      @stdout.write format(str)
-    end
-
-    def debug(str)
-      log("% #{str}") if @debug
-    end
-
-    # Write +str+ to +@stderr+
-    #
-    def error(str)
-      @error_logger.info(text: format("ERROR: #{str}"))
-      exit 1
-    end
-
-    def format(str)
-      formatter.call(str)
-    end
-
-    # An HTTP connection error has occurred.
-    # +error+ a connection exception, +req+ the request,
-    # and +text+ additional info
-    # @version 5.0.0
-    #
-    def connection_error(error, req, text="HTTP connection error")
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, req: req, text: text)
-    end
-
-    # An HTTP parse error has occurred.
-    # +error+ a parsing exception,
-    # and +req+ the request.
-    #
-    def parse_error(error, req)
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, req: req, text: 'HTTP parse error, malformed request')
-    end
-
-    # An SSL error has occurred.
-    # @param error <Puma::MiniSSL::SSLError>
-    # @param ssl_socket <Puma::MiniSSL::Socket>
-    #
-    def ssl_error(error, ssl_socket)
-      peeraddr = ssl_socket.peeraddr.last rescue "<unknown>"
-      peercert = ssl_socket.peercert
-      subject = peercert ? peercert.subject : nil
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, text: "SSL error, peer: #{peeraddr}, peer cert: #{subject}")
-    end
-
-    # An unknown error has occurred.
-    # +error+ an exception object, +req+ the request,
-    # and +text+ additional info
-    #
-    def unknown_error(error, req=nil, text="Unknown error")
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, req: req, text: text)
-    end
-
-    # Log occurred error debug dump.
-    # +error+ an exception object, +req+ the request,
-    # and +text+ additional info
-    # @version 5.0.0
-    #
-    def debug_error(error, req=nil, text="")
-      @error_logger.debug(error: error, req: req, text: text)
-    end
-
     def on_booted(&block)
       register(:on_booted, &block)
     end
@@ -155,23 +53,5 @@ module Puma
     def fire_on_stopped!
       fire(:on_stopped)
     end
-
-    DEFAULT = new(STDOUT, STDERR)
-
-    # Returns an Events object which writes its status to 2 StringIO
-    # objects.
-    #
-    def self.strings
-      Events.new StringIO.new, StringIO.new
-    end
-
-    def self.stdio
-      Events.new $stdout, $stderr
-    end
-
-    def self.null
-      n = NullIO.new
-      Events.new n, n
-    end
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/io_buffer.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,46 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require 'stringio'
+
 module Puma
-  class IOBuffer < String
-    def append(*args)
-      args.each { |a| concat(a) }
+  class IOBuffer < StringIO
+    def initialize
+      super.binmode
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      length.zero?
     end
 
-    alias reset clear
+    def reset
+      truncate 0
+      rewind
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      rewind
+      read
+    end
+
+    # Read & Reset - returns contents and resets
+    # @return [String] StringIO contents
+    def read_and_reset
+      rewind
+      str = read
+      truncate 0
+      rewind
+      str
+    end
+
+    alias_method :clear, :reset
+
+    # before Ruby 2.5, `write` would only take one argument
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.5' && RUBY_ENGINE != 'truffleruby'
+      alias_method :append, :write
+    else
+      def append(*strs)
+        strs.each { |str| write str }
+      end
+    end
   end
 end