puma 4.2.0

data/LICENSE

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+Some code copyright (c) 2005, Zed Shaw
+Copyright (c) 2011, Evan Phoenix
+All rights reserved.
+
+Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without 
+modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
+
+* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
+  list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice
+  this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation
+  and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
+* Neither the name of the Evan Phoenix nor the names of its contributors 
+  may be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software 
+  without specific prior written permission.
+
+THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" 
+AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE 
+IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE 
+DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE 
+FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL 
+DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR 
+SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER 
+CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, 
+OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE 
+OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

data/README.md

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+<p align="center">
+  <img src="https://puma.io/images/logos/puma-logo-large.png">
+</p>
+
+# Puma: A Ruby Web Server Built For Concurrency
+
+[![Gitter](https://badges.gitter.im/Join%20Chat.svg)](https://gitter.im/puma/puma?utm\_source=badge&utm\_medium=badge&utm\_campaign=pr-badge)
+[![Travis Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/puma/puma.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/puma/puma)
+
+[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/puma/puma.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/puma/puma)
+[![SemVer](https://api.dependabot.com/badges/compatibility_score?dependency-name=puma&package-manager=bundler&version-scheme=semver)](https://dependabot.com/compatibility-score.html?dependency-name=puma&package-manager=bundler&version-scheme=semver)
+
+Puma is a **simple, fast, multi-threaded, and highly concurrent HTTP 1.1 server for Ruby/Rack applications**.
+
+## Built For Speed &amp; Concurrency
+
+Puma processes requests using a C-optimized Ragel extension (inherited from Mongrel) that provides fast, accurate HTTP 1.1 protocol parsing in a portable way. Puma then serves the request using a thread pool. Each request is served in a separate thread, so truly concurrent Ruby implementations (JRuby, Rubinius) will use all available CPU cores.
+
+Puma was designed to be the go-to server for [Rubinius](https://rubinius.com), but also works well with JRuby and MRI.
+
+On MRI, there is a Global VM Lock (GVL) that ensures only one thread can run Ruby code at a time. But if you're doing a lot of blocking IO (such as HTTP calls to external APIs like Twitter), Puma still improves MRI's throughput by allowing IO waiting to be done in parallel.
+
+## Quick Start
+
+```
+$ gem install puma
+$ puma
+```
+
+Without arguments, puma will look for a rackup (.ru) file in the current working directory called `config.ru`.
+
+## Frameworks
+
+### Rails
+
+Puma is the default server for Rails, included in the generated Gemfile.
+
+Start your server with the `rails` command:
+
+```
+$ rails server
+```
+
+Many configuration options and Puma features are not available when using `rails server`. It is recommended that you use Puma's executable instead:
+
+```
+$ bundle exec puma
+```
+
+### Sinatra
+
+You can run your Sinatra application with Puma from the command line like this:
+
+```
+$ ruby app.rb -s Puma
+```
+
+Or you can configure your Sinatra application to always use Puma:
+
+```ruby
+require 'sinatra'
+configure { set :server, :puma }
+```
+
+## Configuration
+
+Puma provides numerous options. Consult `puma -h` (or `puma --help`) for a full list of CLI options, or see [dsl.rb](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/lib/puma/dsl.rb).
+
+You can also find several configuration examples as part of the
+[test](test/config) suite.
+
+### Thread Pool
+
+Puma uses a thread pool. You can set the minimum and maximum number of threads that are available in the pool with the `-t` (or `--threads`) flag:
+
+```
+$ puma -t 8:32
+```
+
