polars-df 0.1.3 → 0.1.5

data/lib/polars/series.rb

@@ -3,9 +3,6 @@ module Polars
   class Series
     include ExprDispatch
 
-    # @private
-    attr_accessor :_s
-
     # Create a new Series.
     #
     # @param name [String, Array, nil]
@@ -26,7 +23,7 @@ module Polars
     # @example Constructing a Series by specifying name and values positionally:
     #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
     #
-    # @example Notice that the dtype is automatically inferred as a polars Int64:
+    # @example Notice that the dtype is automatically inferred as a polars `:i64`:
     #   s.dtype
     #   # => :i64
     #
@@ -48,6 +45,11 @@ module Polars
 
       name = "" if name.nil?
 
+      # TODO improve
+      if values.is_a?(Range) && values.begin.is_a?(String)
+        values = values.to_a
+      end
+
       if values.nil?
         self._s = sequence_to_rbseries(name, [], dtype: dtype, dtype_if_empty: dtype_if_empty)
       elsif values.is_a?(Series)
@@ -730,8 +732,43 @@ module Polars
       Polars.select(Polars.lit(self).entropy(base: base, normalize: normalize)).to_series[0]
     end
 
-    # def cumulative_eval
-    # end
+    # Run an expression over a sliding window that increases `1` slot every iteration.
+    #
+    # @param expr [Expr]
+    #   Expression to evaluate
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   Number of valid values there should be in the window before the expression
+    #   is evaluated. valid values = `length - null_count`
+    # @param parallel [Boolean]
+    #   Run in parallel. Don't do this in a groupby or another operation that
+    #   already has much parallelization.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This functionality is experimental and may change without it being considered a
+    #   breaking change.
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   This can be really slow as it can have `O(n^2)` complexity. Don't use this
+    #   for operations that visit all elements.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("values", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.cumulative_eval(Polars.element.first - Polars.element.last ** 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'values' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         -3.0
+    #   #         -8.0
+    #   #         -15.0
+    #   #         -24.0
+    #   # ]
+    def cumulative_eval(expr, min_periods: 1, parallel: false)
+      super
+    end
 
     # Return a copy of the Series with a new alias/name.
     #
@@ -1436,8 +1473,57 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def is_in
-    # end
+    # Check if elements of this Series are in the other Series.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [2, 4])
+    #   s2.is_in(s)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'b' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   sets = Polars::Series.new("sets", [[1, 2, 3], [1, 2], [9, 10]])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'sets' [list]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         [1, 2, 3]
+    #   #         [1, 2]
+    #   #         [9, 10]
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   optional_members = Polars::Series.new("optional_members", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'optional_members' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   optional_members.is_in(sets)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'optional_members' [bool]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         true
+    #   #         false
+    #   # ]
+    def is_in(other)
+      super
+    end
 
     # Get index values where Boolean Series evaluate `true`.
     #
@@ -1587,8 +1673,32 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def to_physical
-    # end
+    # Cast to physical representation of the logical dtype.
+    #
+    # - `:date` -> `:i32`
+    # - `:datetime` -> `:i64`
+    # - `:time` -> `:i64`
+    # - `:duration` -> `:i64`
+    # - `:cat` -> `:u32`
+    # - other data types will be left unchanged.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("values", ["a", nil, "x", "a"])
+    #   s.cast(:cat).to_physical
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (4,)
+    #   # Series: 'values' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         0
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         0
+    #   # ]
+    def to_physical
+      super
+    end
 
     # Convert this Series to a Ruby Array. This operation clones data.
     #
@@ -1704,8 +1814,34 @@ module Polars
     # def to_numo
     # end
 
-    # def set
-    # end
+    # Set masked values.
+    #
+    # @param filter [Series]
+    #   Boolean mask.
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #   Value with which to replace the masked values.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @note
+    #   Use of this function is frequently an anti-pattern, as it can
+    #   block optimization (predicate pushdown, etc). Consider using
+    #   `Polars.when(predicate).then(value).otherwise(self)` instead.
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.set(s == 2, 10)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         10
+    #   #         3
+    #   # ]
+    def set(filter, value)
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.send("set_with_mask_#{dtype}", filter._s, value))
+    end
 
     # Set values at the index locations.
     #
@@ -1909,8 +2045,28 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def dot
-    # end
+    # Compute the dot/inner product between two Series.
+    #
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #   Series (or array) to compute dot product with.
+    #
+    # @return [Numeric]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s2 = Polars::Series.new("b", [4.0, 5.0, 6.0])
+    #   s.dot(s2)
+    #   # => 32.0
+    def dot(other)
+      if !other.is_a?(Series)
+        other = Series.new(other)
+      end
+      if len != other.len
+        n, m = len, other.len
+        raise ArgumentError, "Series length mismatch: expected #{n}, found #{m}"
+      end
+      _s.dot(other._s)
+    end
 
