pubba 0.8.0 → 0.8.1

data/test/sinatra/app/assets/js/github/documentcloud/underscore.js

@@ -1,194 +1,300 @@
-// Underscore.js
-// (c) 2009 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
-// Underscore is freely distributable under the terms of the MIT license.
-// Portions of Underscore are inspired by or borrowed from Prototype.js, 
-// Oliver Steele's Functional, And John Resig's Micro-Templating.
-// For all details and documentation:
-// http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore/
+//     Underscore.js 1.2.4
+//     (c) 2009-2012 Jeremy Ashkenas, DocumentCloud Inc.
+//     Underscore is freely distributable under the MIT license.
+//     Portions of Underscore are inspired or borrowed from Prototype,
+//     Oliver Steele's Functional, and John Resig's Micro-Templating.
+//     For all details and documentation:
+//     http://documentcloud.github.com/underscore
 
 (function() {
-  
-  var root = (typeof window != 'undefined') ? window : exports;
-  
+
+  // Baseline setup
+  // --------------
+
+  // Establish the root object, `window` in the browser, or `global` on the server.
+  var root = this;
+
+  // Save the previous value of the `_` variable.
   var previousUnderscore = root._;
-  
-  var _ = root._ = {};
-  
-  _.VERSION = '0.2.0';
-      
-  /*------------------------ Collection Functions: ---------------------------*/
-    
-  // The cornerstone, an each implementation.
-  // Handles objects implementing forEach, each, arrays, and raw objects.
-  _.each = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    var index = 0;
-    try {
-      if (obj.forEach) {
-        obj.forEach(iterator, context);
-      } else if (obj.length) {
-        for (var i=0; i<obj.length; i++) iterator.call(context, obj[i], i);
-      } else if (obj.each) {
-        obj.each(function(value) { iterator.call(context, value, index++); });
-      } else {
-        var i = 0;
-        for (var key in obj) {
-          var value = obj[key], pair = [key, value];
-          pair.key = key;
-          pair.value = value;
-          iterator.call(context, pair, i++);
+
+  // Establish the object that gets returned to break out of a loop iteration.
+  var breaker = {};
+
+  // Save bytes in the minified (but not gzipped) version:
+  var ArrayProto = Array.prototype, ObjProto = Object.prototype, FuncProto = Function.prototype;
+
+  // Create quick reference variables for speed access to core prototypes.
+  var slice            = ArrayProto.slice,
+      unshift          = ArrayProto.unshift,
+      toString         = ObjProto.toString,
+      hasOwnProperty   = ObjProto.hasOwnProperty;
+
+  // All **ECMAScript 5** native function implementations that we hope to use
+  // are declared here.
+  var
+    nativeForEach      = ArrayProto.forEach,
+    nativeMap          = ArrayProto.map,
+    nativeReduce       = ArrayProto.reduce,
+    nativeReduceRight  = ArrayProto.reduceRight,
+    nativeFilter       = ArrayProto.filter,
+    nativeEvery        = ArrayProto.every,
+    nativeSome         = ArrayProto.some,
+    nativeIndexOf      = ArrayProto.indexOf,
+    nativeLastIndexOf  = ArrayProto.lastIndexOf,
+    nativeIsArray      = Array.isArray,
+    nativeKeys         = Object.keys,
+    nativeBind         = FuncProto.bind;
+
+  // Create a safe reference to the Underscore object for use below.
+  var _ = function(obj) { return new wrapper(obj); };
+
+  // Export the Underscore object for **Node.js** and **"CommonJS"**, with
+  // backwards-compatibility for the old `require()` API. If we're not in
+  // CommonJS, add `_` to the global object.
+  if (typeof exports !== 'undefined') {
+    if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {
+      exports = module.exports = _;
+    }
+    exports._ = _;
+  } else if (typeof define === 'function' && define.amd) {
+    // Register as a named module with AMD.
+    define('underscore', function() {
+      return _;
+    });
+  } else {
+    // Exported as a string, for Closure Compiler "advanced" mode.
+    root['_'] = _;
+  }
+
+  // Current version.
+  _.VERSION = '1.2.4';
+
+  // Collection Functions
+  // --------------------
+
+  // The cornerstone, an `each` implementation, aka `forEach`.
+  // Handles objects with the built-in `forEach`, arrays, and raw objects.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `forEach` if available.
+  var each = _.each = _.forEach = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    if (obj == null) return;
+    if (nativeForEach && obj.forEach === nativeForEach) {
+      obj.forEach(iterator, context);
+    } else if (obj.length === +obj.length) {
+      for (var i = 0, l = obj.length; i < l; i++) {
+        if (i in obj && iterator.call(context, obj[i], i, obj) === breaker) return;
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (var key in obj) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) {
+          if (iterator.call(context, obj[key], key, obj) === breaker) return;
         }
       }
-    } catch(e) {
-      if (e != '__break__') throw e;
     }
-    return obj;
   };
-  
-  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element. Use Javascript
-  // 1.6's version of map, if possible.
+
+  // Return the results of applying the iterator to each element.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `map` if available.
