protostar 0.1.0.beta1

data/lib/protostar/google/protobuf/type_pb.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Generated by protostar from google/protobuf/type.proto. Do not edit.
+
+require "protostar"
+require "protostar/google/protobuf/any_pb"
+require "protostar/google/protobuf/source_context_pb"
+
+Protostar::DSL.file(
+  "google/protobuf/type.proto",
+  package: "google.protobuf",
+  syntax: :proto3,
+  dependencies: ["google/protobuf/any.proto", "google/protobuf/source_context.proto"],
+  cc_enable_arenas: true,
+  java_package: "com.google.protobuf",
+  java_outer_classname: "TypeProto",
+  java_multiple_files: true,
+  objc_class_prefix: "GPB",
+  csharp_namespace: "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes",
+  go_package: "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/typepb"
+) do |f|
+  # A protocol buffer message type.
+  #
+  # New usages of this message as an alternative to DescriptorProto are strongly
+  # discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all information
+  # necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead make use of
+  # FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.
+  f.message "Type" do |m|
+    # The fully qualified message name.
+    m.field :name, 1, :string
+    # The list of fields.
+    m.field :fields, 2, :message, ".google.protobuf.Field", label: :repeated
+    # The list of types appearing in `oneof` definitions in this type.
+    m.field :oneofs, 3, :string, label: :repeated
+    # The protocol buffer options.
+    m.field :options, 4, :message, ".google.protobuf.Option", label: :repeated
+    # The source context.
+    m.field :source_context, 5, :message, ".google.protobuf.SourceContext"
+    # The source syntax.
+    m.field :syntax, 6, :enum, ".google.protobuf.Syntax"
+    # The source edition string, only valid when syntax is SYNTAX_EDITIONS.
+    m.field :edition, 7, :string
+  end
+  # A single field of a message type.
+  #
+  # New usages of this message as an alternative to FieldDescriptorProto are
+  # strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all
+  # information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead
+  # make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.
+  f.message "Field" do |m|
+    # The field type.
+    m.field :kind, 1, :enum, ".google.protobuf.Field.Kind"
+    # The field cardinality.
+    m.field :cardinality, 2, :enum, ".google.protobuf.Field.Cardinality"
+    # The field number.
+    m.field :number, 3, :int32
+    # The field name.
+    m.field :name, 4, :string
+    # The field type URL, without the scheme, for message or enumeration
+    # types. Example: `"type.googleapis.com/google.protobuf.Timestamp"`.
+    m.field :type_url, 6, :string
+    # The index of the field type in `Type.oneofs`, for message or enumeration
+    # types. The first type has index 1; zero means the type is not in the list.
+    m.field :oneof_index, 7, :int32
+    # Whether to use alternative packed wire representation.
+    m.field :packed, 8, :bool
+    # The protocol buffer options.
+    m.field :options, 9, :message, ".google.protobuf.Option", label: :repeated
+    # The field JSON name.
+    m.field :json_name, 10, :string
+    # The string value of the default value of this field. Proto2 syntax only.
+    m.field :default_value, 11, :string
+    # Basic field types.
+    m.enum "Kind" do |e|
+      # Field type unknown.
+      e.value :TYPE_UNKNOWN, 0
+      # Field type double.
+      e.value :TYPE_DOUBLE, 1
+      # Field type float.
+      e.value :TYPE_FLOAT, 2
+      # Field type int64.
+      e.value :TYPE_INT64, 3
+      # Field type uint64.
+      e.value :TYPE_UINT64, 4
+      # Field type int32.
+      e.value :TYPE_INT32, 5
+      # Field type fixed64.
+      e.value :TYPE_FIXED64, 6
+      # Field type fixed32.
+      e.value :TYPE_FIXED32, 7
+      # Field type bool.
+      e.value :TYPE_BOOL, 8
+      # Field type string.
+      e.value :TYPE_STRING, 9
+      # Field type group. Proto2 syntax only, and deprecated.
+      e.value :TYPE_GROUP, 10
+      # Field type message.