+Puma will automatically scale the number of threads, from the minimum until it caps out at the maximum, based on how much traffic is present. The current default is `0:16`. Feel free to experiment, but be careful not to set the number of maximum threads to a large number, as you may exhaust resources on the system (or cause contention for the Global VM Lock, when using MRI).
+
+Be aware that additionally Puma creates threads on its own for internal purposes (e.g. handling slow clients). So, even if you specify -t 1:1, expect around 7 threads created in your application.
+
+### Clustered mode
+
+Puma also offers "clustered mode". Clustered mode `fork`s workers from a master process. Each child process still has its own thread pool. You can tune the number of workers with the `-w` (or `--workers`) flag:
+
+```
+$ puma -t 8:32 -w 3
+```
+
+Note that threads are still used in clustered mode, and the `-t` thread flag setting is per worker, so `-w 2 -t 16:16` will spawn 32 threads in total, with 16 in each worker process.
+
+In clustered mode, Puma can "preload" your application. This loads all the application code *prior* to forking. Preloading reduces total memory usage of your application via an operating system feature called [copy-on-write](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copy-on-write) (Ruby 2.0+ only). Use the `--preload` flag from the command line:
+
+```
+$ puma -w 3 --preload
+```
+
+If you're using a configuration file, use the `preload_app!` method:
+
+```ruby
+# config/puma.rb
+workers 3
+preload_app!
+```
+
+Additionally, you can specify a block in your configuration file that will be run on boot of each worker:
+
+```ruby
+# config/puma.rb
+on_worker_boot do
+  # configuration here
+end
+```
+
+This code can be used to setup the process before booting the application, allowing
+you to do some Puma-specific things that you don't want to embed in your application.
+For instance, you could fire a log notification that a worker booted or send something to statsd. This can be called multiple times.
+
+`before_fork` specifies a block to be run before workers are forked:
+
+```ruby
+# config/puma.rb
+before_fork do
+  # configuration here
+end
+```
+
+Preloading can’t be used with phased restart, since phased restart kills and restarts workers one-by-one, and preload_app copies the code of master into the workers.
+
+### Error handling
+
+If puma encounters an error outside of the context of your application, it will respond with a 500 and a simple
+textual error message (see `lowlevel_error` in [this file](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/lib/puma/server.rb)).
+You can specify custom behavior for this scenario. For example, you can report the error to your third-party
+error-tracking service (in this example, [rollbar](http://rollbar.com)):
+
+```ruby
+lowlevel_error_handler do |e|
+  Rollbar.critical(e)
+  [500, {}, ["An error has occurred, and engineers have been informed. Please reload the page. If you continue to have problems, contact support@example.com\n"]]
+end
+```
+
+### Binding TCP / Sockets
+
+Bind Puma to a socket with the `-b` (or `--bind`) flag:
+
+```
+$ puma -b tcp://127.0.0.1:9292
+```
+
+To use a UNIX Socket instead of TCP:
+
+```
+$ puma -b unix:///var/run/puma.sock
+```
+
+If you need to change the permissions of the UNIX socket, just add a umask parameter:
+
+```
+$ puma -b 'unix:///var/run/puma.sock?umask=0111'
+```
+
+Need a bit of security? Use SSL sockets:
+
+```
+$ puma -b 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=path_to_key&cert=path_to_cert'
+```
+
+#### Controlling SSL Cipher Suites
+
+To use or avoid specific SSL cipher suites, use `ssl_cipher_filter` or `ssl_cipher_list` options.
+
+##### Ruby:
+
+```
+$ puma -b 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=path_to_key&cert=path_to_cert&ssl_cipher_filter=!aNULL:AES+SHA'
+```
+
+##### JRuby:
+
+```
+$ puma -b 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?keystore=path_to_keystore&keystore-pass=keystore_password&ssl_cipher_list=TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_128_CBC_SHA,TLS_RSA_WITH_AES_256_CBC_SHA'
+```
+
+See https://www.openssl.org/docs/man1.0.2/apps/ciphers.html for cipher filter format and full list of cipher suites.
+
+Disable TLS v1 with the `no_tlsv1` option:
+
+```
+$ puma -b 'ssl://127.0.0.1:9292?key=path_to_key&cert=path_to_cert&no_tlsv1=true'
+```
+
+### Control/Status Server
+
+Puma has a built-in status and control app that can be used to query and control Puma.
+
+```
