prism 1.3.0 → 1.4.0

data/lib/prism/translation/parser/lexer.rb

@@ -1,21 +1,25 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
+require "strscan"
+require_relative "../../polyfill/append_as_bytes"
+
 module Prism
   module Translation
     class Parser
       # Accepts a list of prism tokens and converts them into the expected
       # format for the parser gem.
       class Lexer
+        # These tokens are always skipped
+        TYPES_ALWAYS_SKIP = Set.new(%i[IGNORED_NEWLINE __END__ EOF])
+        private_constant :TYPES_ALWAYS_SKIP
+
         # The direct translating of types between the two lexers.
         TYPES = {
           # These tokens should never appear in the output of the lexer.
-          EOF: nil,
           MISSING: nil,
           NOT_PROVIDED: nil,
-          IGNORED_NEWLINE: nil,
           EMBDOC_END: nil,
           EMBDOC_LINE: nil,
-          __END__: nil,
 
           # These tokens have more or less direct mappings.
           AMPERSAND: :tAMPER2,
@@ -191,16 +195,24 @@ module Prism
         #
         # NOTE: In edge cases like `-> (foo = -> (bar) {}) do end`, please note that `kDO` is still returned
         # instead of `kDO_LAMBDA`, which is expected: https://github.com/ruby/prism/pull/3046
-        LAMBDA_TOKEN_TYPES = [:kDO_LAMBDA, :tLAMBDA, :tLAMBEG]
+        LAMBDA_TOKEN_TYPES = Set.new([:kDO_LAMBDA, :tLAMBDA, :tLAMBEG])
 
         # The `PARENTHESIS_LEFT` token in Prism is classified as either `tLPAREN` or `tLPAREN2` in the Parser gem.
         # The following token types are listed as those classified as `tLPAREN`.
-        LPAREN_CONVERSION_TOKEN_TYPES = [
+        LPAREN_CONVERSION_TOKEN_TYPES = Set.new([
           :kBREAK, :kCASE, :tDIVIDE, :kFOR, :kIF, :kNEXT, :kRETURN, :kUNTIL, :kWHILE, :tAMPER, :tANDOP, :tBANG, :tCOMMA, :tDOT2, :tDOT3,
-          :tEQL, :tLPAREN, :tLPAREN2, :tLSHFT, :tNL, :tOP_ASGN, :tOROP, :tPIPE, :tSEMI, :tSTRING_DBEG, :tUMINUS, :tUPLUS
-        ]
+          :tEQL, :tLPAREN, :tLPAREN2, :tLPAREN_ARG, :tLSHFT, :tNL, :tOP_ASGN, :tOROP, :tPIPE, :tSEMI, :tSTRING_DBEG, :tUMINUS, :tUPLUS
+        ])
+
+        # Types of tokens that are allowed to continue a method call with comments in-between.
+        # For these, the parser gem doesn't emit a newline token after the last comment.
+        COMMENT_CONTINUATION_TYPES = Set.new([:COMMENT, :AMPERSAND_DOT, :DOT])
+        private_constant :COMMENT_CONTINUATION_TYPES
+
+        # Heredocs are complex and require us to keep track of a bit of info to refer to later
+        HeredocData = Struct.new(:identifier, :common_whitespace, keyword_init: true)
 
-        private_constant :TYPES, :EXPR_BEG, :EXPR_LABEL, :LAMBDA_TOKEN_TYPES, :LPAREN_CONVERSION_TOKEN_TYPES
+        private_constant :TYPES, :EXPR_BEG, :EXPR_LABEL, :LAMBDA_TOKEN_TYPES, :LPAREN_CONVERSION_TOKEN_TYPES, :HeredocData
 
         # The Parser::Source::Buffer that the tokens were lexed from.
         attr_reader :source_buffer
@@ -230,46 +242,78 @@ module Prism
           index = 0
           length = lexed.length
 
