polars-df 0.14.0-aarch64-linux → 0.16.0-aarch64-linux

data/lib/polars/data_frame.rb

@@ -8,17 +8,49 @@ module Polars
 
     # Create a new DataFrame.
     #
-    # @param data [Hash, Array, Series, nil]
-    #   Two-dimensional data in various forms. Hash must contain Arrays.
-    #   Array may contain Series.
-    # @param columns [Array, Hash, nil]
-    #   Column labels to use for resulting DataFrame. If specified, overrides any
-    #   labels already present in the data. Must match data dimensions.
-    # @param orient ["col", "row", nil]
-    #   Whether to interpret two-dimensional data as columns or as rows. If `nil`,
+    # @param data [Object]
+    #   Two-dimensional data in various forms; hash input must contain arrays
+    #   or a range. Arrays may contain Series or other arrays.
+    # @param schema [Object]
+    #   The schema of the resulting DataFrame. The schema may be declared in several
+    #   ways:
+    #
+    #   * As a hash of name:type pairs; if type is nil, it will be auto-inferred.
+    #   * As an array of column names; in this case types are automatically inferred.
+    #   * As an array of (name,type) pairs; this is equivalent to the dictionary form.
+    #
+    #   If you supply a list of column names that does not match the names in the
+    #   underlying data, the names given here will overwrite them. The number
+    #   of names given in the schema should match the underlying data dimensions.
+    #
+    #   If set to `nil` (default), the schema is inferred from the data.
+    # @param schema_overrides [Hash]
+    #   Support type specification or override of one or more columns; note that
+    #   any dtypes inferred from the schema param will be overridden.
+    #
+    #   The number of entries in the schema should match the underlying data
+    #   dimensions, unless an array of hashes is being passed, in which case
+    #   a *partial* schema can be declared to prevent specific fields from being loaded.
+    # @param strict [Boolean]
+    #   Throw an error if any `data` value does not exactly match the given or inferred
+    #   data type for that column. If set to `false`, values that do not match the data
+    #   type are cast to that data type or, if casting is not possible, set to null
+    #   instead.
+    # @param orient ["col", "row"]
+    #   Whether to interpret two-dimensional data as columns or as rows. If nil,
     #   the orientation is inferred by matching the columns and data dimensions. If
     #   this does not yield conclusive results, column orientation is used.
-    def initialize(data = nil, schema: nil, columns: nil, schema_overrides: nil, orient: nil, infer_schema_length: 100, nan_to_null: false)
+    # @param infer_schema_length [Integer]
+    #   The maximum number of rows to scan for schema inference. If set to `nil`, the
+    #   full data may be scanned *(this can be slow)*. This parameter only applies if
+    #   the input data is a sequence or generator of rows; other input is read as-is.
+    # @param nan_to_null [Boolean]
+    #   If the data comes from one or more Numo arrays, can optionally convert input
+    #   data NaN values to null instead. This is a no-op for all other input data.
+    def initialize(data = nil, schema: nil, columns: nil, schema_overrides: nil, strict: true, orient: nil, infer_schema_length: 100, nan_to_null: false)
+      if schema && columns
+        warn "columns is ignored when schema is passed"
+      end
       schema ||= columns
 
       if defined?(ActiveRecord) && (data.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Relation) || data.is_a?(ActiveRecord::Result))
@@ -29,11 +61,17 @@ module Polars
         self._df = self.class.hash_to_rbdf({}, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides)
       elsif data.is_a?(Hash)
         data = data.transform_keys { |v| v.is_a?(Symbol) ? v.to_s : v }
-        self._df = self.class.hash_to_rbdf(data, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, nan_to_null: nan_to_null)
+        self._df = self.class.hash_to_rbdf(data, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, strict: strict, nan_to_null: nan_to_null)
       elsif data.is_a?(::Array)
-        self._df = self.class.sequence_to_rbdf(data, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, orient: orient, infer_schema_length: infer_schema_length)
+        self._df = self.class.sequence_to_rbdf(data, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, strict: strict, orient: orient, infer_schema_length: infer_schema_length)
       elsif data.is_a?(Series)
-        self._df = self.class.series_to_rbdf(data, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides)
+        self._df = self.class.series_to_rbdf(data, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, strict: strict)
+      elsif data.respond_to?(:arrow_c_stream)
+        # This uses the fact that RbSeries.from_arrow_c_stream will create a
+        # struct-typed Series. Then we unpack that to a DataFrame.
+        tmp_col_name = ""
+        s = Utils.wrap_s(RbSeries.from_arrow_c_stream(data))
+        self._df = s.to_frame(tmp_col_name).unnest(tmp_col_name)._df
       else
         raise ArgumentError, "DataFrame constructor called with unsupported type; got #{data.class.name}"
       end
@@ -452,6 +490,11 @@ module Polars
       end
     end
 
