puma 4.3.3 → 5.3.2

data/docs/fork_worker.md

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# Fork-Worker Cluster Mode [Experimental]
+
+Puma 5 introduces an experimental new cluster-mode configuration option, `fork_worker` (`--fork-worker` from the CLI). This mode causes Puma to fork additional workers from worker 0, instead of directly from the master process:
+
+```
+10000   \_ puma 4.3.3 (tcp://0.0.0.0:9292) [puma]
+10001       \_ puma: cluster worker 0: 10000 [puma]
+10002           \_ puma: cluster worker 1: 10000 [puma]
+10003           \_ puma: cluster worker 2: 10000 [puma]
+10004           \_ puma: cluster worker 3: 10000 [puma]
+```
+
+Similar to the `preload_app!` option, the `fork_worker` option allows your application to be initialized only once for copy-on-write memory savings, and it has two additional advantages:
+
+1. **Compatible with phased restart.** Because the master process itself doesn't preload the application, this mode works with phased restart (`SIGUSR1` or `pumactl phased-restart`). When worker 0 reloads as part of a phased restart, it initializes a new copy of your application first, then the other workers reload by forking from this new worker already containing the new preloaded application.
+
+   This allows a phased restart to complete as quickly as a hot restart (`SIGUSR2` or `pumactl restart`), while still minimizing downtime by staggering the restart across cluster workers.
+
+2. **'Refork' for additional copy-on-write improvements in running applications.** Fork-worker mode introduces a new `refork` command that re-loads all nonzero workers by re-forking them from worker 0.
+
+   This command can potentially improve memory utilization in large or complex applications that don't fully pre-initialize on startup, because the re-forked workers can share copy-on-write memory with a worker that has been running for a while and serving requests.
+
+   You can trigger a refork by sending the cluster the `SIGURG` signal or running the `pumactl refork` command at any time. A refork will also automatically trigger once, after a certain number of requests have been processed by worker 0 (default 1000). To configure the number of requests before the auto-refork, pass a positive integer argument to `fork_worker` (e.g., `fork_worker 1000`), or `0` to disable.
+
+### Limitations
+
+- Not compatible with the `preload_app!` option
+
+- This mode is still very experimental so there may be bugs or edge-cases, particularly around expected behavior of existing hooks. Please open a [bug report](https://github.com/puma/puma/issues/new?template=bug_report.md) if you encounter any issues.
+
+- In order to fork new workers cleanly, worker 0 shuts down its server and stops serving requests so there are no open file descriptors or other kinds of shared global state between processes, and to maximize copy-on-write efficiency across the newly-forked workers. This may temporarily reduce total capacity of the cluster during a phased restart / refork.
+
+  In a cluster with `n` workers, a normal phased restart stops and restarts workers one by one while the application is loaded in each process, so `n-1` workers are available serving requests during the restart. In a phased restart in fork-worker mode, the application is first loaded in worker 0 while `n-1` workers are available, then worker 0 remains stopped while the rest of the workers are reloaded one by one, leaving only `n-2` workers to be available for a brief period of time. Reloading the rest of the workers should be quick because the application is preloaded at that point, but there may be situations where it can take longer (slow clients, long-running application code, slow worker-fork hooks, etc).

data/docs/jungle/README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+# Puma as a service
+
+## Systemd
+
+See [/docs/systemd](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/systemd.md).
+
+## rc.d
+
+See `/docs/jungle/rc.d` for FreeBSD's rc.d scripts

data/{tools → docs}/jungle/rc.d/README.md

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # Puma as a service using rc.d
 
-Manage multilpe Puma servers as services on one box using FreeBSD's rc.d service.
+Manage multiple Puma servers as services on one box using FreeBSD's rc.d service.
 
 ## Dependencies
 

data/{tools → docs}/jungle/rc.d/puma

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ puma_start()
 		rb_ver=$(/usr/local/bin/jq -r ".servers[$i].ruby_version" /usr/local/etc/puma.conf)
 		case $rb_env in
 			"rbenv")
-				su - $user -c "cd $dir && rbenv shell $rb_ver && bundle exec puma -C $dir/config/puma.rb -d"
+				cd $dir && rbenv shell $rb_ver && /usr/sbin/daemon -u $user bundle exec puma -C $dir/config/puma.rb
 				;;
 			*)
 				;;
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ puma_restart()
 		rb_ver=$(/usr/local/bin/jq -r ".servers[$i].ruby_version" /usr/local/etc/puma.conf)
 		case $rb_env in
 			"rbenv")
-				su - $user -c "cd $dir && pkill ruby && rbenv shell $ruby_version && bundle exec puma -C $dir/config/puma.rb -d"
+				cd $dir && rbenv shell $rb_ver && /usr/sbin/daemon -u $user bundle exec puma -C $dir/config/puma.rb
 				;;
 			*)
 				;;

