puma 5.3.2 → 6.0.0

data/lib/puma/dsl.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'puma/const'
+require_relative 'const'
+require_relative 'util'
 
 module Puma
   # The methods that are available for use inside the configuration file.
@@ -31,8 +32,24 @@ module Puma
   # You can also find many examples being used by the test suite in
   # +test/config+.
   #
+  # Puma v6 adds the option to specify a key name (String or Symbol) to the
+  # hooks that run inside the forked workers.  All the hooks run inside the
+  # {Puma::Cluster::Worker#run} method.
+  #
+  # Previously, the worker index and the LogWriter instance were passed to the
+  # hook blocks/procs.  If a key name is specified, a hash is passed as the last
+  # parameter.  This allows storage of data, typically objects that are created
+  # before the worker that need to be passed to the hook when the worker is shutdown.
+  #
+  # The following hooks have been updated:
+  #
+  #     | DSL Method         |  Options Key            | Fork Block Location |
+  #     | on_worker_boot     | :before_worker_boot     | inside, before      |
+  #     | on_worker_shutdown | :before_worker_shutdown | inside, after       |
+  #     | on_refork          | :before_refork          | inside              |
+  #
   class DSL
-    include ConfigDefault
+    ON_WORKER_KEY = [String, Symbol].freeze
 
     # convenience method so logic can be used in CI
     # @see ssl_bind
@@ -46,25 +63,58 @@ module Puma
         else ''
         end
 
-      ca_additions = "&ca=#{opts[:ca]}" if ['peer', 'force_peer'].include?(verify)
+      ca_additions = "&ca=#{Puma::Util.escape(opts[:ca])}" if ['peer', 'force_peer'].include?(verify)
+
+      backlog_str = opts[:backlog] ? "&backlog=#{Integer(opts[:backlog])}" : ''
 
       if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
-        ssl_cipher_list = opts[:ssl_cipher_list] ?
-          "&ssl_cipher_list=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_list]}" : nil
+        cipher_suites = opts[:ssl_cipher_list] ? "&ssl_cipher_list=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_list]}" : nil # old name
+        cipher_suites = "#{cipher_suites}&cipher_suites=#{opts[:cipher_suites]}" if opts[:cipher_suites]
+        protocols = opts[:protocols] ? "&protocols=#{opts[:protocols]}" : nil
 
         keystore_additions = "keystore=#{opts[:keystore]}&keystore-pass=#{opts[:keystore_pass]}"
+        keystore_additions = "#{keystore_additions}&keystore-type=#{opts[:keystore_type]}" if opts[:keystore_type]
+        if opts[:truststore]
+          truststore_additions = "&truststore=#{opts[:truststore]}"
+          truststore_additions = "#{truststore_additions}&truststore-pass=#{opts[:truststore_pass]}" if opts[:truststore_pass]
+          truststore_additions = "#{truststore_additions}&truststore-type=#{opts[:truststore_type]}" if opts[:truststore_type]
+        end
 
-        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?#{keystore_additions}#{ssl_cipher_list}" \
-          "&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}"
+        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?#{keystore_additions}#{truststore_additions}#{cipher_suites}#{protocols}" \
+          "&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}#{backlog_str}"
       else
-        ssl_cipher_filter = opts[:ssl_cipher_filter] ?
-          "&ssl_cipher_filter=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_filter]}" : nil
-
-        v_flags = (ary = opts[:verification_flags]) ?
-          "&verification_flags=#{Array(ary).join ','}" : nil
+        ssl_cipher_filter = opts[:ssl_cipher_filter] ? "&ssl_cipher_filter=#{opts[:ssl_cipher_filter]}" : nil
+        v_flags = (ary = opts[:verification_flags]) ? "&verification_flags=#{Array(ary).join ','}" : nil
+
+        cert_flags = (cert = opts[:cert]) ? "cert=#{Puma::Util.escape(cert)}" : nil
+        key_flags = (key = opts[:key]) ? "&key=#{Puma::Util.escape(key)}" : nil
+
+        reuse_flag =
+          if (reuse = opts[:reuse])
+            if reuse == true
+              '&reuse=dflt'
+            elsif reuse.is_a?(Hash) && (reuse.key?(:size) || reuse.key?(:timeout))
+              val = +''
+              if (size = reuse[:size]) && Integer === size
+                val << size.to_s
+              end
+              if (timeout = reuse[:timeout]) && Integer === timeout
+                val << ",#{timeout}"
+              end
+              if val.empty?
+                nil
+              else
+                "&reuse=#{val}"
+              end
+            else
+              nil
+            end
+          else
+            nil
+          end
 
