puma 4.3.0

data/lib/puma/runner.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'puma/server'
+require 'puma/const'
+require 'puma/minissl/context_builder'
+
+module Puma
+  # Generic class that is used by `Puma::Cluster` and `Puma::Single` to
+  # serve requests. This class spawns a new instance of `Puma::Server` via
+  # a call to `start_server`.
+  class Runner
+    def initialize(cli, events)
+      @launcher = cli
+      @events = events
+      @options = cli.options
+      @app = nil
+      @control = nil
+      @started_at = Time.now
+    end
+
+    def daemon?
+      @options[:daemon]
+    end
+
+    def development?
+      @options[:environment] == "development"
+    end
+
+    def test?
+      @options[:environment] == "test"
+    end
+
+    def log(str)
+      @events.log str
+    end
+
+    def before_restart
+      @control.stop(true) if @control
+    end
+
+    def error(str)
+      @events.error str
+    end
+
+    def debug(str)
+      @events.log "- #{str}" if @options[:debug]
+    end
+
+    def start_control
+      str = @options[:control_url]
+      return unless str
+
+      require 'puma/app/status'
+
+      uri = URI.parse str
+
+      if token = @options[:control_auth_token]
+        token = nil if token.empty? || token == 'none'
+      end
+
+      app = Puma::App::Status.new @launcher, token
+
+      control = Puma::Server.new app, @launcher.events
+      control.min_threads = 0
+      control.max_threads = 1
+
+      case uri.scheme
+      when "ssl"
+          log "* Starting control server on #{str}"
+          params = Util.parse_query uri.query
+          ctx = MiniSSL::ContextBuilder.new(params, @events).context
+
+          control.add_ssl_listener uri.host, uri.port, ctx
+      when "tcp"
+        log "* Starting control server on #{str}"
+        control.add_tcp_listener uri.host, uri.port
+      when "unix"
+        log "* Starting control server on #{str}"
+        path = "#{uri.host}#{uri.path}"
+        mask = @options[:control_url_umask]
+
+        control.add_unix_listener path, mask
+      else
+        error "Invalid control URI: #{str}"
+      end
+
+      control.run
+      @control = control
+    end
+
+    def ruby_engine
+      if !defined?(RUBY_ENGINE) || RUBY_ENGINE == "ruby"
+        "ruby #{RUBY_VERSION}-p#{RUBY_PATCHLEVEL}"
+      else
+        if defined?(RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION)
+          "#{RUBY_ENGINE} #{RUBY_ENGINE_VERSION} - ruby #{RUBY_VERSION}"
+        else
+          "#{RUBY_ENGINE} #{RUBY_VERSION}"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def output_header(mode)
+      min_t = @options[:min_threads]
+      max_t = @options[:max_threads]
+
+      log "Puma starting in #{mode} mode..."
+      log "* Version #{Puma::Const::PUMA_VERSION} (#{ruby_engine}), codename: #{Puma::Const::CODE_NAME}"
+      log "* Min threads: #{min_t}, max threads: #{max_t}"
+      log "* Environment: #{ENV['RACK_ENV']}"
+
+      if @options[:mode] == :tcp
+        log "* Mode: Lopez Express (tcp)"
+      end
+    end
+
+    def redirected_io?
+      @options[:redirect_stdout] || @options[:redirect_stderr]
+    end
+
+    def redirect_io
+      stdout = @options[:redirect_stdout]
+      stderr = @options[:redirect_stderr]
+      append = @options[:redirect_append]
+
+      if stdout
+        unless Dir.exist?(File.dirname(stdout))
+          raise "Cannot redirect STDOUT to #{stdout}"
+        end
+
+        STDOUT.reopen stdout, (append ? "a" : "w")
+        STDOUT.sync = true
+        STDOUT.puts "=== puma startup: #{Time.now} ==="
+      end
+
+      if stderr
+        unless Dir.exist?(File.dirname(stderr))
+          raise "Cannot redirect STDERR to #{stderr}"
+        end
+
+        STDERR.reopen stderr, (append ? "a" : "w")
+        STDERR.sync = true
+        STDERR.puts "=== puma startup: #{Time.now} ==="
+      end
+    end
+
+    def load_and_bind
+      unless @launcher.config.app_configured?
