pogo 2.31.2

data/lib/heroku/helpers/heroku_postgresql.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+require "heroku/helpers"
+
+module Heroku::Helpers::HerokuPostgresql
+
+  extend self
+  extend Heroku::Helpers
+
+  def app_config_vars
+    @app_config_vars ||= api.get_config_vars(app).body
+  end
+
+  def hpg_addon_name
+    ENV['HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_ADDON_NAME'] || 'heroku-postgresql'
+  end
+
+  def hpg_addon_prefix
+    ENV["HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_ADDON_PREFIX"] || "HEROKU_POSTGRESQL"
+  end
+
+  def hpg_databases
+    @hpg_databases ||= app_config_vars.inject({}) do |hash, (name, url)|
+      if name =~ /^(#{hpg_addon_prefix}\w+)_URL$/
+        hash.update($1 => url)
+      elsif name == 'SHARED_DATABASE_URL'
+        hash.update('SHARED_DATABASE' => url)
+      end
+      hash
+    end
+  end
+
+  def forget_config!
+    @hpg_databases   = nil
+    @app_config_vars = nil
+  end
+
+  def hpg_resolve(name, default=nil)
+    uri = URI.parse(name) rescue nil
+    if uri && uri.scheme
+      [nil, name]
+    else
+      if app_config_vars["DATABASE_URL"]
+        hpg_databases["DATABASE"] = app_config_vars["DATABASE_URL"]
+      end
+      if hpg_databases.empty?
+        error("Your app has no databases.")
+      end
+
+      name = name.to_s.upcase.gsub(/_URL$/, "")
+
+      if hpg_databases[name]
+        [hpg_pretty_name(name), hpg_databases[name]]
+      elsif (config_var = "HEROKU_POSTGRESQL_#{name}") && hpg_databases[config_var]
+        [hpg_pretty_name(config_var), hpg_databases[config_var]]
+      elsif default && name.empty? && app_config_vars[default]
+        [hpg_pretty_name(default), app_config_vars[default]]
+      elsif name.empty?
+        error("Unknown database. Valid options are: #{hpg_databases.keys.sort.join(", ")}")
+      else
+        error("Unknown database: #{name}. Valid options are: #{hpg_databases.keys.sort.join(", ")}")
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hpg_translate_fork_and_follow(addon, config)
+    if addon =~ /^#{hpg_addon_name}/
+      %w[fork follow].each do |opt|
+        if val = config[opt]
+          unless val.is_a?(String)
+            error("--#{opt} requires a database argument")
+          end
+          name, url = hpg_resolve(val)
+          config[opt] = url
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def hpg_pretty_name(name)
+    if ['DATABASE', 'DATABASE_URL'].include?(name)
+      if key = app_config_vars.keys.detect do |key|
+          if key == 'DATABASE_URL'
+            next
+          else
+            app_config_vars[key] == app_config_vars['DATABASE_URL']
+          end
+        end
+        "#{key.gsub(/_URL$/, '')} (DATABASE_URL)"
+      else
+        name.gsub(/_URL$/, '')
+      end
+    elsif hpg_databases[name] == hpg_databases['DATABASE']
+      "#{name} (DATABASE_URL)"
+    else
+      name
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hpg_promote(url)
+    api.put_config_vars(app, "DATABASE_URL" => url)
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/heroku/plugin.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,161 @@
+# based on the Rails Plugin
+
+module Heroku
+  class Plugin
+    include Heroku::Helpers
+    extend Heroku::Helpers
+
+    class ErrorUpdatingSymlinkPlugin < StandardError; end
+
+    DEPRECATED_PLUGINS = %w(
+      heroku-cedar
+      heroku-certs
+      heroku-credentials
+      heroku-kill
+      heroku-labs
+      heroku-logging
+      heroku-netrc
+      heroku-pgdumps
+      heroku-postgresql
+      heroku-releases
+      heroku-shared-postgresql
+      heroku-status
+      heroku-stop
+      heroku-suggest
+      pgbackups-automate
+      pgcmd
+    )
+
+    attr_reader :name, :uri
+
+    def self.directory
+      File.expand_path("#{home_directory}/.heroku/plugins")
+    end
+
+    def self.list
+      Dir["#{directory}/*"].sort.map do |folder|
+        File.basename(folder)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.load!
