polars-df 0.13.0 → 0.15.0

data/lib/polars/selectors.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1144 @@
+module Polars
+  module Selectors
+    # @private
+    class SelectorProxy < Expr
+      attr_accessor :_attrs
+      attr_accessor :_repr_override
+
+      def initialize(
+        expr,
+        name:,
+        parameters: nil
+      )
+        self._rbexpr = expr._rbexpr
+        self._attrs = {
+          name: name,
+          params: parameters
+        }
+      end
+
+      def inspect
+        if !_attrs
+          as_expr.inspect
+        elsif _repr_override
+          _repr_override
+        else
+          selector_name = _attrs[:name]
+          params = _attrs[:params] || {}
+          set_ops = {"and" => "&", "or" => "|", "sub" => "-", "xor" => "^"}
+          if set_ops.include?(selector_name)
+            op = set_ops[selector_name]
+            "(#{params.values.map(&:inspect).join(" #{op} ")})"
+          else
+            str_params = params.map { |k, v| k.start_with?("*") ? v.inspect[1..-2] : "#{k}=#{v.inspect}" }.join(", ")
+            "Polars.cs.#{selector_name}(#{str_params})"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ~
+        if Utils.is_selector(self)
+          inverted = Selectors.all - self
+          inverted._repr_override = "~#{inspect}"
+        else
+          inverted = ~as_expr
+        end
+        inverted
+      end
+
+      def -(other)
+        if Utils.is_selector(other)
+          SelectorProxy.new(
+            meta._as_selector.meta._selector_sub(other),
+            parameters: {"self" => self, "other" => other},
+            name: "sub"
+          )
+        else
+          as_expr - other
+        end
+      end
+
+      def &(other)
+        if Utils.is_column(other)
+          raise Todo
+        end
+        if Utils.is_selector(other)
+          SelectorProxy.new(
+            meta._as_selector.meta._selector_and(other),
+            parameters: {"self" => self, "other" => other},
+            name: "and"
+          )
+        else
+          as_expr & other
+        end
+      end
+
+      def |(other)
+        if Utils.is_column(other)
+          raise Todo
+        end
+        if Utils.is_selector(other)
+          SelectorProxy.new(
+            meta._as_selector.meta._selector_and(other),
+            parameters: {"self" => self, "other" => other},
+            name: "or"
+          )
+        else
+          as_expr | other
+        end
+      end
+
+      def ^(other)
+        if Utils.is_column(other)
+          raise Todo
+        end
+        if Utils.is_selector(other)
+          SelectorProxy.new(
+            meta._as_selector.meta._selector_and(other),
+            parameters: {"self" => self, "other" => other},
+            name: "xor"
+          )
+        else
+          as_expr ^ other
+        end
+      end
+
+      def as_expr
+        Expr._from_rbexpr(_rbexpr)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._selector_proxy_(...)
+      SelectorProxy.new(...)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    def self._re_string(string, escape: true)
+      if string.is_a?(::String)
+        rx = escape ? Utils.re_escape(string) : string
+      else
+        strings = []
+        string.each do |st|
+          if st.is_a?(Array)
+            strings.concat(st)
+          else
+            strings << st
+          end
+        end
+        rx = strings.map { |x| escape ? Utils.re_escape(x) : x }.join("|")
+      end
+      "(#{rx})"
+    end
+
+    # Select all columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "dt" => [Date.new(1999, 12, 31), Date.new(2024, 1, 1)],
+    #       "value" => [1_234_500, 5_000_555]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"value" => Polars::Int32}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns, casting them to string:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.all.cast(Polars::String))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌────────────┬─────────┐
+    #   # │ dt         ┆ value   │
+    #   # │ ---        ┆ ---     │
+    #   # │ str        ┆ str     │
+    #   # ╞════════════╪═════════╡
+    #   # │ 1999-12-31 ┆ 1234500 │
+    #   # │ 2024-01-01 ┆ 5000555 │
+    #   # └────────────┴─────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those matching the given dtypes:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.all - Polars.cs.numeric)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌────────────┐
+    #   # │ dt         │
+    #   # │ ---        │
+    #   # │ date       │
+    #   # ╞════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1999-12-31 │
+    #   # │ 2024-01-01 │
+    #   # └────────────┘
+    def self.all
+      _selector_proxy_(F.all, name: "all")
+    end
+
+    # Select all columns with alphabetic names (eg: only letters).
+    #
+    # @param ascii_only [Boolean]
+    #   Indicate whether to consider only ASCII alphabetic characters, or the full
+    #   Unicode range of valid letters (accented, idiographic, etc).
