plaid 14.7.0 → 14.8.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/2.6.0/gems/rake-13.0.1/doc/rakefile.rdoc

@@ -1,622 +0,0 @@
-= Rakefile Format
-
-First of all, there is no special format for a Rakefile.  A Rakefile
-contains executable Ruby code.  Anything legal in a ruby script is
-allowed in a Rakefile.
-
-Now that we understand there is no special syntax in a Rakefile, there
-are some conventions that are used in a Rakefile that are a little
-unusual in a typical Ruby program.  Since a Rakefile is tailored to
-specifying tasks and actions, the idioms used in a Rakefile are
-designed to support that.
-
-So, what goes into a Rakefile?
-
-== Tasks
-
-Tasks are the main unit of work in a Rakefile.  Tasks have a name
-(usually given as a symbol or a string), a list of prerequisites (more
-symbols or strings) and a list of actions (given as a block).
-
-=== Simple Tasks
-
-A task is declared by using the +task+ method.  +task+ takes a single
-parameter that is the name of the task.
-
-  task :name
-
-=== Tasks with Prerequisites
-
-Any prerequisites are given as a list (enclosed in square brackets)
-following the name and an arrow (=>).
-
-  task name: [:prereq1, :prereq2]
-
-*NOTE:* Although this syntax looks a little funky, it is legal
-Ruby.  We are constructing a hash where the key is :name and the value
-for that key is the list of prerequisites.  It is equivalent to the
-following ...
-
-  hash = Hash.new
-  hash[:name] = [:prereq1, :prereq2]
-  task(hash)
-
-You can also use strings for task names and prerequisites, rake doesn't care.
-This is the same task definition:
-
-  task 'name' => %w[prereq1 prereq2]
-
-As is this:
-
-  task name: %w[prereq1 prereq2]
-
-We'll prefer this style for regular tasks with prerequisites throughout the
-rest of the document.  Using an array of strings for the prerequisites means
-you will need to make fewer changes if you need to move tasks into namespaces
-or perform other refactorings.
-
-=== Tasks with Actions
-
-Actions are defined by passing a block to the +task+ method.  Any Ruby
-code can be placed in the block.  The block may reference the task
-object via the block parameter.
-
-  task name: [:prereq1, :prereq2] do |t|
-    # actions (may reference t)
-  end
-
-=== Multiple Definitions
-
-A task may be specified more than once.  Each specification adds its
-prerequisites and actions to the existing definition.  This allows one
-part of a rakefile to specify the actions and a different rakefile
-(perhaps separately generated) to specify the dependencies.
-
-For example, the following is equivalent to the single task
-specification given above.
-
-  task :name
-  task name: :prereq1
-  task name: %w[prereq2]
-  task :name do |t|
-    # actions
-  end
-
-== File Tasks
-
-Some tasks are designed to create a file from one or more other files.
-Tasks that generate these files may be skipped if the file already
-exists.  File tasks are used to specify file creation tasks.
-
-File tasks are declared using the +file+ method (instead of the +task+
-method).  In addition, file tasks are usually named with a string
-rather than a symbol.
-
-The following file task creates a executable program (named +prog+)
-given two object files named +a.o+ and +b.o+.  The tasks
-for creating +a.o+ and +b.o+ are not shown.
-
-  file "prog" => ["a.o", "b.o"] do |t|
-    sh "cc -o #{t.name} #{t.prerequisites.join(' ')}"
-  end
-
-== Directory Tasks
-
-It is common to need to create directories upon demand.  The
-+directory+ convenience method is a short-hand for creating a FileTask
-that creates the directory.  For example, the following declaration
-...
-
-  directory "testdata/examples/doc"
-
-is equivalent to ...
-
-  file "testdata" do |t| mkdir t.name end
-  file "testdata/examples" => ["testdata"] do |t| mkdir t.name end
-  file "testdata/examples/doc" => ["testdata/examples"] do |t| mkdir t.name end
-
-The +directory+ method does not accept prerequisites or actions, but
-both prerequisites and actions can be added later.  For example ...