+      list.each do |plugin|
+        check_for_deprecation(plugin)
+        next if skip_plugins.include?(plugin)
+        load_plugin(plugin)
+      end
+      # check to see if we are using ddollar/heroku-accounts
+      if list.include?('heroku-accounts') && Heroku::Auth.methods.include?(:fetch_from_account)
+        # setup netrc to match the default, if one exists
+        if default_account = %x{ git config heroku.account }.chomp
+          account = Heroku::Auth.extract_account rescue nil
+          if account && Heroku::Auth.read_credentials != [Heroku::Auth.user, Heroku::Auth.password]
+            Heroku::Auth.credentials = [Heroku::Auth.user, Heroku::Auth.password]
+            Heroku::Auth.write_credentials
+            load("#{File.dirname(__FILE__)}/command/accounts.rb")
+            # kill memoization in case '--account' was passed
+            Heroku::Auth.instance_variable_set(:@account, nil)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.load_plugin(plugin)
+      begin
+        folder = "#{self.directory}/#{plugin}"
+        $: << "#{folder}/lib"    if File.directory? "#{folder}/lib"
+        load "#{folder}/init.rb" if File.exists?  "#{folder}/init.rb"
+      rescue ScriptError, StandardError => error
+        styled_error(error, "Unable to load plugin #{plugin}.")
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.remove_plugin(plugin)
+      FileUtils.rm_rf("#{self.directory}/#{plugin}")
+    end
+
+    def self.check_for_deprecation(plugin)
+      return unless STDIN.isatty
+
+      if DEPRECATED_PLUGINS.include?(plugin)
+        if confirm "The plugin #{plugin} has been deprecated. Would you like to remove it? (y/N)"
+          remove_plugin(plugin)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.skip_plugins
+      @skip_plugins ||= ENV["SKIP_PLUGINS"].to_s.split(/[ ,]/)
+    end
+
+    def initialize(uri)
+      @uri = uri
+      guess_name(uri)
+    end
+
+    def to_s
+      name
+    end
+
+    def path
+      "#{self.class.directory}/#{name}"
+    end
+
+    def install
+      if File.directory?(path)
+        uninstall
+      end
+      FileUtils.mkdir_p(self.class.directory)
+      Dir.chdir(self.class.directory) do
+        git("clone #{uri}")
+        unless $?.success?
+          FileUtils.rm_rf path
+          return false
+        end
+      end
+      true
+    end
+
+    def uninstall
+      ensure_plugin_exists
+      FileUtils.rm_r(path)
+    end
+
+    def update
+      ensure_plugin_exists
+      if File.symlink?(path)
+        raise Heroku::Plugin::ErrorUpdatingSymlinkPlugin
+      else
+        Dir.chdir(path) do
+          unless git('config --get branch.master.remote').empty?
+            message = git("pull")
+            unless $?.success?
+              error("Unable to update #{name}.\n" + message)
+            end
+          else
+            error(<<-ERROR)
+#{name} is a legacy plugin installation.
+Enable updating by reinstalling with `heroku plugins:install`.
+ERROR
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def ensure_plugin_exists
+      unless File.directory?(path)
+        error("#{name} plugin not found.")
+      end
+    end
+
+    def guess_name(url)
+      @name = File.basename(url)
+      @name = File.basename(File.dirname(url)) if @name.empty?
+      @name.gsub!(/\.git$/, '') if @name =~ /\.git$/
+    end
+
+  end
+end

data/lib/heroku/updater.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,158 @@
+require "fileutils"
+
+require 'heroku/helpers'
+
+module Heroku
+  module Updater
+
+    def self.autoupdating_path
+      File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, ".heroku", "autoupdating")
+    end
+
+    def self.installed_client_path
+      File.expand_path("../../..", __FILE__)
+    end
+
+    def self.updated_client_path
+      File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, ".heroku", "client")
+    end
+
+    def self.latest_local_version
+      installed_version = client_version_from_path(installed_client_path)
+      updated_version = client_version_from_path(updated_client_path)
+      if compare_versions(updated_version, installed_version) > 0
+        updated_version
+      else
+        installed_version
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.client_version_from_path(path)
+      version_file = File.join(path, "lib/heroku/version.rb")
+      if File.exists?(version_file)
+        File.read(version_file).match(/VERSION = "([^"]+)"/)[1]
+      else
+        '0.0.0'
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.disable(message=nil)
+      @disable = message if message
+      @disable
+    end
+
+    def self.check_disabled!
