pg 0.15.0.pre.454-x64-mingw32

data/ext/pg.h

@@ -0,0 +1,126 @@
+#ifndef __pg_h
+#define __pg_h
+
+#ifdef RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+#	include RUBY_EXTCONF_H
+#endif
+
+/* System headers */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#if defined(HAVE_UNISTD_H) && !defined(_WIN32)
+#	include <unistd.h>
+#endif /* HAVE_UNISTD_H */
+
+/* Ruby headers */
+#include "ruby.h"
+#ifdef HAVE_RUBY_ST_H
+#	include "ruby/st.h"
+#elif HAVE_ST_H
+#	include "st.h"
+#endif
+
+#if defined(HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H) && HAVE_RUBY_ENCODING_H
+#	include "ruby/encoding.h"
+#	define M17N_SUPPORTED
+#	define ASSOCIATE_INDEX( obj, index_holder ) rb_enc_associate_index((obj), pg_enc_get_index((index_holder)))
+#	ifdef HAVE_RB_ENCDB_ALIAS
+		extern int rb_encdb_alias(const char *, const char *);
+#		define ENC_ALIAS(name, orig) rb_encdb_alias((name), (orig))
+#	elif HAVE_RB_ENC_ALIAS
+		extern int rb_enc_alias(const char *, const char *);
+#		define ENC_ALIAS(name, orig) rb_enc_alias((name), (orig))
+#	else
+		extern int rb_enc_alias(const char *alias, const char *orig); /* declaration missing in Ruby 1.9.1 */
+#		define ENC_ALIAS(name, orig) rb_enc_alias((name), (orig))
+#	endif
+#else
+#	define ASSOCIATE_INDEX( obj, index_holder ) /* nothing */
+#endif
+
+#if RUBY_VM != 1
+#	define RUBY_18_COMPAT
+#endif
+
+#ifndef RARRAY_LEN
+#	define RARRAY_LEN(x) RARRAY((x))->len
+#endif /* RARRAY_LEN */
+
+#ifndef RSTRING_LEN
+#	define RSTRING_LEN(x) RSTRING((x))->len
+#endif /* RSTRING_LEN */
+
+#ifndef RSTRING_PTR
+#	define RSTRING_PTR(x) RSTRING((x))->ptr
+#endif /* RSTRING_PTR */
+
+#ifndef StringValuePtr
+#	define StringValuePtr(x) STR2CSTR(x)
+#endif /* StringValuePtr */
+
+#ifdef RUBY_18_COMPAT
+#	define rb_io_stdio_file GetWriteFile
+#	include "rubyio.h"
+#else
+#	include "ruby/io.h"
+#endif
+
+/* PostgreSQL headers */
+#include "libpq-fe.h"
+#include "libpq/libpq-fs.h"              /* large-object interface */
+#include "pg_config_manual.h"
+
+#if defined(_WIN32)
+#	include <fcntl.h>
+__declspec(dllexport)
+typedef long suseconds_t;
+#endif
+
+#include "gvl_wrappers.h"
+
+/***************************************************************************
+ * Globals
+ **************************************************************************/
+
+extern VALUE rb_mPG;
+extern VALUE rb_ePGerror;
+extern VALUE rb_mPGconstants;
+extern VALUE rb_cPGconn;
+extern VALUE rb_cPGresult;
+
+
+/***************************************************************************
+ * MACROS
+ **************************************************************************/
+
+#define UNUSED(x) ((void)(x))
+#define SINGLETON_ALIAS(klass,new,old) rb_define_alias(rb_singleton_class((klass)),(new),(old))
+
+
+/***************************************************************************
+ * PROTOTYPES
+ **************************************************************************/
+void Init_pg_ext                                       _(( void ));
+
+void init_pg_connection                                _(( void ));
+void init_pg_result                                    _(( void ));
+
+PGconn *pg_get_pgconn	                               _(( VALUE ));
+
+VALUE pg_new_result                                    _(( PGresult *, VALUE ));
+VALUE pg_result_check                                  _(( VALUE ));
+VALUE pg_result_clear                                  _(( VALUE ));
+
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+rb_encoding * pg_get_pg_encoding_as_rb_encoding        _(( int ));
+rb_encoding * pg_get_pg_encname_as_rb_encoding         _(( const char * ));
+const char * pg_get_rb_encoding_as_pg_encoding         _(( rb_encoding * ));
+int pg_enc_get_index                                   _(( VALUE ));
+rb_encoding *pg_conn_enc_get                           _(( PGconn * ));
+#endif /* M17N_SUPPORTED */
+
+void notice_receiver_proxy(void *arg, const PGresult *result);
+void notice_processor_proxy(void *arg, const char *message);
+
+#endif /* end __pg_h */

data/ext/pg_connection.c

@@ -0,0 +1,3600 @@
+/*
+ * pg_connection.c - PG::Connection class extension
+ * $Id$
+ *
+ */
+
+#include "pg.h"
+
+
+/********************************************************************
+ *
+ * Document-class: PG::Connection
+ *
+ * The class to access PostgreSQL RDBMS, based on the libpq interface,
+ * provides convenient OO methods to interact with PostgreSQL.
+ *
+ * For example, to send query to the database on the localhost:
+ *    require 'pg'
+ *    conn = PG::Connection.open(:dbname => 'test')
+ *    res = conn.exec('SELECT $1 AS a, $2 AS b, $3 AS c',[1, 2, nil])
+ *    # Equivalent to:
+ *    #  res  = conn.exec('SELECT 1 AS a, 2 AS b, NULL AS c')
+ *
+ * See the PG::Result class for information on working with the results of a query.