-
-  directory "testdata"
-  file "testdata" => ["otherdata"]
-  file "testdata" do
-    cp Dir["standard_data/*.data"], "testdata"
-  end
-
-== Tasks with Parallel Prerequisites
-
-Rake allows parallel execution of prerequisites using the following syntax:
-
-  multitask copy_files: %w[copy_src copy_doc copy_bin] do
-    puts "All Copies Complete"
-  end
-
-In this example, +copy_files+ is a normal rake task.  Its actions are
-executed whenever all of its prerequisites are done.  The big
-difference is that the prerequisites (+copy_src+, +copy_bin+ and
-+copy_doc+) are executed in parallel.  Each of the prerequisites are
-run in their own Ruby thread, possibly allowing faster overall runtime.
-
-=== Secondary Prerequisites
-
-If any of the primary prerequisites of a multitask have common secondary
-prerequisites, all of the primary/parallel prerequisites will wait
-until the common prerequisites have been run.
-
-For example, if the <tt>copy_<em>xxx</em></tt> tasks have the
-following prerequisites:
-
-  task copy_src: :prep_for_copy
-  task copy_bin: :prep_for_copy
-  task copy_doc: :prep_for_copy
-
-Then the +prep_for_copy+ task is run before starting all the copies in
-parallel.  Once +prep_for_copy+ is complete, +copy_src+, +copy_bin+,
-and +copy_doc+ are all run in parallel.  Note that +prep_for_copy+ is
-run only once, even though it is referenced in multiple threads.
-
-=== Thread Safety
-
-The Rake internal data structures are thread-safe with respect
-to the multitask parallel execution, so there is no need for the user
-to do extra synchronization for Rake's benefit.  However, if there are
-user data structures shared between the parallel prerequisites, the
-user must do whatever is necessary to prevent race conditions.
-
-== Tasks with Arguments
-
-Prior to version 0.8.0, rake was only able to handle command line
-arguments of the form NAME=VALUE that were passed into Rake via the
-ENV hash.  Many folks had asked for some kind of simple command line
-arguments, perhaps using "--" to separate regular task names from
-argument values on the command line.  The problem is that there was no
-easy way to associate positional arguments on the command line with
-different tasks.  Suppose both tasks :a and :b expect a command line
-argument: does the first value go with :a?  What if :b is run first?
-Should it then get the first command line argument.
-
-Rake 0.8.0 solves this problem by explicitly passing values directly
-to the tasks that need them.  For example, if I had a release task
-that required a version number, I could say:
-
-   rake release[0.8.2]
-
-And the string "0.8.2" will be passed to the :release task.  Multiple
-arguments can be passed by separating them with a comma, for example:
-
-   rake name[john,doe]
-
-Just a few words of caution.  The rake task name and its arguments
-need to be a single command line argument to rake.  This generally
-means no spaces.  If spaces are needed, then the entire name +
-argument string should be quoted.  Something like this:
-
-   rake "name[billy bob, smith]"
-
-(Quoting rules vary between operating systems and shells, so make sure
-you consult the proper docs for your OS/shell).
-
-=== Tasks that Expect Parameters
-
-Parameters are only given to tasks that are setup to expect them.  In
-order to handle named parameters, the task declaration syntax for
-tasks has been extended slightly.
-
-For example, a task that needs a first name and last name might be
-declared as:
-
-   task :name, [:first_name, :last_name]
-
-The first argument is still the name of the task (:name in this case).
-The next two arguments are the names of the parameters expected by
-:name in an array (:first_name and :last_name in the example).
-
-To access the values of the parameters, the block defining the task
-behaviour can now accept a second parameter:
-
-   task :name, [:first_name, :last_name] do |t, args|
-     puts "First name is #{args.first_name}"
-     puts "Last  name is #{args.last_name}"
-   end
-
-The first argument of the block "t" is always bound to the current
-task object.  The second argument "args" is an open-struct like object
-that allows access to the task arguments.  Extra command line
-arguments to a task are ignored.