-          heredoc_identifier_stack = []
+          heredoc_stack = []
+          quote_stack = []
+
+          # The parser gem emits the newline tokens for comments out of order. This saves
+          # that token location to emit at a later time to properly line everything up.
+          # https://github.com/whitequark/parser/issues/1025
+          comment_newline_location = nil
 
           while index < length
             token, state = lexed[index]
             index += 1
-            next if %i[IGNORED_NEWLINE __END__ EOF].include?(token.type)
+            next if TYPES_ALWAYS_SKIP.include?(token.type)
 
             type = TYPES.fetch(token.type)
             value = token.value
-            location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset], offset_cache[token.location.end_offset])
+            location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.end_offset)
 
             case type
             when :kDO
-              types = tokens.map(&:first)
-              nearest_lambda_token_type = types.reverse.find { |type| LAMBDA_TOKEN_TYPES.include?(type) }
+              nearest_lambda_token = tokens.reverse_each.find do |token|
+                LAMBDA_TOKEN_TYPES.include?(token.first)
+              end
 
-              if nearest_lambda_token_type == :tLAMBDA
+              if nearest_lambda_token&.first == :tLAMBDA
                 type = :kDO_LAMBDA
               end
             when :tCHARACTER
               value.delete_prefix!("?")
+              # Character literals behave similar to double-quoted strings. We can use the same escaping mechanism.
+              value = unescape_string(value, "?")
             when :tCOMMENT
               if token.type == :EMBDOC_BEGIN
-                start_index = index
 
                 while !((next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type == :EMBDOC_END) && (index < length - 1)
                   value += next_token.value
                   index += 1
                 end
 
-                if start_index != index
-                  value += next_token.value
-                  location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset], offset_cache[lexed[index][0].location.end_offset])
-                  index += 1
-                end
+                value += next_token.value
+                location = range(token.location.start_offset, lexed[index][0].location.end_offset)
+                index += 1
               else
-                value.chomp!
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset], offset_cache[token.location.end_offset - 1])
+                is_at_eol = value.chomp!.nil?
+                location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.end_offset + (is_at_eol ? 0 : -1))
+
+                prev_token = lexed[index - 2][0] if index - 2 >= 0
+                next_token = lexed[index][0]
+
+                is_inline_comment = prev_token&.location&.start_line == token.location.start_line
+                if is_inline_comment && !is_at_eol && !COMMENT_CONTINUATION_TYPES.include?(next_token&.type)
+                  tokens << [:tCOMMENT, [value, location]]
+
+                  nl_location = range(token.location.end_offset - 1, token.location.end_offset)
+                  tokens << [:tNL, [nil, nl_location]]
+                  next
+                elsif is_inline_comment && next_token&.type == :COMMENT
+                  comment_newline_location = range(token.location.end_offset - 1, token.location.end_offset)
+                elsif comment_newline_location && !COMMENT_CONTINUATION_TYPES.include?(next_token&.type)
+                  tokens << [:tCOMMENT, [value, location]]
+                  tokens << [:tNL, [nil, comment_newline_location]]
+                  comment_newline_location = nil
+                  next
+                end
               end
             when :tNL
+              next_token = next_token = lexed[index][0]
+              # Newlines after comments are emitted out of order.
+              if next_token&.type == :COMMENT
+                comment_newline_location = location
+                next
+              end
+
               value = nil
             when :tFLOAT
               value = parse_float(value)
@@ -277,8 +321,8 @@ module Prism
               value = parse_complex(value)
             when :tINTEGER
               if value.start_with?("+")
-                tokens << [:tUNARY_NUM, ["+", Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset], offset_cache[token.location.start_offset + 1])]]
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset + 1], offset_cache[token.location.end_offset])
+                tokens << [:tUNARY_NUM, ["+", range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.start_offset + 1)]]
+                location = range(token.location.start_offset + 1, token.location.end_offset)
               end
 