+ *
+ */
+VALUE rb_cPGconn;
+
+static PQnoticeReceiver default_notice_receiver = NULL;
+static PQnoticeProcessor default_notice_processor = NULL;
+
+static PGconn *pgconn_check( VALUE );
+static VALUE pgconn_finish( VALUE );
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+static VALUE pgconn_set_default_encoding( VALUE self );
+#endif
+
+#ifndef HAVE_RB_THREAD_FD_SELECT
+#define rb_fdset_t fd_set
+#define rb_fd_init(f)
+#define rb_fd_zero(f)  FD_ZERO(f)
+#define rb_fd_set(n, f)  FD_SET(n, f)
+#define rb_fd_term(f)
+#define rb_thread_fd_select rb_thread_select
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Global functions
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Fetch the data pointer and check it for sanity.
+ */
+PGconn *
+pg_get_pgconn( VALUE self )
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pgconn_check( self );
+
+	if ( !conn )
+		rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "connection is closed" );
+
+	return conn;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Close the associated socket IO object if there is one.
+ */
+void
+pgconn_close_socket_io( VALUE self )
+{
+	VALUE socket_io = rb_iv_get( self, "@socket_io" );
+	int ruby_sd;
+
+	if ( RTEST(socket_io) ) {
+#if defined(_WIN32) && defined(HAVE_RB_W32_WRAP_IO_HANDLE)
+		ruby_sd = NUM2INT(rb_funcall( socket_io, rb_intern("fileno"), 0 ));
+		if( rb_w32_unwrap_io_handle(ruby_sd) ){
+			rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "Could not unwrap win32 socket handle");
+		}
+#endif
+		rb_funcall( socket_io, rb_intern("close"), 0 );
+	}
+
+	rb_iv_set( self, "@socket_io", Qnil );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Allocation/
+ */
+
+/*
+ * Object validity checker. Returns the data pointer.
+ */
+static PGconn *
+pgconn_check( VALUE self ) {
+
+	Check_Type( self, T_DATA );
+
+    if ( !rb_obj_is_kind_of(self, rb_cPGconn) ) {
+		rb_raise( rb_eTypeError, "wrong argument type %s (expected PG::Connection)",
+				  rb_obj_classname( self ) );
+    }
+
+	return DATA_PTR( self );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * GC Free function
+ */
+static void
+pgconn_gc_free( PGconn *conn )
+{
+	if (conn != NULL)
+		PQfinish( conn );
+}
+
+
+/**************************************************************************
+ * Class Methods
+ **************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: allocate
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *   PG::Connection.allocate -> conn
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_allocate( VALUE klass )
+{
+	return Data_Wrap_Struct( klass, NULL, pgconn_gc_free, NULL );
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Document-method: new
+ *
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PG::Connection.new -> conn
+ *    PG::Connection.new(connection_hash) -> conn
+ *    PG::Connection.new(connection_string) -> conn
+ *    PG::Connection.new(host, port, options, tty, dbname, user, password) ->  conn
+ *
+ * Create a connection to the specified server.
+ *
+ * [+host+]
+ *   server hostname
+ * [+hostaddr+]
+ *   server address (avoids hostname lookup, overrides +host+)
+ * [+port+]
+ *   server port number
+ * [+dbname+]
+ *   connecting database name
+ * [+user+]
+ *   login user name
+ * [+password+]
+ *   login password
+ * [+connect_timeout+]
+ *   maximum time to wait for connection to succeed
+ * [+options+]
+ *   backend options
+ * [+tty+]
+ *   (ignored in newer versions of PostgreSQL)
+ * [+sslmode+]
+ *   (disable|allow|prefer|require)
+ * [+krbsrvname+]
+ *   kerberos service name
+ * [+gsslib+]
+ *   GSS library to use for GSSAPI authentication
+ * [+service+]
+ *   service name to use for additional parameters
+ *
+ * Examples:
+ *
+ *   # Connect using all defaults
+ *   PG::Connection.new
+ *
+ *   # As a Hash
+ *   PG::Connection.new( :dbname => 'test', :port => 5432 )
+ *
+ *   # As a String
+ *   PG::Connection.new( "dbname=test port=5432" )
+ *
+ *   # As an Array
+ *   PG::Connection.new( nil, 5432, nil, nil, 'test', nil, nil )
+ *
+ * If the Ruby default internal encoding is set (i.e., Encoding.default_internal != nil), the
+ * connection will have its +client_encoding+ set accordingly.
+ *
+ * Raises a PG::Error if the connection fails.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_init(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = NULL;
+	VALUE conninfo;
+	VALUE error;
+
+	conninfo = rb_funcall2( rb_cPGconn, rb_intern("parse_connect_args"), argc, argv );
+	conn = PQconnectdb(StringValuePtr(conninfo));
+
+	if(conn == NULL)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "PQconnectStart() unable to allocate structure");
+
+	Check_Type(self, T_DATA);
+	DATA_PTR(self) = conn;
+
+	if (PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+	pgconn_set_default_encoding( self );
+#endif
+
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+		return rb_ensure(rb_yield, self, pgconn_finish, self);
+	}
+	return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PG::Connection.connect_start(connection_hash)       -> conn
+ *    PG::Connection.connect_start(connection_string)     -> conn
+ *    PG::Connection.connect_start(host, port, options, tty, dbname, login, password) ->  conn
+ *
+ * This is an asynchronous version of PG::Connection.connect().
+ *
+ * Use #connect_poll to poll the status of the connection.
+ *
+ * NOTE: this does *not* set the connection's +client_encoding+ for you if
+ * Encoding.default_internal is set. To set it after the connection is established,
+ * call #internal_encoding=. You can also set it automatically by setting
+ * ENV['PGCLIENTENCODING'], or include the 'options' connection parameter.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_connect_start( int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass )
+{
+	PGconn *conn = NULL;
+	VALUE rb_conn;
+	VALUE conninfo;
+	VALUE error;
+
+	/*
+	 * PG::Connection.connect_start must act as both alloc() and initialize()
+	 * because it is not invoked by calling new().