   _.map = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (obj && obj.map) return obj.map(iterator, context);
     var results = [];
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      results.push(iterator.call(context, value, index));
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeMap && obj.map === nativeMap) return obj.map(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      results[results.length] = iterator.call(context, value, index, list);
     });
+    if (obj.length === +obj.length) results.length = obj.length;
     return results;
   };
-  
-  // Reduce builds up a single result from a list of values. Also known as
-  // inject, or foldl.
-  _.reduce = function(obj, memo, iterator, context) {
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index);
+
+  // **Reduce** builds up a single result from a list of values, aka `inject`,
+  // or `foldl`. Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduce` if available.
+  _.reduce = _.foldl = _.inject = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduce && obj.reduce === nativeReduce) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduce(iterator, memo) : obj.reduce(iterator);
+    }
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!initial) {
+        memo = value;
+        initial = true;
+      } else {
+        memo = iterator.call(context, memo, value, index, list);
+      }
     });
+    if (!initial) throw new TypeError('Reduce of empty array with no initial value');
     return memo;
   };
-  
-  // Return the first value which passes a truth test.
-  _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+
+  // The right-associative version of reduce, also known as `foldr`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `reduceRight` if available.
+  _.reduceRight = _.foldr = function(obj, iterator, memo, context) {
+    var initial = arguments.length > 2;
+    if (obj == null) obj = [];
+    if (nativeReduceRight && obj.reduceRight === nativeReduceRight) {
+      if (context) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+      return initial ? obj.reduceRight(iterator, memo) : obj.reduceRight(iterator);
+    }
+    var reversed = _.toArray(obj).reverse();
+    if (context && !initial) iterator = _.bind(iterator, context);
+    return initial ? _.reduce(reversed, iterator, memo, context) : _.reduce(reversed, iterator);
+  };
+
+  // Return the first value which passes a truth test. Aliased as `detect`.
+  _.find = _.detect = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var result;
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      if (iterator.call(context, value, index)) {
+    any(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) {
         result = value;
-        throw '__break__';
+        return true;
       }
     });
     return result;
   };
-  
-  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test. Use Javascript 1.6's
-  // filter(), if it exists.
-  _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    if (obj.filter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
+
+  // Return all the elements that pass a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `filter` if available.
+  // Aliased as `select`.
+  _.filter = _.select = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var results = [];
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      if (iterator.call(context, value, index)) results.push(value);
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    if (nativeFilter && obj.filter === nativeFilter) return obj.filter(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
     });
     return results;
   };
-  
+
   // Return all the elements for which a truth test fails.
   _.reject = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var results = [];
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index)) results.push(value);
+    if (obj == null) return results;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!iterator.call(context, value, index, list)) results[results.length] = value;
     });
     return results;
   };
-  
-  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test. Delegate to
-  // Javascript 1.6's every(), if it is present.
-  _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    iterator = iterator || function(v){ return v; };
-    if (obj.every) return obj.every(iterator, context);
+
+  // Determine whether all of the elements match a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `every` if available.
+  // Aliased as `all`.
+  _.every = _.all = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     var result = true;
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      result = result && !!iterator.call(context, value, index);
-      if (!result) throw '__break__';
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeEvery && obj.every === nativeEvery) return obj.every(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (!(result = result && iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
     });
     return result;
   };
-  
-  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test. Use
-  // Javascript 1.6's some(), if it exists.
-  _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    iterator = iterator || function(v) { return v; };
-    if (obj.some) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+
+  // Determine if at least one element in the object matches a truth test.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `some` if available.
+  // Aliased as `any`.
+  var any = _.some = _.any = function(obj, iterator, context) {
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
     var result = false;
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      if (result = !!iterator.call(context, value, index)) throw '__break__';
+    if (obj == null) return result;
+    if (nativeSome && obj.some === nativeSome) return obj.some(iterator, context);
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (result || (result = iterator.call(context, value, index, list))) return breaker;
     });
-    return result;
+    return !!result;
   };
-  
-  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object, 
-  // based on '==='.
-  _.include = function(obj, target) {
-    if (_.isArray(obj)) return _.indexOf(obj, target) != -1;
+
+  // Determine if a given value is included in the array or object using `===`.
+  // Aliased as `contains`.
+  _.include = _.contains = function(obj, target) {
     var found = false;
-    _.each(obj, function(pair) {
-      if (pair.value === target) {
-        found = true;
-        throw '__break__';
-      }
+    if (obj == null) return found;
+    if (nativeIndexOf && obj.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return obj.indexOf(target) != -1;
+    found = any(obj, function(value) {
+      return value === target;
     });
     return found;
   };
-  
-  // Invoke a method with arguments on every item in a collection.
+
+  // Invoke a method (with arguments) on every item in a collection.
   _.invoke = function(obj, method) {
-    var args = _.toArray(arguments).slice(2);
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
     return _.map(obj, function(value) {
-      return (method ? value[method] : value).apply(value, args);
+      return (_.isFunction(method) ? method || value : value[method]).apply(value, args);
     });
   };
-  
-  // Optimized version of a common use case of map: fetching a property.
+
+  // Convenience version of a common use case of `map`: fetching a property.