     # Compute the most occurring value(s).
     #
@@ -2185,8 +2341,41 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def apply
-    # end
+    # Apply a custom/user-defined function (UDF) over elements in this Series and
+    # return a new Series.
+    #
+    # If the function returns another datatype, the return_dtype arg should be set,
+    # otherwise the method will fail.
+    #
+    # @param return_dtype [Symbol]
+    #   Output datatype. If none is given, the same datatype as this Series will be
+    #   used.
+    # @param skip_nulls [Boolean]
+    #   Nulls will be skipped and not passed to the Ruby function.
+    #   This is faster because Ruby can be skipped and because we call
+    #   more specialized functions.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s.apply { |x| x + 10 }
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         11
+    #   #         12
+    #   #         13
+    #   # ]
+    def apply(return_dtype: nil, skip_nulls: true, &func)
+      if return_dtype.nil?
+        pl_return_dtype = nil
+      else
+        pl_return_dtype = Utils.rb_type_to_dtype(return_dtype)
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.apply_lambda(func, pl_return_dtype, skip_nulls))
+    end
 
     # Shift the values by a given period.
     #
@@ -2277,38 +2466,509 @@ module Polars
       Utils.wrap_s(_s.zip_with(mask._s, other._s))
     end
 
-    # def rolling_min
-    # end
+    # Apply a rolling min (moving min) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+    #   s.rolling_min(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         100
+    #   #         200
+    #   #         300
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_min(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_min(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
-    # def rolling_max
-    # end
+    # Apply a rolling max (moving max) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+    #   s.rolling_max(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         200
+    #   #         300
+    #   #         400
+    #   #         500
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_max(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_max(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
-    # def rolling_mean
-    # end
+    # Apply a rolling mean (moving mean) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [100, 200, 300, 400, 500])
+    #   s.rolling_mean(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         150.0
+    #   #         250.0
+    #   #         350.0
+    #   #         450.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_mean(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_mean(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
-    # def rolling_sum
-    # end
+    # Apply a rolling sum (moving sum) over the values in this array.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.rolling_sum(2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         5
+    #   #         7
+    #   #         9
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_sum(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_sum(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
-    # def rolling_std
-    # end
+    # Compute a rolling std dev.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_std(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.527525
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_std(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_std(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
-    # def rolling_var
-    # end
+    # Compute a rolling variance.
+    #
+    # A window of length `window_size` will traverse the array. The values that fill
+    # this window will (optionally) be multiplied with the weights given by the
+    # `weight` vector. The resulting values will be aggregated to their sum.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_var(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.333333
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_var(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_var(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
     # def rolling_apply
     # end
 
-    # def rolling_median
-    # end
+    # Compute a rolling median.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_median(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   #         6.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_median(
+      window_size,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      if min_periods.nil?
+        min_periods = window_size
+      end
 
-    # def rolling_quantile
-    # end
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_median(
+            window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
 
-    # def rolling_skew
-    # end
+    # Compute a rolling quantile.
+    #
+    # @param quantile [Float]
+    #   Quantile between 0.0 and 1.0.
+    # @param interpolation ["nearest", "higher", "lower", "midpoint", "linear"]
+    #   Interpolation method.
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   The length of the window.
+    # @param weights [Array]
+    #   An optional slice with the same length as the window that will be multiplied
+    #   elementwise with the values in the window.
+    # @param min_periods [Integer]
+    #   The number of values in the window that should be non-null before computing
+    #   a result. If None, it will be set equal to window size.
+    # @param center [Boolean]
+    #   Set the labels at the center of the window
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_quantile(0.33, window_size: 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         2.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.0
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s.rolling_quantile(0.33, interpolation: "linear", window_size: 3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         1.66
+    #   #         2.66
+    #   #         3.66
+    #   #         5.32
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_quantile(
+      quantile,
+      interpolation: "nearest",
+      window_size: 2,
+      weights: nil,
+      min_periods: nil,
+      center: false
+    )
+      if min_periods.nil?
+        min_periods = window_size
+      end
 