-        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?cert=#{opts[:cert]}&key=#{opts[:key]}" \
-          "#{ssl_cipher_filter}&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}#{v_flags}"
+        "ssl://#{host}:#{port}?#{cert_flags}#{key_flags}#{ssl_cipher_filter}" \
+          "#{reuse_flag}&verify_mode=#{verify}#{tls_str}#{ca_additions}#{v_flags}#{backlog_str}"
       end
     end
 
@@ -100,7 +150,7 @@ module Puma
     end
 
     def default_host
-      @options[:default_host] || Configuration::DefaultTCPHost
+      @options[:default_host] || Configuration::DEFAULTS[:tcp_host]
     end
 
     def inject(&blk)
@@ -191,7 +241,7 @@ module Puma
     end
 
     # Bind the server to +url+. "tcp://", "unix://" and "ssl://" are the only
-    # accepted protocols. Multiple urls can be bound to, calling `bind` does
+    # accepted protocols. Multiple urls can be bound to, calling +bind+ does
     # not overwrite previous bindings.
     #
     # The default is "tcp://0.0.0.0:9292".
@@ -381,6 +431,13 @@ module Puma
       @options[:rackup] ||= path.to_s
     end
 
+    # Allows setting `env['rack.url_scheme']`.
+    # Only necessary if X-Forwarded-Proto is not being set by your proxy
+    # Normal values are 'http' or 'https'.
+    def rack_url_scheme(scheme=nil)
+      @options[:rack_url_scheme] = scheme
+    end
+
     def early_hints(answer=true)
       @options[:early_hints] = answer
     end
@@ -429,8 +486,19 @@ module Puma
       @options[:max_threads] = max
     end
 
-    # Instead of `bind 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=key_path&cert=cert_path'` you
-    # can also use the this method.
+    # Instead of using +bind+ and manually constructing a URI like:
+    #
+    #    bind 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=key_path&cert=cert_path'
+    #
+    # you can use the this method.
+    #
+    # When binding on localhost you don't need to specify +cert+ and +key+,
+    # Puma will assume you are using the +localhost+ gem and try to load the
+    # appropriate files.
+    #
+    # When using the options hash parameter, the `reuse:` value is either
+    # `true`, which sets reuse 'on' with default values, or a hash, with `:size`
+    # and/or `:timeout` keys, each with integer values.
     #
     # @example
     #   ssl_bind '127.0.0.1', '9292', {
@@ -439,15 +507,28 @@ module Puma
     #     ssl_cipher_filter: cipher_filter, # optional
     #     verify_mode: verify_mode,         # default 'none'
     #     verification_flags: flags,        # optional, not supported by JRuby
+    #     reuse: true                       # optional
     #   }
-    # @example For JRuby, two keys are required: keystore & keystore_pass.
+    #
+    # @example Using self-signed certificate with the +localhost+ gem:
+    #   ssl_bind '127.0.0.1', '9292'
+    #
+    # @example Alternatively, you can provide +cert_pem+ and +key_pem+:
+    #   ssl_bind '127.0.0.1', '9292', {
+    #     cert_pem: File.read(path_to_cert),
+    #     key_pem: File.read(path_to_key),
+    #     reuse: {size: 2_000, timeout: 20} # optional
+    #   }
+    #
+    # @example For JRuby, two keys are required: +keystore+ & +keystore_pass+
     #   ssl_bind '127.0.0.1', '9292', {
     #     keystore: path_to_keystore,
     #     keystore_pass: password,
     #     ssl_cipher_list: cipher_list,     # optional
     #     verify_mode: verify_mode          # default 'none'
     #   }
-    def ssl_bind(host, port, opts)
+    def ssl_bind(host, port, opts = {})
+      add_pem_values_to_options_store(opts)
       bind self.class.ssl_bind_str(host, port, opts)
     end
 