   _.pluck = function(obj, key) {
-    var results = [];
-    _.each(obj, function(value){ results.push(value[key]); });
-    return results;
+    return _.map(obj, function(value){ return value[key]; });
   };
-  
-  // Return the maximum item or (item-based computation).
+
+  // Return the maximum element or (element-based computation).
   _.max = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.max.apply(Math, obj);
-    var result;
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index) : value;
-      if (result == null || computed >= result.computed) result = {value : value, computed : computed};
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return -Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : -Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed >= result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
     });
     return result.value;
   };
-  
+
   // Return the minimum element (or element-based computation).
   _.min = function(obj, iterator, context) {
     if (!iterator && _.isArray(obj)) return Math.min.apply(Math, obj);
-    var result;
-    _.each(obj, function(value, index) {
-      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index) : value;
-      if (result == null || computed < result.computed) result = {value : value, computed : computed};
+    if (!iterator && _.isEmpty(obj)) return Infinity;
+    var result = {computed : Infinity};
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      var computed = iterator ? iterator.call(context, value, index, list) : value;
+      computed < result.computed && (result = {value : value, computed : computed});
     });
     return result.value;
   };
-  
-  // Sort the object's values by a criteria produced by an iterator.
+
+  // Shuffle an array.
+  _.shuffle = function(obj) {
+    var shuffled = [], rand;
+    each(obj, function(value, index, list) {
+      if (index == 0) {
+        shuffled[0] = value;
+      } else {
+        rand = Math.floor(Math.random() * (index + 1));
+        shuffled[index] = shuffled[rand];
+        shuffled[rand] = value;
+      }
+    });
+    return shuffled;
+  };
+
+  // Sort the object's values by a criterion produced by an iterator.
   _.sortBy = function(obj, iterator, context) {
-    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index) {
+    return _.pluck(_.map(obj, function(value, index, list) {
       return {
         value : value,
-        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index)
+        criteria : iterator.call(context, value, index, list)
       };
     }).sort(function(left, right) {
       var a = left.criteria, b = right.criteria;
       return a < b ? -1 : a > b ? 1 : 0;
     }), 'value');
   };
-  
+
+  // Groups the object's values by a criterion. Pass either a string attribute
+  // to group by, or a function that returns the criterion.
+  _.groupBy = function(obj, val) {
+    var result = {};
+    var iterator = _.isFunction(val) ? val : function(obj) { return obj[val]; };
+    each(obj, function(value, index) {
+      var key = iterator(value, index);
+      (result[key] || (result[key] = [])).push(value);
+    });
+    return result;
+  };
+
   // Use a comparator function to figure out at what index an object should
   // be inserted so as to maintain order. Uses binary search.
   _.sortedIndex = function(array, obj, iterator) {
-    iterator = iterator || function(val) { return val; };
+    iterator || (iterator = _.identity);
     var low = 0, high = array.length;
     while (low < high) {
       var mid = (low + high) >> 1;
@@ -196,265 +302,694 @@
     }
     return low;
   };
-  
-  // Convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
+
+  // Safely convert anything iterable into a real, live array.
   _.toArray = function(iterable) {
-    if (!iterable) return [];
-    if (_.isArray(iterable)) return iterable;
-    return _.map(iterable, function(val){ return val; });
+    if (!iterable)                return [];
+    if (iterable.toArray)         return iterable.toArray();
+    if (_.isArray(iterable))      return slice.call(iterable);
+    if (_.isArguments(iterable))  return slice.call(iterable);
+    return _.values(iterable);
   };
-  
+
   // Return the number of elements in an object.
   _.size = function(obj) {
     return _.toArray(obj).length;
   };
-  
-  /*-------------------------- Array Functions: ------------------------------*/
-  
-  // Get the first element of an array.
-  _.first = function(array) {
-    return array[0];
+
+  // Array Functions
+  // ---------------
+
+  // Get the first element of an array. Passing **n** will return the first N
+  // values in the array. Aliased as `head`. The **guard** check allows it to work
+  // with `_.map`.
+  _.first = _.head = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return (n != null) && !guard ? slice.call(array, 0, n) : array[0];
+  };
+
+  // Returns everything but the last entry of the array. Especcialy useful on
+  // the arguments object. Passing **n** will return all the values in
+  // the array, excluding the last N. The **guard** check allows it to work with
+  // `_.map`.
+  _.initial = function(array, n, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, 0, array.length - ((n == null) || guard ? 1 : n));
+  };
+
+  // Get the last element of an array. Passing **n** will return the last N
+  // values in the array. The **guard** check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.last = function(array, n, guard) {
+    if ((n != null) && !guard) {
+      return slice.call(array, Math.max(array.length - n, 0));
+    } else {
+      return array[array.length - 1];
+    }
   };
-  
-  // Get the last element of an array.
-  _.last = function(array) {
-    return array[array.length - 1];
+
+  // Returns everything but the first entry of the array. Aliased as `tail`.
+  // Especially useful on the arguments object. Passing an **index** will return
+  // the rest of the values in the array from that index onward. The **guard**
+  // check allows it to work with `_.map`.
+  _.rest = _.tail = function(array, index, guard) {
+    return slice.call(array, (index == null) || guard ? 1 : index);
   };
-  
+
   // Trim out all falsy values from an array.