data/docs/kubernetes.md

@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Kubernetes
+
+## Running Puma in Kubernetes
+
+In general running Puma in Kubernetes works as-is, no special configuration is needed beyond what you would write anyway to get a new Kubernetes Deployment going. There is one known interaction between the way Kubernetes handles pod termination and how Puma handles `SIGINT`, where some request might be sent to Puma after it has already entered graceful shutdown mode and is no longer accepting requests. This can lead to dropped requests during rolling deploys. A workaround for this is listed at the end of this article.
+
+## Basic setup
+
+Assuming you already have a running cluster and docker image repository, you can run a simple Puma app with the following example Dockerfile and Deployment specification. These are meant as examples only and are deliberately very minimal to the point of skipping many options that are recommended for running in production, like healthchecks and envvar configuration with ConfigMaps. In general you should check the [Kubernetes documentation](https://kubernetes.io/docs/home/) and [Docker documentation](https://docs.docker.com/) for a more comprehensive overview of the available options.
+
+A basic Dockerfile example: 
+```
+FROM ruby:2.5.1-alpine # can be updated to newer ruby versions
+RUN apk update && apk add build-base # and any other packages you need 
+
+# Only rebuild gem bundle if Gemfile changes
+COPY Gemfile Gemfile.lock ./
+RUN bundle install
+
+# Copy over the rest of the files
+COPY . .
+
+# Open up port and start the service
+EXPOSE 9292
+CMD bundle exec rackup -o 0.0.0.0
+```
+
+A sample `deployment.yaml`:
+```
+---
+apiVersion: apps/v1
+kind: Deployment
+metadata:
+  name: my-awesome-puma-app
+spec:
+  selector:
+    matchLabels:
+      app: my-awesome-puma-app
+  template:
+    metadata:
+      labels:
+        app: my-awesome-puma-app
+        service: my-awesome-puma-app
+    spec:
+      containers:
+      - name: my-awesome-puma-app
+        image: <your image here>
+        ports:
+        - containerPort: 9292
+``` 
+
+## Graceful shutdown and pod termination
+
+For some high-throughput systems, it is possible that some HTTP requests will return responses with response codes in the 5XX range during a rolling deploy to a new version. This is caused by [the way that Kubernetes terminates a pod during rolling deploys](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/gcp/kubernetes-best-practices-terminating-with-grace):
+
+1. The replication controller determines a pod should be shut down.
+2. The Pod is set to the “Terminating” State and removed from the endpoints list of all Services, so that it receives no more requests.
+3. The pods pre-stop hook get called. The default for this is to send `SIGTERM` to the process inside the pod.
+4. The pod has up to `terminationGracePeriodSeconds` (default: 30 seconds) to gracefully shut down. Puma will do this (after it receives SIGTERM) by closing down the socket that accepts new requests and finishing any requests already running before exiting the Puma process.
+5. If the pod is still running after `terminationGracePeriodSeconds` has elapsed, the pod receives `SIGKILL` to make sure the process inside it stops. After that, the container exits and all other Kubernetes objects associated with it are cleaned up.
+
+There is a subtle race condition between step 2 and 3: The replication controller does not synchronously remove the pod from the Services AND THEN call the pre-stop hook of the pod, but rather it asynchronously sends "remove this pod from your endpoints" requests to the Services and then immediately proceeds to invoke the pods' pre-stop hook. If the Service controller (typically something like nginx or haproxy) receives this request handles this request "too" late (due to internal lag or network latency between the replication and Service controllers) then it is possible that the Service controller will send one or more requests to a Puma process which has already shut down its listening socket. These requests will then fail with 5XX error codes.
+
+The way Kubernetes works this way, rather than handling step 2 synchronously, is due to the CAP theorem: in a distributed system there is no way to guarantee that any message will arrive promptly. In particular, waiting for all Service controllers to report back might get stuck for an indefinite time if one of them has already been terminated or if there has been a net split. A way to work around this is to add a sleep to the pre-stop hook of the same time as the `terminationGracePeriodSeconds` time. This will allow the Puma process to keep serving new requests during the entire grace period, although it will no longer receive new requests after all Service controllers have propagated the removal of the pod from their endpoint lists. Then, after `terminationGracePeriodSeconds`, the pod receives `SIGKILL` and closes down. If your process can't handle SIGKILL properly, for example because it needs to release locks in different services, you can also sleep for a shorter period (and/or increase `terminationGracePeriodSeconds`) as long as the time slept is longer than the time that your Service controllers take to propagate the pod removal. The downside of this workaround is that all pods will take at minimum the amount of time slept to shut down and this will increase the time required for your rolling deploy.
+
+More discussions and links to relevant articles can be found in https://github.com/puma/puma/issues/2343.