-    # def sample
-    # end
+      to_frame
+        .select(
+          Polars.col(name).rolling_quantile(
+            quantile,
+            interpolation: interpolation,
+            window_size: window_size,
+            weights: weights,
+            min_periods: min_periods,
+            center: center
+          )
+        )
+        .to_series
+    end
+
+    # Compute a rolling skew.
+    #
+    # @param window_size [Integer]
+    #   Integer size of the rolling window.
+    # @param bias [Boolean]
+    #   If false, the calculations are corrected for statistical bias.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0])
+    #   s.rolling_skew(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (6,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   #         0.381802
+    #   #         0.0
+    #   # ]
+    def rolling_skew(window_size, bias: true)
+      super
+    end
+
+    # Sample from this Series.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   Number of items to return. Cannot be used with `frac`. Defaults to 1 if
+    #   `frac` is None.
+    # @param frac [Float]
+    #   Fraction of items to return. Cannot be used with `n`.
+    # @param with_replacement [Boolean]
+    #   Allow values to be sampled more than once.
+    # @param shuffle [Boolean]
+    #   Shuffle the order of sampled data points.
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   Seed for the random number generator. If set to None (default), a random
+    #   seed is used.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3, 4, 5])
+    #   s.sample(n: 2, seed: 0)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (2,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [i64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #     1
+    #   #     5
+    #   # ]
+    def sample(
+      n: nil,
+      frac: nil,
+      with_replacement: false,
+      shuffle: false,
+      seed: nil
+    )
+      if !n.nil? && !frac.nil?
+        raise ArgumentError, "cannot specify both `n` and `frac`"
+      end
+
+      if n.nil? && !frac.nil?
+        return Utils.wrap_s(_s.sample_frac(frac, with_replacement, shuffle, seed))
+      end
+
+      if n.nil?
+        n = 1
+      end
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.sample_n(n, with_replacement, shuffle, seed))
+    end
 
     # Get a boolean mask of the local maximum peaks.
     #
@@ -2381,8 +3041,35 @@ module Polars
       end
     end
 
-    # def _hash
-    # end
+    # Hash the Series.
+    #
+    # The hash value is of type `:u64`.
+    #
+    # @param seed [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to 0.
+    # @param seed_1 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    # @param seed_2 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    # @param seed_3 [Integer]
+    #   Random seed parameter. Defaults to `seed` if not set.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [1, 2, 3])
+    #   s._hash(42)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (3,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         2374023516666777365
+    #   #         10386026231460783898
+    #   #         17796317186427479491
+    #   # ]
+    def _hash(seed = 0, seed_1 = nil, seed_2 = nil, seed_3 = nil)
+      super
+    end
 
     # Reinterpret the underlying bits as a signed/unsigned integer.
     #
@@ -2425,8 +3112,61 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def rank
-    # end
+    # Assign ranks to data, dealing with ties appropriately.
+    #
+    # @param method ["average", "min", "max", "dense", "ordinal", "random"]
+    #   The method used to assign ranks to tied elements.
+    #   The following methods are available (default is 'average'):
+    #
+    #   - 'average' : The average of the ranks that would have been assigned to
+    #     all the tied values is assigned to each value.
+    #   - 'min' : The minimum of the ranks that would have been assigned to all
+    #     the tied values is assigned to each value. (This is also referred to
+    #     as "competition" ranking.)
+    #   - 'max' : The maximum of the ranks that would have been assigned to all
+    #     the tied values is assigned to each value.
+    #   - 'dense' : Like 'min', but the rank of the next highest element is
+    #     assigned the rank immediately after those assigned to the tied
+    #     elements.
+    #   - 'ordinal' : All values are given a distinct rank, corresponding to
+    #     the order that the values occur in the Series.
+    #   - 'random' : Like 'ordinal', but the rank for ties is not dependent
+    #     on the order that the values occur in the Series.
+    # @param reverse [Boolean]
+    #   Reverse the operation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example The 'average' method:
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 6, 1, 1, 6])
+    #   s.rank
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [f32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         4.5
+    #   #         1.5
+    #   #         1.5
+    #   #         4.5
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example The 'ordinal' method:
+    #   s = Polars::Series.new("a", [3, 6, 1, 1, 6])
+    #   s.rank(method: "ordinal")
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (5,)
+    #   # Series: 'a' [u32]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         3
+    #   #         4
+    #   #         1
+    #   #         2
+    #   #         5
+    #   # ]
+    def rank(method: "average", reverse: false)
+      super
+    end
 