+      e.value :TYPE_MESSAGE, 11
+      # Field type bytes.
+      e.value :TYPE_BYTES, 12
+      # Field type uint32.
+      e.value :TYPE_UINT32, 13
+      # Field type enum.
+      e.value :TYPE_ENUM, 14
+      # Field type sfixed32.
+      e.value :TYPE_SFIXED32, 15
+      # Field type sfixed64.
+      e.value :TYPE_SFIXED64, 16
+      # Field type sint32.
+      e.value :TYPE_SINT32, 17
+      # Field type sint64.
+      e.value :TYPE_SINT64, 18
+    end
+    # Whether a field is optional, required, or repeated.
+    m.enum "Cardinality" do |e|
+      # For fields with unknown cardinality.
+      e.value :CARDINALITY_UNKNOWN, 0
+      # For optional fields.
+      e.value :CARDINALITY_OPTIONAL, 1
+      # For required fields. Proto2 syntax only.
+      e.value :CARDINALITY_REQUIRED, 2
+      # For repeated fields.
+      e.value :CARDINALITY_REPEATED, 3
+    end
+  end
+  # Enum type definition.
+  #
+  # New usages of this message as an alternative to EnumDescriptorProto are
+  # strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all
+  # information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead
+  # make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.
+  f.message "Enum" do |m|
+    # Enum type name.
+    m.field :name, 1, :string
+    # Enum value definitions.
+    m.field :enumvalue, 2, :message, ".google.protobuf.EnumValue", label: :repeated
+    # Protocol buffer options.
+    m.field :options, 3, :message, ".google.protobuf.Option", label: :repeated
+    # The source context.
+    m.field :source_context, 4, :message, ".google.protobuf.SourceContext"
+    # The source syntax.
+    m.field :syntax, 5, :enum, ".google.protobuf.Syntax"
+    # The source edition string, only valid when syntax is SYNTAX_EDITIONS.
+    m.field :edition, 6, :string
+  end
+  # Enum value definition.
+  #
+  # New usages of this message as an alternative to EnumValueDescriptorProto are
+  # strongly discouraged. This message does not reliability preserve all
+  # information necessary to model the schema and preserve semantics. Instead
+  # make use of FileDescriptorSet which preserves the necessary information.
+  f.message "EnumValue" do |m|
+    # Enum value name.
+    m.field :name, 1, :string
+    # Enum value number.
+    m.field :number, 2, :int32
+    # Protocol buffer options.
+    m.field :options, 3, :message, ".google.protobuf.Option", label: :repeated
+  end
+  # A protocol buffer option, which can be attached to a message, field,
+  # enumeration, etc.
+  #
+  # New usages of this message as an alternative to FileOptions, MessageOptions,
+  # FieldOptions, EnumOptions, EnumValueOptions, ServiceOptions, or MethodOptions
+  # are strongly discouraged.
+  f.message "Option" do |m|
+    # The option's name. For protobuf built-in options (options defined in
+    # descriptor.proto), this is the short name. For example, `"map_entry"`.
+    # For custom options, it should be the fully-qualified name. For example,
+    # `"google.api.http"`.
+    m.field :name, 1, :string
+    # The option's value packed in an Any message. If the value is a primitive,
+    # the corresponding wrapper type defined in google/protobuf/wrappers.proto
+    # should be used. If the value is an enum, it should be stored as an int32
+    # value using the google.protobuf.Int32Value type.
+    m.field :value, 2, :message, ".google.protobuf.Any"
+  end
+  # The syntax in which a protocol buffer element is defined.
+  f.enum "Syntax" do |e|
+    # Syntax `proto2`.
+    e.value :SYNTAX_PROTO2, 0
+    # Syntax `proto3`.
+    e.value :SYNTAX_PROTO3, 1
+    # Syntax `editions`.