+    # @param ignore_spaces [Boolean]
+    #   Indicate whether to ignore the presence of spaces in column names; if so,
+    #   only the other (non-space) characters are considered.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Matching column names cannot contain *any* non-alphabetic characters. Note
+    #   that the definition of "alphabetic" consists of all valid Unicode alphabetic
+    #   characters (`\p{Alphabetic}`) by default; this can be changed by setting
+    #   `ascii_only: true`.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "no1" => [100, 200, 300],
+    #       "café" => ["espresso", "latte", "mocha"],
+    #       "t or f" => [true, false, nil],
+    #       "hmm" => ["aaa", "bbb", "ccc"],
+    #       "都市" => ["東京", "大阪", "京都"]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select columns with alphabetic names; note that accented characters and kanji are recognised as alphabetic here:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.alpha)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ café     ┆ hmm ┆ 都市 │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ str      ┆ str ┆ str  │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ espresso ┆ aaa ┆ 東京 │
+    #   # │ latte    ┆ bbb ┆ 大阪 │
+    #   # │ mocha    ┆ ccc ┆ 京都 │
+    #   # └──────────┴─────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example Constrain the definition of "alphabetic" to ASCII characters only:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.alpha(ascii_only: true))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ hmm │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ aaa │
+    #   # │ bbb │
+    #   # │ ccc │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.alpha(ascii_only: true, ignore_spaces: true))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌────────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ t or f ┆ hmm │
+    #   # │ ---    ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ bool   ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞════════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ true   ┆ aaa │
+    #   # │ false  ┆ bbb │
+    #   # │ null   ┆ ccc │
+    #   # └────────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those with alphabetic names:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.alpha)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ no1 ┆ t or f │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ bool   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 100 ┆ true   │
+    #   # │ 200 ┆ false  │
+    #   # │ 300 ┆ null   │
+    #   # └─────┴────────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.alpha(ignore_spaces: true))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ no1 │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 100 │
+    #   # │ 200 │
+    #   # │ 300 │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    def self.alpha(ascii_only: false, ignore_spaces: false)
+      # note that we need to supply a pattern compatible with the *rust* regex crate
+      re_alpha = ascii_only ? "a-zA-Z" : "\\p{Alphabetic}"
+      re_space = ignore_spaces ? " " : ""
+      _selector_proxy_(
+        F.col("^[#{re_alpha}#{re_space}]+$"),
+        name: "alpha",
+        parameters: {"ascii_only" => ascii_only, "ignore_spaces" => ignore_spaces},
+      )
+    end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def alphanumeric
+    # end
+
+    # Select all binary columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"a" => ["hello".b], "b" => ["world"], "c" => ["!".b], "d" => [":)"]})
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (1, 4)
+    #   # ┌──────────┬───────┬────────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ a        ┆ b     ┆ c      ┆ d   │
+    #   # │ ---      ┆ ---   ┆ ---    ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ binary   ┆ str   ┆ binary ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞══════════╪═══════╪════════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ b"hello" ┆ world ┆ b"!"   ┆ :)  │
+    #   # └──────────┴───────┴────────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select binary columns and export as a dict:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.binary).to_h(as_series: false)
+    #   # => {"a"=>["hello"], "c"=>["!"]}
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are binary:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.binary).to_h(as_series: false)
+    #   # => {"b"=>["world"], "d"=>[":)"]}
+    def self.binary
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(Binary), name: "binary")
+    end
+
+    # Select all boolean columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new({"n" => 1..4}).with_columns(n_even: Polars.col("n") % 2 == 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ n   ┆ n_even │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ bool   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ false  │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ true   │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ false  │
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ true   │
+    #   # └─────┴────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select and invert boolean columns:
+    #   df.with_columns(is_odd: Polars.cs.boolean.not_)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬────────┬────────┐
+    #   # │ n   ┆ n_even ┆ is_odd │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---    ┆ ---    │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ bool   ┆ bool   │
+    #   # ╞═════╪════════╪════════╡
+    #   # │ 1   ┆ false  ┆ true   │
+    #   # │ 2   ┆ true   ┆ false  │
+    #   # │ 3   ┆ false  ┆ true   │
+    #   # │ 4   ┆ true   ┆ false  │
+    #   # └─────┴────────┴────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are boolean:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.boolean)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ n   │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 1   │
+    #   # │ 2   │
+    #   # │ 3   │
+    #   # │ 4   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    def self.boolean
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(Boolean), name: "boolean")
+    end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def by_dtype
+    # end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def by_index
+    # end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def by_name
+    # end
+
+    # Select all categorical columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["xx", "yy"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"foo" => Polars::Categorical}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all categorical columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.categorical)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ cat │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ xx  │
+    #   # │ yy  │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are categorical:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.categorical)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 2.0 │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 5.5 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def self.categorical
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(Categorical), name: "categorical")
+    end
+
+    # Select columns whose names contain the given literal substring(s).