+      if disable
+        Heroku::Helpers.error(disable)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def self.update(url, autoupdate=false)
+      if ENV['HEROKU_AUTOUPDATE'] == 'true'
+        if File.exists?(autoupdating_path)
+          Heroku::Helpers.error('autoupdate in progress')
+        end
+      end
+
+      require "excon"
+      require "heroku"
+      require "tmpdir"
+      require "zip/zip"
+
+      latest_version = Heroku::Helpers.json_decode(Excon.get('http://rubygems.org/api/v1/gems/heroku.json', :nonblock => false).body)['version']
+
+      if compare_versions(latest_version, latest_local_version) > 0
+        Dir.mktmpdir do |download_dir|
+
+          # follow redirect, if one exists
+          headers = Excon.head(
+            url,
+            :headers => {
+              'User-Agent' => Heroku.user_agent
+            },
+            :nonblack => false
+          ).headers
+          if headers['Location']
+            url = headers['Location']
+          end
+
+          File.open("#{download_dir}/heroku.zip", "wb") do |file|
+            file.print Excon.get(url, :nonblock => false).body
+          end
+
+          Zip::ZipFile.open("#{download_dir}/heroku.zip") do |zip|
+            zip.each do |entry|
+              target = File.join(download_dir, entry.to_s)
+              FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(target)
+              zip.extract(entry, target) { true }
+            end
+          end
+
+          FileUtils.rm "#{download_dir}/heroku.zip"
+
+          old_version = latest_local_version
+          new_version = client_version_from_path(download_dir)
+
+          if compare_versions(new_version, old_version) < 0 && !autoupdate
+            Heroku::Helpers.error("Installed version (#{old_version}) is newer than the latest available update (#{new_version})")
+          end
+
+          FileUtils.rm_rf updated_client_path
+          FileUtils.mkdir_p File.dirname(updated_client_path)
+          FileUtils.cp_r  download_dir, updated_client_path
+
+          new_version
+        end
+      else
+        false # already up to date
+      end
+    ensure
+      FileUtils.rm_f(autoupdating_path)
+    end
+
+    def self.compare_versions(first_version, second_version)
+      first_version.split('.').map {|part| Integer(part) rescue part} <=> second_version.split('.').map {|part| Integer(part) rescue part}
+    end
+
+    def self.inject_libpath
+      old_version = client_version_from_path(installed_client_path)
+      new_version = client_version_from_path(updated_client_path)
+
+      if compare_versions(new_version, old_version) > 0
+        $:.unshift File.join(updated_client_path, "lib")
+        vendored_gems = Dir[File.join(updated_client_path, "vendor", "gems", "*")]
+        vendored_gems.each do |vendored_gem|
+          $:.unshift File.join(vendored_gem, "lib")
+        end
+        load('heroku/updater.rb') # reload updated updater
+      end
+
+      background_update!
+    end
+
+    def self.autoupdate?
+      !@disable && File.exists?(File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, ".heroku", "autoupdate"))
+    end
+
+    def self.background_update!
+      # default autoupdate for users with no plugins who haven't updated before
+      unless File.exists?(File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, '.heroku'))
+        FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, '.heroku'))
+        FileUtils.touch(File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, '.heroku', 'autoupdate'))
+      end
+      if autoupdate? && !File.exists?(autoupdating_path)
+        FileUtils.touch(autoupdating_path)
+        log_path = File.join(Heroku::Helpers.home_directory, '.heroku', 'autoupdate.log')
+        pid = if defined?(RUBY_VERSION) and RUBY_VERSION =~ /^1\.8\.\d+/
+          fork do
+            ENV['HEROKU_AUTOUPDATE'] = 'true'
+            exec("heroku update &> #{log_path}")
+          end
+        else
+          spawn(ENV.to_hash.merge({'HEROKU_AUTOUPDATE' => 'true'}), "heroku update", {:err => :out, :out => log_path})
+        end
+        Process.detach(pid)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/heroku/version.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+module Heroku
+  VERSION = "2.31.2"
+end

data/lib/vendor/heroku/okjson.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,598 @@
+# encoding: UTF-8
+#
+# Copyright 2011, 2012 Keith Rarick
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+# all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+# THE SOFTWARE.