+    e.value :SYNTAX_EDITIONS, 2
+  end
+end
+
+module Protostar
+  module Google
+    module Protobuf
+      Type = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.Type")
+      Field = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.Field")
+      Field::Kind = Protostar::DSL.enum("google.protobuf.Field.Kind")
+      Field::Cardinality = Protostar::DSL.enum("google.protobuf.Field.Cardinality")
+      Enum = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.Enum")
+      EnumValue = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.EnumValue")
+      Option = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.Option")
+      Syntax = Protostar::DSL.enum("google.protobuf.Syntax")
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/protostar/google/protobuf/wrappers_pb.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Generated by protostar from google/protobuf/wrappers.proto. Do not edit.
+
+require "protostar"
+
+Protostar::DSL.file(
+  "google/protobuf/wrappers.proto",
+  package: "google.protobuf",
+  syntax: :proto3,
+  cc_enable_arenas: true,
+  go_package: "google.golang.org/protobuf/types/known/wrapperspb",
+  java_package: "com.google.protobuf",
+  java_outer_classname: "WrappersProto",
+  java_multiple_files: true,
+  objc_class_prefix: "GPB",
+  csharp_namespace: "Google.Protobuf.WellKnownTypes"
+) do |f|
+  # Wrapper message for `double`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `DoubleValue` is JSON number.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "DoubleValue" do |m|
+    # The double value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :double
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `float`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `FloatValue` is JSON number.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "FloatValue" do |m|
+    # The float value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :float
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `int64`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `Int64Value` is JSON string.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "Int64Value" do |m|
+    # The int64 value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :int64
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `uint64`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `UInt64Value` is JSON string.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "UInt64Value" do |m|
+    # The uint64 value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :uint64
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `int32`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `Int32Value` is JSON number.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "Int32Value" do |m|
+    # The int32 value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :int32
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `uint32`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `UInt32Value` is JSON number.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "UInt32Value" do |m|
+    # The uint32 value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :uint32
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `bool`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `BoolValue` is JSON `true` and `false`.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "BoolValue" do |m|
+    # The bool value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :bool
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `string`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `StringValue` is JSON string.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "StringValue" do |m|
+    # The string value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :string
+  end
+  # Wrapper message for `bytes`.
+  #
+  # The JSON representation for `BytesValue` is JSON string.
+  #
+  # Not recommended for use in new APIs, but still useful for legacy APIs and
+  # has no plan to be removed.
+  f.message "BytesValue" do |m|
+    # The bytes value.
+    m.field :value, 1, :bytes
+  end
+end
+
+module Protostar
+  module Google
+    module Protobuf
+      DoubleValue = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.DoubleValue")
+      FloatValue = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.FloatValue")
+      Int64Value = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.Int64Value")
+      UInt64Value = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.UInt64Value")
+      Int32Value = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.Int32Value")
+      UInt32Value = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.UInt32Value")
+      BoolValue = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.BoolValue")
+      StringValue = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.StringValue")
+      BytesValue = Protostar::DSL.message("google.protobuf.BytesValue")
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/protostar/google_protobuf_shim.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+# Makes `require "google/protobuf"` load the google-protobuf shim bundled with protostar
+# instead of Google's gem, for grpc and anything else that requires it. Require this
+# before anything else touches google/protobuf:
+#
+#   require "protostar/google_protobuf_shim"
+#   require "grpc"
+#
+# The shim's files are in the gem but not on its load path, so a plain
+# `require "protostar"` leaves Google's gem alone.
+shim_loaded = defined?(::Google::Protobuf::IMPLEMENTATION) && ::Google::Protobuf::IMPLEMENTATION == :PROTOSTAR
+if defined?(::Google::Protobuf::DescriptorPool) && !shim_loaded
+  raise LoadError, "Google's google-protobuf is already loaded, so the protostar shim cannot replace it. " \
+    "Require protostar/google_protobuf_shim before anything requires google/protobuf"
+end
+
+# The shim may be loaded already, from the same files or from the git-sourced gem
+unless shim_loaded
+  shim_lib = File.expand_path("../../shims/google-protobuf/lib", __dir__)
+  # In front of Google's gem, should Bundler have activated it for grpc
+  $LOAD_PATH.unshift(shim_lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(shim_lib)
+  require "google/protobuf"
+end

data/lib/protostar/json/encoder.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,340 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module Protostar
+  module JSON
+    # Writes a message as proto3 JSON the way google-protobuf's Ruby gem
+    # does: compact, fields in declaration order, unknown fields left out.
