protocol-quic 0.0.0

data/ext/ngtcp2/lib/ngtcp2_rtb.h

@@ -0,0 +1,468 @@
+/*
+ * ngtcp2
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 ngtcp2 contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#ifndef NGTCP2_RTB_H
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_H
+
+#ifdef HAVE_CONFIG_H
+#  include <config.h>
+#endif /* HAVE_CONFIG_H */
+
+#include <ngtcp2/ngtcp2.h>
+
+#include "ngtcp2_pkt.h"
+#include "ngtcp2_ksl.h"
+#include "ngtcp2_pq.h"
+#include "ngtcp2_objalloc.h"
+
+typedef struct ngtcp2_conn ngtcp2_conn;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_pktns ngtcp2_pktns;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_log ngtcp2_log;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_qlog ngtcp2_qlog;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_strm ngtcp2_strm;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_rst ngtcp2_rst;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_cc ngtcp2_cc;
+typedef struct ngtcp2_conn_stat ngtcp2_conn_stat;
+
+/* NGTCP2_FRAME_CHAIN_BINDER_FLAG_NONE indicates that no flag is
+   set. */
+#define NGTCP2_FRAME_CHAIN_BINDER_FLAG_NONE 0x00u
+/* NGTCP2_FRAME_CHAIN_BINDER_FLAG_ACK indicates that an information
+   which a frame carries has been acknowledged. */
+#define NGTCP2_FRAME_CHAIN_BINDER_FLAG_ACK 0x01u
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder binds 2 or more of ngtcp2_frame_chain to
+ * share the acknowledgement state.  In general, all
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chains bound to the same binder must have the same
+ * information.
+ */
+typedef struct ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder {
+  size_t refcount;
+  /* flags is bitwise OR of zero or more of
+     NGTCP2_FRAME_CHAIN_BINDER_FLAG_*. */
+  uint32_t flags;
+} ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder;
+
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder **pbinder,
+                                  const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+typedef struct ngtcp2_frame_chain ngtcp2_frame_chain;
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain chains frames in a single packet.
+ */
+struct ngtcp2_frame_chain {
+  union {
+    struct {
+      ngtcp2_frame_chain *next;
+      ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder *binder;
+      ngtcp2_frame fr;
+    };
+
+    ngtcp2_opl_entry oplent;
+  };
+};
+
+ngtcp2_objalloc_def(frame_chain, ngtcp2_frame_chain, oplent);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_bind_frame_chains binds two frame chains |a| and |b| using
+ * new or existing ngtcp2_frame_chain_binder.  |a| might have non-NULL
+ * a->binder.  |b| must not have non-NULL b->binder.
+ *
+ * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
+ * negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGTCP2_ERR_NOMEM
+ *     Out of memory
+ */
+int ngtcp2_bind_frame_chains(ngtcp2_frame_chain *a, ngtcp2_frame_chain *b,
+                             const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/* NGTCP2_MAX_STREAM_DATACNT is the maximum number of ngtcp2_vec that
+   a ngtcp2_stream can include. */
+#define NGTCP2_MAX_STREAM_DATACNT 256
+
+/* NGTCP2_MAX_CRYPTO_DATACNT is the maximum number of ngtcp2_vec that
+   a ngtcp2_crypto can include. */
+#define NGTCP2_MAX_CRYPTO_DATACNT 8
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_new allocates ngtcp2_frame_chain object and
+ * assigns its pointer to |*pfrc|.
+ *
+ * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
+ * negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGTCP2_ERR_NOMEM
+ *     Out of memory.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain **pfrc, const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_objalloc_new behaves like
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_new, but it uses |objalloc| to allocate the object.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_objalloc_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain **pfrc,
+                                    ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_extralen_new works like ngtcp2_frame_chain_new,
+ * but it allocates extra memory |extralen| in order to extend
+ * ngtcp2_frame.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_extralen_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain **pfrc, size_t extralen,
+                                    const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_stream_datacnt_objalloc_new works like
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_new, but it allocates enough data to store
+ * additional |datacnt| - 1 ngtcp2_vec object after ngtcp2_stream
+ * object.  If no additional space is required,
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_objalloc_new is called internally.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_stream_datacnt_objalloc_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain **pfrc,
+                                                   size_t datacnt,
+                                                   ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc,
+                                                   const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_crypto_datacnt_objalloc_new works like
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_new, but it allocates enough data to store
+ * additional |datacnt| - 1 ngtcp2_vec object after ngtcp2_crypto
+ * object.  If no additional space is required,
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_objalloc_new is called internally.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_crypto_datacnt_objalloc_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain **pfrc,
+                                                   size_t datacnt,
+                                                   ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc,
+                                                   const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+int ngtcp2_frame_chain_new_token_objalloc_new(ngtcp2_frame_chain **pfrc,
+                                              const uint8_t *token,
+                                              size_t tokenlen,
+                                              ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc,
+                                              const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_del deallocates |frc|.  It also deallocates the
+ * memory pointed by |frc|.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_frame_chain_del(ngtcp2_frame_chain *frc, const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_objalloc_del adds |frc| to |objalloc| for reuse.