data/docs/nginx.md

@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ server {
 
   location / {
     proxy_set_header X-Forwarded-For $proxy_add_x_forwarded_for;
-    proxy_set_header Host $http_host;
+    proxy_set_header Host $host;
 
     # If the file exists as a static file serve it directly without
     # running all the other rewrite tests on it

data/docs/plugins.md

@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ operations.
 * [tmp\_restart](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/lib/puma/plugin/tmp_restart.rb):
   Restarts the server if the file `tmp/restart.txt` is touched
 * [heroku](https://github.com/puma/puma-heroku/blob/master/lib/puma/plugin/heroku.rb):
-  Packages up the default configuration used by puma on Heroku
+  Packages up the default configuration used by puma on Heroku (being sunset with the release of Puma 5.0)
 
 Plugins are activated in a puma configuration file (such as `config/puma.rb'`)
 by adding `plugin "name"`, such as `plugin "heroku"`.
@@ -34,5 +34,5 @@ functionality to augment puma.
 `config` runs when the server is being configured and is passed a `Puma::DSL`
 object that can be used to add additional configuration.
 
-Any public methods in `Puma::Plugin` are the public API that any plugin may
+Any public methods in [`Puma::Plugin`](../lib/puma/plugin.rb) are the public API that any plugin may
 use.

data/docs/rails_dev_mode.md

@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Running Puma in Rails Development Mode
+
+## "Loopback requests" 
+
+Be cautious of "loopback requests", where a Rails application executes a request to a server that in turn, results in another request back to the same Rails application before the first request is completed. Having a loopback request will trigger [Rails' load interlock](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/threading_and_code_execution.html#load-interlock) mechanism. The load interlock mechanism prevents a thread from using Rails autoloading mechanism to load constants while the application code is still running inside another thread.
+
+This issue only occurs in the development environment as Rails' load interlock is not used in production environments. Although we're not sure, we believe this issue may not occur with the new `zeitwerk` code loader.
+
+### Solutions
+
+
+#### 1. Bypass Rails' load interlock with `.permit_concurrent_loads`
+
+Wrap the first request inside a block that will allow concurrent loads, [`ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads`](https://guides.rubyonrails.org/threading_and_code_execution.html#permit-concurrent-loads). Anything wrapped inside the `.permit_concurrent_loads` block will bypass the load interlock mechanism, allowing new threads to access the Rails environment and boot properly. 
+
+###### Example 
+
+```ruby
+response = ActiveSupport::Dependencies.interlock.permit_concurrent_loads do
+  # Your HTTP request code here. For example:
+  Faraday.post url, data: 'foo'
+end
+
+do_something_with response
+```
+
+####  2. Use multiple processes on Puma
+
+Alternatively, you may also enable multiple (single-threaded) workers on Puma. By doing so, you are sidestepping the problem by creating multiple processes rather than new threads. However, this workaround is not ideal because debugging tools such as [byebug](https://github.com/deivid-rodriguez/byebug/issues/487) and [pry](https://github.com/pry/pry/issues/2153), work poorly with any multi-process web server. 

data/docs/restart.md

@@ -1,41 +1,64 @@
-# Restarts
+Puma provides three distinct kinds of restart operations, each for different use cases. Hot restarts and phased restarts are described here. The third kind of restart operation is called "refork" and is described in the documentation for [`fork_worker`](fork_worker.md).
 
-To perform a restart, there are 3 builtin mechanisms:
+## Hot restart
 
-  * Send the `puma` process the `SIGUSR2` signal (normal restart)
-  * Send the `puma` process the `SIGUSR1` signal (restart in phases (a "rolling restart"), cluster mode only)
-  * Use the status server and issue `/restart`
+To perform a "hot" restart, Puma performs an `exec` operation to start the process up again, so no memory is shared between the old process and the new process. As a result, it is safe to issue a restart any place where you would manually stop Puma and start it again. In particular, it is safe to upgrade Puma itself using a hot restart.
 