+    # @api private
+    class Encoder
+      F = Message::FieldInfo
+
+      # Messages whose JSON is not an object of their fields
+      SPECIAL = {
+        "google.protobuf.Any" => :any,
+        "google.protobuf.Timestamp" => :timestamp,
+        "google.protobuf.Duration" => :duration,
+        "google.protobuf.FieldMask" => :field_mask,
+        "google.protobuf.Struct" => :struct,
+        "google.protobuf.Value" => :value,
+        "google.protobuf.ListValue" => :list_value,
+        "google.protobuf.DoubleValue" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.FloatValue" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.Int64Value" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.UInt64Value" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.Int32Value" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.UInt32Value" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.BoolValue" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.StringValue" => :wrapper,
+        "google.protobuf.BytesValue" => :wrapper
+      }.freeze
+
+      NULL_VALUE = "google.protobuf.NullValue"
+
+      ESCAPES = Ractor.make_shareable((0..0x1f).to_h { |b| [b.chr, format("\\u%04x", b)] }.merge(
+        "\n" => "\\n", "\r" => "\\r", "\t" => "\\t", "\f" => "\\f", "\b" => "\\b", "\"" => "\\\"", "\\" => "\\\\"
+      ))
+      ESCAPED = /["\\\x00-\x1f]/
+
+      # Seconds of 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z and 9999-12-31T23:59:59Z
+      TIMESTAMP_MIN = -62_135_596_800
+      TIMESTAMP_MAX = 253_402_300_799
+      DURATION_MAX = 315_576_000_000
+
+      # @param preserve_proto_field_names [Boolean] field names as in the .proto, not lowerCamel
+      # @param emit_defaults [Boolean] also fields without presence at their default, and empty
+      #   repeated fields and maps; never unset message fields or oneof members
+      # @param format_enums_as_integers [Boolean]
+      # @param registry [Types::Registry] where the types inside Any are looked up
+      def initialize(preserve_proto_field_names: false, emit_defaults: false, format_enums_as_integers: false,
+        registry: nil, preserve_proto_fieldnames: nil)
+        @proto_names = preserve_proto_fieldnames.nil? ? preserve_proto_field_names : preserve_proto_fieldnames
+        @emit_defaults = emit_defaults
+        @enums_as_integers = format_enums_as_integers
+        @registry = registry
+        @path = []
+      end
+
+      # @param message [Message]
+      # @return [String] UTF-8
+      def encode(message)
+        out = +""
+        message(message, out)
+        out.force_encoding(Encoding::UTF_8)
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def message(msg, out)
+        special = SPECIAL[msg.class.descriptor.full_name]
+        if special
+          send(special, msg, out)
+        else
+          out << "{"
+          fields(msg, out, true)
+          out << "}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Writes the fields of a message, each preceded by a comma unless it is
+      # the first; returns whether nothing was written
+      def fields(msg, out, first)
+        values = msg.__values
+        msg.class.__fields.each do |info|
+          v = values[info.index]
+          if @emit_defaults
+            next if v.nil? && info.presence
+          elsif v.nil?
+            next
+          elsif info.map || info.repeated
+            next if v.empty?
+          elsif !info.presence && info.zero?(v)
+            next
+          end
+          out << "," unless first
+          first = false
+          string(@proto_names ? info.name : info.descriptor.json_name, out)
+          out << ":"
+          @path << info.name
+          if info.map
+            map(info, v || Message::EMPTY_HASH, out)
+          elsif info.repeated
+            out << "["
+            (v || Message::EMPTY_ARRAY).each_with_index do |e, i|
+              out << "," unless i == 0
+              @path << i
+              single(info, e, out)
+              @path.pop
+            end
+            out << "]"
+          else
+            single(info, v, out)
+          end
+          @path.pop
+        end
+        msg.unknown_fields.empty? ? first : extensions(msg, out, first)
+      end
+
+      # Extensions travel as unknown fields; those known to the message's file
+      # and its imports are written as "[full.name]", the rest left out
+      def extensions(msg, out, first)
+        @extensions ||= Text::Extensions.new(@registry, nil)
+        known = @extensions.of(msg.class.descriptor)
+        return first if known.empty?