+        error "No application configured, nothing to run"
+        exit 1
+      end
+
+      # Load the app before we daemonize.
+      begin
+        @app = @launcher.config.app
+      rescue Exception => e
+        log "! Unable to load application: #{e.class}: #{e.message}"
+        raise e
+      end
+
+      @launcher.binder.parse @options[:binds], self
+    end
+
+    def app
+      @app ||= @launcher.config.app
+    end
+
+    def start_server
+      min_t = @options[:min_threads]
+      max_t = @options[:max_threads]
+
+      server = Puma::Server.new app, @launcher.events, @options
+      server.min_threads = min_t
+      server.max_threads = max_t
+      server.inherit_binder @launcher.binder
+
+      if @options[:mode] == :tcp
+        server.tcp_mode!
+      end
+
+      if @options[:early_hints]
+        server.early_hints = true
+      end
+
+      unless development? || test?
+        server.leak_stack_on_error = false
+      end
+
+      server
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/puma/server.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1030 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require 'stringio'
+
+require 'puma/thread_pool'
+require 'puma/const'
+require 'puma/events'
+require 'puma/null_io'
+require 'puma/reactor'
+require 'puma/client'
+require 'puma/binder'
+require 'puma/accept_nonblock'
+require 'puma/util'
+
+require 'puma/puma_http11'
+
+require 'socket'
+require 'forwardable'
+
+module Puma
+
+  # The HTTP Server itself. Serves out a single Rack app.
+  #
+  # This class is used by the `Puma::Single` and `Puma::Cluster` classes
+  # to generate one or more `Puma::Server` instances capable of handling requests.
+  # Each Puma process will contain one `Puma::Server` instance.
+  #
+  # The `Puma::Server` instance pulls requests from the socket, adds them to a
+  # `Puma::Reactor` where they get eventually passed to a `Puma::ThreadPool`.
+  #
+  # Each `Puma::Server` will have one reactor and one thread pool.
+  class Server
+
+    include Puma::Const
+    extend Forwardable
+
+    attr_reader :thread
+    attr_reader :events
+    attr_accessor :app
+
+    attr_accessor :min_threads
+    attr_accessor :max_threads
+    attr_accessor :persistent_timeout
+    attr_accessor :auto_trim_time
+    attr_accessor :reaping_time
+    attr_accessor :first_data_timeout
+
+    # Create a server for the rack app +app+.
+    #
+    # +events+ is an object which will be called when certain error events occur
+    # to be handled. See Puma::Events for the list of current methods to implement.
+    #
+    # Server#run returns a thread that you can join on to wait for the server
+    # to do its work.
+    #
+    def initialize(app, events=Events.stdio, options={})
+      @app = app
+      @events = events
+
+      @check, @notify = Puma::Util.pipe
+
+      @status = :stop
+
+      @min_threads = 0
+      @max_threads = 16
+      @auto_trim_time = 30
+      @reaping_time = 1
+
+      @thread = nil
+      @thread_pool = nil
+      @early_hints = nil
+
+      @persistent_timeout = options.fetch(:persistent_timeout, PERSISTENT_TIMEOUT)
+      @first_data_timeout = options.fetch(:first_data_timeout, FIRST_DATA_TIMEOUT)
+
+      @binder = Binder.new(events)
+
+      @leak_stack_on_error = true
+
+      @options = options
+      @queue_requests = options[:queue_requests].nil? ? true : options[:queue_requests]
+
+      ENV['RACK_ENV'] ||= "development"
+
+      @mode = :http
+
+      @precheck_closing = true
+    end
+
+    attr_accessor :binder, :leak_stack_on_error, :early_hints
+
+    def_delegators :@binder, :add_tcp_listener, :add_ssl_listener, :add_unix_listener, :connected_port
+
+    def inherit_binder(bind)
+      @binder = bind
+    end
+
+    def tcp_mode!
+      @mode = :tcp
+    end
+
+    # On Linux, use TCP_CORK to better control how the TCP stack
+    # packetizes our stream. This improves both latency and throughput.