+	 */
+	rb_conn  = pgconn_s_allocate( klass );
+	conninfo = rb_funcall2( klass, rb_intern("parse_connect_args"), argc, argv );
+	conn     = PQconnectStart( StringValuePtr(conninfo) );
+
+	if( conn == NULL )
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "PQconnectStart() unable to allocate structure");
+
+	Check_Type(rb_conn, T_DATA);
+	DATA_PTR(rb_conn) = conn;
+
+	if ( PQstatus(conn) == CONNECTION_BAD ) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", rb_conn);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+
+	if ( rb_block_given_p() ) {
+		return rb_ensure( rb_yield, rb_conn, pgconn_finish, rb_conn );
+	}
+	return rb_conn;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PQPING
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PG::Connection.ping(connection_hash)       -> Fixnum
+ *    PG::Connection.ping(connection_string)     -> Fixnum
+ *    PG::Connection.ping(host, port, options, tty, dbname, login, password) ->  Fixnum
+ *
+ * Check server status.
+ *
+ * Returns one of:
+ * [+PQPING_OK+]
+ *   server is accepting connections
+ * [+PQPING_REJECT+]
+ *   server is alive but rejecting connections
+ * [+PQPING_NO_RESPONSE+]
+ *   could not establish connection
+ * [+PQPING_NO_ATTEMPT+]
+ *   connection not attempted (bad params)
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_ping( int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass )
+{
+	PGPing ping;
+	VALUE conninfo;
+
+	conninfo = rb_funcall2( klass, rb_intern("parse_connect_args"), argc, argv );
+	ping     = PQping( StringValuePtr(conninfo) );
+
+	return INT2FIX((int)ping);
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PG::Connection.conndefaults() -> Array
+ *
+ * Returns an array of hashes. Each hash has the keys:
+ * [+:keyword+]
+ *   the name of the option
+ * [+:envvar+]
+ *   the environment variable to fall back to
+ * [+:compiled+]
+ *   the compiled in option as a secondary fallback
+ * [+:val+]
+ *   the option's current value, or +nil+ if not known
+ * [+:label+]
+ *   the label for the field
+ * [+:dispchar+]
+ *   "" for normal, "D" for debug, and "*" for password
+ * [+:dispsize+]
+ *   field size
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_conndefaults(VALUE self)
+{
+	PQconninfoOption *options = PQconndefaults();
+	VALUE ary = rb_ary_new();
+	VALUE hash;
+	int i = 0;
+
+	UNUSED( self );
+
+	for(i = 0; options[i].keyword != NULL; i++) {
+		hash = rb_hash_new();
+		if(options[i].keyword)
+			rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("keyword")), rb_str_new2(options[i].keyword));
+		if(options[i].envvar)
+			rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("envvar")), rb_str_new2(options[i].envvar));
+		if(options[i].compiled)
+			rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("compiled")), rb_str_new2(options[i].compiled));
+		if(options[i].val)
+			rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("val")), rb_str_new2(options[i].val));
+		if(options[i].label)
+			rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("label")), rb_str_new2(options[i].label));
+		if(options[i].dispchar)
+			rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("dispchar")), rb_str_new2(options[i].dispchar));
+		rb_hash_aset(hash, ID2SYM(rb_intern("dispsize")), INT2NUM(options[i].dispsize));
+		rb_ary_push(ary, hash);
+	}
+	PQconninfoFree(options);
+	return ary;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PG::Connection.encrypt_password( password, username ) -> String
+ *
+ * This function is intended to be used by client applications that
+ * send commands like: +ALTER USER joe PASSWORD 'pwd'+.
+ * The arguments are the cleartext password, and the SQL name
+ * of the user it is for.
+ *
+ * Return value is the encrypted password.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_encrypt_password(VALUE self, VALUE password, VALUE username)
+{
+	char *encrypted = NULL;
+	VALUE rval = Qnil;
+
+	UNUSED( self );
+
+	Check_Type(password, T_STRING);
+	Check_Type(username, T_STRING);
+
+	encrypted = PQencryptPassword(StringValuePtr(password), StringValuePtr(username));
+	rval = rb_str_new2( encrypted );
+	PQfreemem( encrypted );
+
+	OBJ_INFECT( rval, password );
+	OBJ_INFECT( rval, username );
+
+	return rval;
+}
+
+
+/**************************************************************************
+ * PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS
+ **************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.connect_poll() -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Returns one of:
+ * [+PGRES_POLLING_READING+]
+ *   wait until the socket is ready to read
+ * [+PGRES_POLLING_WRITING+]
+ *   wait until the socket is ready to write
+ * [+PGRES_POLLING_FAILED+]
+ *   the asynchronous connection has failed
+ * [+PGRES_POLLING_OK+]
+ *   the asynchronous connection is ready
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *   conn = PG::Connection.connect_start("dbname=mydatabase")
+ *   socket = conn.socket_io
+ *   status = conn.connect_poll
+ *   while(status != PG::PGRES_POLLING_OK) do
+ *     # do some work while waiting for the connection to complete
+ *     if(status == PG::PGRES_POLLING_READING)
+ *       if(not select([socket], [], [], 10.0))
+ *         raise "Asynchronous connection timed out!"
+ *       end
+ *     elsif(status == PG::PGRES_POLLING_WRITING)
+ *       if(not select([], [socket], [], 10.0))
+ *         raise "Asynchronous connection timed out!"
+ *       end
+ *     end
+ *     status = conn.connect_poll
+ *   end
+ *   # now conn.status == CONNECTION_OK, and connection
+ *   # is ready.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_connect_poll(VALUE self)
+{
+	PostgresPollingStatusType status;
+	status = PQconnectPoll(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	return INT2FIX((int)status);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.finish
+ *
+ * Closes the backend connection.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_finish( VALUE self )
+{
+	pgconn_close_socket_io( self );
+	PQfinish( pg_get_pgconn(self) );
+	DATA_PTR( self ) = NULL;
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.finished?      -> boolean
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the backend connection has been closed.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_finished_p( VALUE self )
+{
+	if ( DATA_PTR(self) ) return Qfalse;
+	return Qtrue;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.reset()
+ *
+ * Resets the backend connection. This method closes the
+ * backend connection and tries to re-connect.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_reset( VALUE self )
+{
+	pgconn_close_socket_io( self );
+	PQreset( pg_get_pgconn(self) );
+	return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.reset_start() -> nil
+ *
+ * Initiate a connection reset in a nonblocking manner.