+        msg.unknown_fields.group_by(&:number).sort_by(&:first).each do |number, list|
+          field = known[number] or next
+          info = @extensions.info(field) or next
+          values = @extensions.read(info, list)
+          next if values.nil? || values.empty?
+          out << "," unless first
+          first = false
+          name = "[#{field.full_name}]"
+          string(name, out)
+          out << ":"
+          @path << name
+          if info.repeated
+            out << "["
+            values.each_with_index do |e, i|
+              out << "," unless i == 0
+              single(info, e, out)
+            end
+            out << "]"
+          else
+            single(info, values.last, out)
+          end
+          @path.pop
+        end
+        first
+      end
+
+      def map(info, hash, out)
+        key = info.key
+        value = info.value
+        out << "{"
+        first = true
+        hash.each do |k, v|
+          out << "," unless first
+          first = false
+          if key.kind == F::STRING
+            string(k, out)
+          else
+            out << "\"" << k.to_s << "\""
+          end
+          out << ":"
+          @path << Path::MapKey.new(k)
+          single(value, v, out)
+          @path.pop
+        end
+        out << "}"
+      end
+
+      def single(info, v, out)
+        case info.kind
+        when F::INT32, F::SINT32, F::SFIXED32, F::UINT32, F::FIXED32 then out << v.to_s
+        when F::INT64, F::SINT64, F::SFIXED64, F::UINT64, F::FIXED64 then out << "\"" << v.to_s << "\""
+        when F::DOUBLE then double(v, out)
+        when F::FLOAT then float(v, out)
+        when F::BOOL then out << (v ? "true" : "false")
+        when F::STRING then string(v, out)
+        when F::BYTES then out << "\"" << [v].pack("m0") << "\""
+        when F::ENUM then enum(info, v, out)
+        else message(v, out)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def enum(info, v, out)
+        if info.enum_module.descriptor.full_name == NULL_VALUE
+          out << "null"
+        elsif v.is_a?(Symbol) && !@enums_as_integers
+          out << "\"" << v.name << "\""
+        else
+          out << (v.is_a?(Symbol) ? info.enum_numbers.fetch(v) : v).to_s
+        end
+      end
+
+      def string(s, out)
+        # strings without UTF-8 validation (proto2) can hold anything
+        s = s.scrub unless s.valid_encoding?
+        out << "\"" << (ESCAPED.match?(s) ? s.gsub(ESCAPED, ESCAPES) : s) << "\""
+      end
+
+      # upb's round-trip form: 15 significant digits, or 17 when 15 do not read back
+      def double(v, out)
+        return out << nonfinite(v) unless v.finite?
+        s = format("%.15g", v)
+        back = Float(s)
+        s = format("%.17g", v) unless back == v
+        out << s
+      end
+
+      # Same for single precision: 6 digits, or 9
+      def float(v, out)
+        return out << nonfinite(v) unless v.finite?
+        s = format("%.6g", v)
+        s = format("%.9g", v) unless Message::Coercion.float32(Float(s)) == v
+        out << s
+      end
+
+      def nonfinite(v)
+        if v.nan? then "\"NaN\""
+        elsif v > 0 then "\"Infinity\""
+        else "\"-Infinity\""
+        end
+      end
+
+      def fail!(message)
+        raise EncodeError.new(message, Path.to_s(@path))
+      end
+
+      def get(msg, name)
+        msg.__values[msg.class.__by_name.fetch(name).index]
+      end
+
+      def any(msg, out)
+        url = get(msg, "type_url") || ""
+        value = get(msg, "value") || ""
+        return out << "{}" if url.empty? && value.empty?