-
-If you wish to specify default values for the arguments, you can use
-the with_defaults method in the task body.  Here is the above example
-where we specify default values for the first and last names:
-
-   task :name, [:first_name, :last_name] do |t, args|
-     args.with_defaults(:first_name => "John", :last_name => "Dough")
-     puts "First name is #{args.first_name}"
-     puts "Last  name is #{args.last_name}"
-   end
-
-=== Tasks that Expect Parameters and Have Prerequisites
-
-Tasks that use parameters have a slightly different format for
-prerequisites.  Use the arrow notation to indicate the prerequisites
-for tasks with arguments.  For example:
-
-   task :name, [:first_name, :last_name] => [:pre_name] do |t, args|
-     args.with_defaults(:first_name => "John", :last_name => "Dough")
-     puts "First name is #{args.first_name}"
-     puts "Last  name is #{args.last_name}"
-   end
-
-=== Tasks that take Variable-length Parameters
-
-Tasks that need to handle a list of values as a parameter can use the
-extras method of the args variable.  This allows for tasks that can
-loop over a variable number of values, and its compatible with named
-parameters as well:
-
-   task :email, [:message] do |t, args|
-     mail = Mail.new(args.message)
-     recipients = args.extras
-     recipients.each do |target|
-       mail.send_to(target)
-     end
-   end
-
-There is also the convenience method to_a that returns all parameters
-in the sequential order they were given, including those associated
-with named parameters.
-
-=== Deprecated Task Parameters Format
-
-There is an older format for declaring task parameters that omitted
-the task argument array and used the :needs keyword to introduce the
-dependencies.  That format is still supported for compatibility, but
-is not recommended for use.  The older format may be dropped in future
-versions of rake.
-
-== Accessing Task Programmatically
-
-Sometimes it is useful to manipulate tasks programmatically in a
-Rakefile. To find a task object use Rake::Task.[].
-
-=== Programmatic Task Example
-
-For example, the following Rakefile defines two tasks.  The :doit task
-simply prints a simple "DONE" message.  The :dont class will lookup
-the doit class and remove (clear) all of its prerequisites and
-actions.
-
-   task :doit do
-     puts "DONE"
-   end
-
-   task :dont do
-     Rake::Task[:doit].clear
-   end
-
-Running this example:
-
-  $ rake doit
-  (in /Users/jim/working/git/rake/x)
-  DONE
-  $ rake dont doit
-  (in /Users/jim/working/git/rake/x)
-  $
-
-The ability to programmatically manipulate tasks gives rake very
-powerful meta-programming capabilities w.r.t. task execution, but
-should be used with caution.
-
-== Rules
-
-When a file is named as a prerequisite, but does not have a file task
-defined for it, Rake will attempt to synthesize a task by looking at a
-list of rules supplied in the Rakefile.
-
-Suppose we were trying to invoke task "mycode.o", but no task is
-defined for it.  But the rakefile has a rule that look like this ...
-
-  rule '.o' => ['.c'] do |t|
-    sh "cc #{t.source} -c -o #{t.name}"
-  end
-
-This rule will synthesize any task that ends in ".o".  It has a
-prerequisite a source file with an extension of ".c" must exist.  If
-Rake is able to find a file named "mycode.c", it will automatically
-create a task that builds "mycode.o" from "mycode.c".
-
-If the file "mycode.c" does not exist, rake will attempt
-to recursively synthesize a rule for it.
-
-When a task is synthesized from a rule, the +source+ attribute of the
-task is set to the matching source file.  This allows us to write
-rules with actions that reference the source file.
-
-=== Advanced Rules
-
-Any regular expression may be used as the rule pattern.  Additionally,
-a proc may be used to calculate the name of the source file.  This
-allows for complex patterns and sources.
-
-The following rule is equivalent to the example above.
-
-  rule( /\.o$/ => [
-    proc {|task_name| task_name.sub(/\.[^.]+$/, '.c') }
-  ]) do |t|
-    sh "cc #{t.source} -c -o #{t.name}"
-  end
-
-*NOTE:* Because of a _quirk_ in Ruby syntax, parenthesis are
-required on *rule* when the first argument is a regular expression.
-
-The following rule might be used for Java files ...
-
-  rule '.class' => [
-    proc { |tn| tn.sub(/\.class$/, '.java').sub(/^classes\//, 'src/') }
-  ] do |t|
-    java_compile(t.source, t.name)
-  end
-
-*NOTE:* +java_compile+ is a hypothetical method that invokes the
-java compiler.