+    #
+    if RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /linux/
+      UNPACK_TCP_STATE_FROM_TCP_INFO = "C".freeze
+
+      # 6 == Socket::IPPROTO_TCP
+      # 3 == TCP_CORK
+      # 1/0 == turn on/off
+      def cork_socket(socket)
+        begin
+          socket.setsockopt(6, 3, 1) if socket.kind_of? TCPSocket
+        rescue IOError, SystemCallError
+          Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+        end
+      end
+
+      def uncork_socket(socket)
+        begin
+          socket.setsockopt(6, 3, 0) if socket.kind_of? TCPSocket
+        rescue IOError, SystemCallError
+          Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+        end
+      end
+
+      def closed_socket?(socket)
+        return false unless socket.kind_of? TCPSocket
+        return false unless @precheck_closing
+
+        begin
+          tcp_info = socket.getsockopt(Socket::SOL_TCP, Socket::TCP_INFO)
+        rescue IOError, SystemCallError
+          Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+          @precheck_closing = false
+          false
+        else
+          state = tcp_info.unpack(UNPACK_TCP_STATE_FROM_TCP_INFO)[0]
+          # TIME_WAIT: 6, CLOSE: 7, CLOSE_WAIT: 8, LAST_ACK: 9, CLOSING: 11
+          (state >= 6 && state <= 9) || state == 11
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      def cork_socket(socket)
+      end
+
+      def uncork_socket(socket)
+      end
+
+      def closed_socket?(socket)
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def backlog
+      @thread_pool and @thread_pool.backlog
+    end
+
+    def running
+      @thread_pool and @thread_pool.spawned
+    end
+
+
+    # This number represents the number of requests that
+    # the server is capable of taking right now.
+    #
+    # For example if the number is 5 then it means
+    # there are 5 threads sitting idle ready to take
+    # a request. If one request comes in, then the
+    # value would be 4 until it finishes processing.
+    def pool_capacity
+      @thread_pool and @thread_pool.pool_capacity
+    end
+
+    # Lopez Mode == raw tcp apps
+
+    def run_lopez_mode(background=true)
+      @thread_pool = ThreadPool.new(@min_threads,
+                                    @max_threads,
+                                    Hash) do |client, tl|
+
+        io = client.to_io
+        addr = io.peeraddr.last
+
+        if addr.empty?
+          # Set unix socket addrs to localhost
+          addr = "127.0.0.1:0"
+        else
+          addr = "#{addr}:#{io.peeraddr[1]}"
+        end
+
+        env = { 'thread' => tl, REMOTE_ADDR => addr }
+
+        begin
+          @app.call env, client.to_io
+        rescue Object => e
+          STDERR.puts "! Detected exception at toplevel: #{e.message} (#{e.class})"
+          STDERR.puts e.backtrace
+        end
+
+        client.close unless env['detach']
+      end
+
+      @events.fire :state, :running
+
+      if background
+        @thread = Thread.new do
+          Puma.set_thread_name "server"
+          handle_servers_lopez_mode
+        end
+        return @thread
+      else
+        handle_servers_lopez_mode
+      end
+    end
+
+    def handle_servers_lopez_mode
+      begin
+        check = @check
+        sockets = [check] + @binder.ios
+        pool = @thread_pool
+
+        while @status == :run
+          begin
+            ios = IO.select sockets
+            ios.first.each do |sock|
+              if sock == check
+                break if handle_check
+              else
+                begin
+                  if io = sock.accept_nonblock
+                    client = Client.new io, nil
+                    pool << client
+                  end
+                rescue SystemCallError
+                  # nothing
+                rescue Errno::ECONNABORTED
+                  # client closed the socket even before accept
+                  begin
+                    io.close
+                  rescue
+                    Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          rescue Object => e
+            @events.unknown_error self, e, "Listen loop"
+          end
+        end
+
+        @events.fire :state, @status
+
+        graceful_shutdown if @status == :stop || @status == :restart
+
+      rescue Exception => e
+        STDERR.puts "Exception handling servers: #{e.message} (#{e.class})"
+        STDERR.puts e.backtrace
+      ensure
+        begin
+          @check.close
+        rescue
+          Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+        end
+
+        # Prevent can't modify frozen IOError (RuntimeError)
+        begin
+          @notify.close
+        rescue IOError
+          # no biggy
+        end
+      end
+
+      @events.fire :state, :done
+    end
+    # Runs the server.