   _.compact = function(array) {
-    return _.select(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !!value; });
   };
-  
+
   // Return a completely flattened version of an array.
-  _.flatten = function(array) {
-    return _.reduce(array, [], function(memo, value) {
-      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(_.flatten(value));
-      memo.push(value);
+  _.flatten = function(array, shallow) {
+    return _.reduce(array, function(memo, value) {
+      if (_.isArray(value)) return memo.concat(shallow ? value : _.flatten(value));
+      memo[memo.length] = value;
       return memo;
-    });
+    }, []);
   };
-  
+
   // Return a version of the array that does not contain the specified value(s).
   _.without = function(array) {
-    var values = array.slice.call(arguments, 0);
-    return _.select(array, function(value){ return !_.include(values, value); });
+    return _.difference(array, slice.call(arguments, 1));
   };
-  
+
   // Produce a duplicate-free version of the array. If the array has already
   // been sorted, you have the option of using a faster algorithm.
-  _.uniq = function(array, isSorted) {
-    return _.reduce(array, [], function(memo, el, i) {
-      if (0 == i || (isSorted ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) memo.push(el);
+  // Aliased as `unique`.
+  _.uniq = _.unique = function(array, isSorted, iterator) {
+    var initial = iterator ? _.map(array, iterator) : array;
+    var result = [];
+    _.reduce(initial, function(memo, el, i) {
+      if (0 == i || (isSorted === true ? _.last(memo) != el : !_.include(memo, el))) {
+        memo[memo.length] = el;
+        result[result.length] = array[i];
+      }
       return memo;
-    });
+    }, []);
+    return result;
+  };
+
+  // Produce an array that contains the union: each distinct element from all of
+  // the passed-in arrays.
+  _.union = function() {
+    return _.uniq(_.flatten(arguments, true));
   };
-  
-  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the 
-  // passed-in arrays.
-  _.intersect = function(array) {
-    var rest = _.toArray(arguments).slice(1);
-    return _.select(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
-      return _.all(rest, function(other) { 
+
+  // Produce an array that contains every item shared between all the
+  // passed-in arrays. (Aliased as "intersect" for back-compat.)
+  _.intersection = _.intersect = function(array) {
+    var rest = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    return _.filter(_.uniq(array), function(item) {
+      return _.every(rest, function(other) {
         return _.indexOf(other, item) >= 0;
       });
     });
   };
-  
+
+  // Take the difference between one array and a number of other arrays.
+  // Only the elements present in just the first array will remain.
+  _.difference = function(array) {
+    var rest = _.flatten(slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    return _.filter(array, function(value){ return !_.include(rest, value); });
+  };
+
   // Zip together multiple lists into a single array -- elements that share
   // an index go together.
   _.zip = function() {
-    var args = _.toArray(arguments);
+    var args = slice.call(arguments);
     var length = _.max(_.pluck(args, 'length'));
     var results = new Array(length);
-    for (var i=0; i<length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, String(i));
+    for (var i = 0; i < length; i++) results[i] = _.pluck(args, "" + i);
     return results;
   };
-  
-  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, MSIE), 
-  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurence of an 
+
+  // If the browser doesn't supply us with indexOf (I'm looking at you, **MSIE**),
+  // we need this function. Return the position of the first occurrence of an
   // item in an array, or -1 if the item is not included in the array.
-  _.indexOf = function(array, item) {
-    if (array.indexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
-    for (i=0; i<array.length; i++) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `indexOf` if available.
+  // If the array is large and already in sort order, pass `true`
+  // for **isSorted** to use binary search.
+  _.indexOf = function(array, item, isSorted) {
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    var i, l;
+    if (isSorted) {
+      i = _.sortedIndex(array, item);
+      return array[i] === item ? i : -1;
+    }
+    if (nativeIndexOf && array.indexOf === nativeIndexOf) return array.indexOf(item);
+    for (i = 0, l = array.length; i < l; i++) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
     return -1;
   };
-  
-  // Provide Javascript 1.6's lastIndexOf, delegating to the native function,
-  // if possible.
+
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `lastIndexOf` if available.
   _.lastIndexOf = function(array, item) {
-    if (array.lastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
-    for (i=array.length - 1; i>=0; i--) if (array[i] === item) return i;
+    if (array == null) return -1;
+    if (nativeLastIndexOf && array.lastIndexOf === nativeLastIndexOf) return array.lastIndexOf(item);
+    var i = array.length;
+    while (i--) if (i in array && array[i] === item) return i;
     return -1;
   };
-  
-  /* ----------------------- Function Functions: -----------------------------*/
-  
-  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning 'this', and arguments,
-  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as 'curry'.
-  _.bind = function(func, context) {
-    if (!context) return func;
-    var args = _.toArray(arguments).slice(2);
-    return function() {
-      var a = args.concat(_.toArray(arguments));
-      return func.apply(context, a);
+
+  // Generate an integer Array containing an arithmetic progression. A port of
+  // the native Python `range()` function. See
+  // [the Python documentation](http://docs.python.org/library/functions.html#range).