+ * This will close the current connection and attempt to
+ * reconnect using the same connection parameters.
+ * Use #reset_poll to check the status of the
+ * connection reset.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_reset_start(VALUE self)
+{
+	pgconn_close_socket_io( self );
+	if(PQresetStart(pg_get_pgconn(self)) == 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "reset has failed");
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.reset_poll -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Checks the status of a connection reset operation.
+ * See #connect_start and #connect_poll for
+ * usage information and return values.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_reset_poll(VALUE self)
+{
+	PostgresPollingStatusType status;
+	status = PQresetPoll(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	return INT2FIX((int)status);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.db()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected database name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_db(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *db = PQdb(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!db) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(db);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.user()
+ *
+ * Returns the authenticated user name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_user(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *user = PQuser(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!user) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(user);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.pass()
+ *
+ * Returns the authenticated user name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_pass(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *user = PQpass(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!user) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(user);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.host()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected server name.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_host(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *host = PQhost(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!host) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(host);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.port()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected server port number.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_port(VALUE self)
+{
+	char* port = PQport(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	return INT2NUM(atol(port));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.tty()
+ *
+ * Returns the connected pgtty. (Obsolete)
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_tty(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *tty = PQtty(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!tty) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(tty);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.options()
+ *
+ * Returns backend option string.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_options(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *options = PQoptions(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!options) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(options);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.status()
+ *
+ * Returns status of connection : CONNECTION_OK or CONNECTION_BAD
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_status(VALUE self)
+{
+	return INT2NUM(PQstatus(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.transaction_status()
+ *
+ * returns one of the following statuses:
+ *   PQTRANS_IDLE    = 0 (connection idle)
+ *   PQTRANS_ACTIVE  = 1 (command in progress)
+ *   PQTRANS_INTRANS = 2 (idle, within transaction block)
+ *   PQTRANS_INERROR = 3 (idle, within failed transaction)
+ *   PQTRANS_UNKNOWN = 4 (cannot determine status)
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_transaction_status(VALUE self)
+{
+	return INT2NUM(PQtransactionStatus(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.parameter_status( param_name ) -> String
+ *
+ * Returns the setting of parameter _param_name_, where
+ * _param_name_ is one of
+ * * +server_version+
+ * * +server_encoding+
+ * * +client_encoding+
+ * * +is_superuser+
+ * * +session_authorization+
+ * * +DateStyle+
+ * * +TimeZone+
+ * * +integer_datetimes+
+ * * +standard_conforming_strings+
+ *
+ * Returns nil if the value of the parameter is not known.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_parameter_status(VALUE self, VALUE param_name)
+{
+	const char *ret = PQparameterStatus(pg_get_pgconn(self), StringValuePtr(param_name));
+	if(ret == NULL)
+		return Qnil;
+	else
+		return rb_tainted_str_new2(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.protocol_version -> Integer
+ *
+ * The 3.0 protocol will normally be used when communicating with PostgreSQL 7.4
+ * or later servers; pre-7.4 servers support only protocol 2.0. (Protocol 1.0 is
+ * obsolete and not supported by libpq.)
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_protocol_version(VALUE self)
+{
+	return INT2NUM(PQprotocolVersion(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.server_version -> Integer
+ *
+ * The number is formed by converting the major, minor, and revision
+ * numbers into two-decimal-digit numbers and appending them together.
+ * For example, version 7.4.2 will be returned as 70402, and version
+ * 8.1 will be returned as 80100 (leading zeroes are not shown). Zero
+ * is returned if the connection is bad.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_server_version(VALUE self)
+{
+	return INT2NUM(PQserverVersion(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.error_message -> String
+ *
+ * Returns the error message about connection.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_error_message(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *error = PQerrorMessage(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if (!error) return Qnil;
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(error);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.socket() -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Returns the socket's file descriptor for this connection.
+ * <tt>IO.for_fd()</tt> can be used to build a proper IO object to the socket.
+ * If you do so, you will likely also want to set <tt>autoclose=false</tt>
+ * on it to prevent Ruby from closing the socket to PostgreSQL if it
+ * goes out of scope. Alternatively, you can use #socket_io, which
+ * creates an IO that's associated with the connection object itself,
+ * and so won't go out of scope until the connection does.
+ *
+ * *Note:* On Windows the file descriptor is not really usable,
+ * since it can not be used to build a Ruby IO object.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_socket(VALUE self)
+{
+	int sd;
+	if( (sd = PQsocket(pg_get_pgconn(self))) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "Can't get socket descriptor");
+	return INT2NUM(sd);
+}
+
+
+#if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(HAVE_RB_W32_WRAP_IO_HANDLE)
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.socket_io() -> IO
+ *
+ * Fetch a memoized IO object created from the Connection's underlying socket.
+ * This object can be used for IO.select to wait for events while running
+ * asynchronous API calls.
+ *
+ * Using this instead of #socket avoids the problem of the underlying connection
+ * being closed by Ruby when an IO created using <tt>IO.for_fd(conn.socket)</tt>
+ * goes out of scope.
+ *
+ * This method can also be used on Windows but requires Ruby-2.0+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_socket_io(VALUE self)
+{
+	int sd;
+	int ruby_sd;
+	int id_autoclose = rb_intern("autoclose=");
+	VALUE socket_io = rb_iv_get( self, "@socket_io" );
+
+	if ( !RTEST(socket_io) ) {
+		if( (sd = PQsocket(pg_get_pgconn(self))) < 0)
+			rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "Can't get socket descriptor");
+
+		#ifdef _WIN32
+			ruby_sd = rb_w32_wrap_io_handle((HANDLE)(intptr_t)sd, O_RDWR|O_BINARY|O_NOINHERIT);
+		#else
+			ruby_sd = sd;
+		#endif
+
+		socket_io = rb_funcall( rb_cIO, rb_intern("for_fd"), 1, INT2NUM(ruby_sd) );
+
+		/* Disable autoclose feature, when supported */
+		if( rb_respond_to(socket_io, id_autoclose) ){
+			rb_funcall( socket_io, id_autoclose, 1, Qfalse );
+		}
+
+		rb_iv_set( self, "@socket_io", socket_io );
+	}
+
+	return socket_io;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.backend_pid() -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Returns the process ID of the backend server
+ * process for this connection.