               value = parse_integer(value)
@@ -297,68 +341,154 @@ module Prism
             when :tRATIONAL
               value = parse_rational(value)
             when :tSPACE
+              location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.start_offset + percent_array_leading_whitespace(value))
               value = nil
             when :tSTRING_BEG
-              if token.type == :HEREDOC_START
-                heredoc_identifier_stack.push(value.match(/<<[-~]?["'`]?(?<heredoc_identifier>.*?)["'`]?\z/)[:heredoc_identifier])
-              end
-              if ["\"", "'"].include?(value) && (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type == :STRING_END
+              next_token = lexed[index][0]
+              next_next_token = lexed[index + 1][0]
+              basic_quotes = value == '"' || value == "'"
+
+              if basic_quotes && next_token&.type == :STRING_END
                 next_location = token.location.join(next_token.location)
                 type = :tSTRING
                 value = ""
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[next_location.start_offset], offset_cache[next_location.end_offset])
+                location = range(next_location.start_offset, next_location.end_offset)
                 index += 1
-              elsif ["\"", "'"].include?(value) && (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type == :STRING_CONTENT && next_token.value.lines.count <= 1 && (next_next_token = lexed[index + 1][0]) && next_next_token.type == :STRING_END
-                next_location = token.location.join(next_next_token.location)
-                type = :tSTRING
-                value = next_token.value.gsub("\\\\", "\\")
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[next_location.start_offset], offset_cache[next_location.end_offset])
-                index += 2
-              elsif value.start_with?("<<")
+              elsif value.start_with?("'", '"', "%")
+                if next_token&.type == :STRING_CONTENT && next_next_token&.type == :STRING_END
+                  string_value = next_token.value
+                  if simplify_string?(string_value, value)
+                    next_location = token.location.join(next_next_token.location)
+                    if percent_array?(value)
+                      value = percent_array_unescape(string_value)
+                    else
+                      value = unescape_string(string_value, value)
+                    end
+                    type = :tSTRING
+                    location = range(next_location.start_offset, next_location.end_offset)
+                    index += 2
+                    tokens << [type, [value, location]]
+
+                    next
+                  end
+                end
+
+                quote_stack.push(value)
+              elsif token.type == :HEREDOC_START
                 quote = value[2] == "-" || value[2] == "~" ? value[3] : value[2]
+                heredoc_type = value[2] == "-" || value[2] == "~" ? value[2] : ""
+                heredoc = HeredocData.new(
+                  identifier: value.match(/<<[-~]?["'`]?(?<heredoc_identifier>.*?)["'`]?\z/)[:heredoc_identifier],
+                  common_whitespace: 0,
+                )
+
                 if quote == "`"
                   type = :tXSTRING_BEG
-                  value = "<<`"
+                end
+
+                # The parser gem trims whitespace from squiggly heredocs. We must record
+                # the most common whitespace to later remove.
+                if heredoc_type == "~" || heredoc_type == "`"
+                  heredoc.common_whitespace = calculate_heredoc_whitespace(index)
+                end
+
+                if quote == "'" || quote == '"' || quote == "`"
+                  value = "<<#{quote}"
                 else
-                  value = "<<#{quote == "'" || quote == "\"" ? quote : "\""}"
+                  value = '<<"'
                 end