-No code is shared between the current and restarted process, so it should be safe to issue a restart any place where you would manually stop Puma and start it again.
+If the new process is unable to load, it will simply exit. You should therefore run Puma under a process monitor when using it in production.
 
-If the new process is unable to load, it will simply exit. You should therefore run Puma under a process monitor (see below) when using it in production.
+### How-to
 
-### Normal vs Hot vs Phased Restart
+Any of the following will cause a Puma server to perform a hot restart: 
 
-A hot restart means that no requests will be lost while deploying your new code, since the server socket is kept open between restarts.
+* Send the `puma` process the `SIGUSR2` signal
+* Issue a `GET` request to the Puma status/control server with the path `/restart`
+* Issue `pumactl restart` (this uses the control server method if available, otherwise sends the `SIGUSR2` signal to the process)
 
-But beware, hot restart does not mean that the incoming requests won’t hang for multiple seconds while your new code has not fully deployed. If you need a zero downtime and zero hanging requests deploy, you must use phased restart.
+### Supported configurations
 
-When you run pumactl phased-restart, Puma kills workers one-by-one, meaning that at least another worker is still available to serve requests, which lead to zero hanging requests (yay!).
+* Works in cluster mode and in single mode
+* Supported on all platforms
 
-But again beware, upgrading an application sometimes involves upgrading the database schema. With phased restart, there may be a moment during the deployment where processes belonging to the previous version and processes belonging to the new version both exist at the same time. Any database schema upgrades you perform must therefore be backwards-compatible with the old application version.
+### Client experience
 
-If you perform a lot of database migrations, you probably should not use phased restart and use a normal/hot restart instead (`pumactl restart`). That way, no code is shared while deploying (in that case, `preload_app!` might help for quicker deployment, see ["Clustered Mode" in the README](../README.md#clustered-mode)).
+* All platforms: for clients with an in-flight request, those clients will be served responses before the connection is closed gracefully. Puma gracefully disconnects any idle HTTP persistent connections before restarting.
+* On MRI or TruffleRuby on Linux and BSD: Clients who connect just before the server restarts may experience increased latency while the server stops and starts again, but their connections will not be closed prematurely.
+* On Windows and on JRuby: Clients who connect just before a restart may experience "connection reset" errors.
 
-**Note**: Hot and phased restarts are only available on MRI, not on JRuby. They are also unavailable on Windows servers.
+### Additional notes
 
-### Release Directory
+* Only one version of the application is running at a time.
+* `on_restart` is invoked just before the server shuts down. This can be used to clean up resources (like long-lived database connections) gracefully. Since Ruby 2.0, it is not typically necessary to explicitly close file descriptors on restart. This is because any file descriptor opened by Ruby will have the `FD_CLOEXEC` flag set, meaning that file descriptors are closed on `exec`. `on_restart` is useful, though, if your application needs to perform any more graceful protocol-specific shutdown procedures before closing connections.
 
-If your symlink releases into a common working directory (i.e., `/current` from Capistrano), Puma won't pick up your new changes when running phased restarts without additional configuration. You should set your working directory within Puma's config to specify the directory it should use. This is a change from earlier versions of Puma (< 2.15) that would infer the directory for you.
+## Phased restart
 
-```ruby
-# config/puma.rb
+Phased restarts replace all running workers in a Puma cluster. This is a useful way to gracefully upgrade the application that Puma is serving. A phased restart works by first killing an old worker, then starting a new worker, waiting until the new worker has successfully started before proceeding to the next worker. This process continues until all workers have been replaced. The master process is not restarted.
 