+ * Note that this is a PID on database server host.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_backend_pid(VALUE self)
+{
+	return INT2NUM(PQbackendPID(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.connection_needs_password() -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the authentication method required a
+ * password, but none was available. +false+ otherwise.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_connection_needs_password(VALUE self)
+{
+	return PQconnectionNeedsPassword(pg_get_pgconn(self)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.connection_used_password() -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if the authentication method used
+ * a caller-supplied password, +false+ otherwise.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_connection_used_password(VALUE self)
+{
+	return PQconnectionUsedPassword(pg_get_pgconn(self)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+
+/* :TODO: get_ssl */
+
+
+static VALUE pgconn_exec_params( int, VALUE *, VALUE );
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.exec(sql) -> PG::Result
+ *    conn.exec(sql) {|pg_result| block }
+ *
+ * Sends SQL query request specified by _sql_ to PostgreSQL.
+ * Returns a PG::Result instance on success.
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * For backward compatibility, if you pass more than one parameter to this method,
+ * it will call #exec_params for you. New code should explicitly use #exec_params if
+ * argument placeholders are used.
+ *
+ * If the optional code block is given, it will be passed <i>result</i> as an argument,
+ * and the PG::Result object will  automatically be cleared when the block terminates.
+ * In this instance, <code>conn.exec</code> returns the value of the block.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_exec(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGresult *result = NULL;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+
+	/* If called with no parameters, use PQexec */
+	if ( argc == 1 ) {
+		Check_Type(argv[0], T_STRING);
+
+		result = gvl_PQexec(conn, StringValuePtr(argv[0]));
+		rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+		pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+		if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+			return rb_ensure(rb_yield, rb_pgresult, pg_result_clear, rb_pgresult);
+		}
+		return rb_pgresult;
+	}
+
+	/* Otherwise, just call #exec_params instead for backward-compatibility */
+	else {
+		return pgconn_exec_params( argc, argv, self );
+	}
+
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.exec_params(sql, params[, result_format ] ) -> PG::Result
+ *    conn.exec_params(sql, params[, result_format ] ) {|pg_result| block }
+ *
+ * Sends SQL query request specified by +sql+ to PostgreSQL using placeholders
+ * for parameters.
+ *
+ * Returns a PG::Result instance on success. On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * +params+ is an array of the bind parameters for the SQL query.
+ * Each element of the +params+ array may be either:
+ *   a hash of the form:
+ *     {:value  => String (value of bind parameter)
+ *      :type   => Fixnum (oid of type of bind parameter)
+ *      :format => Fixnum (0 for text, 1 for binary)
+ *     }
+ *   or, it may be a String. If it is a string, that is equivalent to the hash:
+ *     { :value => <string value>, :type => 0, :format => 0 }
+ *
+ * PostgreSQL bind parameters are represented as $1, $1, $2, etc.,
+ * inside the SQL query. The 0th element of the +params+ array is bound
+ * to $1, the 1st element is bound to $2, etc. +nil+ is treated as +NULL+.
+ *
+ * If the types are not specified, they will be inferred by PostgreSQL.
+ * Instead of specifying type oids, it's recommended to simply add
+ * explicit casts in the query to ensure that the right type is used.
+ *
+ * For example: "SELECT $1::int"
+ *
+ * The optional +result_format+ should be 0 for text results, 1
+ * for binary.
+ *
+ * If the optional code block is given, it will be passed <i>result</i> as an argument,
+ * and the PG::Result object will  automatically be cleared when the block terminates.
+ * In this instance, <code>conn.exec</code> returns the value of the block.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_exec_params( int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self )
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGresult *result = NULL;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	VALUE command, params, in_res_fmt;
+	VALUE param, param_type, param_value, param_format;
+	VALUE param_value_tmp;
+	VALUE sym_type, sym_value, sym_format;
+	VALUE gc_array;
+	int i=0;
+	int nParams;
+	Oid *paramTypes;
+	char ** paramValues;
+	int *paramLengths;
+	int *paramFormats;
+	int resultFormat;
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &command, &params, &in_res_fmt);
+
+	/*
+	 * Handle the edge-case where the caller is coming from #exec, but passed an explict +nil+
+	 * for the second parameter.