+
+# See https://github.com/kr/okjson for updates.
+
+require 'stringio'
+
+# Some parts adapted from
+# http://golang.org/src/pkg/json/decode.go and
+# http://golang.org/src/pkg/utf8/utf8.go
+module Heroku
+  module OkJson
+    extend self
+
+
+    # Decodes a json document in string s and
+    # returns the corresponding ruby value.
+    # String s must be valid UTF-8. If you have
+    # a string in some other encoding, convert
+    # it first.
+    #
+    # String values in the resulting structure
+    # will be UTF-8.
+    def decode(s)
+      ts = lex(s)
+      v, ts = textparse(ts)
+      if ts.length > 0
+        raise Error, 'trailing garbage'
+      end
+      v
+    end
+
+
+    # Parses a "json text" in the sense of RFC 4627.
+    # Returns the parsed value and any trailing tokens.
+    # Note: this is almost the same as valparse,
+    # except that it does not accept atomic values.
+    def textparse(ts)
+      if ts.length < 0
+        raise Error, 'empty'
+      end
+
+      typ, _, val = ts[0]
+      case typ
+      when '{' then objparse(ts)
+      when '[' then arrparse(ts)
+      else
+        raise Error, "unexpected #{val.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Parses a "value" in the sense of RFC 4627.
+    # Returns the parsed value and any trailing tokens.
+    def valparse(ts)
+      if ts.length < 0
+        raise Error, 'empty'
+      end
+
+      typ, _, val = ts[0]
+      case typ
+      when '{' then objparse(ts)
+      when '[' then arrparse(ts)
+      when :val,:str then [val, ts[1..-1]]
+      else
+        raise Error, "unexpected #{val.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Parses an "object" in the sense of RFC 4627.
+    # Returns the parsed value and any trailing tokens.
+    def objparse(ts)
+      ts = eat('{', ts)
+      obj = {}
+
+      if ts[0][0] == '}'
+        return obj, ts[1..-1]
+      end
+
+      k, v, ts = pairparse(ts)
+      obj[k] = v
+
+      if ts[0][0] == '}'
+        return obj, ts[1..-1]
+      end
+
+      loop do
+        ts = eat(',', ts)
+
+        k, v, ts = pairparse(ts)
+        obj[k] = v
+
+        if ts[0][0] == '}'
+          return obj, ts[1..-1]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Parses a "member" in the sense of RFC 4627.
+    # Returns the parsed values and any trailing tokens.
+    def pairparse(ts)
+      (typ, _, k), ts = ts[0], ts[1..-1]
+      if typ != :str
+        raise Error, "unexpected #{k.inspect}"
+      end
+      ts = eat(':', ts)
+      v, ts = valparse(ts)
+      [k, v, ts]
+    end
+
+
+    # Parses an "array" in the sense of RFC 4627.
+    # Returns the parsed value and any trailing tokens.
+    def arrparse(ts)
+      ts = eat('[', ts)
+      arr = []
+
+      if ts[0][0] == ']'
+        return arr, ts[1..-1]
+      end
+
+      v, ts = valparse(ts)
+      arr << v
+
+      if ts[0][0] == ']'
+        return arr, ts[1..-1]
+      end
+
+      loop do
+        ts = eat(',', ts)
+
+        v, ts = valparse(ts)
+        arr << v
+
+        if ts[0][0] == ']'
+          return arr, ts[1..-1]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def eat(typ, ts)
+      if ts[0][0] != typ
+        raise Error, "expected #{typ} (got #{ts[0].inspect})"
+      end
+      ts[1..-1]
+    end
+
+
+    # Scans s and returns a list of json tokens,
+    # excluding white space (as defined in RFC 4627).
+    def lex(s)
+      ts = []
+      while s.length > 0
+        typ, lexeme, val = tok(s)
+        if typ == nil
+          raise Error, "invalid character at #{s[0,10].inspect}"
+        end
+        if typ != :space
+          ts << [typ, lexeme, val]
+        end
+        s = s[lexeme.length..-1]
+      end
+      ts
+    end
+
+
+    # Scans the first token in s and
+    # returns a 3-element list, or nil
+    # if s does not begin with a valid token.