+$ puma --control-url tcp://127.0.0.1:9293 --control-token foo
+```
+
+Puma will start the control server on localhost port 9293. All requests to the control server will need to include control token (in this case, `token=foo`) as a query parameter. This allows for simple authentication. Check out [status.rb](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/lib/puma/app/status.rb) to see what the status app has available.
+
+You can also interact with the control server via `pumactl`. This command will restart Puma:
+
+```
+$ pumactl --control-url 'tcp://127.0.0.1:9293' --control-token foo restart
+```
+
+To see a list of `pumactl` options, use `pumactl --help`.
+
+### Configuration File
+
+You can also provide a configuration file with the `-C` (or `--config`) flag:
+
+```
+$ puma -C /path/to/config
+```
+
+If no configuration file is specified, Puma will look for a configuration file at `config/puma.rb`. If an environment is specified, either via the `-e` and `--environment` flags, or through the `RACK_ENV` environment variable, Puma looks for configuration at `config/puma/<environment_name>.rb`.
+
+If you want to prevent Puma from looking for a configuration file in those locations, provide a dash as the argument to the `-C` (or `--config`) flag:
+
+```
+$ puma -C "-"
+```
+
+Check out [dsl.rb](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/lib/puma/dsl.rb) to see all available options.
+
+## Restart
+
+Puma includes the ability to restart itself. When available (MRI, Rubinius, JRuby), Puma performs a "hot restart". This is the same functionality available in *Unicorn* and *NGINX* which keep the server sockets open between restarts. This makes sure that no pending requests are dropped while the restart is taking place.
+
+For more, see the [restart documentation](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/restart.md).
+
+## Signals
+
+Puma responds to several signals. A detailed guide to using UNIX signals with Puma can be found in the [signals documentation](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/signals.md).
+
+## Platform Constraints
+
+Some platforms do not support all Puma features.
+
+  * **JRuby**, **Windows**: server sockets are not seamless on restart, they must be closed and reopened. These platforms have no way to pass descriptors into a new process that is exposed to Ruby. Also, cluster mode is not supported due to a lack of fork(2).
+  * **Windows**: Cluster mode is not supported due to a lack of fork(2).
+
+## Known Bugs
+
+For MRI versions 2.2.7, 2.2.8, 2.2.9, 2.2.10 2.3.4 and 2.4.1, you may see ```stream closed in another thread (IOError)```. It may be caused by a [Ruby bug](https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/13632). It can be fixed with the gem https://rubygems.org/gems/stopgap_13632:
+
+```ruby
+if %w(2.2.7 2.2.8 2.2.9 2.2.10 2.3.4 2.4.1).include? RUBY_VERSION
+  begin
+    require 'stopgap_13632'
+  rescue LoadError
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Deployment
+
+Puma has support for Capistrano with an [external gem](https://github.com/seuros/capistrano-puma).
+
+It is common to use process monitors with Puma. Modern process monitors like systemd or upstart
+provide continuous monitoring and restarts for increased
+reliability in production environments:
+
+* [tools/jungle](https://github.com/puma/puma/tree/master/tools/jungle) for sysvinit (init.d) and upstart
+* [docs/systemd](https://github.com/puma/puma/blob/master/docs/systemd.md)
+
+## Community Plugins
+
+* [puma-heroku](https://github.com/evanphx/puma-heroku) — default Puma configuration for running on Heroku
+* [puma-metrics](https://github.com/harmjanblok/puma-metrics) — export Puma metrics to Prometheus
+* [puma-plugin-statsd](https://github.com/yob/puma-plugin-statsd) — send Puma metrics to statsd
+* [puma-plugin-systemd](https://github.com/sj26/puma-plugin-systemd) — deeper integration with systemd for notify, status and watchdog
+
+## Contributing
+
+To run the test suite:
+
+```bash
+$ bundle install
+$ bundle exec rake
+```
+
+To run a single test file, run only that file:
+
+```bash
+$ ruby -Ilib test/test_integration.rb
+```
+
+Or use [`m`](https://github.com/qrush/m):
+
+```
+$ bundle exec m test/test_binder.rb
+```
+
+Which can also be used to run a single test case:
+
+```
+$ bundle exec m test/test_binder.rb:37
+```
+
+## License
+
+Puma is copyright Evan Phoenix and contributors, licensed under the BSD 3-Clause license. See the included LICENSE file for details.