+
+                heredoc_stack.push(heredoc)
+                quote_stack.push(value)
               end
             when :tSTRING_CONTENT
-              unless (lines = token.value.lines).one?
-                start_offset = offset_cache[token.location.start_offset]
-                lines.map do |line|
-                  newline = line.end_with?("\r\n") ? "\r\n" : "\n"
+              is_percent_array = percent_array?(quote_stack.last)
+
+              if (lines = token.value.lines).one?
+                # Prism usually emits a single token for strings with line continuations.
+                # For squiggly heredocs they are not joined so we do that manually here.
+                current_string = +""
+                current_length = 0
+                start_offset = token.location.start_offset
+                while token.type == :STRING_CONTENT
+                  current_length += token.value.bytesize
+                  # Heredoc interpolation can have multiple STRING_CONTENT nodes on the same line.
+                  is_first_token_on_line = lexed[index - 1] && token.location.start_line != lexed[index - 2][0].location&.start_line
+                  # The parser gem only removes indentation when the heredoc is not nested
+                  not_nested = heredoc_stack.size == 1
+                  if is_percent_array
+                    value = percent_array_unescape(token.value)
+                  elsif is_first_token_on_line && not_nested && (current_heredoc = heredoc_stack.last).common_whitespace > 0
+                    value = trim_heredoc_whitespace(token.value, current_heredoc)
+                  end
+
+                  current_string << unescape_string(value, quote_stack.last)
+                  if (backslash_count = token.value[/(\\{1,})\n/, 1]&.length).nil? || backslash_count.even? || !interpolation?(quote_stack.last)
+                    tokens << [:tSTRING_CONTENT, [current_string, range(start_offset, start_offset + current_length)]]
+                    break
+                  end
+                  token = lexed[index][0]
+                  index += 1
+                end
+              else
+                # When the parser gem encounters a line continuation inside of a multiline string,
+                # it emits a single string node. The backslash (and remaining newline) is removed.
+                current_line = +""
+                adjustment = 0
+                start_offset = token.location.start_offset
+                emit = false
+
+                lines.each.with_index do |line, index|
                   chomped_line = line.chomp
-                  if match = chomped_line.match(/(?<backslashes>\\+)\z/)
-                    adjustment = match[:backslashes].size / 2
-                    adjusted_line = chomped_line.delete_suffix("\\" * adjustment)
-                    if match[:backslashes].size.odd?
-                      adjusted_line.delete_suffix!("\\")
-                      adjustment += 2
+                  backslash_count = chomped_line[/\\{1,}\z/]&.length || 0
+                  is_interpolation = interpolation?(quote_stack.last)
+
+                  if backslash_count.odd? && (is_interpolation || is_percent_array)
+                    if is_percent_array
+                      current_line << percent_array_unescape(line)
+                      adjustment += 1
                     else
-                      adjusted_line << newline
+                      chomped_line.delete_suffix!("\\")
+                      current_line << chomped_line
+                      adjustment += 2
                     end
+                    # If the string ends with a line continuation emit the remainder
+                    emit = index == lines.count - 1
                   else
-                    adjusted_line = line
-                    adjustment = 0
+                    current_line << line
+                    emit = true
                   end
 