+  _.range = function(start, stop, step) {
+    if (arguments.length <= 1) {
+      stop = start || 0;
+      start = 0;
+    }
+    step = arguments[2] || 1;
+
+    var len = Math.max(Math.ceil((stop - start) / step), 0);
+    var idx = 0;
+    var range = new Array(len);
+
+    while(idx < len) {
+      range[idx++] = start;
+      start += step;
+    }
+
+    return range;
+  };
+
+  // Function (ahem) Functions
+  // ------------------
+
+  // Reusable constructor function for prototype setting.
+  var ctor = function(){};
+
+  // Create a function bound to a given object (assigning `this`, and arguments,
+  // optionally). Binding with arguments is also known as `curry`.
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Function.bind` if available.
+  // We check for `func.bind` first, to fail fast when `func` is undefined.
+  _.bind = function bind(func, context) {
+    var bound, args;
+    if (func.bind === nativeBind && nativeBind) return nativeBind.apply(func, slice.call(arguments, 1));
+    if (!_.isFunction(func)) throw new TypeError;
+    args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
+    return bound = function() {
+      if (!(this instanceof bound)) return func.apply(context, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      ctor.prototype = func.prototype;
+      var self = new ctor;
+      var result = func.apply(self, args.concat(slice.call(arguments)));
+      if (Object(result) === result) return result;
+      return self;
     };
   };
-  
-  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that 
+
+  // Bind all of an object's methods to that object. Useful for ensuring that
   // all callbacks defined on an object belong to it.
-  _.bindAll = function() {
-    var args = _.toArray(arguments);
-    var context = args.pop();
-    _.each(args, function(methodName) {
-      context[methodName] = _.bind(context[methodName], context);
-    });
+  _.bindAll = function(obj) {
+    var funcs = slice.call(arguments, 1);
+    if (funcs.length == 0) funcs = _.functions(obj);
+    each(funcs, function(f) { obj[f] = _.bind(obj[f], obj); });
+    return obj;
   };
-  
+
+  // Memoize an expensive function by storing its results.
+  _.memoize = function(func, hasher) {
+    var memo = {};
+    hasher || (hasher = _.identity);
+    return function() {
+      var key = hasher.apply(this, arguments);
+      return hasOwnProperty.call(memo, key) ? memo[key] : (memo[key] = func.apply(this, arguments));
+    };
+  };
+
   // Delays a function for the given number of milliseconds, and then calls
   // it with the arguments supplied.
   _.delay = function(func, wait) {
-    var args = _.toArray(arguments).slice(2);
+    var args = slice.call(arguments, 2);
     return setTimeout(function(){ return func.apply(func, args); }, wait);
   };
-  
-  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has 
+
+  // Defers a function, scheduling it to run after the current call stack has
   // cleared.
   _.defer = function(func) {
-    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(_.toArray(arguments).slice(1)));
+    return _.delay.apply(_, [func, 1].concat(slice.call(arguments, 1)));
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, when invoked, will only be triggered at most once
+  // during a given window of time.
+  _.throttle = function(func, wait) {
+    var context, args, timeout, throttling, more;
+    var whenDone = _.debounce(function(){ more = throttling = false; }, wait);
+    return function() {
+      context = this; args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        if (more) func.apply(context, args);
+        whenDone();
+      };
+      if (!timeout) timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+      if (throttling) {
+        more = true;
+      } else {
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      }
+      whenDone();
+      throttling = true;
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function, that, as long as it continues to be invoked, will not
+  // be triggered. The function will be called after it stops being called for
+  // N milliseconds.
+  _.debounce = function(func, wait) {
+    var timeout;
+    return function() {
+      var context = this, args = arguments;
+      var later = function() {
+        timeout = null;
+        func.apply(context, args);
+      };
+      clearTimeout(timeout);
+      timeout = setTimeout(later, wait);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Returns a function that will be executed at most one time, no matter how
+  // often you call it. Useful for lazy initialization.
+  _.once = function(func) {
+    var ran = false, memo;
+    return function() {
+      if (ran) return memo;
+      ran = true;
+      return memo = func.apply(this, arguments);
+    };
   };
-  
-  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second, 
-  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and 
+
+  // Returns the first function passed as an argument to the second,
+  // allowing you to adjust arguments, run code before and after, and
   // conditionally execute the original function.
   _.wrap = function(func, wrapper) {
     return function() {
-      var args = [func].concat(_.toArray(arguments));
-      return wrapper.apply(wrapper, args);
+      var args = [func].concat(slice.call(arguments, 0));
+      return wrapper.apply(this, args);
     };
   };
-  
+
   // Returns a function that is the composition of a list of functions, each
   // consuming the return value of the function that follows.
   _.compose = function() {
-    var funcs = _.toArray(arguments);
+    var funcs = arguments;
     return function() {
-      for (var i=funcs.length-1; i >= 0; i--) {
-        arguments = [funcs[i].apply(this, arguments)];
+      var args = arguments;
+      for (var i = funcs.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+        args = [funcs[i].apply(this, args)];
       }
-      return arguments[0];
+      return args[0];
     };
   };
-  
-  /* ------------------------- Object Functions: ---------------------------- */
-  
+
+  // Returns a function that will only be executed after being called N times.