data/bin/puma

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2011 Evan Phoenix
+#
+
+require 'puma/cli'
+
+cli = Puma::CLI.new ARGV
+
+cli.run

data/bin/puma-wild

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2014 Evan Phoenix
+#
+
+require 'rubygems'
+
+gems = ARGV.shift
+
+inc = ""
+
+if gems == "-I"
+  inc = ARGV.shift
+  $LOAD_PATH.concat inc.split(":")
+  gems = ARGV.shift
+end
+
+gems.split(",").each do |s|
+  name, ver = s.split(":",2)
+  gem name, ver
+end
+
+module Puma; end
+
+Puma.const_set("WILD_ARGS", ["-I", inc, gems])
+
+require 'puma/cli'
+
+cli = Puma::CLI.new ARGV
+
+cli.run

data/bin/pumactl

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require 'puma/control_cli'
+
+cli = Puma::ControlCLI.new ARGV.dup
+
+begin
+  cli.run
+rescue => e
+  STDERR.puts e.message
+  exit 1
+end

data/docs/architecture.md

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+# Architecture
+
+## Overview
+
+![http://bit.ly/2iJuFky](images/puma-general-arch.png)
+
+Puma is a threaded web server, processing requests across a TCP or UNIX socket.
+
+Workers accept connections from the socket and a thread in the worker's thread pool processes the client's request.
+
+Clustered mode is shown/discussed here. Single mode is analogous to having a single worker process.
+
+## Connection pipeline
+
+![http://bit.ly/2zwzhEK](images/puma-connection-flow.png)
+
+* Upon startup, Puma listens on a TCP or UNIX socket.
+  * The backlog of this socket is configured (with a default of 1024), determining how many established but unaccepted connections can exist concurrently.
+  * This socket backlog is distinct from the "backlog" of work as reported by the control server stats. The latter is the number of connections in that worker's "todo" set waiting for a worker thread.
+* By default, a single, separate thread is used to receive HTTP requests across the socket.
+  * When at least one worker thread is available for work, a connection is accepted and placed in this request buffer
+  * This thread waits for entire HTTP requests to be received over the connection
+    * The time spent waiting for the HTTP request body to be received is exposed to the Rack app as `env['puma.request_body_wait']` (milliseconds)
+  * Once received, the connection is pushed into the "todo" set
+* Worker threads pop work off the "todo" set for processing
+  * The thread processes the request via the rack application (which generates the HTTP response)
+  * The thread writes the response to the connection
+  * Finally, the thread become available to process another connection in the "todo" set
+
+### Disabling `queue_requests`
+
+![http://bit.ly/2zxCJ1Z](images/puma-connection-flow-no-reactor.png)
+
+The `queue_requests` option is `true` by default, enabling the separate thread used to buffer requests as described above.
+
+If set to `false`, this buffer will not be used for connections while waiting for the request to arrive.
+In this mode, when a connection is accepted, it is added to the "todo" queue immediately, and a worker will synchronously do any waiting necessary to read the HTTP request from the socket.