+ * It might just delete |frc| depending on the frame type and the size
+ * of |frc|.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_frame_chain_objalloc_del(ngtcp2_frame_chain *frc,
+                                     ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc,
+                                     const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_init initializes |frc|.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_frame_chain_init(ngtcp2_frame_chain *frc);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain_list_objalloc_del adds all ngtcp2_frame_chain
+ * linked from |frc| to |objalloc| for reuse.  Depending on the frame type
+ * and its size, ngtcp2_frame_chain might be deleted instead.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_frame_chain_list_objalloc_del(ngtcp2_frame_chain *frc,
+                                          ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc,
+                                          const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_NONE indicates that no flag is set. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_NONE 0x00u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PROBE indicates that the entry includes a
+   probe packet. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PROBE 0x01u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_RETRANSMITTABLE indicates that the entry
+   includes a frame which must be retransmitted until it is
+   acknowledged.  In most cases, this flag is used along with
+   NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_ACK_ELICITING and
+   NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PTO_ELICITING. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_RETRANSMITTABLE 0x02u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_ACK_ELICITING indicates that the entry
+   elicits acknowledgement. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_ACK_ELICITING 0x04u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PTO_RECLAIMED indicates that the packet has
+   been reclaimed on PTO.  It is not marked lost yet and still
+   consumes congestion window. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PTO_RECLAIMED 0x08u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_LOST_RETRANSMITTED indicates that the entry
+   has been marked lost and, optionally, scheduled to retransmit. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_LOST_RETRANSMITTED 0x10u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_ECN indicates that the entry is included in a
+   UDP datagram with ECN marking. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_ECN 0x20u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_DATAGRAM indicates that the entry includes
+   DATAGRAM frame. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_DATAGRAM 0x40u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PMTUD_PROBE indicates that the entry includes
+   a PMTUD probe packet. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PMTUD_PROBE 0x80u
+/* NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PTO_ELICITING indicates that the entry
+   includes a packet which elicits PTO probe packets. */
+#define NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PTO_ELICITING 0x100u
+
+typedef struct ngtcp2_rtb_entry ngtcp2_rtb_entry;
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_entry is an object stored in ngtcp2_rtb.  It corresponds
+ * to the one packet which is waiting for its ACK.
+ */
+struct ngtcp2_rtb_entry {
+  union {
+    struct {
+      ngtcp2_rtb_entry *next;
+
+      struct {
+        int64_t pkt_num;
+        uint8_t type;
+        uint8_t flags;
+      } hd;
+      ngtcp2_frame_chain *frc;
+      /* ts is the time point when a packet included in this entry is sent
+         to a peer. */
+      ngtcp2_tstamp ts;
+      /* lost_ts is the time when this entry is marked lost. */
+      ngtcp2_tstamp lost_ts;
+      /* pktlen is the length of QUIC packet */
+      size_t pktlen;
+      struct {
+        uint64_t delivered;
+        ngtcp2_tstamp delivered_ts;
+        ngtcp2_tstamp first_sent_ts;
+        uint64_t tx_in_flight;
+        uint64_t lost;
+        int is_app_limited;
+      } rst;
+      /* flags is bitwise-OR of zero or more of
+         NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_*. */
+      uint16_t flags;
+    };
+
+    ngtcp2_opl_entry oplent;
+  };
+};
+
+ngtcp2_objalloc_def(rtb_entry, ngtcp2_rtb_entry, oplent);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_entry_new allocates ngtcp2_rtb_entry object, and assigns
+ * its pointer to |*pent|.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_rtb_entry_objalloc_new(ngtcp2_rtb_entry **pent,
+                                  const ngtcp2_pkt_hd *hd,
+                                  ngtcp2_frame_chain *frc, ngtcp2_tstamp ts,
+                                  size_t pktlen, uint16_t flags,
+                                  ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_entry_objalloc_del adds |ent| to |objalloc| for reuse.