+	 */
+	if ( NIL_P(params) ) {
+		return pgconn_exec( 1, argv, self );
+		}
+
+	Check_Type(params, T_ARRAY);
+
+	if ( NIL_P(in_res_fmt) ) {
+		resultFormat = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		resultFormat = NUM2INT(in_res_fmt);
+	}
+
+	gc_array = rb_ary_new();
+	rb_gc_register_address(&gc_array);
+
+	sym_type = ID2SYM(rb_intern("type"));
+	sym_value = ID2SYM(rb_intern("value"));
+	sym_format = ID2SYM(rb_intern("format"));
+	nParams = (int)RARRAY_LEN(params);
+	paramTypes = ALLOC_N(Oid, nParams);
+	paramValues = ALLOC_N(char *, nParams);
+	paramLengths = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	paramFormats = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+
+	for ( i = 0; i < nParams; i++ ) {
+		param = rb_ary_entry(params, i);
+		if (TYPE(param) == T_HASH) {
+			param_type = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_type);
+			param_value_tmp = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_value);
+			if(param_value_tmp == Qnil)
+				param_value = param_value_tmp;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param_value_tmp);
+			param_format = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_format);
+		}
+		else {
+			param_type = Qnil;
+			if(param == Qnil)
+				param_value = param;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param);
+			param_format = Qnil;
+		}
+
+		if(param_type == Qnil)
+			paramTypes[i] = 0;
+		else
+			paramTypes[i] = NUM2INT(param_type);
+
+		if(param_value == Qnil) {
+			paramValues[i] = NULL;
+			paramLengths[i] = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			Check_Type(param_value, T_STRING);
+			/* make sure param_value doesn't get freed by the GC */
+			rb_ary_push(gc_array, param_value);
+			paramValues[i] = StringValuePtr(param_value);
+			paramLengths[i] = (int)RSTRING_LEN(param_value);
+		}
+
+		if(param_format == Qnil)
+			paramFormats[i] = 0;
+		else
+			paramFormats[i] = NUM2INT(param_format);
+	}
+
+	result = gvl_PQexecParams(conn, StringValuePtr(command), nParams, paramTypes,
+		(const char * const *)paramValues, paramLengths, paramFormats, resultFormat);
+
+	rb_gc_unregister_address(&gc_array);
+
+	xfree(paramTypes);
+	xfree(paramValues);
+	xfree(paramLengths);
+	xfree(paramFormats);
+
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+		return rb_ensure(rb_yield, rb_pgresult, pg_result_clear, rb_pgresult);
+	}
+
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.prepare(stmt_name, sql [, param_types ] ) -> PG::Result
+ *
+ * Prepares statement _sql_ with name _name_ to be executed later.
+ * Returns a PG::Result instance on success.
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * +param_types+ is an optional parameter to specify the Oids of the
+ * types of the parameters.
+ *
+ * If the types are not specified, they will be inferred by PostgreSQL.
+ * Instead of specifying type oids, it's recommended to simply add
+ * explicit casts in the query to ensure that the right type is used.
+ *
+ * For example: "SELECT $1::int"
+ *
+ * PostgreSQL bind parameters are represented as $1, $1, $2, etc.,
+ * inside the SQL query.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_prepare(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGresult *result = NULL;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	VALUE name, command, in_paramtypes;
+	VALUE param;
+	int i = 0;
+	int nParams = 0;
+	Oid *paramTypes = NULL;
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &name, &command, &in_paramtypes);
+	Check_Type(name, T_STRING);
+	Check_Type(command, T_STRING);
+
+	if(! NIL_P(in_paramtypes)) {
+		Check_Type(in_paramtypes, T_ARRAY);
+		nParams = (int)RARRAY_LEN(in_paramtypes);
+		paramTypes = ALLOC_N(Oid, nParams);
+		for(i = 0; i < nParams; i++) {
+			param = rb_ary_entry(in_paramtypes, i);
+			Check_Type(param, T_FIXNUM);
+			if(param == Qnil)
+				paramTypes[i] = 0;
+			else
+				paramTypes[i] = NUM2INT(param);
+		}
+	}
+	result = gvl_PQprepare(conn, StringValuePtr(name), StringValuePtr(command),
+			nParams, paramTypes);
+
+	xfree(paramTypes);
+
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.exec_prepared(statement_name [, params, result_format ] ) -> PG::Result
+ *    conn.exec_prepared(statement_name [, params, result_format ] ) {|pg_result| block }
+ *
+ * Execute prepared named statement specified by _statement_name_.
+ * Returns a PG::Result instance on success.
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * +params+ is an array of the optional bind parameters for the
+ * SQL query. Each element of the +params+ array may be either:
+ *   a hash of the form:
+ *     {:value  => String (value of bind parameter)
+ *      :format => Fixnum (0 for text, 1 for binary)
+ *     }
+ *   or, it may be a String. If it is a string, that is equivalent to the hash:
+ *     { :value => <string value>, :format => 0 }
+ *
+ * PostgreSQL bind parameters are represented as $1, $1, $2, etc.,
+ * inside the SQL query. The 0th element of the +params+ array is bound
+ * to $1, the 1st element is bound to $2, etc. +nil+ is treated as +NULL+.
+ *
+ * The optional +result_format+ should be 0 for text results, 1
+ * for binary.
+ *
+ * If the optional code block is given, it will be passed <i>result</i> as an argument,
+ * and the PG::Result object will  automatically be cleared when the block terminates.