+    #
+    # If +background+ is true (the default) then a thread is spun
+    # up in the background to handle requests. Otherwise requests
+    # are handled synchronously.
+    #
+    def run(background=true)
+      BasicSocket.do_not_reverse_lookup = true
+
+      @events.fire :state, :booting
+
+      @status = :run
+
+      if @mode == :tcp
+        return run_lopez_mode(background)
+      end
+
+      queue_requests = @queue_requests
+
+      @thread_pool = ThreadPool.new(@min_threads,
+                                    @max_threads,
+                                    IOBuffer) do |client, buffer|
+
+        # Advertise this server into the thread
+        Thread.current[ThreadLocalKey] = self
+
+        process_now = false
+
+        begin
+          if queue_requests
+            process_now = client.eagerly_finish
+          else
+            client.finish
+            process_now = true
+          end
+        rescue MiniSSL::SSLError => e
+          ssl_socket = client.io
+          addr = ssl_socket.peeraddr.last
+          cert = ssl_socket.peercert
+
+          client.close
+
+          @events.ssl_error self, addr, cert, e
+        rescue HttpParserError => e
+          client.write_error(400)
+          client.close
+
+          @events.parse_error self, client.env, e
+        rescue ConnectionError, EOFError
+          client.close
+        else
+          if process_now
+            process_client client, buffer
+          else
+            client.set_timeout @first_data_timeout
+            @reactor.add client
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      @thread_pool.clean_thread_locals = @options[:clean_thread_locals]
+
+      if queue_requests
+        @reactor = Reactor.new self, @thread_pool
+        @reactor.run_in_thread
+      end
+
+      if @reaping_time
+        @thread_pool.auto_reap!(@reaping_time)
+      end
+
+      if @auto_trim_time
+        @thread_pool.auto_trim!(@auto_trim_time)
+      end
+
+      @events.fire :state, :running
+
+      if background
+        @thread = Thread.new do
+          Puma.set_thread_name "server"
+          handle_servers
+        end
+        return @thread
+      else
+        handle_servers
+      end
+    end
+
+    def handle_servers
+      begin
+        check = @check
+        sockets = [check] + @binder.ios
+        pool = @thread_pool
+        queue_requests = @queue_requests
+
+        remote_addr_value = nil
+        remote_addr_header = nil
+
+        case @options[:remote_address]
+        when :value
+          remote_addr_value = @options[:remote_address_value]
+        when :header
+          remote_addr_header = @options[:remote_address_header]
+        end
+
+        while @status == :run
+          begin
+            ios = IO.select sockets
+            ios.first.each do |sock|
+              if sock == check
+                break if handle_check
+              else
+                begin
+                  if io = sock.accept_nonblock
+                    client = Client.new io, @binder.env(sock)
+                    if remote_addr_value
+                      client.peerip = remote_addr_value
+                    elsif remote_addr_header
+                      client.remote_addr_header = remote_addr_header
+                    end
+
+                    pool << client
+                    busy_threads = pool.wait_until_not_full
+                    if busy_threads == 0
+                      @options[:out_of_band].each(&:call) if @options[:out_of_band]
+                    end
+                  end
+                rescue SystemCallError
+                  # nothing
+                rescue Errno::ECONNABORTED
+                  # client closed the socket even before accept
+                  begin
+                    io.close
+                  rescue
+                    Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+                  end
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          rescue Object => e
+            @events.unknown_error self, e, "Listen loop"
+          end
+        end
+
+        @events.fire :state, @status
+
+        graceful_shutdown if @status == :stop || @status == :restart
+        if queue_requests
+          @reactor.clear!