-                  end_offset = start_offset + adjusted_line.length + adjustment
-                  tokens << [:tSTRING_CONTENT, [adjusted_line, Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[start_offset], offset_cache[end_offset])]]
-                  start_offset = end_offset
+                  if emit
+                    end_offset = start_offset + current_line.bytesize + adjustment
+                    tokens << [:tSTRING_CONTENT, [unescape_string(current_line, quote_stack.last), range(start_offset, end_offset)]]
+                    start_offset = end_offset
+                    current_line = +""
+                    adjustment = 0
+                  end
                 end
-                next
               end
+              next
             when :tSTRING_DVAR
               value = nil
             when :tSTRING_END
               if token.type == :HEREDOC_END && value.end_with?("\n")
                 newline_length = value.end_with?("\r\n") ? 2 : 1
-                value = heredoc_identifier_stack.pop
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset], offset_cache[token.location.end_offset - newline_length])
+                value = heredoc_stack.pop.identifier
+                location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.end_offset - newline_length)
               elsif token.type == :REGEXP_END
                 value = value[0]
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset], offset_cache[token.location.start_offset + 1])
+                location = range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.start_offset + 1)
+              end
+
+              if percent_array?(quote_stack.pop)
+                prev_token = lexed[index - 2][0] if index - 2 >= 0
+                empty = %i[PERCENT_LOWER_I PERCENT_LOWER_W PERCENT_UPPER_I PERCENT_UPPER_W].include?(prev_token&.type)
+                ends_with_whitespace = prev_token&.type == :WORDS_SEP
+                # parser always emits a space token after content in a percent array, even if no actual whitespace is present.
+                if !empty && !ends_with_whitespace
+                  tokens << [:tSPACE, [nil, range(token.location.start_offset, token.location.start_offset)]]
+                end
               end
             when :tSYMBEG
               if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type != :STRING_CONTENT && next_token.type != :EMBEXPR_BEGIN && next_token.type != :EMBVAR && next_token.type != :STRING_END
@@ -366,23 +496,35 @@ module Prism
                 type = :tSYMBOL
                 value = next_token.value
                 value = { "~@" => "~", "!@" => "!" }.fetch(value, value)
-                location = Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[next_location.start_offset], offset_cache[next_location.end_offset])
+                location = range(next_location.start_offset, next_location.end_offset)
                 index += 1
+              else
+                quote_stack.push(value)
               end
             when :tFID
               if !tokens.empty? && tokens.dig(-1, 0) == :kDEF
                 type = :tIDENTIFIER
               end
             when :tXSTRING_BEG
-              if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type != :STRING_CONTENT && next_token.type != :STRING_END
+              if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && !%i[STRING_CONTENT STRING_END EMBEXPR_BEGIN].include?(next_token.type)
+                # self.`()
                 type = :tBACK_REF2
               end
+              quote_stack.push(value)
+            when :tSYMBOLS_BEG, :tQSYMBOLS_BEG, :tWORDS_BEG, :tQWORDS_BEG
+              if (next_token = lexed[index][0]) && next_token.type == :WORDS_SEP
+                index += 1
+              end
+
+              quote_stack.push(value)
+            when :tREGEXP_BEG
+              quote_stack.push(value)
             end
 