@@ -529,9 +610,8 @@ module Puma
     #   on_worker_boot do
     #     puts 'Before worker boot...'
     #   end
-    def on_worker_boot(&block)
-      @options[:before_worker_boot] ||= []
-      @options[:before_worker_boot] << block
+    def on_worker_boot(key = nil, &block)
+      process_hook :before_worker_boot, key, block, 'on_worker_boot'
     end
 
     # Code to run immediately before a worker shuts
@@ -546,9 +626,8 @@ module Puma
     #   on_worker_shutdown do
     #     puts 'On worker shutdown...'
     #   end
-    def on_worker_shutdown(&block)
-      @options[:before_worker_shutdown] ||= []
-      @options[:before_worker_shutdown] << block
+    def on_worker_shutdown(key = nil, &block)
+      process_hook :before_worker_shutdown, key, block, 'on_worker_shutdown'
     end
 
     # Code to run in the master right before a worker is started. The worker's
@@ -562,8 +641,7 @@ module Puma
     #     puts 'Before worker fork...'
     #   end
     def on_worker_fork(&block)
-      @options[:before_worker_fork] ||= []
-      @options[:before_worker_fork] << block
+      process_hook :before_worker_fork, nil, block, 'on_worker_fork'
     end
 
     # Code to run in the master after a worker has been started. The worker's
@@ -577,8 +655,7 @@ module Puma
     #     puts 'After worker fork...'
     #   end
     def after_worker_fork(&block)
-      @options[:after_worker_fork] ||= []
-      @options[:after_worker_fork] = block
+      process_hook :after_worker_fork, nil, block, 'after_worker_fork'
     end
 
     alias_method :after_worker_boot, :after_worker_fork
@@ -601,9 +678,8 @@ module Puma
     #   end
     # @version 5.0.0
     #
-    def on_refork(&block)
-      @options[:before_refork] ||= []
-      @options[:before_refork] << block
+    def on_refork(key = nil, &block)
+      process_hook :before_refork, key, block, 'on_refork'
     end
 
     # Code to run out-of-band when the worker is idle.
@@ -616,8 +692,7 @@ module Puma
     #
     # This can be called multiple times to add several hooks.
     def out_of_band(&block)
-      @options[:out_of_band] ||= []
-      @options[:out_of_band] << block
+      process_hook :out_of_band, nil, block, 'out_of_band'
     end
 
     # The directory to operate out of.
@@ -720,6 +795,19 @@ module Puma
       @options[:tag] = string.to_s
     end
 
+    # Change the default interval for checking workers.
+    #
+    # The default value is 5 seconds.
+    #
+    # @note Cluster mode only.
+    # @example
+    #   worker_check_interval 5
+    # @see Puma::Cluster#check_workers
+    #
+    def worker_check_interval(interval)
+      @options[:worker_check_interval] = Integer(interval)
+    end
+
     # Verifies that all workers have checked in to the master process within
     # the given timeout. If not the worker process will be restarted. This is
     # not a request timeout, it is to protect against a hung or dead process.
@@ -734,7 +822,7 @@ module Puma
     #
     def worker_timeout(timeout)
       timeout = Integer(timeout)
-      min = Const::WORKER_CHECK_INTERVAL
+      min = @options.fetch(:worker_check_interval, Configuration::DEFAULTS[:worker_check_interval])
 
       if timeout <= min
         raise "The minimum worker_timeout must be greater than the worker reporting interval (#{min})"
@@ -766,6 +854,30 @@ module Puma
       @options[:worker_shutdown_timeout] = Integer(timeout)
     end
 