+    #
+    # @param substring [Object]
+    #   Substring(s) that matching column names should contain.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select columns that contain the substring 'ba':
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.contains("ba"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 2.0 │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 5.5 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select columns that contain the substring 'ba' or the letter 'z':
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.contains("ba", "z"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz ┆ zap   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ bool  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 2.0 ┆ false │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 5.5 ┆ true  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that contain the substring 'ba':
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.contains("ba"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ zap   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str ┆ bool  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ false │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ true  │
+    #   # └─────┴───────┘
+    def self.contains(*substring)
+      escaped_substring = _re_string(substring)
+      raw_params = "^.*#{escaped_substring}.*$"
+
+      _selector_proxy_(
+        F.col(raw_params),
+        name: "contains",
+        parameters: {"*substring" => escaped_substring}
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Select all date columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "dtm" => [DateTime.new(2001, 5, 7, 10, 25), DateTime.new(2031, 12, 31, 0, 30)],
+    #       "dt" => [Date.new(1999, 12, 31), Date.new(2024, 8, 9)]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all date columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.date)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌────────────┐
+    #   # │ dt         │
+    #   # │ ---        │
+    #   # │ date       │
+    #   # ╞════════════╡
+    #   # │ 1999-12-31 │
+    #   # │ 2024-08-09 │
+    #   # └────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are dates:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.date)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┐
+    #   # │ dtm                 │
+    #   # │ ---                 │
+    #   # │ datetime[ns]        │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2001-05-07 10:25:00 │
+    #   # │ 2031-12-31 00:30:00 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┘
+    def self.date
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(Date), name: "date")
+    end
+
+    # TODO
+    # def datetime
+    # end
+
+    # Select all decimal columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [BigDecimal("123"), BigDecimal("456")],
+    #       "baz" => [BigDecimal("2.0005"), BigDecimal("-50.5555")],
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"baz" => Polars::Decimal.new(10, 5)}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all decimal columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.decimal)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────────────┬───────────────┐
+    #   # │ bar          ┆ baz           │
+    #   # │ ---          ┆ ---           │
+    #   # │ decimal[*,0] ┆ decimal[10,5] │
+    #   # ╞══════════════╪═══════════════╡
+    #   # │ 123          ┆ 2.00050       │
+    #   # │ 456          ┆ -50.55550     │
+    #   # └──────────────┴───────────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* the decimal ones:
+    #
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.decimal)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ x   │
+    #   # │ y   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    def self.decimal
+      # TODO: allow explicit selection by scale/precision?
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(Decimal), name: "decimal")
+    end
+
+    # Select columns that end with the given substring(s).
+    #
+    # @param suffix [Object]
+    #   Substring(s) that matching column names should end with.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [false, true]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select columns that end with the substring 'z':
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.ends_with("z"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ baz │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 2.0 │
+    #   # │ 5.5 │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select columns that end with *either* the letter 'z' or 'r':
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.ends_with("z", "r"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 2.0 │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 5.5 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that end with the substring 'z':
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.ends_with("z"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬───────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ zap   │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---   │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ bool  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═══════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ 123 ┆ false │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ 456 ┆ true  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴───────┘
+    def self.ends_with(*suffix)
+      escaped_suffix = _re_string(suffix)
+      raw_params = "^.*#{escaped_suffix}$"
+
+      _selector_proxy_(
+        F.col(raw_params),
+        name: "ends_with",
+        parameters: {"*suffix" => escaped_suffix},
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Select the first column in the current scope.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [0, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select the first column:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.first)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ x   │
+    #   # │ y   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select everything *except* for the first column:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.first)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ f64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 2.0 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 5.5 ┆ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def self.first
+      _selector_proxy_(F.first, name: "first")
+    end
+