+  _.after = function(times, func) {
+    if (times <= 0) return func();
+    return function() {
+      if (--times < 1) { return func.apply(this, arguments); }
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Object Functions
+  // ----------------
+
   // Retrieve the names of an object's properties.
-  _.keys = function(obj) {
-    return _.pluck(obj, 'key');
+  // Delegates to **ECMAScript 5**'s native `Object.keys`
+  _.keys = nativeKeys || function(obj) {
+    if (obj !== Object(obj)) throw new TypeError('Invalid object');
+    var keys = [];
+    for (var key in obj) if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) keys[keys.length] = key;
+    return keys;
   };
-  
+
   // Retrieve the values of an object's properties.
   _.values = function(obj) {
-    return _.pluck(obj, 'value');
+    return _.map(obj, _.identity);
   };
-  
-  // Extend a given object with all of the properties in a source object.
-  _.extend = function(destination, source) {
-    for (var property in source) destination[property] = source[property];
-    return destination;
+
+  // Return a sorted list of the function names available on the object.
+  // Aliased as `methods`
+  _.functions = _.methods = function(obj) {
+    var names = [];
+    for (var key in obj) {
+      if (_.isFunction(obj[key])) names.push(key);
+    }
+    return names.sort();
+  };
+
+  // Extend a given object with all the properties in passed-in object(s).
+  _.extend = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (source[prop] !== void 0) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Fill in a given object with default properties.
+  _.defaults = function(obj) {
+    each(slice.call(arguments, 1), function(source) {
+      for (var prop in source) {
+        if (obj[prop] == null) obj[prop] = source[prop];
+      }
+    });
+    return obj;
   };
-  
+
   // Create a (shallow-cloned) duplicate of an object.
   _.clone = function(obj) {
-    return _.extend({}, obj);
+    if (!_.isObject(obj)) return obj;
+    return _.isArray(obj) ? obj.slice() : _.extend({}, obj);
   };
-  
+
+  // Invokes interceptor with the obj, and then returns obj.
+  // The primary purpose of this method is to "tap into" a method chain, in
+  // order to perform operations on intermediate results within the chain.
+  _.tap = function(obj, interceptor) {
+    interceptor(obj);
+    return obj;
+  };
+
+  // Internal recursive comparison function.
+  function eq(a, b, stack) {
+    // Identical objects are equal. `0 === -0`, but they aren't identical.
+    // See the Harmony `egal` proposal: http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:egal.
+    if (a === b) return a !== 0 || 1 / a == 1 / b;
+    // A strict comparison is necessary because `null == undefined`.
+    if (a == null || b == null) return a === b;
+    // Unwrap any wrapped objects.
+    if (a._chain) a = a._wrapped;
+    if (b._chain) b = b._wrapped;
+    // Invoke a custom `isEqual` method if one is provided.
+    if (a.isEqual && _.isFunction(a.isEqual)) return a.isEqual(b);
+    if (b.isEqual && _.isFunction(b.isEqual)) return b.isEqual(a);
+    // Compare `[[Class]]` names.
+    var className = toString.call(a);
+    if (className != toString.call(b)) return false;
+    switch (className) {
+      // Strings, numbers, dates, and booleans are compared by value.
+      case '[object String]':
+        // Primitives and their corresponding object wrappers are equivalent; thus, `"5"` is
+        // equivalent to `new String("5")`.
+        return a == String(b);
+      case '[object Number]':
+        // `NaN`s are equivalent, but non-reflexive. An `egal` comparison is performed for
+        // other numeric values.
+        return a != +a ? b != +b : (a == 0 ? 1 / a == 1 / b : a == +b);
+      case '[object Date]':
+      case '[object Boolean]':
+        // Coerce dates and booleans to numeric primitive values. Dates are compared by their
+        // millisecond representations. Note that invalid dates with millisecond representations
+        // of `NaN` are not equivalent.
+        return +a == +b;
+      // RegExps are compared by their source patterns and flags.
+      case '[object RegExp]':
+        return a.source == b.source &&
+               a.global == b.global &&
+               a.multiline == b.multiline &&
+               a.ignoreCase == b.ignoreCase;
+    }
+    if (typeof a != 'object' || typeof b != 'object') return false;
+    // Assume equality for cyclic structures. The algorithm for detecting cyclic
+    // structures is adapted from ES 5.1 section 15.12.3, abstract operation `JO`.
+    var length = stack.length;
+    while (length--) {
+      // Linear search. Performance is inversely proportional to the number of
+      // unique nested structures.
+      if (stack[length] == a) return true;
+    }
+    // Add the first object to the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.push(a);
+    var size = 0, result = true;
+    // Recursively compare objects and arrays.
+    if (className == '[object Array]') {
+      // Compare array lengths to determine if a deep comparison is necessary.
+      size = a.length;
+      result = size == b.length;
+      if (result) {
+        // Deep compare the contents, ignoring non-numeric properties.
+        while (size--) {
+          // Ensure commutative equality for sparse arrays.
+          if (!(result = size in a == size in b && eq(a[size], b[size], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Objects with different constructors are not equivalent.