+ * ngtcp2_frame_chain linked from ent->frc are also added to
+ * |frc_objalloc| depending on their frame type and size.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_entry_objalloc_del(ngtcp2_rtb_entry *ent,
+                                   ngtcp2_objalloc *objalloc,
+                                   ngtcp2_objalloc *frc_objalloc,
+                                   const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb tracks sent packets, and its ACK timeout for
+ * retransmission.
+ */
+typedef struct ngtcp2_rtb {
+  ngtcp2_objalloc *frc_objalloc;
+  ngtcp2_objalloc *rtb_entry_objalloc;
+  /* ents includes ngtcp2_rtb_entry sorted by decreasing order of
+     packet number. */
+  ngtcp2_ksl ents;
+  /* crypto is CRYPTO stream. */
+  ngtcp2_strm *crypto;
+  ngtcp2_rst *rst;
+  ngtcp2_cc *cc;
+  ngtcp2_log *log;
+  ngtcp2_qlog *qlog;
+  const ngtcp2_mem *mem;
+  /* largest_acked_tx_pkt_num is the largest packet number
+     acknowledged by the peer. */
+  int64_t largest_acked_tx_pkt_num;
+  /* num_ack_eliciting is the number of ACK eliciting entries. */
+  size_t num_ack_eliciting;
+  /* num_retransmittable is the number of packets which contain frames
+     that must be retransmitted on loss. */
+  size_t num_retransmittable;
+  /* num_pto_eliciting is the number of packets that elicit PTO probe
+     packets. */
+  size_t num_pto_eliciting;
+  /* probe_pkt_left is the number of probe packet to send */
+  size_t probe_pkt_left;
+  /* pktns_id is the identifier of packet number space. */
+  ngtcp2_pktns_id pktns_id;
+  /* cc_pkt_num is the smallest packet number that is contributed to
+     ngtcp2_conn_stat.bytes_in_flight. */
+  int64_t cc_pkt_num;
+  /* cc_bytes_in_flight is the number of in-flight bytes that is
+     contributed to ngtcp2_conn_stat.bytes_in_flight.  It only
+     includes the bytes after congestion state is reset. */
+  uint64_t cc_bytes_in_flight;
+  /* persistent_congestion_start_ts is the time when persistent
+     congestion evaluation is started.  It happens roughly after
+     handshake is confirmed. */
+  ngtcp2_tstamp persistent_congestion_start_ts;
+  /* num_lost_pkts is the number entries in ents which has
+     NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_LOST_RETRANSMITTED flag set. */
+  size_t num_lost_pkts;
+  /* num_lost_pmtud_pkts is the number of entries in ents which have
+     both NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_LOST_RETRANSMITTED and
+     NGTCP2_RTB_ENTRY_FLAG_PMTUD_PROBE flags set. */
+  size_t num_lost_pmtud_pkts;
+} ngtcp2_rtb;
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_init initializes |rtb|.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_init(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_pktns_id pktns_id,
+                     ngtcp2_strm *crypto, ngtcp2_rst *rst, ngtcp2_cc *cc,
+                     ngtcp2_log *log, ngtcp2_qlog *qlog,
+                     ngtcp2_objalloc *rtb_entry_objalloc,
+                     ngtcp2_objalloc *frc_objalloc, const ngtcp2_mem *mem);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_free deallocates resources allocated for |rtb|.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_free(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_add adds |ent| to |rtb|.
+ *
+ * This function returns 0 if it succeeds, or one of the following
+ * negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGTCP2_ERR_NOMEM
+ *     Out of memory
+ */
+int ngtcp2_rtb_add(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_rtb_entry *ent,
+                   ngtcp2_conn_stat *cstat);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_head returns the iterator which points to the entry
+ * which has the largest packet number.  If there is no entry,
+ * returned value satisfies ngtcp2_ksl_it_end(&it) != 0.
+ */
+ngtcp2_ksl_it ngtcp2_rtb_head(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_recv_ack removes acked ngtcp2_rtb_entry from |rtb|.
+ * |pkt_num| is a packet number which includes |fr|.  |pkt_ts| is the
+ * timestamp when packet is received.  |ts| should be the current
+ * time.  Usually they are the same, but for buffered packets,
+ * |pkt_ts| would be earlier than |ts|.