             tokens << [type, [value, location]]
 
             if token.type == :REGEXP_END
-              tokens << [:tREGEXP_OPT, [token.value[1..], Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[token.location.start_offset + 1], offset_cache[token.location.end_offset])]]
+              tokens << [:tREGEXP_OPT, [token.value[1..], range(token.location.start_offset + 1, token.location.end_offset)]]
             end
           end
 
@@ -391,6 +533,11 @@ module Prism
 
         private
 
+        # Creates a new parser range, taking prisms byte offsets into account
+        def range(start_offset, end_offset)
+          Range.new(source_buffer, offset_cache[start_offset], offset_cache[end_offset])
+        end
+
         # Parse an integer from the string representation.
         def parse_integer(value)
           Integer(value)
@@ -432,6 +579,233 @@ module Prism
         rescue ArgumentError
           0r
         end
+
+        # Wonky heredoc tab/spaces rules.
+        # https://github.com/ruby/prism/blob/v1.3.0/src/prism.c#L10548-L10558
+        def calculate_heredoc_whitespace(heredoc_token_index)
+          next_token_index = heredoc_token_index
+          nesting_level = 0
+          previous_line = -1
+          result = Float::MAX
+
+          while (lexed[next_token_index] && next_token = lexed[next_token_index][0])
+            next_token_index += 1
+            next_next_token = lexed[next_token_index] && lexed[next_token_index][0]
+            first_token_on_line = next_token.location.start_column == 0
+
+            # String content inside nested heredocs and interpolation is ignored
+            if next_token.type == :HEREDOC_START || next_token.type == :EMBEXPR_BEGIN
+              # When interpolation is the first token of a line there is no string
+              # content to check against. There will be no common whitespace.
+              if nesting_level == 0 && first_token_on_line
+                result = 0
+              end
+              nesting_level += 1
+            elsif next_token.type == :HEREDOC_END || next_token.type == :EMBEXPR_END
+              nesting_level -= 1
+              # When we encountered the matching heredoc end, we can exit
+              break if nesting_level == -1
+            elsif next_token.type == :STRING_CONTENT && nesting_level == 0 && first_token_on_line
+              common_whitespace = 0
+              next_token.value[/^\s*/].each_char do |char|
+                if char == "\t"
+                  common_whitespace = (common_whitespace / 8 + 1) * 8;
+                else
+                  common_whitespace += 1
+                end
+              end
+
+              is_first_token_on_line = next_token.location.start_line != previous_line
+              # Whitespace is significant if followed by interpolation
+              whitespace_only = common_whitespace == next_token.value.length && next_next_token&.location&.start_line != next_token.location.start_line
+              if is_first_token_on_line && !whitespace_only && common_whitespace < result
+                result = common_whitespace
+                previous_line = next_token.location.start_line
+              end
+            end
+          end
+          result
+        end
+
+        # Wonky heredoc tab/spaces rules.
+        # https://github.com/ruby/prism/blob/v1.3.0/src/prism.c#L16528-L16545
+        def trim_heredoc_whitespace(string, heredoc)
+          trimmed_whitespace = 0
+          trimmed_characters = 0
+          while (string[trimmed_characters] == "\t" || string[trimmed_characters] == " ") && trimmed_whitespace < heredoc.common_whitespace
+            if string[trimmed_characters] == "\t"
+              trimmed_whitespace = (trimmed_whitespace / 8 + 1) * 8;
+              break if trimmed_whitespace > heredoc.common_whitespace
+            else
+              trimmed_whitespace += 1
+            end
+            trimmed_characters += 1
+          end
+
+          string[trimmed_characters..]
+        end
+
+        # Escape sequences that have special and should appear unescaped in the resulting string.
+        ESCAPES = {
+          "a" => "\a", "b" => "\b", "e" => "\e", "f" => "\f",
+          "n" => "\n", "r" => "\r", "s" => "\s", "t" => "\t",
+          "v" => "\v", "\\" => "\\"
+        }.freeze
+        private_constant :ESCAPES
+
+        # When one of these delimiters is encountered, then the other
+        # one is allowed to be escaped as well.
+        DELIMITER_SYMETRY = { "[" => "]", "(" => ")", "{" => "}", "<" => ">" }.freeze
+        private_constant :DELIMITER_SYMETRY
+
+
+        # https://github.com/whitequark/parser/blob/v3.3.6.0/lib/parser/lexer-strings.rl#L14
+        REGEXP_META_CHARACTERS = ["\\", "$", "(", ")", "*", "+", ".", "<", ">", "?", "[", "]", "^", "{", "|", "}"]
+        private_constant :REGEXP_META_CHARACTERS
+
+        # Apply Ruby string escaping rules
+        def unescape_string(string, quote)
+          # In single-quoted heredocs, everything is taken literally.
+          return string if quote == "<<'"
+
+          # OPTIMIZATION: Assume that few strings need escaping to speed up the common case.
+          return string unless string.include?("\\")
+
+          # Enclosing character for the string. `"` for `"foo"`, `{` for `%w{foo}`, etc.
+          delimiter = quote[-1]
+
+          if regexp?(quote)
+            # Should be escaped handled to single-quoted heredocs. The only character that is
+            # allowed to be escaped is the delimiter, except when that also has special meaning