+    # @private
+    def arrow_c_stream
+      _df.arrow_c_stream
+    end
+
     # Return the dataframe as a scalar.
     #
     # Equivalent to `df[0,0]`, with a check that the shape is (1,1).
@@ -766,15 +809,18 @@ module Polars
     #   Compression method. Defaults to "uncompressed".
     #
     # @return [nil]
-    def write_avro(file, compression = "uncompressed")
+    def write_avro(file, compression = "uncompressed", name: "")
       if compression.nil?
         compression = "uncompressed"
       end
       if Utils.pathlike?(file)
         file = Utils.normalize_filepath(file)
       end
+      if name.nil?
+        name = ""
+      end
 
-      _df.write_avro(file, compression)
+      _df.write_avro(file, compression, name)
     end
 
     # Write to Arrow IPC binary stream or Feather file.
@@ -785,7 +831,13 @@ module Polars
     #   Compression method. Defaults to "uncompressed".
     #
     # @return [nil]
-    def write_ipc(file, compression: "uncompressed")
+    def write_ipc(
+      file,
+      compression: "uncompressed",
+      compat_level: nil,
+      storage_options: nil,
+      retries: 2
+    )
       return_bytes = file.nil?
       if return_bytes
         file = StringIO.new
@@ -795,11 +847,21 @@ module Polars
         file = Utils.normalize_filepath(file)
       end
 
+      if compat_level.nil?
+        compat_level = true
+      end
+
       if compression.nil?
         compression = "uncompressed"
       end
 
-      _df.write_ipc(file, compression)
+      if storage_options&.any?
+        storage_options = storage_options.to_a
+      else
+        storage_options = nil
+      end
+
+      _df.write_ipc(file, compression, compat_level, storage_options, retries)
       return_bytes ? file.string : nil
     end
 
@@ -826,7 +888,8 @@ module Polars
     #   df.write_ipc_stream("new_file.arrow")
     def write_ipc_stream(
       file,
-      compression: "uncompressed"
+      compression: "uncompressed",
+      compat_level: nil
     )
       return_bytes = file.nil?
       if return_bytes
@@ -836,11 +899,15 @@ module Polars
         file = Utils.normalize_filepath(file)
       end
 
+      if compat_level.nil?
+        compat_level = true
+      end
+
       if compression.nil?
         compression = "uncompressed"
       end
 
-      _df.write_ipc_stream(file, compression)
+      _df.write_ipc_stream(file, compression, compat_level)
       return_bytes ? file.string : nil
     end
 