+    #
+    # The first list element is one of
+    # '{', '}', ':', ',', '[', ']',
+    # :val, :str, and :space.
+    #
+    # The second element is the lexeme.
+    #
+    # The third element is the value of the
+    # token for :val and :str, otherwise
+    # it is the lexeme.
+    def tok(s)
+      case s[0]
+      when ?{  then ['{', s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?}  then ['}', s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?:  then [':', s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?,  then [',', s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?[  then ['[', s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?]  then [']', s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?n  then nulltok(s)
+      when ?t  then truetok(s)
+      when ?f  then falsetok(s)
+      when ?"  then strtok(s)
+      when Spc then [:space, s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?\t then [:space, s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?\n then [:space, s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      when ?\r then [:space, s[0,1], s[0,1]]
+      else          numtok(s)
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def nulltok(s);  s[0,4] == 'null'  ? [:val, 'null',  nil]   : [] end
+    def truetok(s);  s[0,4] == 'true'  ? [:val, 'true',  true]  : [] end
+    def falsetok(s); s[0,5] == 'false' ? [:val, 'false', false] : [] end
+
+
+    def numtok(s)
+      m = /-?([1-9][0-9]+|[0-9])([.][0-9]+)?([eE][+-]?[0-9]+)?/.match(s)
+      if m && m.begin(0) == 0
+        if m[3] && !m[2]
+          [:val, m[0], Integer(m[1])*(10**Integer(m[3][1..-1]))]
+        elsif m[2]
+          [:val, m[0], Float(m[0])]
+        else
+          [:val, m[0], Integer(m[0])]
+        end
+      else
+        []
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def strtok(s)
+      m = /"([^"\\]|\\["\/\\bfnrt]|\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4})*"/.match(s)
+      if ! m
+        raise Error, "invalid string literal at #{abbrev(s)}"
+      end
+      [:str, m[0], unquote(m[0])]
+    end
+
+
+    def abbrev(s)
+      t = s[0,10]
+      p = t['`']
+      t = t[0,p] if p
+      t = t + '...' if t.length < s.length
+      '`' + t + '`'
+    end
+
+
+    # Converts a quoted json string literal q into a UTF-8-encoded string.
+    # The rules are different than for Ruby, so we cannot use eval.
+    # Unquote will raise an error if q contains control characters.
+    def unquote(q)
+      q = q[1...-1]
+      rubydoesenc = false
+      # In ruby >= 1.9, a[w] is a codepoint, not a byte.
+      if q.class.method_defined?(:force_encoding)
+        q.force_encoding('UTF-8')
+        rubydoesenc = true
+      end
+      a = q.dup # allocate a big enough string
+      r, w = 0, 0
+      while r < q.length
+        c = q[r]
+        case true
+        when c == ?\\
+          r += 1
+          if r >= q.length
+            raise Error, "string literal ends with a \"\\\": \"#{q}\""
+          end
+
+          case q[r]
+          when ?",?\\,?/,?'
+            a[w] = q[r]
+            r += 1
+            w += 1
+          when ?b,?f,?n,?r,?t
+            a[w] = Unesc[q[r]]
+            r += 1
+            w += 1
+          when ?u
+            r += 1
+            uchar = begin
+              hexdec4(q[r,4])
+            rescue RuntimeError => e
+              raise Error, "invalid escape sequence \\u#{q[r,4]}: #{e}"
+            end
+            r += 4
+            if surrogate? uchar
+              if q.length >= r+6
+                uchar1 = hexdec4(q[r+2,4])
+                uchar = subst(uchar, uchar1)
+                if uchar != Ucharerr
+                  # A valid pair; consume.
+                  r += 6
+                end
+              end
+            end
+            if rubydoesenc
+              a[w] = '' << uchar
+              w += 1
+            else
+              w += ucharenc(a, w, uchar)
+            end
+          else
+            raise Error, "invalid escape char #{q[r]} in \"#{q}\""
+          end
+        when c == ?", c < Spc
+          raise Error, "invalid character in string literal \"#{q}\""
+        else
+          # Copy anything else byte-for-byte.
+          # Valid UTF-8 will remain valid UTF-8.
+          # Invalid UTF-8 will remain invalid UTF-8.