-directory '/var/www/current'
-```
+### How-to
 
-### Cleanup Code
+Any of the following will cause a Puma server to perform a phased restart: 
 
-Puma isn't able to understand all the resources that your app may use, so it provides a hook in the configuration file you pass to `-C` called `on_restart`. The block passed to `on_restart` will be called, unsurprisingly, just before Puma restarts itself.
+* Send the `puma` process the `SIGUSR1` signal
+* Issue a `GET` request to the Puma status/control server with the path `/phased-restart`
+* Issue `pumactl phased-restart` (this uses the control server method if available, otherwise sends the `SIGUSR1` signal to the process)
 
-You should place code to close global log files, redis connections, etc. in this block so that their file descriptors don't leak into the restarted process. Failure to do so will result in slowly running out of descriptors and eventually obscure crashes as the server is restarted many times.
+### Supported configurations
+
+* Works in cluster mode only
+* To support upgrading the application that Puma is serving, ensure `prune_bundler` is enabled and that `preload_app!` is disabled
+* Supported on all platforms where cluster mode is supported
+
+### Client experience
+
+* In-flight requests are always served responses before the connection is closed gracefully
+* Idle persistent connections are gracefully disconnected
+* New connections are not lost, and clients will not experience any increase in latency (as long as the number of configured workers is greater than one)
+
+### Additional notes
+
+* When a phased restart begins, the Puma master process changes its current working directory to the directory specified by the `directory` option. If `directory` is set to symlink, this is automatically re-evaluated, so this mechanism can be used to upgrade the application.
+* On a single server, it's possible that two versions of the application are running concurrently during a phased restart.
+* `on_restart` is not invoked
+* Phased restarts can be slow for Puma clusters with many workers. Hot restarts often complete more quickly, but at the cost of increased latency during the restart.
+* Phased restarts cannot be used to upgrade any gems loaded by the Puma master process, including `puma` itself, anything in `extra_runtime_dependencies`, or dependencies thereof. Upgrading other gems is safe.
+* If you remove the gems from old releases as part of your deployment strategy, there are additional considerations. Do not put any gems into `extra_runtime_dependencies` that have native extensions or have dependencies that have native extensions (one common example is `puma_worker_killer` and its dependency on `ffi`). Workers will fail on boot during a phased restart. The underlying issue is recorded in [an issue on the rubygems project](https://github.com/rubygems/rubygems/issues/4004). Hot restarts are your only option here if you need these dependencies.

data/docs/signals.md

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
-The [unix signal](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_signal) is a method of sending messages between [processes](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)). When a signal is sent, the operating system interrupts the target process's normal flow of execution. There are standard signals that are used to stop a process but there are also custom signals that can be used for other purposes. This document is an attempt to list all supported signals that Puma will respond to. In general, signals need only be sent to the master process of a cluster.
+The [unix signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unix_signal) is a method of sending messages between [processes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_(computing)). When a signal is sent, the operating system interrupts the target process's normal flow of execution. There are standard signals that are used to stop a process but there are also custom signals that can be used for other purposes. This document is an attempt to list all supported signals that Puma will respond to. In general, signals need only be sent to the master process of a cluster.
 
 ## Sending Signals
 
-If you are new to signals it can be useful to see how they can be used. When a process is created in a *nix like operating system it will have a [PID - or process identifier](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier) that can be used to send signals to the process. For demonstration we will create an infinitely running process by tailing a file:
+If you are new to signals it can be useful to see how they can be used. When a process is created in a *nix like operating system it will have a [PID - or process identifier](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_identifier) that can be used to send signals to the process. For demonstration we will create an infinitely running process by tailing a file:
 
 ```sh
 $ echo "foo" >> my.log
@@ -17,13 +17,13 @@ $ ps aux | grep tail
 schneems        87152   0.0  0.0  2432772    492 s032  S+   12:46PM   0:00.00 tail -f my.log
 ```
 
-You can send a signal in Ruby using the [Process module](http://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Process.html#kill-method):
+You can send a signal in Ruby using the [Process module](https://www.ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Process.html#kill-method):
 
 ```
 $ irb
 > puts pid
 => 87152
-Process.detach(pid) # http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Process.html#method-c-detach
+Process.detach(pid) # https://ruby-doc.org/core-2.1.1/Process.html#method-c-detach
 Process.kill("TERM", pid)
 ```
 
@@ -38,9 +38,10 @@ Puma cluster responds to these signals:
 - `TERM` send `TERM` to worker. Worker will attempt to finish then exit.
 - `USR2` restart workers. This also reloads puma configuration file, if there is one.
 - `USR1` restart workers in phases, a rolling restart. This will not reload configuration file.
-- `HUP`  reopen log files defined in stdout_redirect configuration parameter. If there is no stdout_redirect option provided it will behave like `INT`
-- `INT` equivalent of sending Ctrl-C to cluster. Will attempt to finish then exit.
+- `HUP ` reopen log files defined in stdout_redirect configuration parameter. If there is no stdout_redirect option provided it will behave like `INT`
+- `INT ` equivalent of sending Ctrl-C to cluster. Will attempt to finish then exit.
 - `CHLD`
+- `URG ` refork workers in phases from worker 0, if `fork_workers` option is enabled.
 