@@ -906,6 +973,61 @@ module Polars
       )
     end
 
+    # Write DataFrame as delta table.
+    #
+    # @param target [Object]
+    #   URI of a table or a DeltaTable object.
+    # @param mode ["error", "append", "overwrite", "ignore", "merge"]
+    #   How to handle existing data.
+    # @param storage_options [Hash]
+    #   Extra options for the storage backends supported by `deltalake-rb`.
+    # @param delta_write_options [Hash]
+    #   Additional keyword arguments while writing a Delta lake Table.
+    # @param delta_merge_options [Hash]
+    #   Keyword arguments which are required to `MERGE` a Delta lake Table.
+    #
+    # @return [nil]
+    def write_delta(
+      target,
+      mode: "error",
+      storage_options: nil,
+      delta_write_options: nil,
+      delta_merge_options: nil
+    )
+      Polars.send(:_check_if_delta_available)
+
+      if Utils.pathlike?(target)
+        target = Polars.send(:_resolve_delta_lake_uri, target.to_s, strict: false)
+      end
+
+      data = self
+
+      if mode == "merge"
+        if delta_merge_options.nil?
+          msg = "You need to pass delta_merge_options with at least a given predicate for `MERGE` to work."
+          raise ArgumentError, msg
+        end
+        if target.is_a?(::String)
+          dt = DeltaLake::Table.new(target, storage_options: storage_options)
+        else
+          dt = target
+        end
+
+        predicate = delta_merge_options.delete(:predicate)
+        dt.merge(data, predicate, **delta_merge_options)
+      else
+        delta_write_options ||= {}
+
+        DeltaLake.write(
+          target,
+          data,
+          mode: mode,
+          storage_options: storage_options,
+          **delta_write_options
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
     # Return an estimation of the total (heap) allocated size of the DataFrame.
     #
     # Estimated size is given in the specified unit (bytes by default).
@@ -1037,6 +1159,10 @@ module Polars
     #
     # @param mapping [Hash]
     #   Key value pairs that map from old name to new name.
+    # @param strict [Boolean]
+    #   Validate that all column names exist in the current schema,
+    #   and throw an exception if any do not. (Note that this parameter
+    #   is a no-op when passing a function to `mapping`).
     #
     # @return [DataFrame]
     #
@@ -1060,8 +1186,8 @@ module Polars
     #   # │ 2     ┆ 7   ┆ b   │
     #   # │ 3     ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
     #   # └───────┴─────┴─────┘
-    def rename(mapping)
-      lazy.rename(mapping).collect(no_optimization: true)
+    def rename(mapping, strict: true)
+      lazy.rename(mapping, strict: strict).collect(no_optimization: true)
     end
 
     # Insert a Series at a certain column index. This operation is in place.
@@ -2190,6 +2316,11 @@ module Polars
     # @param force_parallel [Boolean]
     #   Force the physical plan to evaluate the computation of both DataFrames up to
     #   the join in parallel.
+    # @param coalesce [Boolean]
+    #   Coalescing behavior (merging of join columns).
+    #     - true: -> Always coalesce join columns.
+    #     - false: -> Never coalesce join columns.
+    #   Note that joining on any other expressions than `col` will turn off coalescing.
     #
     # @return [DataFrame]
     #
@@ -2243,7 +2374,8 @@ module Polars
       suffix: "_right",
       tolerance: nil,
       allow_parallel: true,
-      force_parallel: false
+      force_parallel: false,
+      coalesce: true
     )
       lazy
         .join_asof(
@@ -2258,7 +2390,8 @@ module Polars
           suffix: suffix,
           tolerance: tolerance,
           allow_parallel: allow_parallel,
-          force_parallel: force_parallel
+          force_parallel: force_parallel,
+          coalesce: coalesce
         )
         .collect(no_optimization: true)
     end
@@ -2277,8 +2410,20 @@ module Polars
     #   Join strategy.
     # @param suffix [String]
     #   Suffix to append to columns with a duplicate name.
+    # @param validate ['m:m', 'm:1', '1:m', '1:1']
+    #   Checks if join is of specified type.
+    #     * *many_to_many* - “m:m”: default, does not result in checks
+    #     * *one_to_one* - “1:1”: check if join keys are unique in both left and right datasets
+    #     * *one_to_many* - “1:m”: check if join keys are unique in left dataset
+    #     * *many_to_one* - “m:1”: check if join keys are unique in right dataset
     # @param join_nulls [Boolean]
     #   Join on null values. By default null values will never produce matches.
+    # @param coalesce [Boolean]
+    #   Coalescing behavior (merging of join columns).
+    #     - nil: -> join specific.
+    #     - true: -> Always coalesce join columns.
+    #     - false: -> Never coalesce join columns.
+    #   Note that joining on any other expressions than `col` will turn off coalescing.
     #
     # @return [DataFrame]
     #
@@ -2361,7 +2506,16 @@ module Polars
     #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
     #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ c   │
     #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
-    def join(other, left_on: nil, right_on: nil, on: nil, how: "inner", suffix: "_right", join_nulls: false)
+    def join(other,
+      left_on: nil,
+      right_on: nil,
+      on: nil,
+      how: "inner",
+      suffix: "_right",
+      validate: "m:m",
+      join_nulls: false,
+      coalesce: nil
+    )
       lazy
         .join(
           other.lazy,
@@ -2370,7 +2524,9 @@ module Polars
           on: on,
           how: how,
           suffix: suffix,
-          join_nulls: join_nulls
+          validate: validate,
+          join_nulls: join_nulls,
+          coalesce: coalesce
         )
         .collect(no_optimization: true)
     end
@@ -2717,10 +2873,85 @@ module Polars
     #   Column to drop.
     #
     # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6, 7, 8],
+    #       "ham" => ["a", "b", "c"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.delete("ham")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'ham' [str]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         "a"
+    #   #         "b"
+    #   #         "c"
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.delete("missing")
+    #   # => nil
     def delete(name)
       drop_in_place(name) if include?(name)
     end
 