+          # In ruby >= 1.9, c is a codepoint, not a byte,
+          # in which case this is still what we want.
+          a[w] = c
+          r += 1
+          w += 1
+        end
+      end
+      a[0,w]
+    end
+
+
+    # Encodes unicode character u as UTF-8
+    # bytes in string a at position i.
+    # Returns the number of bytes written.
+    def ucharenc(a, i, u)
+      case true
+      when u <= Uchar1max
+        a[i] = (u & 0xff).chr
+        1
+      when u <= Uchar2max
+        a[i+0] = (Utag2 | ((u>>6)&0xff)).chr
+        a[i+1] = (Utagx | (u&Umaskx)).chr
+        2
+      when u <= Uchar3max
+        a[i+0] = (Utag3 | ((u>>12)&0xff)).chr
+        a[i+1] = (Utagx | ((u>>6)&Umaskx)).chr
+        a[i+2] = (Utagx | (u&Umaskx)).chr
+        3
+      else
+        a[i+0] = (Utag4 | ((u>>18)&0xff)).chr
+        a[i+1] = (Utagx | ((u>>12)&Umaskx)).chr
+        a[i+2] = (Utagx | ((u>>6)&Umaskx)).chr
+        a[i+3] = (Utagx | (u&Umaskx)).chr
+        4
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def hexdec4(s)
+      if s.length != 4
+        raise Error, 'short'
+      end
+      (nibble(s[0])<<12) | (nibble(s[1])<<8) | (nibble(s[2])<<4) | nibble(s[3])
+    end
+
+
+    def subst(u1, u2)
+      if Usurr1 <= u1 && u1 < Usurr2 && Usurr2 <= u2 && u2 < Usurr3
+        return ((u1-Usurr1)<<10) | (u2-Usurr2) + Usurrself
+      end
+      return Ucharerr
+    end
+
+
+    def surrogate?(u)
+      Usurr1 <= u && u < Usurr3
+    end
+
+
+    def nibble(c)
+      case true
+      when ?0 <= c && c <= ?9 then c.ord - ?0.ord
+      when ?a <= c && c <= ?z then c.ord - ?a.ord + 10
+      when ?A <= c && c <= ?Z then c.ord - ?A.ord + 10
+      else
+        raise Error, "invalid hex code #{c}"
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Encodes x into a json text. It may contain only
+    # Array, Hash, String, Numeric, true, false, nil.
+    # (Note, this list excludes Symbol.)
+    # X itself must be an Array or a Hash.
+    # No other value can be encoded, and an error will
+    # be raised if x contains any other value, such as
+    # Nan, Infinity, Symbol, and Proc, or if a Hash key
+    # is not a String.
+    # Strings contained in x must be valid UTF-8.
+    def encode(x)
+      case x
+      when Hash    then objenc(x)
+      when Array   then arrenc(x)
+      else
+        raise Error, 'root value must be an Array or a Hash'
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def valenc(x)
+      case x
+      when Hash    then objenc(x)
+      when Array   then arrenc(x)
+      when String  then strenc(x)
+      when Numeric then numenc(x)
+      when true    then "true"
+      when false   then "false"
+      when nil     then "null"
+      else
+        raise Error, "cannot encode #{x.class}: #{x.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def objenc(x)
+      '{' + x.map{|k,v| keyenc(k) + ':' + valenc(v)}.join(',') + '}'
+    end
+
+
+    def arrenc(a)
+      '[' + a.map{|x| valenc(x)}.join(',') + ']'
+    end
+
+
+    def keyenc(k)
+      case k
+      when String then strenc(k)
+      else
+        raise Error, "Hash key is not a string: #{k.inspect}"
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    def strenc(s)
+      t = StringIO.new
+      t.putc(?")
+      r = 0
+
+      # In ruby >= 1.9, s[r] is a codepoint, not a byte.
+      rubydoesenc = s.class.method_defined?(:encoding)
+
+      while r < s.length
+        case s[r]
+        when ?"  then t.print('\\"')
+        when ?\\ then t.print('\\\\')
+        when ?\b then t.print('\\b')
+        when ?\f then t.print('\\f')
+        when ?\n then t.print('\\n')
+        when ?\r then t.print('\\r')
+        when ?\t then t.print('\\t')
+        else
+          c = s[r]
+          case true
+          when rubydoesenc
+            begin
+              c.ord # will raise an error if c is invalid UTF-8
+              t.write(c)
+            rescue
+              t.write(Ustrerr)
+            end
+          when Spc <= c && c <= ?~
+            t.putc(c)
+          else
+            n = ucharcopy(t, s, r) # ensure valid UTF-8 output
+            r += n - 1 # r is incremented below
+          end
+        end
+        r += 1
+      end
+      t.putc(?")