data/docs/deployment.md

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+# Deployment engineering for puma
+
+Puma is software that is expected to be run in a deployed environment eventually.
+You can certainly use it as your dev server only, but most people look to use
+it in their production deployments as well.
+
+To that end, this is meant to serve as a foundation of wisdom how to do that
+in a way that increases happiness and decreases downtime.
+
+## Specifying puma
+
+Most people want to do this by putting `gem "puma"` into their Gemfile, so we'll
+go ahead and assume that. Go add it now... we'll wait.
+
+
+Welcome back!
+
+## Single vs Cluster mode
+
+Puma was originally conceived as a thread-only webserver, but grew the ability to
+also use processes in version 2.
+
+Here are some rules of thumb:
+
+### MRI
+
+* Use cluster mode and set the number of workers to 1.5x the number of cpu cores
+  in the machine, minimum 2.
+* Set the number of threads to desired concurrent requests / number of workers.
+  Puma defaults to 16 and that's a decent number.
+
+#### Migrating from Unicorn
+
+* If you're migrating from unicorn though, here are some settings to start with:
+  * Set workers to half the number of unicorn workers you're using
+  * Set threads to 2
+  * Enjoy 50% memory savings
+* As you grow more confident in the thread safety of your app, you can tune the
+  workers down and the threads up.
+
+#### Ubuntu / Systemd (Systemctl) Installation
+
+See [systemd.md](systemd.md)
+
+#### Worker utilization
+
+**How do you know if you've got enough (or too many workers)?**
+
+A good question. Due to MRI's GIL, only one thread can be executing Ruby code at a time.
+But since so many apps are waiting on IO from DBs, etc., they can utilize threads
+to make better use of the process.
+
+The rule of thumb is you never want processes that are pegged all the time. This
+means that there is more work to do than the process can get through. On the other
+hand, if you have processes that sit around doing nothing, then they're just eating
+up resources.
+
+Watch your CPU utilization over time and aim for about 70% on average. This means
+you've got capacity still but aren't starving threads.
+
+**Measuring utilization**
+
+Using a timestamp header from an upstream proxy server (eg. nginx or haproxy), it's
+possible to get an indication of how long requests have been waiting for a Puma
+thread to become available.
+
+* Have your upstream proxy set a header with the time it received the request:
+    * nginx: `proxy_set_header X-Request-Start "${msec}";`
+    * haproxy: `http-request set-header X-Request-Start "%t";`
+* In your Rack middleware, determine the amount of time elapsed since `X-Request-Start`.
+* To improve accuracy, you will want to subtract time spent waiting for slow clients:
+    * `env['puma.request_body_wait']` contains the number of milliseconds Puma spent
+      waiting for the client to send the request body.
+    * haproxy: `%Th` (TLS handshake time) and `%Ti` (idle time before request) can
+      can also be added as headers.
+
+## Daemonizing
+
+I prefer to not daemonize my servers and use something like `runit` or `upstart` to
+monitor them as child processes. This gives them fast response to crashes and
+makes it easy to figure out what is going on. Additionally, unlike `unicorn`,
+puma does not require daemonization to do zero-downtime restarts.
+
+I see people using daemonization because they start puma directly via capistrano
+task and thus want it to live on past the `cap deploy`. To these people I say:
+You need to be using a process monitor. Nothing is making sure puma stays up in
+this scenario! You're just waiting for something weird to happen, puma to die,
+and to get paged at 3am. Do yourself a favor, at least the process monitoring
+your OS comes with, be it `sysvinit`, `upstart`, or `systemd`. Or branch out
+and use `runit` or hell, even `monit`.
+
+## Restarting
+
+You probably will want to deploy some new code at some point, and you'd like
+puma to start running that new code. Minimizing the amount of time the server
+is unavailable would be nice as well. Here's how to do it:
+
+1. Don't use `preload!`. This dirties the master process and means it will have
+to shutdown all the workers and re-exec itself to get your new code. It is not compatible with phased-restart and `prune_bundler` as well.
+
+1. Use `prune_bundler`. This makes it so that the cluster master will detach itself
+from a Bundler context on start. This allows the cluster workers to load your app
+and start a brand new Bundler context within the worker only. This means your
+master remains pristine and can live on between new releases of your code.
+
+1. Use phased-restart (`SIGUSR1` or `pumactl phased-restart`). This tells the master
+to kill off one worker at a time and restart them in your new code. This minimizes
+downtime and staggers the restart nicely. **WARNING** This means that both your
+old code and your new code will be running concurrently. Most deployment solutions
+already cause that, but it's worth warning you about it again. Be careful with your
+migrations, etc!