+    # Set the strategy for worker culling.
+    #
+    # There are two possible values:
+    #
+    # 1. **:youngest** - the youngest workers (i.e. the workers that were
+    #    the most recently started) will be culled.
+    # 2. **:oldest** - the oldest workers (i.e. the workers that were started
+    #    the longest time ago) will be culled.
+    #
+    # @note Cluster mode only.
+    # @example
+    #   worker_culling_strategy :oldest
+    # @see Puma::Cluster#cull_workers
+    #
+    def worker_culling_strategy(strategy)
+      stategy = strategy.to_sym
+
+      if ![:youngest, :oldest].include?(strategy)
+        raise "Invalid value for worker_culling_strategy - #{stategy}"
+      end
+
+      @options[:worker_culling_strategy] = strategy
+    end
+
     # When set to true (the default), workers accept all requests
     # and queue them before passing them to the handlers.
     # When set to false, each worker process accepts exactly as
@@ -811,17 +923,23 @@ module Puma
     # a kernel syscall is required which for very fast rack handlers
     # slows down the handling significantly.
     #
-    # There are 4 possible values:
+    # There are 5 possible values:
     #
     # 1. **:socket** (the default) - read the peername from the socket using the
-    #    syscall. This is the normal behavior.
+    #    syscall. This is the normal behavior. If this fails for any reason (e.g.,
+    #    if the peer disconnects between the connection being accepted and the getpeername
+    #    system call), Puma will return "0.0.0.0"
     # 2. **:localhost** - set the remote address to "127.0.0.1"
     # 3. **header: <http_header>**- set the remote address to the value of the
     #    provided http header. For instance:
     #    `set_remote_address header: "X-Real-IP"`.
     #    Only the first word (as separated by spaces or comma) is used, allowing
-    #    headers such as X-Forwarded-For to be used as well.
-    # 4. **\<Any string\>** - this allows you to hardcode remote address to any value
+    #    headers such as X-Forwarded-For to be used as well. If this header is absent,
+    #    Puma will fall back to the behavior of :socket
+    # 4. **proxy_protocol: :v1**- set the remote address to the value read from the
+    #    HAproxy PROXY protocol, version 1. If the request does not have the PROXY
+    #    protocol attached to it, will fall back to :socket
+    # 5. **\<Any string\>** - this allows you to hardcode remote address to any value
     #    you wish. Because Puma never uses this field anyway, it's format is
     #    entirely in your hands.
     #
@@ -839,6 +957,13 @@ module Puma
         if hdr = val[:header]
           @options[:remote_address] = :header
           @options[:remote_address_header] = "HTTP_" + hdr.upcase.tr("-", "_")
+        elsif protocol_version = val[:proxy_protocol]
+          @options[:remote_address] = :proxy_protocol
+          protocol_version = protocol_version.downcase.to_sym
+          unless [:v1].include?(protocol_version)
+            raise "Invalid value for proxy_protocol - #{protocol_version.inspect}"
+          end
+          @options[:remote_address_proxy_protocol] = protocol_version
         else
           raise "Invalid value for set_remote_address - #{val.inspect}"
         end
@@ -864,23 +989,6 @@ module Puma
       @options[:fork_worker] = Integer(after_requests)
     end
 
-    # When enabled, Puma will GC 4 times before forking workers.
-    # If available (Ruby 2.7+), we will also call GC.compact.
-    # Not recommended for non-MRI Rubies.
-    #
-    # Based on the work of Koichi Sasada and Aaron Patterson, this option may
-    # decrease memory utilization of preload-enabled cluster-mode Pumas. It will
-    # also increase time to boot and fork. See your logs for details on how much
-    # time this adds to your boot process. For most apps, it will be less than one
-    # second.
-    #
-    # @see Puma::Cluster#nakayoshi_gc
-    # @version 5.0.0
-    #
-    def nakayoshi_fork(enabled=true)
-      @options[:nakayoshi_fork] = enabled
-    end
-
     # The number of requests to attempt inline before sending a client back to
     # the reactor to be subject to normal ordering.
     #
@@ -910,5 +1018,36 @@ module Puma
     def mutate_stdout_and_stderr_to_sync_on_write(enabled=true)
       @options[:mutate_stdout_and_stderr_to_sync_on_write] = enabled
     end
+
+    private
+
+    # To avoid adding cert_pem and key_pem as URI params, we store them on the
+    # options[:store] from where Puma binder knows how to find and extract them.
+    def add_pem_values_to_options_store(opts)
+      return if defined?(JRUBY_VERSION)
+
+      @options[:store] ||= []
+
+      # Store cert_pem and key_pem to options[:store] if present
+      [:cert, :key].each do |v|
+        opt_key = :"#{v}_pem"
+        if opts[opt_key]
+          index = @options[:store].length
+          @options[:store] << opts[opt_key]
+          opts[v] = "store:#{index}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def process_hook(options_key, key, block, meth)
+      @options[options_key] ||= []
+      if ON_WORKER_KEY.include? key.class
+        @options[options_key] << [block, key.to_sym]
+      elsif key.nil?
+        @options[options_key] << block
+      else
+        raise "'#{method}' key must be String or Symbol"
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/error_logger.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'puma/const'
+require_relative 'const'
 