+      t.string
+    end
+
+
+    def numenc(x)
+      if ((x.nan? || x.infinite?) rescue false)
+        raise Error, "Numeric cannot be represented: #{x}"
+      end
+      "#{x}"
+    end
+
+
+    # Copies the valid UTF-8 bytes of a single character
+    # from string s at position i to I/O object t, and
+    # returns the number of bytes copied.
+    # If no valid UTF-8 char exists at position i,
+    # ucharcopy writes Ustrerr and returns 1.
+    def ucharcopy(t, s, i)
+      n = s.length - i
+      raise Utf8Error if n < 1
+
+      c0 = s[i].ord
+
+      # 1-byte, 7-bit sequence?
+      if c0 < Utagx
+        t.putc(c0)
+        return 1
+      end
+
+      raise Utf8Error if c0 < Utag2 # unexpected continuation byte?
+
+      raise Utf8Error if n < 2 # need continuation byte
+      c1 = s[i+1].ord
+      raise Utf8Error if c1 < Utagx || Utag2 <= c1
+
+      # 2-byte, 11-bit sequence?
+      if c0 < Utag3
+        raise Utf8Error if ((c0&Umask2)<<6 | (c1&Umaskx)) <= Uchar1max
+        t.putc(c0)
+        t.putc(c1)
+        return 2
+      end
+
+      # need second continuation byte
+      raise Utf8Error if n < 3
+
+      c2 = s[i+2].ord
+      raise Utf8Error if c2 < Utagx || Utag2 <= c2
+
+      # 3-byte, 16-bit sequence?
+      if c0 < Utag4
+        u = (c0&Umask3)<<12 | (c1&Umaskx)<<6 | (c2&Umaskx)
+        raise Utf8Error if u <= Uchar2max
+        t.putc(c0)
+        t.putc(c1)
+        t.putc(c2)
+        return 3
+      end
+
+      # need third continuation byte
+      raise Utf8Error if n < 4
+      c3 = s[i+3].ord
+      raise Utf8Error if c3 < Utagx || Utag2 <= c3
+
+      # 4-byte, 21-bit sequence?
+      if c0 < Utag5
+        u = (c0&Umask4)<<18 | (c1&Umaskx)<<12 | (c2&Umaskx)<<6 | (c3&Umaskx)
+        raise Utf8Error if u <= Uchar3max
+        t.putc(c0)
+        t.putc(c1)
+        t.putc(c2)
+        t.putc(c3)
+        return 4
+      end
+
+      raise Utf8Error
+    rescue Utf8Error
+      t.write(Ustrerr)
+      return 1
+    end
+
+
+    class Utf8Error < ::StandardError
+    end
+
+
+    class Error < ::StandardError
+    end
+
+
+    Utagx = 0x80 # 1000 0000
+    Utag2 = 0xc0 # 1100 0000
+    Utag3 = 0xe0 # 1110 0000
+    Utag4 = 0xf0 # 1111 0000
+    Utag5 = 0xF8 # 1111 1000
+    Umaskx = 0x3f # 0011 1111
+    Umask2 = 0x1f # 0001 1111
+    Umask3 = 0x0f # 0000 1111
+    Umask4 = 0x07 # 0000 0111
+    Uchar1max = (1<<7) - 1
+    Uchar2max = (1<<11) - 1
+    Uchar3max = (1<<16) - 1
+    Ucharerr = 0xFFFD # unicode "replacement char"
+    Ustrerr = "\xef\xbf\xbd" # unicode "replacement char"
+    Usurrself = 0x10000
+    Usurr1 = 0xd800
+    Usurr2 = 0xdc00
+    Usurr3 = 0xe000
+
+    Spc = ' '[0]
+    Unesc = {?b=>?\b, ?f=>?\f, ?n=>?\n, ?r=>?\r, ?t=>?\t}
+  end
+end