     # Calculate the n-th discrete difference.
     #
@@ -2440,8 +3180,56 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def pct_change
-    # end
+    # Computes percentage change between values.
+    #
+    # Percentage change (as fraction) between current element and most-recent
+    # non-null element at least `n` period(s) before the current element.
+    #
+    # Computes the change from the previous row by default.
+    #
+    # @param n [Integer]
+    #   periods to shift for forming percent change.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Polars::Series.new(0..9).pct_change
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (10,)
+    #   # Series: '' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         inf
+    #   #         1.0
+    #   #         0.5
+    #   #         0.333333
+    #   #         0.25
+    #   #         0.2
+    #   #         0.166667
+    #   #         0.142857
+    #   #         0.125
+    #   # ]
+    #
+    # @example
+    #   Polars::Series.new([1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512]).pct_change(n: 2)
+    #   # =>
+    #   # shape: (10,)
+    #   # Series: '' [f64]
+    #   # [
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         null
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   #         3.0
+    #   # ]
+    def pct_change(n: 1)
+      super
+    end
 
     # Compute the sample skewness of a data set.
     #
@@ -2571,14 +3359,49 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def ewm_mean
-    # end
+    # Exponentially-weighted moving average.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ewm_mean(
+      com: nil,
+      span: nil,
+      half_life: nil,
+      alpha: nil,
+      adjust: true,
+      min_periods: 1
+    )
+      super
+    end
 
-    # def ewm_std
-    # end
+    # Exponentially-weighted moving standard deviation.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ewm_std(
+      com: nil,
+      span: nil,
+      half_life: nil,
+      alpha: nil,
+      adjust: true,
+      bias: false,
+      min_periods: 1
+    )
+      super
+    end
 
-    # def ewm_var
-    # end
+    # Exponentially-weighted moving variance.
+    #
+    # @return [Series]
+    def ewm_var(
+      com: nil,
+      span: nil,
+      half_life: nil,
+      alpha: nil,
+      adjust: true,
+      bias: false,
+      min_periods: 1
+    )
+      super
+    end
 
     # Extend the Series with given number of values.
     #
@@ -2645,20 +3468,40 @@ module Polars
       super
     end
 
-    # def arr
-    # end
+    # Create an object namespace of all list related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [ListNameSpace]
+    def arr
+      ListNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
 
-    # def cat
-    # end
+    # Create an object namespace of all categorical related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [CatNameSpace]
+    def cat
+      CatNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
 
-    # def dt
-    # end
+    # Create an object namespace of all datetime related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [DateTimeNameSpace]
+    def dt
+      DateTimeNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
 
-    # def str
-    # end
+    # Create an object namespace of all string related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [StringNameSpace]
+    def str
+      StringNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
 
-    # def struct
-    # end
+    # Create an object namespace of all struct related methods.
+    #
+    # @return [StructNameSpace]
+    def struct
+      StructNameSpace.new(self)
+    end
 
     private
 
@@ -2696,7 +3539,14 @@ module Polars
         return Utils.wrap_s(_s.send(op, other._s))
       end
 
-      raise Todo
+      if other.is_a?(Date) || other.is_a?(DateTime) || other.is_a?(Time) || other.is_a?(String)
+        raise Todo
+      end
+      if other.is_a?(Float) && !is_float
+        raise Todo
+      end
+
+      Utils.wrap_s(_s.send("#{op}_#{dtype}", other))
     end
 
     def series_to_rbseries(name, values)
@@ -2751,6 +3601,10 @@ module Polars
 
           if ruby_dtype == Date
             RbSeries.new_opt_date(name, values, strict)
+          elsif ruby_dtype == Time
+            RbSeries.new_opt_datetime(name, values, strict)
+          elsif ruby_dtype == DateTime
+            RbSeries.new_opt_datetime(name, values.map(&:to_time), strict)
           else
             raise Todo
           end
@@ -2764,7 +3618,26 @@ module Polars
             raise Todo
           end
 
-          raise Todo
+          if value.is_a?(Array)
+            count = 0
+            equal_to_inner = true
+            values.each do |lst|
+              lst.each do |vl|
+                equal_to_inner = vl.class == nested_dtype
+                if !equal_to_inner || count > 50
+                  break
+                end
+                count += 1
+              end
+            end
+            if equal_to_inner
+              dtype = Utils.rb_type_to_dtype(nested_dtype)
+              # TODO rescue and fallback to new_object
+              return RbSeries.new_list(name, values, dtype)
+            end
+          end
+
+          RbSeries.new_object(name, values, strict)
         else
           constructor = rb_type_to_constructor(value.class)
           constructor.call(name, values, strict)
@@ -2804,8 +3677,7 @@ module Polars
     def rb_type_to_constructor(dtype)
       RB_TYPE_TO_CONSTRUCTOR.fetch(dtype)
     rescue KeyError
-      # RbSeries.method(:new_object)
-      raise ArgumentError, "Cannot determine type"
+      RbSeries.method(:new_object)
     end
 
     def _get_first_non_none(values)