+    # Cast DataFrame column(s) to the specified dtype(s).
+    #
+    # @param dtypes [Object]
+    #   Mapping of column names (or selector) to dtypes, or a single dtype
+    #   to which all columns will be cast.
+    # @param strict [Boolean]
+    #   Throw an error if a cast could not be done (for instance, due to an
+    #   overflow).
+    #
+    # @return [DataFrame]
+    #
+    # @example Cast specific frame columns to the specified dtypes:
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [6.0, 7.0, 8.0],
+    #       "ham" => [Date.new(2020, 1, 2), Date.new(2021, 3, 4), Date.new(2022, 5, 6)]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.cast({"foo" => Polars::Float32, "bar" => Polars::UInt8})
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham        │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ f32 ┆ u8  ┆ date       │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1.0 ┆ 6   ┆ 2020-01-02 │
+    #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 7   ┆ 2021-03-04 │
+    #   # │ 3.0 ┆ 8   ┆ 2022-05-06 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Cast all frame columns matching one dtype (or dtype group) to another dtype:
+    #   df.cast({Polars::Date => Polars::Datetime})
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ ham                 │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---                 │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ datetime[μs]        │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ 6.0 ┆ 2020-01-02 00:00:00 │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ 7.0 ┆ 2021-03-04 00:00:00 │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ 8.0 ┆ 2022-05-06 00:00:00 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────────────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Cast all frame columns to the specified dtype:
+    #   df.cast(Polars::String).to_h(as_series: false)
+    #   # => {"foo"=>["1", "2", "3"], "bar"=>["6.0", "7.0", "8.0"], "ham"=>["2020-01-02", "2021-03-04", "2022-05-06"]}
+    def cast(dtypes, strict: true)
+      lazy.cast(dtypes, strict: strict).collect(_eager: true)
+    end
+
     # Create an empty copy of the current DataFrame.
     #
     # Returns a DataFrame with identical schema but no data.
@@ -2775,6 +3006,57 @@ module Polars
     # Get the DataFrame as a Array of Series.
     #
     # @return [Array]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"foo" => [1, 2, 3], "bar" => [4, 5, 6]})
+    #   df.get_columns
+    #   # =>
+    #   # [shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'foo' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ], shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'bar' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         6
+    #   # ]]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "a" => [1, 2, 3, 4],
+    #       "b" => [0.5, 4, 10, 13],
+    #       "c" => [true, true, false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.get_columns
+    #   # =>
+    #   # [shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   # ], shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'b' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.5
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   #         10.0
+    #   #         13.0
+    #   # ], shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'c' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   #         true
+    #   # ]]
     def get_columns
       _df.get_columns.map { |s| Utils.wrap_s(s) }
     end
@@ -3083,7 +3365,7 @@ module Polars
     #       "c" => [2, 4, 6]
     #     }
     #   )
-    #   df.unpivot(Polars::Selectors.numeric, index: "a")
+    #   df.unpivot(Polars.cs.numeric, index: "a")
     #   # =>
     #   # shape: (6, 3)
     #   # ┌─────┬──────────┬───────┐
@@ -3724,14 +4006,32 @@ module Polars
     #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
     #   # │ 3   ┆ 8   ┆ c   │
     #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
-    def max(axis: 0)
-      if axis == 0
-        lazy.max.collect(_eager: true)
-      elsif axis == 1
-        Utils.wrap_s(_df.max_horizontal)
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
-      end
+    def max
+      lazy.max.collect(_eager: true)
+    end
+
+    # Get the maximum value horizontally across columns.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.max_horizontal
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'max' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   #         5.0
+    #   #         6.0
+    #   # ]
+    def max_horizontal
+      select(max: F.max_horizontal(F.all)).to_series
     end
 
     # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their minimum value.
@@ -3756,22 +4056,35 @@ module Polars
     #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
     #   # │ 1   ┆ 6   ┆ a   │
     #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
-    def min(axis: 0)
-      if axis == 0
-        lazy.min.collect(_eager: true)
-      elsif axis == 1
-        Utils.wrap_s(_df.min_horizontal)
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
-      end
+    def min
+      lazy.min.collect(_eager: true)
     end
 
-    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their sum value.
+    # Get the minimum value horizontally across columns.
     #
-    # @param axis [Integer]
-    #   Either 0 or 1.
-    # @param null_strategy ["ignore", "propagate"]
-    #   This argument is only used if axis == 1.
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.min_horizontal
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'min' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   # ]
+    def min_horizontal
+      select(min: F.min_horizontal(F.all)).to_series
+    end
+
+    # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their sum value.
     #
     # @return [DataFrame]
     #
@@ -3793,35 +4106,42 @@ module Polars
     #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
     #   # │ 6   ┆ 21  ┆ null │
     #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    def sum
+      lazy.sum.collect(_eager: true)
+    end
+
+    # Sum all values horizontally across columns.
+    #
+    # @param ignore_nulls [Boolean]
+    #   Ignore null values (default).
+    #   If set to `false`, any null value in the input will lead to a null output.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
     #
     # @example
-    #   df.sum(axis: 1)
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.sum_horizontal
     #   # =>
     #   # shape: (3,)
-    #   # Series: 'foo' [str]
+    #   # Series: 'sum' [f64]
     #   # [
-    #   #         "16a"
-    #   #         "27b"
-    #   #         "38c"
+    #   #         5.0
+    #   #         7.0
+    #   #         9.0
     #   # ]
-    def sum(axis: 0, null_strategy: "ignore")
-      case axis
-      when 0
-        lazy.sum.collect(_eager: true)
-      when 1
-        Utils.wrap_s(_df.sum_horizontal(null_strategy))
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
-      end
+    def sum_horizontal(ignore_nulls: true)
+      select(
+        sum: F.sum_horizontal(F.all, ignore_nulls: ignore_nulls)
+      ).to_series
     end
 
     # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their mean value.
     #
-    # @param axis [Integer]
-    #   Either 0 or 1.
-    # @param null_strategy ["ignore", "propagate"]
-    #   This argument is only used if axis == 1.
-    #
     # @return [DataFrame]
     #
     # @example
@@ -3842,15 +4162,38 @@ module Polars
     #   # ╞═════╪═════╪══════╡
     #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 7.0 ┆ null │
     #   # └─────┴─────┴──────┘
-    def mean(axis: 0, null_strategy: "ignore")
-      case axis
-      when 0
-        lazy.mean.collect(_eager: true)
-      when 1
-        Utils.wrap_s(_df.mean_horizontal(null_strategy))
-      else
-        raise ArgumentError, "Axis should be 0 or 1."
-      end
+    def mean
+      lazy.mean.collect(_eager: true)
+    end
+
+    # Take the mean of all values horizontally across columns.
+    #
+    # @param ignore_nulls [Boolean]
+    #   Ignore null values (default).
+    #   If set to `false`, any null value in the input will lead to a null output.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1, 2, 3],
+    #       "bar" => [4.0, 5.0, 6.0]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #   df.mean_horizontal
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'mean' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2.5
+    #   #         3.5
+    #   #         4.5
+    #   # ]
+    def mean_horizontal(ignore_nulls: true)
+      select(
+        mean: F.mean_horizontal(F.all, ignore_nulls: ignore_nulls)
+      ).to_series
     end
 
     # Aggregate the columns of this DataFrame to their standard deviation value.
@@ -4296,7 +4639,7 @@ module Polars
     # @example A horizontal string concatenation:
     #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
     #     {
-    #       "a" => ["foo", "bar", 2],
+    #       "a" => ["foo", "bar", nil],
     #       "b" => [1, 2, 3],
     #       "c" => [1.0, 2.0, 3.0]
     #     }
@@ -4327,11 +4670,11 @@ module Polars
     #   #         true
     #   #         true
     #   # ]
-    def fold(&operation)
+    def fold
       acc = to_series(0)
 