+ *
+ * This function returns the number of newly acknowledged packets if
+ * it succeeds, or one of the following negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGTCP2_ERR_CALLBACK_FAILURE
+ *     User callback failed
+ * NGTCP2_ERR_NOMEM
+ *     Out of memory
+ */
+ngtcp2_ssize ngtcp2_rtb_recv_ack(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, const ngtcp2_ack *fr,
+                                 ngtcp2_conn_stat *cstat, ngtcp2_conn *conn,
+                                 ngtcp2_pktns *pktns, ngtcp2_tstamp pkt_ts,
+                                 ngtcp2_tstamp ts);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_detect_lost_pkt detects lost packets and prepends the
+ * frames contained them to |*pfrc|.  Even when this function fails,
+ * some frames might be prepended to |*pfrc| and the caller should
+ * handle them.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_rtb_detect_lost_pkt(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_conn *conn,
+                               ngtcp2_pktns *pktns, ngtcp2_conn_stat *cstat,
+                               ngtcp2_tstamp ts);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_remove_expired_lost_pkt removes expired lost packet.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_remove_expired_lost_pkt(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_duration pto,
+                                        ngtcp2_tstamp ts);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_lost_pkt_ts returns the earliest time when the still
+ * retained packet was lost.  It returns UINT64_MAX if no such packet
+ * exists.
+ */
+ngtcp2_tstamp ngtcp2_rtb_lost_pkt_ts(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_remove_all removes all packets from |rtb| and prepends
+ * all frames to |*pfrc|.  Even when this function fails, some frames
+ * might be prepended to |*pfrc| and the caller should handle them.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_rtb_remove_all(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_conn *conn,
+                          ngtcp2_pktns *pktns, ngtcp2_conn_stat *cstat);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_remove_early_data removes all entries for 0RTT packets.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_remove_early_data(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_conn_stat *cstat);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_empty returns nonzero if |rtb| have no entry.
+ */
+int ngtcp2_rtb_empty(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_reset_cc_state resets congestion state in |rtb|.
+ * |cc_pkt_num| is the next outbound packet number which is sent under
+ * new congestion state.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_reset_cc_state(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, int64_t cc_pkt_num);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_remove_expired_lost_pkt ensures that the number of lost
+ * packets at most |n|.
+ */
+void ngtcp2_rtb_remove_excessive_lost_pkt(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, size_t n);
+
+/*
+ * ngtcp2_rtb_reclaim_on_pto reclaims up to |num_pkts| packets which
+ * are in-flight and not marked lost to send them in PTO probe.  The
+ * reclaimed frames are chained to |*pfrc|.
+ *
+ * This function returns the number of packets reclaimed if it
+ * succeeds, or one of the following negative error codes:
+ *
+ * NGTCP2_ERR_NOMEM
+ *     Out of memory
+ */
+ngtcp2_ssize ngtcp2_rtb_reclaim_on_pto(ngtcp2_rtb *rtb, ngtcp2_conn *conn,
+                                       ngtcp2_pktns *pktns, size_t num_pkts);
+
+#endif /* NGTCP2_RTB_H */

data/ext/ngtcp2/lib/ngtcp2_str.c

@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+/*
+ * ngtcp2
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2017 ngtcp2 contributors
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+ * a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+ * "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+ * without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+ * distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+ * permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+ * the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+ * included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+ * EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+ * MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+ * NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+ * LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+ * OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+ * WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+ */
+#include "ngtcp2_str.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "ngtcp2_macro.h"
+
+void *ngtcp2_cpymem(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n) {
+  memcpy(dest, src, n);
+  return (uint8_t *)dest + n;
+}
+
+uint8_t *ngtcp2_setmem(uint8_t *dest, uint8_t b, size_t n) {
+  memset(dest, b, n);
+  return dest + n;
+}
+
+const void *ngtcp2_get_bytes(void *dest, const void *src, size_t n) {
+  memcpy(dest, src, n);
+  return (uint8_t *)src + n;
+}
+
+#define LOWER_XDIGITS "0123456789abcdef"
+
+uint8_t *ngtcp2_encode_hex(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  size_t i;
+  uint8_t *p = dest;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    *p++ = (uint8_t)LOWER_XDIGITS[data[i] >> 4];
+    *p++ = (uint8_t)LOWER_XDIGITS[data[i] & 0xf];
+  }
+
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return dest;
+}
+
+char *ngtcp2_encode_printable_ascii(char *dest, const uint8_t *data,
+                                    size_t len) {
+  size_t i;
+  char *p = dest;
+  uint8_t c;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    c = data[i];
+    if (0x20 <= c && c <= 0x7e) {
+      *p++ = (char)c;
+    } else {
+      *p++ = '.';
+    }
+  }
+
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return dest;
+}
+
+/*
+ * write_uint writes |n| to the buffer pointed by |p| in decimal
+ * representation.  It returns |p| plus the number of bytes written.