+          @reactor.shutdown
+        end
+      rescue Exception => e
+        STDERR.puts "Exception handling servers: #{e.message} (#{e.class})"
+        STDERR.puts e.backtrace
+      ensure
+        @check.close
+        @notify.close
+      end
+
+      @events.fire :state, :done
+    end
+
+    # :nodoc:
+    def handle_check
+      cmd = @check.read(1)
+
+      case cmd
+      when STOP_COMMAND
+        @status = :stop
+        return true
+      when HALT_COMMAND
+        @status = :halt
+        return true
+      when RESTART_COMMAND
+        @status = :restart
+        return true
+      end
+
+      return false
+    end
+
+    # Given a connection on +client+, handle the incoming requests.
+    #
+    # This method support HTTP Keep-Alive so it may, depending on if the client
+    # indicates that it supports keep alive, wait for another request before
+    # returning.
+    #
+    def process_client(client, buffer)
+      begin
+
+        clean_thread_locals = @options[:clean_thread_locals]
+        close_socket = true
+
+        while true
+          case handle_request(client, buffer)
+          when false
+            return
+          when :async
+            close_socket = false
+            return
+          when true
+            return unless @queue_requests
+            buffer.reset
+
+            ThreadPool.clean_thread_locals if clean_thread_locals
+
+            unless client.reset(@status == :run)
+              close_socket = false
+              client.set_timeout @persistent_timeout
+              @reactor.add client
+              return
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+      # The client disconnected while we were reading data
+      rescue ConnectionError
+        # Swallow them. The ensure tries to close +client+ down
+
+      # SSL handshake error
+      rescue MiniSSL::SSLError => e
+        lowlevel_error(e, client.env)
+
+        ssl_socket = client.io
+        addr = ssl_socket.peeraddr.last
+        cert = ssl_socket.peercert
+
+        close_socket = true
+
+        @events.ssl_error self, addr, cert, e
+
+      # The client doesn't know HTTP well
+      rescue HttpParserError => e
+        lowlevel_error(e, client.env)
+
+        client.write_error(400)
+
+        @events.parse_error self, client.env, e
+
+      # Server error
+      rescue StandardError => e
+        lowlevel_error(e, client.env)
+
+        client.write_error(500)
+
+        @events.unknown_error self, e, "Read"
+
+      ensure
+        buffer.reset
+
+        begin
+          client.close if close_socket
+        rescue IOError, SystemCallError
+          Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+          # Already closed
+        rescue StandardError => e
+          @events.unknown_error self, e, "Client"
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Given a Hash +env+ for the request read from +client+, add
+    # and fixup keys to comply with Rack's env guidelines.
+    #
+    def normalize_env(env, client)
+      if host = env[HTTP_HOST]
+        if colon = host.index(":")
+          env[SERVER_NAME] = host[0, colon]
+          env[SERVER_PORT] = host[colon+1, host.bytesize]
+        else
+          env[SERVER_NAME] = host
+          env[SERVER_PORT] = default_server_port(env)
+        end
+      else
+        env[SERVER_NAME] = LOCALHOST
+        env[SERVER_PORT] = default_server_port(env)
+      end
+
+      unless env[REQUEST_PATH]
+        # it might be a dumbass full host request header
+        uri = URI.parse(env[REQUEST_URI])
+        env[REQUEST_PATH] = uri.path
+
+        raise "No REQUEST PATH" unless env[REQUEST_PATH]
+
+        # A nil env value will cause a LintError (and fatal errors elsewhere),
+        # so only set the env value if there actually is a value.
+        env[QUERY_STRING] = uri.query if uri.query
+      end
+
+      env[PATH_INFO] = env[REQUEST_PATH]
+
+      # From http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc3875 :
+      # "Script authors should be aware that the REMOTE_ADDR and
+      # REMOTE_HOST meta-variables (see sections 4.1.8 and 4.1.9)
+      # may not identify the ultimate source of the request.
+      # They identify the client for the immediate request to the
+      # server; that client may be a proxy, gateway, or other
+      # intermediary acting on behalf of the actual source client."
+      #
+
+      unless env.key?(REMOTE_ADDR)
+        begin
+          addr = client.peerip
+        rescue Errno::ENOTCONN
+          # Client disconnects can result in an inability to get the
+          # peeraddr from the socket; default to localhost.