+    # Select all float columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [0.0, 1.0]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"baz" => Polars::Float32, "zap" => Polars::Float64}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all float columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.float)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ baz ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f32 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 0.0 │
+    #   # │ 5.5 ┆ 1.0 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are float:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.float)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ 123 │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ 456 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def self.float
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(FLOAT_DTYPES), name: "float")
+    end
+
+    # Select all integer columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [0, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all integer columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are integer:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ 2.0 │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ 5.5 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def self.integer
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(INTEGER_DTYPES), name: "integer")
+    end
+
+    # Select all signed integer columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [-123, -456],
+    #       "bar" => [3456, 6789],
+    #       "baz" => [7654, 4321],
+    #       "zap" => ["ab", "cd"]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"bar" => Polars::UInt32, "baz" => Polars::UInt64}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all signed integer columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.signed_integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌──────┐
+    #   # │ foo  │
+    #   # │ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╡
+    #   # │ -123 │
+    #   # │ -456 │
+    #   # └──────┘
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.signed_integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar  ┆ baz  ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ u32  ┆ u64  ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3456 ┆ 7654 ┆ ab  │
+    #   # │ 6789 ┆ 4321 ┆ cd  │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all integer columns (both signed and unsigned):
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ baz  │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ u32  ┆ u64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ -123 ┆ 3456 ┆ 7654 │
+    #   # │ -456 ┆ 6789 ┆ 4321 │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┘
+    def self.signed_integer
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(SIGNED_INTEGER_DTYPES), name: "signed_integer")
+    end
+
+    # Select all unsigned integer columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [-123, -456],
+    #       "bar" => [3456, 6789],
+    #       "baz" => [7654, 4321],
+    #       "zap" => ["ab", "cd"]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"bar" => Polars::UInt32, "baz" => Polars::UInt64}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all unsigned integer columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.unsigned_integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ bar  ┆ baz  │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ u32  ┆ u64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ 3456 ┆ 7654 │
+    #   # │ 6789 ┆ 4321 │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are unsigned integers:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.unsigned_integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌──────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ str │
+    #   # ╞══════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ -123 ┆ ab  │
+    #   # │ -456 ┆ cd  │
+    #   # └──────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all integer columns (both signed and unsigned):
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.integer)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌──────┬──────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ foo  ┆ bar  ┆ baz  │
+    #   # │ ---  ┆ ---  ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ i64  ┆ u32  ┆ u64  │
+    #   # ╞══════╪══════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ -123 ┆ 3456 ┆ 7654 │
+    #   # │ -456 ┆ 6789 ┆ 4321 │
+    #   # └──────┴──────┴──────┘
+    def self.unsigned_integer
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(UNSIGNED_INTEGER_DTYPES), name: "unsigned_integer")
+    end
+
+    # Select the last column in the current scope.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [0, 1]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select the last column:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.last)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ zap │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ 0   │
+    #   # │ 1   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select everything *except* for the last column:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.last)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ bar ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ f64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ x   ┆ 123 ┆ 2.0 │
+    #   # │ y   ┆ 456 ┆ 5.5 │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    def self.last
+      _selector_proxy_(F.last, name: "last")
+    end
+
+    # Select all numeric columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => ["x", "y"],
+    #       "bar" => [123, 456],
+    #       "baz" => [2.0, 5.5],
+    #       "zap" => [0, 0]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"bar" => Polars::Int16, "baz" => Polars::Float32, "zap" => Polars::UInt8},
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Match all numeric columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.numeric)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ i16 ┆ f32 ┆ u8  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 123 ┆ 2.0 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # │ 456 ┆ 5.5 ┆ 0   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Match all columns *except* for those that are numeric:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.numeric)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌─────┐
+    #   # │ foo │
+    #   # │ --- │
+    #   # │ str │
+    #   # ╞═════╡
+    #   # │ x   │
+    #   # │ y   │
+    #   # └─────┘
+    def self.numeric
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(NUMERIC_DTYPES), name: "numeric")
+    end
+
+    # Select columns that start with the given substring(s).