+ * The function assumes that the buffer has enough capacity to contain
+ * a string.
+ */
+static uint8_t *write_uint(uint8_t *p, uint64_t n) {
+  size_t nlen = 0;
+  uint64_t t;
+  uint8_t *res;
+
+  if (n == 0) {
+    *p++ = '0';
+    return p;
+  }
+  for (t = n; t; t /= 10, ++nlen)
+    ;
+  p += nlen;
+  res = p;
+  for (; n; n /= 10) {
+    *--p = (uint8_t)((n % 10) + '0');
+  }
+  return res;
+}
+
+uint8_t *ngtcp2_encode_ipv4(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *addr) {
+  size_t i;
+  uint8_t *p = dest;
+
+  p = write_uint(p, addr[0]);
+
+  for (i = 1; i < 4; ++i) {
+    *p++ = '.';
+    p = write_uint(p, addr[i]);
+  }
+
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return dest;
+}
+
+/*
+ * write_hex_zsup writes the content of buffer pointed by |data| of
+ * length |len| to |dest| in hex string.  Any leading zeros are
+ * suppressed.  It returns |dest| plus the number of bytes written.
+ */
+static uint8_t *write_hex_zsup(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *data, size_t len) {
+  size_t i;
+  uint8_t *p = dest;
+  uint8_t d;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+    d = data[i];
+    if (d >> 4) {
+      break;
+    }
+
+    d &= 0xf;
+
+    if (d) {
+      *p++ = (uint8_t)LOWER_XDIGITS[d];
+      ++i;
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (p == dest && i == len) {
+    *p++ = '0';
+    return p;
+  }
+
+  for (; i < len; ++i) {
+    d = data[i];
+    *p++ = (uint8_t)LOWER_XDIGITS[d >> 4];
+    *p++ = (uint8_t)LOWER_XDIGITS[d & 0xf];
+  }
+
+  return p;
+}
+
+uint8_t *ngtcp2_encode_ipv6(uint8_t *dest, const uint8_t *addr) {
+  uint16_t blks[8];
+  size_t i;
+  size_t zlen, zoff;
+  size_t max_zlen = 0, max_zoff = 8;
+  uint8_t *p = dest;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < 16; i += sizeof(uint16_t)) {
+    /* Copy in network byte order. */
+    memcpy(&blks[i / sizeof(uint16_t)], addr + i, sizeof(uint16_t));
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < 8;) {
+    if (blks[i]) {
+      ++i;
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    zlen = 1;
+    zoff = i;
+
+    ++i;
+    for (; i < 8 && blks[i] == 0; ++i, ++zlen)
+      ;
+    if (zlen > max_zlen) {
+      max_zlen = zlen;
+      max_zoff = zoff;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Do not suppress a single '0' block */
+  if (max_zlen == 1) {
+    max_zoff = 8;
+  }
+
+  if (max_zoff != 0) {
+    p = write_hex_zsup(p, (const uint8_t *)blks, sizeof(uint16_t));
+
+    for (i = 1; i < max_zoff; ++i) {
+      *p++ = ':';
+      p = write_hex_zsup(p, (const uint8_t *)(blks + i), sizeof(uint16_t));
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (max_zoff != 8) {
+    *p++ = ':';
+
+    if (max_zoff + max_zlen == 8) {
+      *p++ = ':';
+    } else {
+      for (i = max_zoff + max_zlen; i < 8; ++i) {
+        *p++ = ':';
+        p = write_hex_zsup(p, (const uint8_t *)(blks + i), sizeof(uint16_t));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  *p = '\0';
+
+  return dest;
+}
+
+int ngtcp2_cmemeq(const uint8_t *a, const uint8_t *b, size_t n) {
+  size_t i;
+  int rv = 0;
+
+  for (i = 0; i < n; ++i) {
+    rv |= a[i] ^ b[i];
+  }
+
+  return rv == 0;
+}