       1.upto(width - 1) do |i|
-        acc = operation.call(acc, to_series(i))
+        acc = yield(acc, to_series(i))
       end
       acc
     end
@@ -4843,7 +5186,7 @@ module Polars
     end
 
     # @private
-    def self.expand_hash_scalars(data, schema_overrides: nil, order: nil, nan_to_null: false)
+    def self.expand_hash_scalars(data, schema_overrides: nil, strict: true, order: nil, nan_to_null: false)
       updated_data = {}
       unless data.empty?
         dtypes = schema_overrides || {}
@@ -4852,23 +5195,23 @@ module Polars
           data.each do |name, val|
             dtype = dtypes[name]
             if val.is_a?(Hash) && dtype != Struct
-              updated_data[name] = DataFrame.new(val).to_struct(name)
+              updated_data[name] = DataFrame.new(val, strict: strict).to_struct(name)
             elsif !Utils.arrlen(val).nil?
-              updated_data[name] = Series.new(::String.new(name), val, dtype: dtype)
+              updated_data[name] = Series.new(::String.new(name), val, dtype: dtype, strict: strict)
             elsif val.nil? || [Integer, Float, TrueClass, FalseClass, ::String, ::Date, ::DateTime, ::Time].any? { |cls| val.is_a?(cls) }
               dtype = Polars::Float64 if val.nil? && dtype.nil?
-              updated_data[name] = Series.new(::String.new(name), [val], dtype: dtype).extend_constant(val, array_len - 1)
+              updated_data[name] = Series.new(::String.new(name), [val], dtype: dtype, strict: strict).extend_constant(val, array_len - 1)
             else
               raise Todo
             end
           end
         elsif data.values.all? { |val| Utils.arrlen(val) == 0 }
           data.each do |name, val|
-            updated_data[name] = Series.new(name, val, dtype: dtypes[name])
+            updated_data[name] = Series.new(name, val, dtype: dtypes[name], strict: strict)
           end
         elsif data.values.all? { |val| Utils.arrlen(val).nil? }
           data.each do |name, val|
-            updated_data[name] = Series.new(name, [val], dtype: dtypes[name])
+            updated_data[name] = Series.new(name, [val], dtype: dtypes[name], strict: strict)
           end
         end
       end
@@ -4876,7 +5219,7 @@ module Polars
     end
 
     # @private
-    def self.hash_to_rbdf(data, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil, nan_to_null: nil)
+    def self.hash_to_rbdf(data, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil, strict: true, nan_to_null: nil)
       if schema.is_a?(Hash) && !data.empty?
         if !data.all? { |col, _| schema[col] }
           raise ArgumentError, "The given column-schema names do not match the data dictionary"
@@ -4893,9 +5236,9 @@ module Polars
       end
 
       if data.empty? && !schema_overrides.empty?
-        data_series = column_names.map { |name| Series.new(name, [], dtype: schema_overrides[name], nan_to_null: nan_to_null)._s }
+        data_series = column_names.map { |name| Series.new(name, [], dtype: schema_overrides[name], strict: strict, nan_to_null: nan_to_null)._s }
       else
-        data_series = expand_hash_scalars(data, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, nan_to_null: nan_to_null).values.map(&:_s)
+        data_series = expand_hash_scalars(data, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, strict: strict, nan_to_null: nan_to_null).values.map(&:_s)
       end
 
       data_series = _handle_columns_arg(data_series, columns: column_names, from_hash: true)
@@ -4969,7 +5312,7 @@ module Polars
       end
     end
 