-
-== Importing Dependencies
-
-Any ruby file (including other rakefiles) can be included with a
-standard Ruby +require+ command.  The rules and declarations in the
-required file are just added to the definitions already accumulated.
-
-Because the files are loaded _before_ the rake targets are evaluated,
-the loaded files must be "ready to go" when the rake command is
-invoked. This makes generated dependency files difficult to use. By
-the time rake gets around to updating the dependencies file, it is too
-late to load it.
-
-The +import+ command addresses this by specifying a file to be loaded
-_after_ the main rakefile is loaded, but _before_ any targets on the
-command line are invoked. In addition, if the file name matches an
-explicit task, that task is invoked before loading the file. This
-allows dependency files to be generated and used in a single rake
-command invocation.
-
-Example:
-
-  require 'rake/loaders/makefile'
-
-  file ".depends.mf" => [SRC_LIST] do |t|
-    sh "makedepend -f- -- #{CFLAGS} -- #{t.prerequisites} > #{t.name}"
-  end
-
-  import ".depends.mf"
-
-If ".depends" does not exist, or is out of date w.r.t. the source
-files, a new ".depends" file is generated using +makedepend+ before
-loading.
-
-== Comments
-
-Standard Ruby comments (beginning with "#") can be used anywhere it is
-legal in Ruby source code, including comments for tasks and rules.
-However, if you wish a task to be described using the "-T" switch,
-then you need to use the +desc+ command to describe the task.
-
-Example:
-
-  desc "Create a distribution package"
-  task package: %w[ ... ] do ... end
-
-The "-T" switch (or "--tasks" if you like to spell things out) will
-display a list of tasks that have a description.  If you use +desc+ to
-describe your major tasks, you have a semi-automatic way of generating
-a summary of your Rake file.
-
-  $ rake -T
-  (in /home/.../rake)
-  rake clean            # Remove any temporary products.
-  rake clobber          # Remove any generated file.
-  rake clobber_rdoc     # Remove rdoc products
-  rake contrib_test     # Run tests for contrib_test
-  rake default          # Default Task
-  rake install          # Install the application
-  rake lines            # Count lines in the main rake file
-  rake rdoc             # Build the rdoc HTML Files
-  rake rerdoc           # Force a rebuild of the RDOC files
-  rake test             # Run tests
-  rake testall          # Run all test targets
-
-Only tasks with descriptions will be displayed with the "-T" switch.
-Use "-P" (or "--prereqs") to get a list of all tasks and their
-prerequisites.
-
-== Namespaces
-
-As projects grow (and along with it, the number of tasks), it is
-common for task names to begin to clash.  For example, if you might
-have a main program and a set of sample programs built by a single
-Rakefile.  By placing the tasks related to the main program in one
-namespace, and the tasks for building the sample programs in a
-different namespace, the task names will not interfere with each other.
-
-For example:
-
-  namespace "main" do
-    task :build do
-      # Build the main program
-    end
-  end
-
-  namespace "samples" do
-    task :build do
-      # Build the sample programs
-    end
-  end
-
-  task build: %w[main:build samples:build]
-
-Referencing a task in a separate namespace can be achieved by
-prefixing the task name with the namespace and a colon
-(e.g. "main:build" refers to the :build task in the +main+ namespace).
-Nested namespaces are supported.
-
-Note that the name given in the +task+ command is always the unadorned
-task name without any namespace prefixes.  The +task+ command always
-defines a task in the current namespace.
-
-=== FileTasks
-
-File task names are not scoped by the namespace command.  Since the
-name of a file task is the name of an actual file in the file system,
-it makes little sense to include file task names in name space.
-Directory tasks (created by the +directory+ command) are a type of
-file task and are also not affected by namespaces.
-
-=== Name Resolution
-
-When looking up a task name, rake will start with the current
-namespace and attempt to find the name there.  If it fails to find a
-name in the current namespace, it will search the parent namespaces
-until a match is found (or an error occurs if there is no match).
-
-The "rake" namespace is a special implicit namespace that refers to
-the toplevel names.
-
-If a task name begins with a "^" character, the name resolution will
-start in the parent namespace.  Multiple "^" characters are allowed.
-
-Here is an example file with multiple :run tasks and how various names
-resolve in different locations.