+ * In this instance, <code>conn.exec_prepared</code> returns the value of the block.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_exec_prepared(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGresult *result = NULL;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	VALUE name, params, in_res_fmt;
+	VALUE param, param_value, param_format;
+	VALUE param_value_tmp;
+	VALUE sym_value, sym_format;
+	VALUE gc_array;
+	int i = 0;
+	int nParams;
+	char ** paramValues;
+	int *paramLengths;
+	int *paramFormats;
+	int resultFormat;
+
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &name, &params, &in_res_fmt);
+	Check_Type(name, T_STRING);
+
+	if(NIL_P(params)) {
+		params = rb_ary_new2(0);
+		resultFormat = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		Check_Type(params, T_ARRAY);
+	}
+
+	if(NIL_P(in_res_fmt)) {
+		resultFormat = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		resultFormat = NUM2INT(in_res_fmt);
+	}
+
+	gc_array = rb_ary_new();
+	rb_gc_register_address(&gc_array);
+	sym_value = ID2SYM(rb_intern("value"));
+	sym_format = ID2SYM(rb_intern("format"));
+	nParams = (int)RARRAY_LEN(params);
+	paramValues = ALLOC_N(char *, nParams);
+	paramLengths = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	paramFormats = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	for(i = 0; i < nParams; i++) {
+		param = rb_ary_entry(params, i);
+		if (TYPE(param) == T_HASH) {
+			param_value_tmp = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_value);
+			if(param_value_tmp == Qnil)
+				param_value = param_value_tmp;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param_value_tmp);
+			param_format = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_format);
+		}
+		else {
+			if(param == Qnil)
+				param_value = param;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param);
+			param_format = INT2NUM(0);
+		}
+		if(param_value == Qnil) {
+			paramValues[i] = NULL;
+			paramLengths[i] = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			Check_Type(param_value, T_STRING);
+			/* make sure param_value doesn't get freed by the GC */
+			rb_ary_push(gc_array, param_value);
+			paramValues[i] = StringValuePtr(param_value);
+			paramLengths[i] = (int)RSTRING_LEN(param_value);
+		}
+
+		if(param_format == Qnil)
+			paramFormats[i] = 0;
+		else
+			paramFormats[i] = NUM2INT(param_format);
+	}
+
+	result = gvl_PQexecPrepared(conn, StringValuePtr(name), nParams,
+		(const char * const *)paramValues, paramLengths, paramFormats,
+		resultFormat);
+
+	rb_gc_unregister_address(&gc_array);
+
+	xfree(paramValues);
+	xfree(paramLengths);
+	xfree(paramFormats);
+
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+		return rb_ensure(rb_yield, rb_pgresult,
+			pg_result_clear, rb_pgresult);
+	}
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.describe_prepared( statement_name ) -> PG::Result
+ *
+ * Retrieve information about the prepared statement
+ * _statement_name_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_describe_prepared(VALUE self, VALUE stmt_name)
+{
+	PGresult *result;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	char *stmt;
+	if(stmt_name == Qnil) {
+		stmt = NULL;
+	}
+	else {
+		Check_Type(stmt_name, T_STRING);
+		stmt = StringValuePtr(stmt_name);
+	}
+	result = gvl_PQdescribePrepared(conn, stmt);
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.describe_portal( portal_name ) -> PG::Result
+ *
+ * Retrieve information about the portal _portal_name_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_describe_portal(self, stmt_name)
+	VALUE self, stmt_name;
+{
+	PGresult *result;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	char *stmt;
+	if(stmt_name == Qnil) {
+		stmt = NULL;
+	}
+	else {
+		Check_Type(stmt_name, T_STRING);
+		stmt = StringValuePtr(stmt_name);
+	}
+	result = gvl_PQdescribePortal(conn, stmt);
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.make_empty_pgresult( status ) -> PG::Result
+ *
+ * Constructs and empty PG::Result with status _status_.
+ * _status_ may be one of:
+ * * +PGRES_EMPTY_QUERY+
+ * * +PGRES_COMMAND_OK+
+ * * +PGRES_TUPLES_OK+
+ * * +PGRES_COPY_OUT+
+ * * +PGRES_COPY_IN+
+ * * +PGRES_BAD_RESPONSE+
+ * * +PGRES_NONFATAL_ERROR+
+ * * +PGRES_FATAL_ERROR+
+ * * +PGRES_COPY_BOTH+
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_make_empty_pgresult(VALUE self, VALUE status)
+{
+	PGresult *result;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	result = PQmakeEmptyPGresult(conn, NUM2INT(status));
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.escape_string( str ) -> String
+ *
+ * Connection instance method for versions of 8.1 and higher of libpq
+ * uses PQescapeStringConn, which is safer. Avoid calling as a class method,
+ * the class method uses the deprecated PQescapeString() API function.
+ *
+ * Returns a SQL-safe version of the String _str_.
+ * This is the preferred way to make strings safe for inclusion in
+ * SQL queries.
+ *
+ * Consider using exec_params, which avoids the need for passing values
+ * inside of SQL commands.
+ *
+ * Encoding of escaped string will be equal to client encoding of connection.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_escape(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+	char *escaped;
+	size_t size;
+	int error;
+	VALUE result;
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+	rb_encoding* enc;
+#endif
+
+	Check_Type(string, T_STRING);
+
+	escaped = ALLOC_N(char, RSTRING_LEN(string) * 2 + 1);
+	if(rb_obj_class(self) == rb_cPGconn) {
+		size = PQescapeStringConn(pg_get_pgconn(self), escaped,
+			RSTRING_PTR(string), RSTRING_LEN(string), &error);
+		if(error) {
+			xfree(escaped);
+			rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+		}
+	} else {
+		size = PQescapeString(escaped, RSTRING_PTR(string), (int)RSTRING_LEN(string));
+	}
+	result = rb_str_new(escaped, size);
+	xfree(escaped);
+	OBJ_INFECT(result, string);
+
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+	if ( rb_obj_class(self) == rb_cPGconn ) {
+		enc = pg_conn_enc_get( pg_get_pgconn(self) );
+	} else {
+		enc = rb_enc_get(string);
+	}
+	rb_enc_associate(result, enc);
+#endif
+
+	return result;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.escape_bytea( string ) -> String
+ *
+ * Connection instance method for versions of 8.1 and higher of libpq
+ * uses PQescapeByteaConn, which is safer. Avoid calling as a class method,
+ * the class method uses the deprecated PQescapeBytea() API function.
+ *
+ * Use the instance method version of this function, it is safer than the
+ * class method.
+ *
+ * Escapes binary data for use within an SQL command with the type +bytea+.
+ *
+ * Certain byte values must be escaped (but all byte values may be escaped)
+ * when used as part of a +bytea+ literal in an SQL statement. In general, to
+ * escape a byte, it is converted into the three digit octal number equal to
+ * the octet value, and preceded by two backslashes. The single quote (') and
+ * backslash (\) characters have special alternative escape sequences.
+ * #escape_bytea performs this operation, escaping only the minimally required
+ * bytes.