+    #
+    # @param prefix [Object]
+    #   Substring(s) that matching column names should start with.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "foo" => [1.0, 2.0],
+    #       "bar" => [3.0, 4.0],
+    #       "baz" => [5, 6],
+    #       "zap" => [7, 8]
+    #     }
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Match columns starting with a 'b':
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.starts_with("b"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3.0 ┆ 5   │
+    #   # │ 4.0 ┆ 6   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Match columns starting with *either* the letter 'b' or 'z':
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.starts_with("b", "z"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 3)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ bar ┆ baz ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ i64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 3.0 ┆ 5   ┆ 7   │
+    #   # │ 4.0 ┆ 6   ┆ 8   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Match all columns *except* for those starting with 'b':
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.starts_with("b"))
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┐
+    #   # │ foo ┆ zap │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- │
+    #   # │ f64 ┆ i64 │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╡
+    #   # │ 1.0 ┆ 7   │
+    #   # │ 2.0 ┆ 8   │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┘
+    def self.starts_with(*prefix)
+      escaped_prefix = _re_string(prefix)
+      raw_params = "^#{escaped_prefix}.*$"
+
+      _selector_proxy_(
+        F.col(raw_params),
+        name: "starts_with",
+        parameters: {"*prefix" => prefix}
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Select all String (and, optionally, Categorical) string columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "w" => ["xx", "yy", "xx", "yy", "xx"],
+    #       "x" => [1, 2, 1, 4, -2],
+    #       "y" => [3.0, 4.5, 1.0, 2.5, -2.0],
+    #       "z" => ["a", "b", "a", "b", "b"]
+    #     },
+    #   ).with_columns(
+    #     z: Polars.col("z").cast(Polars::Categorical.new("lexical")),
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Group by all string columns, sum the numeric columns, then sort by the string cols:
+    # >>> df.group_by(Polars.cs.string).agg(Polars.cs.numeric.sum).sort(Polars.cs.string)
+    # shape: (2, 3)
+    # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┐
+    # │ w   ┆ x   ┆ y   │
+    # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- │
+    # │ str ┆ i64 ┆ f64 │
+    # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╡
+    # │ xx  ┆ 0   ┆ 2.0 │
+    # │ yy  ┆ 6   ┆ 7.0 │
+    # └─────┴─────┴─────┘
+    #
+    # @example Group by all string *and* categorical columns:
+    #   df.group_by(Polars.cs.string(include_categorical: true)).agg(Polars.cs.numeric.sum).sort(
+    #     Polars.cs.string(include_categorical: true)
+    #   )
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3, 4)
+    #   # ┌─────┬─────┬─────┬──────┐
+    #   # │ w   ┆ z   ┆ x   ┆ y    │
+    #   # │ --- ┆ --- ┆ --- ┆ ---  │
+    #   # │ str ┆ cat ┆ i64 ┆ f64  │
+    #   # ╞═════╪═════╪═════╪══════╡
+    #   # │ xx  ┆ a   ┆ 2   ┆ 4.0  │
+    #   # │ xx  ┆ b   ┆ -2  ┆ -2.0 │
+    #   # │ yy  ┆ b   ┆ 6   ┆ 7.0  │
+    #   # └─────┴─────┴─────┴──────┘
+    def self.string(include_categorical: false)
+      string_dtypes = [String]
+      if include_categorical
+        string_dtypes << Categorical
+      end
+
+      _selector_proxy_(
+        F.col(string_dtypes),
+        name: "string",
+        parameters: {"include_categorical" => include_categorical},
+      )
+    end
+
+    # Select all time columns.
+    #
+    # @return [SelectorProxy]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   df = Polars::DataFrame.new(
+    #     {
+    #       "dtm" => [DateTime.new(2001, 5, 7, 10, 25), DateTime.new(2031, 12, 31, 0, 30)],
+    #       "dt" => [Date.new(1999, 12, 31), Date.new(2024, 8, 9)],
+    #       "tm" => [Time.utc(2001, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0), Time.utc(2001, 1, 1, 23, 59, 59)]
+    #     },
+    #     schema_overrides: {"tm" => Polars::Time}
+    #   )
+    #
+    # @example Select all time columns:
+    #   df.select(Polars.cs.time)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 1)
+    #   # ┌──────────┐
+    #   # │ tm       │
+    #   # │ ---      │
+    #   # │ time     │
+    #   # ╞══════════╡
+    #   # │ 00:00:00 │
+    #   # │ 23:59:59 │
+    #   # └──────────┘
+    #
+    # @example Select all columns *except* for those that are times:
+    #   df.select(~Polars.cs.time)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2, 2)
+    #   # ┌─────────────────────┬────────────┐
+    #   # │ dtm                 ┆ dt         │
+    #   # │ ---                 ┆ ---        │
+    #   # │ datetime[ns]        ┆ date       │
+    #   # ╞═════════════════════╪════════════╡
+    #   # │ 2001-05-07 10:25:00 ┆ 1999-12-31 │
+    #   # │ 2031-12-31 00:30:00 ┆ 2024-08-09 │
+    #   # └─────────────────────┴────────────┘
+    def self.time
+      _selector_proxy_(F.col(Time), name: "time")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.cs
+    Polars::Selectors
+  end
+end