-
-  task :run
-
-  namespace "one" do
-    task :run
-
-    namespace "two" do
-      task :run
-
-      # :run            => "one:two:run"
-      # "two:run"       => "one:two:run"
-      # "one:two:run"   => "one:two:run"
-      # "one:run"       => "one:run"
-      # "^run"          => "one:run"
-      # "^^run"         => "rake:run" (the top level task)
-      # "rake:run"      => "rake:run" (the top level task)
-    end
-
-    # :run       => "one:run"
-    # "two:run"  => "one:two:run"
-    # "^run"     => "rake:run"
-  end
-
-  # :run           => "rake:run"
-  # "one:run"      => "one:run"
-  # "one:two:run"  => "one:two:run"
-
-== FileLists
-
-FileLists are the way Rake manages lists of files.  You can treat a
-FileList as an array of strings for the most part, but FileLists
-support some additional operations.
-
-=== Creating a FileList
-
-Creating a file list is easy.  Just give it the list of file names:
-
-   fl = FileList['file1.rb', file2.rb']
-
-Or give it a glob pattern:
-
-   fl = FileList['*.rb']
-
-== Odds and Ends
-
-=== do/end versus { }
-
-Blocks may be specified with either a +do+/+end+ pair, or with curly
-braces in Ruby.  We _strongly_ recommend using +do+/+end+ to specify the
-actions for tasks and rules.  Because the rakefile idiom tends to
-leave off parentheses on the task/file/rule methods, unusual
-ambiguities can arise when using curly braces.
-
-For example, suppose that the method +object_files+ returns a list of
-object files in a project.  Now we use +object_files+ as the
-prerequisites in a rule specified with actions in curly braces.
-
-  # DON'T DO THIS!
-  file "prog" => object_files {
-    # Actions are expected here (but it doesn't work)!
-  }
-
-Because curly braces have a higher precedence than +do+/+end+, the
-block is associated with the +object_files+ method rather than the
-+file+ method.
-
-This is the proper way to specify the task ...
-
-  # THIS IS FINE
-  file "prog" => object_files do
-    # Actions go here
-  end
-
-== Rakefile Path
-
-When issuing the +rake+ command in a terminal, Rake will look
-for a Rakefile in the current directory. If a Rakefile  is not found,
-it will search parent directories until one is found.
-
-For example, if a Rakefile resides in the +project/+ directory,
-moving deeper into the project's directory tree will not have an adverse
-effect on rake tasks:
-
-  $ pwd
-  /home/user/project
-
-  $ cd lib/foo/bar
-  $ pwd
-  /home/user/project/lib/foo/bar
-
-  $ rake run_pwd
-  /home/user/project
-
-As far as rake is concerned, all tasks are run from the directory in
-which the Rakefile resides.
-
-=== Multiple Rake Files
-
-Not all tasks need to be included in a single Rakefile. Additional
-rake files (with the file extension "+.rake+") may be placed in
-+rakelib+ directory located at the top level of a project (i.e.
-the same directory that contains the main +Rakefile+).
-
-Also, rails projects may include additional rake files in the
-+lib/tasks+ directory.
-
-=== Clean and Clobber Tasks
-
-Through <tt>require 'rake/clean'</tt> Rake provides +clean+ and +clobber+
-tasks:
-
-+clean+ ::
-  Clean up the project by deleting scratch files and backup files.  Add files
-  to the +CLEAN+ FileList to have the +clean+ target handle them.
-
-+clobber+ ::
-  Clobber all generated and non-source files in a project.  The task depends
-  on +clean+, so all the +CLEAN+ files will be deleted as well as files in the
-  +CLOBBER+ FileList.  The intent of this task is to return a project to its
-  pristine, just unpacked state.
-
-You can add file names or glob patterns to both the +CLEAN+ and +CLOBBER+
-lists.
-
-=== Phony Task
-
-The phony task can be used as a dependency to allow file-based tasks to use
-non-file-based-tasks as prerequisites without forcing them to rebuild.  You
-can <tt>require 'rake/phony'</tt> to add the +phony+ task.
-
-----
-
-== See
-
-* README.rdoc -- Main documentation for Rake.