+          addr = LOCALHOST_IP
+        end
+
+        # Set unix socket addrs to localhost
+        addr = LOCALHOST_IP if addr.empty?
+
+        env[REMOTE_ADDR] = addr
+      end
+    end
+
+    def default_server_port(env)
+      if ['on', HTTPS].include?(env[HTTPS_KEY]) || env[HTTP_X_FORWARDED_PROTO].to_s[0...5] == HTTPS || env[HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SCHEME] == HTTPS || env[HTTP_X_FORWARDED_SSL] == "on"
+        PORT_443
+      else
+        PORT_80
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Takes the request +req+, invokes the Rack application to construct
+    # the response and writes it back to +req.io+.
+    #
+    # The second parameter +lines+ is a IO-like object unique to this thread.
+    # This is normally an instance of Puma::IOBuffer.
+    #
+    # It'll return +false+ when the connection is closed, this doesn't mean
+    # that the response wasn't successful.
+    #
+    # It'll return +:async+ if the connection remains open but will be handled
+    # elsewhere, i.e. the connection has been hijacked by the Rack application.
+    #
+    # Finally, it'll return +true+ on keep-alive connections.
+    def handle_request(req, lines)
+      env = req.env
+      client = req.io
+
+      return false if closed_socket?(client)
+
+      normalize_env env, req
+
+      env[PUMA_SOCKET] = client
+
+      if env[HTTPS_KEY] && client.peercert
+        env[PUMA_PEERCERT] = client.peercert
+      end
+
+      env[HIJACK_P] = true
+      env[HIJACK] = req
+
+      body = req.body
+
+      head = env[REQUEST_METHOD] == HEAD
+
+      env[RACK_INPUT] = body
+      env[RACK_URL_SCHEME] = default_server_port(env) == PORT_443 ? HTTPS : HTTP
+
+      if @early_hints
+        env[EARLY_HINTS] = lambda { |headers|
+          begin
+            fast_write client, "HTTP/1.1 103 Early Hints\r\n".freeze
+
+            headers.each_pair do |k, vs|
+              if vs.respond_to?(:to_s) && !vs.to_s.empty?
+                vs.to_s.split(NEWLINE).each do |v|
+                  fast_write client, "#{k}: #{v}\r\n"
+                end
+              else
+                fast_write client, "#{k}: #{vs}\r\n"
+              end
+            end
+
+            fast_write client, "\r\n".freeze
+          rescue ConnectionError
+            # noop, if we lost the socket we just won't send the early hints
+          end
+        }
+      end
+
+      # A rack extension. If the app writes #call'ables to this
+      # array, we will invoke them when the request is done.
+      #
+      after_reply = env[RACK_AFTER_REPLY] = []
+
+      begin
+        begin
+          status, headers, res_body = @app.call(env)
+
+          return :async if req.hijacked
+
+          status = status.to_i
+
+          if status == -1
+            unless headers.empty? and res_body == []
+              raise "async response must have empty headers and body"
+            end
+
+            return :async
+          end
+        rescue ThreadPool::ForceShutdown => e
+          @events.log "Detected force shutdown of a thread, returning 503"
+          @events.unknown_error self, e, "Rack app"
+
+          status = 503
+          headers = {}
+          res_body = ["Request was internally terminated early\n"]
+
+        rescue Exception => e
+          @events.unknown_error self, e, "Rack app", env
+
+          status, headers, res_body = lowlevel_error(e, env)
+        end
+
+        content_length = nil
+        no_body = head
+
+        if res_body.kind_of? Array and res_body.size == 1
+          content_length = res_body[0].bytesize
+        end
+
+        cork_socket client
+
+        line_ending = LINE_END
+        colon = COLON
+
+        http_11 = if env[HTTP_VERSION] == HTTP_11
+          allow_chunked = true
+          keep_alive = env.fetch(HTTP_CONNECTION, "").downcase != CLOSE
+          include_keepalive_header = false
+
+          # An optimization. The most common response is 200, so we can
+          # reply with the proper 200 status without having to compute
+          # the response header.