+      if ('constructor' in a != 'constructor' in b || a.constructor != b.constructor) return false;
+      // Deep compare objects.
+      for (var key in a) {
+        if (hasOwnProperty.call(a, key)) {
+          // Count the expected number of properties.
+          size++;
+          // Deep compare each member.
+          if (!(result = hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && eq(a[key], b[key], stack))) break;
+        }
+      }
+      // Ensure that both objects contain the same number of properties.
+      if (result) {
+        for (key in b) {
+          if (hasOwnProperty.call(b, key) && !(size--)) break;
+        }
+        result = !size;
+      }
+    }
+    // Remove the first object from the stack of traversed objects.
+    stack.pop();
+    return result;
+  }
+
   // Perform a deep comparison to check if two objects are equal.
   _.isEqual = function(a, b) {
-    // Check object identity.
-    if (a === b) return true;
-    // Different types?
-    var atype = typeof(a), btype = typeof(b);
-    if (atype != btype) return false;
-    // Basic equality test (watch out for coercions).
-    if (a == b) return true;
-    // One of them implements an isEqual()?
-    if (a.isEqual) return a.isEqual(b);
-    // If a is not an object by this point, we can't handle it.
-    if (atype !== 'object') return false;
-    // Nothing else worked, deep compare the contents.
-    var aKeys = _.keys(a), bKeys = _.keys(b);
-    // Different object sizes?
-    if (aKeys.length != bKeys.length) return false;
-    // Recursive comparison of contents.
-    for (var key in a) if (!_.isEqual(a[key], b[key])) return false;
+    return eq(a, b, []);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given array, string, or object empty?
+  // An "empty" object has no enumerable own-properties.
+  _.isEmpty = function(obj) {
+    if (_.isArray(obj) || _.isString(obj)) return obj.length === 0;
+    for (var key in obj) if (hasOwnProperty.call(obj, key)) return false;
     return true;
   };
-  
+
   // Is a given value a DOM element?
   _.isElement = function(obj) {
     return !!(obj && obj.nodeType == 1);
   };
-  
-  // Is a given value a real Array?
-  _.isArray = function(obj) {
-    return Object.prototype.toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
+
+  // Is a given value an array?
+  // Delegates to ECMA5's native Array.isArray
+  _.isArray = nativeIsArray || function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Array]';
   };
-  
-  // Is a given value a Function?
+
+  // Is a given variable an object?
+  _.isObject = function(obj) {
+    return obj === Object(obj);
+  };
+
+  // Is a given variable an arguments object?
+  _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Arguments]';
+  };
+  if (!_.isArguments(arguments)) {
+    _.isArguments = function(obj) {
+      return !!(obj && hasOwnProperty.call(obj, 'callee'));
+    };
+  }
+
+  // Is a given value a function?
   _.isFunction = function(obj) {
-    return typeof obj == 'function';
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Function]';
   };
-  
+
+  // Is a given value a string?
+  _.isString = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object String]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a number?
+  _.isNumber = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Number]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value `NaN`?
+  _.isNaN = function(obj) {
+    // `NaN` is the only value for which `===` is not reflexive.
+    return obj !== obj;
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a boolean?
+  _.isBoolean = function(obj) {
+    return obj === true || obj === false || toString.call(obj) == '[object Boolean]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value a date?
+  _.isDate = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object Date]';
+  };
+
+  // Is the given value a regular expression?
+  _.isRegExp = function(obj) {
+    return toString.call(obj) == '[object RegExp]';
+  };
+
+  // Is a given value equal to null?
+  _.isNull = function(obj) {
+    return obj === null;
+  };
+
   // Is a given variable undefined?
   _.isUndefined = function(obj) {
-    return typeof obj == 'undefined';
+    return obj === void 0;
   };
-  
-  /* -------------------------- Utility Functions: -------------------------- */
-  
-  // Run Underscore.js in noConflict mode, returning the '_' variable to its
+
+  // Utility Functions
+  // -----------------
+
+  // Run Underscore.js in *noConflict* mode, returning the `_` variable to its
   // previous owner. Returns a reference to the Underscore object.
   _.noConflict = function() {
     root._ = previousUnderscore;
     return this;
   };
-  
+
+  // Keep the identity function around for default iterators.
+  _.identity = function(value) {
+    return value;
+  };
+
+  // Run a function **n** times.
+  _.times = function (n, iterator, context) {
+    for (var i = 0; i < n; i++) iterator.call(context, i);
+  };
+
+  // Escape a string for HTML interpolation.
+  _.escape = function(string) {
+    return (''+string).replace(/&/g, '&amp;').replace(/</g, '&lt;').replace(/>/g, '&gt;').replace(/"/g, '&quot;').replace(/'/g, '&#x27;').replace(/\//g,'&#x2F;');
+  };
+
+  // Add your own custom functions to the Underscore object, ensuring that
+  // they're correctly added to the OOP wrapper as well.
+  _.mixin = function(obj) {
+    each(_.functions(obj), function(name){
+      addToWrapper(name, _[name] = obj[name]);
+    });
+  };
+
   // Generate a unique integer id (unique within the entire client session).
   // Useful for temporary DOM ids.