 module Puma
   # The implementation of a detailed error logging.
@@ -13,6 +13,8 @@ module Puma
 
     REQUEST_FORMAT = %{"%s %s%s" - (%s)}
 
+    LOG_QUEUE = Queue.new
+
     def initialize(ioerr)
       @ioerr = ioerr
 
@@ -31,7 +33,7 @@ module Puma
     #   and before all remaining info.
     #
     def info(options={})
-      log title(options)
+      internal_write title(options)
     end
 
     # Print occurred error details only if
@@ -53,7 +55,7 @@ module Puma
       string_block << request_dump(req) if request_parsed?(req)
       string_block << error.backtrace if error
 
-      log string_block.join("\n")
+      internal_write string_block.join("\n")
     end
 
     def title(options={})
@@ -93,12 +95,18 @@ module Puma
       req && req.env[REQUEST_METHOD]
     end
 
-    private
-
-    def log(str)
-      ioerr.puts str
-
-      ioerr.flush unless ioerr.sync
+    def internal_write(str)
+      LOG_QUEUE << str
+      while (w_str = LOG_QUEUE.pop(true)) do
+        begin
+          @ioerr.is_a?(IO) and @ioerr.wait_writable(1)
+          @ioerr.write "#{w_str}\n"
+          @ioerr.flush unless @ioerr.sync
+        rescue Errno::EPIPE, Errno::EBADF, IOError
+        end
+      end
+    rescue ThreadError
     end
+    private :internal_write
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/events.rb

@@ -1,52 +1,23 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require "puma/null_io"
-require 'puma/error_logger'
-require 'stringio'
-
 module Puma
-  # The default implement of an event sink object used by Server
-  # for when certain kinds of events occur in the life of the server.
-  #
-  # The methods available are the events that the Server fires.
-  #
-  class Events
-    class DefaultFormatter
-      def call(str)
-        str
-      end
-    end
-
-    class PidFormatter
-      def call(str)
-        "[#{$$}] #{str}"
-      end
-    end
-
-    # Create an Events object that prints to +stdout+ and +stderr+.
-    #
-    def initialize(stdout, stderr)
-      @formatter = DefaultFormatter.new
-      @stdout = stdout
-      @stderr = stderr
 
-      @debug = ENV.key? 'PUMA_DEBUG'
-      @error_logger = ErrorLogger.new(@stderr)
+  # This is an event sink used by `Puma::Server` to handle
+  # lifecycle events such as :on_booted, :on_restart, and :on_stopped.
+  # Using `Puma::DSL` it is possible to register callback hooks
+  # for each event type.
+  class Events
 
+    def initialize
       @hooks = Hash.new { |h,k| h[k] = [] }
     end
 
-    attr_reader :stdout, :stderr
-    attr_accessor :formatter
-
     # Fire callbacks for the named hook
-    #
     def fire(hook, *args)
       @hooks[hook].each { |t| t.call(*args) }
     end
 
     # Register a callback for a given hook
-    #
     def register(hook, obj=nil, &blk)
       if obj and blk
         raise "Specify either an object or a block, not both"
@@ -59,79 +30,6 @@ module Puma
       h
     end
 