+          #
+          if status == 200
+            lines << HTTP_11_200
+          else
+            lines.append "HTTP/1.1 ", status.to_s, " ",
+                         fetch_status_code(status), line_ending
+
+            no_body ||= status < 200 || STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY[status]
+          end
+          true
+        else
+          allow_chunked = false
+          keep_alive = env.fetch(HTTP_CONNECTION, "").downcase == KEEP_ALIVE
+          include_keepalive_header = keep_alive
+
+          # Same optimization as above for HTTP/1.1
+          #
+          if status == 200
+            lines << HTTP_10_200
+          else
+            lines.append "HTTP/1.0 ", status.to_s, " ",
+                         fetch_status_code(status), line_ending
+
+            no_body ||= status < 200 || STATUS_WITH_NO_ENTITY_BODY[status]
+          end
+          false
+        end
+
+        response_hijack = nil
+
+        headers.each do |k, vs|
+          case k.downcase
+          when CONTENT_LENGTH2
+            content_length = vs
+            next
+          when TRANSFER_ENCODING
+            allow_chunked = false
+            content_length = nil
+          when HIJACK
+            response_hijack = vs
+            next
+          end
+
+          if vs.respond_to?(:to_s) && !vs.to_s.empty?
+            vs.to_s.split(NEWLINE).each do |v|
+              lines.append k, colon, v, line_ending
+            end
+          else
+            lines.append k, colon, line_ending
+          end
+        end
+
+        if include_keepalive_header
+          lines << CONNECTION_KEEP_ALIVE
+        elsif http_11 && !keep_alive
+          lines << CONNECTION_CLOSE
+        end
+
+        if no_body
+          if content_length and status != 204
+            lines.append CONTENT_LENGTH_S, content_length.to_s, line_ending
+          end
+
+          lines << line_ending
+          fast_write client, lines.to_s
+          return keep_alive
+        end
+
+        if content_length
+          lines.append CONTENT_LENGTH_S, content_length.to_s, line_ending
+          chunked = false
+        elsif !response_hijack and allow_chunked
+          lines << TRANSFER_ENCODING_CHUNKED
+          chunked = true
+        end
+
+        lines << line_ending
+
+        fast_write client, lines.to_s
+
+        if response_hijack
+          response_hijack.call client
+          return :async
+        end
+
+        begin
+          res_body.each do |part|
+            next if part.bytesize.zero?
+            if chunked
+              fast_write client, part.bytesize.to_s(16)
+              fast_write client, line_ending
+              fast_write client, part
+              fast_write client, line_ending
+            else
+              fast_write client, part
+            end
+
+            client.flush
+          end
+
+          if chunked
+            fast_write client, CLOSE_CHUNKED
+            client.flush
+          end
+        rescue SystemCallError, IOError
+          raise ConnectionError, "Connection error detected during write"
+        end
+
+      ensure
+        uncork_socket client
+
+        body.close
+        req.tempfile.unlink if req.tempfile
+        res_body.close if res_body.respond_to? :close
+
+        after_reply.each { |o| o.call }
+      end
+
+      return keep_alive
+    end
+
+    def fetch_status_code(status)
+      HTTP_STATUS_CODES.fetch(status) { 'CUSTOM' }
+    end
+    private :fetch_status_code
+
+    # Given the request +env+ from +client+ and the partial body +body+
+    # plus a potential Content-Length value +cl+, finish reading
+    # the body and return it.
+    #
+    # If the body is larger than MAX_BODY, a Tempfile object is used
+    # for the body, otherwise a StringIO is used.
+    #
+    def read_body(env, client, body, cl)
+      content_length = cl.to_i
+
+      remain = content_length - body.bytesize
+
+      return StringIO.new(body) if remain <= 0
+
+      # Use a Tempfile if there is a lot of data left
+      if remain > MAX_BODY
+        stream = Tempfile.new(Const::PUMA_TMP_BASE)
+        stream.binmode
+      else
+        # The body[0,0] trick is to get an empty string in the same
+        # encoding as body.