+        klass = any_class(url)
+        inner = begin
+          klass.decode(value)
+        rescue DecodeError => e
+          fail!("cannot decode the #{klass.descriptor.full_name} inside Any: #{e.message}")
+        end
+        out << "{\"@type\":"
+        string(url, out)
+        if SPECIAL.key?(klass.descriptor.full_name)
+          out << ",\"value\":"
+          message(inner, out)
+        else
+          fields(inner, out, false)
+        end
+        out << "}"
+      end
+
+      def any_class(url)
+        slash = url.rindex("/")
+        fail!("bad type URL #{url.inspect} in Any") if slash.nil? || slash == 0
+        name = url[(slash + 1)..]
+        klass = Types.find(name, registry: @registry || Types.registry)
+        fail!("cannot find the type #{name.inspect} of an Any") unless klass.is_a?(Class)
+        klass
+      end
+
+      def timestamp(msg, out)
+        seconds = get(msg, "seconds") || 0
+        nanos = get(msg, "nanos") || 0
+        fail!("Timestamp before 0001-01-01T00:00:00Z") if seconds < TIMESTAMP_MIN
+        fail!("Timestamp after 9999-12-31T23:59:59Z") if seconds > TIMESTAMP_MAX
+        fail!("Timestamp nanos out of range: #{nanos}") unless (0..999_999_999).cover?(nanos)
+        time = ::Time.at(seconds).utc
+        out << "\"" << time.strftime("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S") << fraction(nanos) << "Z\""
+      end
+
+      def duration(msg, out)
+        seconds = get(msg, "seconds") || 0
+        nanos = get(msg, "nanos") || 0
+        fail!("Duration out of range: #{seconds}s") if seconds.abs > DURATION_MAX
+        fail!("Duration nanos out of range: #{nanos}") if nanos.abs > 999_999_999
+        fail!("Duration seconds and nanos have different signs") if (seconds < 0 && nanos > 0) || (seconds > 0 && nanos < 0)
+        out << "\""
+        out << "-" if seconds < 0 || nanos < 0
+        out << seconds.abs.to_s << fraction(nanos.abs) << "s\""
+      end
+
+      # 0, 3, 6 or 9 digits, as few as the value needs
+      def fraction(nanos)
+        if nanos == 0 then ""
+        elsif nanos % 1_000_000 == 0 then format(".%03d", nanos / 1_000_000)
+        elsif nanos % 1000 == 0 then format(".%06d", nanos / 1000)
+        else format(".%09d", nanos)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def field_mask(msg, out)
+        paths = get(msg, "paths") || Message::EMPTY_ARRAY
+        camel = paths.map do |path|
+          fail!("FieldMask path #{path.inspect} has an upper-case letter and cannot round-trip through JSON") if /[A-Z]/.match?(path)
+          if /_(?![a-z])/.match?(path)
+            fail!("FieldMask path #{path.inspect} has an underscore not followed by a lower-case letter and cannot round-trip through JSON")
+          end
+          path.gsub(/_([a-z])/) { $1.upcase }
+        end
+        string(camel.join(","), out)
+      end
+
+      def struct(msg, out)
+        info = msg.class.__by_name.fetch("fields")
+        map(info, get(msg, "fields") || Message::EMPTY_HASH, out)
+      end
+
+      def list_value(msg, out)
+        out << "["
+        (get(msg, "values") || Message::EMPTY_ARRAY).each_with_index do |v, i|
+          out << "," unless i == 0
+          @path << i
+          message(v, out)
+          @path.pop
+        end
+        out << "]"
+      end
+
+      def value(msg, out)
+        kind = msg.which_kind
+        fail!("Value has no kind set") unless kind
+        info = msg.class.__by_name.fetch(kind)
+        v = msg.__values[info.index]
+        case info.name
+        when "null_value" then out << "null"
+        when "number_value"
+          fail!("Value cannot hold #{v}, which would read back as a string") unless v.finite?
+          double(v, out)
+        else single(info, v, out)
+        end
+      end
+
+      def wrapper(msg, out)
+        info = msg.class.__by_name.fetch("value")
+        single(info, msg.__values[info.index] || info.default, out)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end