-    def self._post_apply_columns(rbdf, columns, structs: nil, schema_overrides: nil)
+    def self._post_apply_columns(rbdf, columns, structs: nil, schema_overrides: nil, strict: true)
       rbdf_columns = rbdf.columns
       rbdf_dtypes = rbdf.dtypes
       columns, dtypes = _unpack_schema(
@@ -4985,13 +5328,13 @@ module Polars
       end
 
       column_casts = []
-      columns.each do |col, i|
+      columns.each_with_index do |col, i|
         if dtypes[col] == Categorical # != rbdf_dtypes[i]
-          column_casts << Polars.col(col).cast(Categorical)._rbexpr
+          column_casts << Polars.col(col).cast(Categorical, strict: strict)._rbexpr
         elsif structs&.any? && structs.include?(col) && structs[col] != rbdf_dtypes[i]
-          column_casts << Polars.col(col).cast(structs[col])._rbexpr
+          column_casts << Polars.col(col).cast(structs[col], strict: strict)._rbexpr
         elsif dtypes.include?(col) && dtypes[col] != rbdf_dtypes[i]
-          column_casts << Polars.col(col).cast(dtypes[col])._rbexpr
+          column_casts << Polars.col(col).cast(dtypes[col], strict: strict)._rbexpr
         end
       end
 
@@ -5010,12 +5353,11 @@ module Polars
     end
 
     # @private
-    def self.sequence_to_rbdf(data, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil, orient: nil, infer_schema_length: 50)
-      raise Todo if schema_overrides
+    def self.sequence_to_rbdf(data, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil, strict: true, orient: nil, infer_schema_length: 50)
       columns = schema
 
       if data.length == 0
-        return hash_to_rbdf({}, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides)
+        return hash_to_rbdf({}, schema: schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, strict: strict)
       end
 
       if data[0].is_a?(Series)
@@ -5028,7 +5370,7 @@ module Polars
       elsif data[0].is_a?(Hash)
         column_names, dtypes = _unpack_schema(columns)
         schema_overrides = dtypes ? include_unknowns(dtypes, column_names) : nil
-        rbdf = RbDataFrame.from_hashes(data, schema, schema_overrides, false, infer_schema_length)
+        rbdf = RbDataFrame.from_hashes(data, schema, schema_overrides, strict, infer_schema_length)
         if column_names
           rbdf = _post_apply_columns(rbdf, column_names)
         end
@@ -5048,7 +5390,7 @@ module Polars
             schema, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, n_expected: first_element.length
           )
           local_schema_override = (
-            schema_overrides.any? ? (raise Todo) : {}
+            schema_overrides.any? ? _include_unknowns(schema_overrides, column_names) : {}
           )
           if column_names.any? && first_element.length > 0 && first_element.length != column_names.length
             raise ArgumentError, "the row data does not match the number of columns"
@@ -5056,7 +5398,11 @@ module Polars
 
           unpack_nested = false
           local_schema_override.each do |col, tp|
-            raise Todo
+            if [Categorical, Enum].include?(tp)
+              local_schema_override[col] = String
+            elsif !unpack_nested && [Unknown, Struct].include?(tp.base_type)
+              raise Todo
+            end
           end
 
           if unpack_nested
@@ -5070,7 +5416,7 @@ module Polars
           end
           if column_names.any? || schema_overrides.any?
             rbdf = _post_apply_columns(
-              rbdf, column_names, schema_overrides: schema_overrides
+              rbdf, column_names, schema_overrides: schema_overrides, strict: strict
             )
           end
           return rbdf
@@ -5080,7 +5426,7 @@ module Polars
           )
           data_series =
             data.map.with_index do |element, i|
-              Series.new(column_names[i], element, dtype: schema_overrides[column_names[i]])._s
+              Series.new(column_names[i], element, dtype: schema_overrides[column_names[i]], strict: strict)._s
             end
           return RbDataFrame.new(data_series)
         else
@@ -5093,7 +5439,12 @@ module Polars
     end
 
     # @private
-    def self.series_to_rbdf(data, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil)
+    def self._include_unknowns(schema, cols)
+      cols.to_h { |col| [col, schema[col] || Unknown] }
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self.series_to_rbdf(data, schema: nil, schema_overrides: nil, strict: true)
       data_series = [data._s]
       series_name = data_series.map(&:name)
       column_names, schema_overrides = _unpack_schema(
@@ -5102,7 +5453,7 @@ module Polars
       if schema_overrides.any?
         new_dtype = schema_overrides.values[0]
         if new_dtype != data.dtype
-          data_series[0] = data_series[0].cast(new_dtype, true)
+          data_series[0] = data_series[0].cast(new_dtype, strict)
         end
       end