+        stream = StringIO.new body[0,0]
+      end
+
+      stream.write body
+
+      # Read an odd sized chunk so we can read even sized ones
+      # after this
+      chunk = client.readpartial(remain % CHUNK_SIZE)
+
+      # No chunk means a closed socket
+      unless chunk
+        stream.close
+        return nil
+      end
+
+      remain -= stream.write(chunk)
+
+      # Raed the rest of the chunks
+      while remain > 0
+        chunk = client.readpartial(CHUNK_SIZE)
+        unless chunk
+          stream.close
+          return nil
+        end
+
+        remain -= stream.write(chunk)
+      end
+
+      stream.rewind
+
+      return stream
+    end
+
+    # A fallback rack response if +@app+ raises as exception.
+    #
+    def lowlevel_error(e, env)
+      if handler = @options[:lowlevel_error_handler]
+        if handler.arity == 1
+          return handler.call(e)
+        else
+          return handler.call(e, env)
+        end
+      end
+
+      if @leak_stack_on_error
+        [500, {}, ["Puma caught this error: #{e.message} (#{e.class})\n#{e.backtrace.join("\n")}"]]
+      else
+        [500, {}, ["An unhandled lowlevel error occurred. The application logs may have details.\n"]]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Wait for all outstanding requests to finish.
+    #
+    def graceful_shutdown
+      if @options[:shutdown_debug]
+        threads = Thread.list
+        total = threads.size
+
+        pid = Process.pid
+
+        $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: === Begin thread backtrace dump ===\n"
+
+        threads.each_with_index do |t,i|
+          $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: Thread #{i+1}/#{total}: #{t.inspect}\n"
+          $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: #{t.backtrace.join("\n#{pid}: ")}\n\n"
+        end
+        $stdout.syswrite "#{pid}: === End thread backtrace dump ===\n"
+      end
+
+      if @options[:drain_on_shutdown]
+        count = 0
+
+        while true
+          ios = IO.select @binder.ios, nil, nil, 0
+          break unless ios
+
+          ios.first.each do |sock|
+            begin
+              if io = sock.accept_nonblock
+                count += 1
+                client = Client.new io, @binder.env(sock)
+                @thread_pool << client
+              end
+            rescue SystemCallError
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        @events.debug "Drained #{count} additional connections."
+      end
+
+      if @status != :restart
+        @binder.close
+      end
+
+      if @thread_pool
+        if timeout = @options[:force_shutdown_after]
+          @thread_pool.shutdown timeout.to_i
+        else
+          @thread_pool.shutdown
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def notify_safely(message)
+      begin
+        @notify << message
+      rescue IOError
+         # The server, in another thread, is shutting down
+        Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+      rescue RuntimeError => e
+        # Temporary workaround for https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13239
+        if e.message.include?('IOError')
+          Thread.current.purge_interrupt_queue if Thread.current.respond_to? :purge_interrupt_queue
+        else
+          raise e
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    private :notify_safely
+
+    # Stops the acceptor thread and then causes the worker threads to finish
+    # off the request queue before finally exiting.
+
+    def stop(sync=false)
+      notify_safely(STOP_COMMAND)
+      @thread.join if @thread && sync
+    end
+
+    def halt(sync=false)
+      notify_safely(HALT_COMMAND)
+      @thread.join if @thread && sync
+    end
+
+    def begin_restart
+      notify_safely(RESTART_COMMAND)
+    end
+
+    def fast_write(io, str)
+      n = 0
+      while true
+        begin
+          n = io.syswrite str
+        rescue Errno::EAGAIN, Errno::EWOULDBLOCK
+          if !IO.select(nil, [io], nil, WRITE_TIMEOUT)
+            raise ConnectionError, "Socket timeout writing data"
+          end
+
+          retry
+        rescue  Errno::EPIPE, SystemCallError, IOError
+          raise ConnectionError, "Socket timeout writing data"
+        end
+
+        return if n == str.bytesize
+        str = str.byteslice(n..-1)
+      end
+    end
+    private :fast_write
+
+    ThreadLocalKey = :puma_server
+
+    def self.current
+      Thread.current[ThreadLocalKey]
+    end
+
+    def shutting_down?
+      @status == :stop || @status == :restart
+    end
+  end
+end