+  var idCounter = 0;
   _.uniqueId = function(prefix) {
-    var id = this._idCounter = (this._idCounter || 0) + 1;
+    var id = idCounter++;
     return prefix ? prefix + id : id;
   };
-  
-  // Javascript templating a-la ERB, pilfered from John Resig's 
-  // "Secrets of the Javascript Ninja", page 83.
+
+  // By default, Underscore uses ERB-style template delimiters, change the
+  // following template settings to use alternative delimiters.
+  _.templateSettings = {
+    evaluate    : /<%([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    interpolate : /<%=([\s\S]+?)%>/g,
+    escape      : /<%-([\s\S]+?)%>/g
+  };
+
+  // When customizing `templateSettings`, if you don't want to define an
+  // interpolation, evaluation or escaping regex, we need one that is
+  // guaranteed not to match.
+  var noMatch = /.^/;
+
+  // JavaScript micro-templating, similar to John Resig's implementation.
+  // Underscore templating handles arbitrary delimiters, preserves whitespace,
+  // and correctly escapes quotes within interpolated code.
   _.template = function(str, data) {
-    var fn = new Function('obj', 
-      'var p=[],print=function(){p.push.apply(p,arguments);};' +
-      'with(obj){p.push(\'' +
-      str
-        .replace(/[\r\t\n]/g, " ") 
-        .split("<%").join("\t") 
-        .replace(/((^|%>)[^\t]*)'/g, "$1\r") 
-        .replace(/\t=(.*?)%>/g, "',$1,'") 
-        .split("\t").join("');") 
-        .split("%>").join("p.push('") 
-        .split("\r").join("\\'") 
-    + "');}return p.join('');");
-    return data ? fn(data) : fn;  
-  };
-  
-  /*------------------------------- Aliases ----------------------------------*/
-
-  _.forEach  = _.each;
-  _.inject   = _.reduce;
-  _.filter   = _.select;
-  _.every    = _.all;
-  _.some     = _.any;
-  
-  /*------------------------- Export for ServerJS ----------------------------*/
-  
-  if (!_.isUndefined(exports)) exports = _;
-
-})();
+    var c  = _.templateSettings;
+    var tmpl = 'var __p=[],print=function(){__p.push.apply(__p,arguments);};' +
+      'with(obj||{}){__p.push(\'' +
+      str.replace(/\\/g, '\\\\')
+         .replace(/'/g, "\\'")
+         .replace(c.escape || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "',_.escape(" + code.replace(/\\'/g, "'") + "),'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.interpolate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "'," + code.replace(/\\'/g, "'") + ",'";
+         })
+         .replace(c.evaluate || noMatch, function(match, code) {
+           return "');" + code.replace(/\\'/g, "'")
+                              .replace(/[\r\n\t]/g, ' ')
+                              .replace(/\\\\/g, '\\') + ";__p.push('";
+         })
+         .replace(/\r/g, '\\r')
+         .replace(/\n/g, '\\n')
+         .replace(/\t/g, '\\t')
+         + "');}return __p.join('');";
+    var func = new Function('obj', '_', tmpl);
+    if (data) return func(data, _);
+    return function(data) {
+      return func.call(this, data, _);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add a "chain" function, which will delegate to the wrapper.
+  _.chain = function(obj) {
+    return _(obj).chain();
+  };
+
+  // The OOP Wrapper
+  // ---------------
+
+  // If Underscore is called as a function, it returns a wrapped object that
+  // can be used OO-style. This wrapper holds altered versions of all the
+  // underscore functions. Wrapped objects may be chained.
+  var wrapper = function(obj) { this._wrapped = obj; };
+
+  // Expose `wrapper.prototype` as `_.prototype`
+  _.prototype = wrapper.prototype;
+
+  // Helper function to continue chaining intermediate results.
+  var result = function(obj, chain) {
+    return chain ? _(obj).chain() : obj;
+  };
+
+  // A method to easily add functions to the OOP wrapper.
+  var addToWrapper = function(name, func) {
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var args = slice.call(arguments);
+      unshift.call(args, this._wrapped);
+      return result(func.apply(_, args), this._chain);
+    };
+  };
+
+  // Add all of the Underscore functions to the wrapper object.
+  _.mixin(_);
+
+  // Add all mutator Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['pop', 'push', 'reverse', 'shift', 'sort', 'splice', 'unshift'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      var wrapped = this._wrapped;
+      method.apply(wrapped, arguments);
+      var length = wrapped.length;
+      if ((name == 'shift' || name == 'splice') && length === 0) delete wrapped[0];
+      return result(wrapped, this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Add all accessor Array functions to the wrapper.
+  each(['concat', 'join', 'slice'], function(name) {
+    var method = ArrayProto[name];
+    wrapper.prototype[name] = function() {
+      return result(method.apply(this._wrapped, arguments), this._chain);
+    };
+  });
+
+  // Start chaining a wrapped Underscore object.
+  wrapper.prototype.chain = function() {
+    this._chain = true;
+    return this;
+  };
+
+  // Extracts the result from a wrapped and chained object.
+  wrapper.prototype.value = function() {
+    return this._wrapped;
+  };
+
+}).call(this);