-    # Write +str+ to +@stdout+
-    #
-    def log(str)
-      @stdout.puts format(str) if @stdout.respond_to? :puts
-
-      @stdout.flush unless @stdout.sync
-    rescue Errno::EPIPE
-    end
-
-    def write(str)
-      @stdout.write format(str)
-    end
-
-    def debug(str)
-      log("% #{str}") if @debug
-    end
-
-    # Write +str+ to +@stderr+
-    #
-    def error(str)
-      @error_logger.info(text: format("ERROR: #{str}"))
-      exit 1
-    end
-
-    def format(str)
-      formatter.call(str)
-    end
-
-    # An HTTP connection error has occurred.
-    # +error+ a connection exception, +req+ the request,
-    # and +text+ additional info
-    # @version 5.0.0
-    #
-    def connection_error(error, req, text="HTTP connection error")
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, req: req, text: text)
-    end
-
-    # An HTTP parse error has occurred.
-    # +error+ a parsing exception,
-    # and +req+ the request.
-    #
-    def parse_error(error, req)
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, req: req, text: 'HTTP parse error, malformed request')
-    end
-
-    # An SSL error has occurred.
-    # @param error <Puma::MiniSSL::SSLError>
-    # @param ssl_socket <Puma::MiniSSL::Socket>
-    #
-    def ssl_error(error, ssl_socket)
-      peeraddr = ssl_socket.peeraddr.last rescue "<unknown>"
-      peercert = ssl_socket.peercert
-      subject = peercert ? peercert.subject : nil
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, text: "SSL error, peer: #{peeraddr}, peer cert: #{subject}")
-    end
-
-    # An unknown error has occurred.
-    # +error+ an exception object, +req+ the request,
-    # and +text+ additional info
-    #
-    def unknown_error(error, req=nil, text="Unknown error")
-      @error_logger.info(error: error, req: req, text: text)
-    end
-
-    # Log occurred error debug dump.
-    # +error+ an exception object, +req+ the request,
-    # and +text+ additional info
-    # @version 5.0.0
-    #
-    def debug_error(error, req=nil, text="")
-      @error_logger.debug(error: error, req: req, text: text)
-    end
-
     def on_booted(&block)
       register(:on_booted, &block)
     end
@@ -155,23 +53,5 @@ module Puma
     def fire_on_stopped!
       fire(:on_stopped)
     end
-
-    DEFAULT = new(STDOUT, STDERR)
-
-    # Returns an Events object which writes its status to 2 StringIO
-    # objects.
-    #
-    def self.strings
-      Events.new StringIO.new, StringIO.new
-    end
-
-    def self.stdio
-      Events.new $stdout, $stderr
-    end
-
-    def self.null
-      n = NullIO.new
-      Events.new n, n
-    end
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/io_buffer.rb

@@ -1,11 +1,36 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require 'stringio'
+
 module Puma
-  class IOBuffer < String
-    def append(*args)
-      args.each { |a| concat(a) }
+  class IOBuffer < StringIO
+    def initialize
+      super.binmode
+    end
+
+    def empty?
+      length.zero?
+    end
+
+    def reset
+      truncate 0
+      rewind
     end
 
-    alias reset clear
+    def to_s
+      rewind
+      read
+    end
+
+    alias_method :clear, :reset
+
+    # before Ruby 2.5, `write` would only take one argument
+    if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.5' && RUBY_ENGINE != 'truffleruby'
+      alias_method :append, :write
+    else
+      def append(*strs)
+        strs.each { |str| write str }
+      end
+    end
   end
 end

data/lib/puma/jruby_restart.rb

@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@ module Puma
     def self.chdir_exec(dir, argv)
       chdir(dir)
       cmd = argv.first
-      argv = ([:string] * argv.size).zip(argv).flatten
+      argv = ([:string] * argv.size).zip(argv)
+      argv.flatten!
       argv << :string
       argv << nil
       execlp(cmd, *argv)

data/lib/puma/{json.rb → json_serialization.rb}

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ module Puma
   # be particularly full-featured or fast. It just has to handle the few places
   # where Puma relies on JSON serialization internally.
 
-  module JSON
+  module JSONSerialization
     QUOTE = /"/
     BACKSLASH = /\\/
     CONTROL_CHAR_TO_ESCAPE = /[\x00-\x1F]/ # As required by ECMA-404