+            # in the regexp. Since all the symetry delimiters have special meaning, they don't need
+            # to be considered separately.
+            if REGEXP_META_CHARACTERS.include?(delimiter)
+              string
+            else
+              # There can never be an even amount of backslashes. It would be a syntax error.
+              string.gsub(/\\(#{Regexp.escape(delimiter)})/, '\1')
+            end
+          elsif interpolation?(quote)
+            # Appending individual escape sequences may force the string out of its intended
+            # encoding. Start out with binary and force it back later.
+            result = "".b
+
+            scanner = StringScanner.new(string)
+            while (skipped = scanner.skip_until(/\\/))
+              # Append what was just skipped over, excluding the found backslash.
+              result.append_as_bytes(string.byteslice(scanner.pos - skipped, skipped - 1))
+              escape_read(result, scanner, false, false)
+            end
+
+            # Add remaining chars
+            result.append_as_bytes(string.byteslice(scanner.pos..))
+            result.force_encoding(source_buffer.source.encoding)
+          else
+            delimiters = Regexp.escape("#{delimiter}#{DELIMITER_SYMETRY[delimiter]}")
+            string.gsub(/\\([\\#{delimiters}])/, '\1')
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Certain strings are merged into a single string token.
+        def simplify_string?(value, quote)
+          case quote
+          when "'"
+            # Only simplify 'foo'
+            !value.include?("\n")
+          when '"'
+            # Simplify when every line ends with a line continuation, or it is the last line
+            value.lines.all? do |line|
+              !line.end_with?("\n") || line[/(\\*)$/, 1]&.length&.odd?
+            end
+          else
+            # %q and similar are never simplified
+            false
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Escape a byte value, given the control and meta flags.
+        def escape_build(value, control, meta)
+          value &= 0x9f if control
+          value |= 0x80 if meta
+          value
+        end
+
+        # Read an escape out of the string scanner, given the control and meta
+        # flags, and push the unescaped value into the result.
+        def escape_read(result, scanner, control, meta)
+          if scanner.skip("\n")
+            # Line continuation
+          elsif (value = ESCAPES[scanner.peek(1)])
+            # Simple single-character escape sequences like \n
+            result.append_as_bytes(value)
+            scanner.pos += 1
+          elsif (value = scanner.scan(/[0-7]{1,3}/))
+            # \nnn
+            result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(value.to_i(8), control, meta))
+          elsif (value = scanner.scan(/x[0-9a-fA-F]{1,2}/))
+            # \xnn
+            result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(value[1..].to_i(16), control, meta))
+          elsif (value = scanner.scan(/u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}/))
+            # \unnnn
+            result.append_as_bytes(value[1..].hex.chr(Encoding::UTF_8))
+          elsif scanner.skip("u{}")
+            # https://github.com/whitequark/parser/issues/856
+          elsif (value = scanner.scan(/u{.*?}/))
+            # \u{nnnn ...}
+            value[2..-2].split.each do |unicode|
+              result.append_as_bytes(unicode.hex.chr(Encoding::UTF_8))
+            end
+          elsif (value = scanner.scan(/c\\?(?=[[:print:]])|C-\\?(?=[[:print:]])/))
+            # \cx or \C-x where x is an ASCII printable character
+            escape_read(result, scanner, true, meta)
+          elsif (value = scanner.scan(/M-\\?(?=[[:print:]])/))
+            # \M-x where x is an ASCII printable character
+            escape_read(result, scanner, control, true)
+          elsif (byte = scanner.get_byte)
+            # Something else after an escape.
+            if control && byte == "?"
+              result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(0x7f, false, meta))
+            else
+              result.append_as_bytes(escape_build(byte.ord, control, meta))
+            end
+          end
+        end
+
+        # In a percent array, certain whitespace can be preceeded with a backslash,
+        # causing the following characters to be part of the previous element.
+        def percent_array_unescape(string)
+          string.gsub(/(\\)+[ \f\n\r\t\v]/) do |full_match|
+            full_match.delete_prefix!("\\") if Regexp.last_match[1].length.odd?
+            full_match
+          end
+        end
+
+        # For %-arrays whitespace, the parser gem only considers whitespace before the newline.
+        def percent_array_leading_whitespace(string)
+          return 1 if string.start_with?("\n")
+
+          leading_whitespace = 0
+          string.each_char do |c|
+            break if c == "\n"
+            leading_whitespace += 1
+          end
+          leading_whitespace
+        end
+
+        # Determine if characters preceeded by a backslash should be escaped or not
+        def interpolation?(quote)
+          !quote.end_with?("'") && !quote.start_with?("%q", "%w", "%i", "%s")
+        end
+
+        # Regexp allow interpolation but are handled differently during unescaping
+        def regexp?(quote)
+          quote == "/" || quote.start_with?("%r")
+        end
+
+        # Determine if the string is part of a %-style array.
+        def percent_array?(quote)
+          quote.start_with?("%w", "%W", "%i", "%I")
+        end
       end
     end
   end