 ## Callbacks order in case of different signals
 

data/docs/stats.md

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+## accessing stats
+
+Stats can be accessed in two ways:
+
+### control server
+
+`$ pumactl stats` or `GET /stats`
+
+[Read more about `pumactl` and the control server in the README.](https://github.com/puma/puma#controlstatus-server).
+
+### Puma.stats
+
+`Puma.stats` produces a JSON string. `Puma.stats_hash` produces a ruby hash.
+
+#### in single mode
+
+Invoke `Puma.stats` anywhere in runtime, e.g. in a rails initializer:
+
+```ruby
+# config/initializers/puma_stats.rb
+
+Thread.new do
+  loop do
+    sleep 30
+    puts Puma.stats
+  end
+end
+```
+
+#### in cluster mode
+
+Invoke `Puma.stats` from the master process
+
+```ruby
+# config/puma.rb
+
+before_fork do
+  Thread.new do
+    loop do
+      puts Puma.stats
+      sleep 30
+    end
+  end
+end
+```
+
+
+## Explanation of stats
+
+`Puma.stats` returns different information and a different structure depending on if Puma is in single vs cluster mode. There is one top-level attribute that is common to both modes:
+
+* started_at: when puma was started
+
+### single mode and individual workers in cluster mode
+
+When Puma is run in single mode, these stats are available at the top level. When Puma is run in cluster mode, these stats are available within the `worker_status` array in a hash labeled `last_status`, in an array of hashes, one hash for each worker.
+
+* backlog: requests that are waiting for an available thread to be available. if this is above 0, you need more capacity [always true?]
+* running: how many threads are running
+* pool_capacity: the number of requests that the server is capable of taking right now. For example if the number is 5 then it means there are 5 threads sitting idle ready to take a request. If one request comes in, then the value would be 4 until it finishes processing. If the minimum threads allowed is zero, this number will still have a maximum value of the maximum threads allowed.
+* max_threads: the maximum number of threads puma is configured to spool up per worker 
+* requests_count: the number of requests this worker has served since starting
+
+
+### cluster mode
+
+* phase: which phase of restart the process is in, during [phased restart](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/restart.md)
+* workers: ??
+* booted_workers: how many workers currently running?
+* old_workers: ??
+* worker_status: array of hashes of info for each worker (see below)
+
+### worker status
+
+* started_at: when the worker was started
+* pid: the process id of the worker process
+* index: each worker gets a number. if puma is configured to have 3 workers, then this will be 0, 1, or 2
+* booted: if it's done booting [?]
+* last_checkin: Last time the worker responded to the master process' heartbeat check.
+* last_status: a hash of info about the worker's state handling requests. See the explanation for this in "single mode and individual workers in cluster mode" section above.
+
+
+## Examples
+
+Here are two example stats hashes produced by `Puma.stats`:
+
+### single
+
+```json
+{
+  "started_at": "2021-01-14T07:12:35Z",
+  "backlog": 0,
+  "running": 5,
+  "pool_capacity": 5,
+  "max_threads": 5,
+  "requests_count": 3
+}
+```
+
+### cluster
+
+```json
+{
+  "started_at": "2021-01-14T07:09:17Z",
+  "workers": 2,
+  "phase": 0,
+  "booted_workers": 2,
+  "old_workers": 0,
+  "worker_status": [
+    {
+      "started_at": "2021-01-14T07:09:24Z",
+      "pid": 64136,
+      "index": 0,
+      "phase": 0,
+      "booted": true,
+      "last_checkin": "2021-01-14T07:11:09Z",
+      "last_status": {
+        "backlog": 0,
+        "running": 5,
+        "pool_capacity": 5,
+        "max_threads": 5,
+        "requests_count": 2
+      }
+    },
+    {
+      "started_at": "2021-01-14T07:09:24Z",
+      "pid": 64137,
+      "index": 1,
+      "phase": 0,
+      "booted": true,
+      "last_checkin": "2021-01-14T07:11:09Z",
+      "last_status": {
+        "backlog": 0,
+        "running": 5,
+        "pool_capacity": 5,
+        "max_threads": 5,
+        "requests_count": 1
+      }
+    }
+  ]
+}
+```