+ *
+ * Consider using exec_params, which avoids the need for passing values inside of
+ * SQL commands.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_escape_bytea(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+	unsigned char *from, *to;
+	size_t from_len, to_len;
+	VALUE ret;
+
+	Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+	from      = (unsigned char*)RSTRING_PTR(str);
+	from_len  = RSTRING_LEN(str);
+
+	if(rb_obj_class(self) == rb_cPGconn) {
+		to = PQescapeByteaConn(pg_get_pgconn(self), from, from_len, &to_len);
+	} else {
+		to = PQescapeBytea( from, from_len, &to_len);
+	}
+
+	ret = rb_str_new((char*)to, to_len - 1);
+	OBJ_INFECT(ret, str);
+	PQfreemem(to);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   PG::Connection.unescape_bytea( string )
+ *
+ * Converts an escaped string representation of binary data into binary data --- the
+ * reverse of #escape_bytea. This is needed when retrieving +bytea+ data in text format,
+ * but not when retrieving it in binary format.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_unescape_bytea(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+	unsigned char *from, *to;
+	size_t to_len;
+	VALUE ret;
+
+	UNUSED( self );
+
+	Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+	from = (unsigned char*)StringValuePtr(str);
+
+	to = PQunescapeBytea(from, &to_len);
+
+	ret = rb_str_new((char*)to, to_len);
+	OBJ_INFECT(ret, str);
+	PQfreemem(to);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PQESCAPELITERAL
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.escape_literal( str ) -> String
+ *
+ * Escape an arbitrary String +str+ as a literal.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_escape_literal(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	char *escaped = NULL;
+	VALUE error;
+	VALUE result = Qnil;
+
+	Check_Type(string, T_STRING);
+
+	escaped = PQescapeLiteral(conn, RSTRING_PTR(string), RSTRING_LEN(string));
+	if (escaped == NULL)
+	{
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+	result = rb_str_new2(escaped);
+	PQfreemem(escaped);
+	OBJ_INFECT(result, string);
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PQESCAPEIDENTIFIER
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.escape_identifier( str ) -> String
+ *
+ * Escape an arbitrary String +str+ as an identifier.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_escape_identifier(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	char *escaped = NULL;
+	VALUE error;
+	VALUE result = Qnil;
+
+	Check_Type(string, T_STRING);
+
+	escaped = PQescapeIdentifier(conn, RSTRING_PTR(string), RSTRING_LEN(string));
+	if (escaped == NULL)
+	{
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+	result = rb_str_new2(escaped);
+	PQfreemem(escaped);
+	OBJ_INFECT(result, string);
+
+	return result;
+}
+#endif
+
+#ifdef HAVE_PQSETSINGLEROWMODE
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.set_single_row_mode -> self
+ *
+ * To enter single-row mode, call this method immediately after a successful
+ * call of send_query (or a sibling function). This mode selection is effective
+ * only for the currently executing query.
+ * Then call Connection#get_result repeatedly, until it returns nil.
+ *
+ * Each (but the last) received Result has exactly one row and a
+ * Result#result_status of PGRES_SINGLE_TUPLE. The last row has
+ * zero rows and is used to indicate a successful execution of the query.
+ * All of these Result objects will contain the same row description data
+ * (column names, types, etc) that an ordinary Result object for the query
+ * would have.
+ *
+ * *Caution:* While processing a query, the server may return some rows and
+ * then encounter an error, causing the query to be aborted. Ordinarily, pg
+ * discards any such rows and reports only the error. But in single-row mode,
+ * those rows will have already been returned to the application. Hence, the
+ * application will see some Result objects followed by an Error raised in get_result.
+ * For proper transactional behavior, the application must be designed to discard
+ * or undo whatever has been done with the previously-processed rows, if the query
+ * ultimately fails.
+ *
+ * Example:
+ *   conn.send_query( "your SQL command" )
+ *   conn.set_single_row_mode
+ *   loop do
+ *     res = conn.get_result or break
+ *     res.check
+ *     res.each do |row|
+ *       # do something with the received row
+ *     end
+ *   end
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_single_row_mode(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	VALUE error;
+
+	if( PQsetSingleRowMode(conn) == 0 )
+	{
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+
+	return self;
+}
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.send_query(sql [, params, result_format ] ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Sends SQL query request specified by _sql_ to PostgreSQL for
+ * asynchronous processing, and immediately returns.
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * +params+ is an optional array of the bind parameters for the SQL query.
+ * Each element of the +params+ array may be either:
+ *   a hash of the form:
+ *     {:value  => String (value of bind parameter)
+ *      :type   => Fixnum (oid of type of bind parameter)
+ *      :format => Fixnum (0 for text, 1 for binary)
+ *     }
+ *   or, it may be a String. If it is a string, that is equivalent to the hash:
+ *     { :value => <string value>, :type => 0, :format => 0 }
+ *
+ * PostgreSQL bind parameters are represented as $1, $1, $2, etc.,
+ * inside the SQL query. The 0th element of the +params+ array is bound
+ * to $1, the 1st element is bound to $2, etc. +nil+ is treated as +NULL+.
+ *
+ * If the types are not specified, they will be inferred by PostgreSQL.
+ * Instead of specifying type oids, it's recommended to simply add
+ * explicit casts in the query to ensure that the right type is used.
+ *
+ * For example: "SELECT $1::int"
+ *
+ * The optional +result_format+ should be 0 for text results, 1
+ * for binary.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_send_query(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int result;
+	VALUE command, params, in_res_fmt;
+	VALUE param, param_type, param_value, param_format;
+	VALUE param_value_tmp;
+	VALUE sym_type, sym_value, sym_format;
+	VALUE gc_array;
+	VALUE error;
+	int i=0;
+	int nParams;
+	Oid *paramTypes;
+	char ** paramValues;
+	int *paramLengths;
+	int *paramFormats;
+	int resultFormat;
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &command, &params, &in_res_fmt);
+	Check_Type(command, T_STRING);
+
+	/* If called with no parameters, use PQsendQuery */
+	if(NIL_P(params)) {
+		if(PQsendQuery(conn,StringValuePtr(command)) == 0) {
+			error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+			rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+			rb_exc_raise(error);
+		}
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+
+	/* If called with parameters, and optionally result_format,
+	 * use PQsendQueryParams
+	 */
+	Check_Type(params, T_ARRAY);
+
+	if(NIL_P(in_res_fmt)) {
+		resultFormat = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		resultFormat = NUM2INT(in_res_fmt);
+	}
+
+	gc_array = rb_ary_new();
+	rb_gc_register_address(&gc_array);
+	sym_type = ID2SYM(rb_intern("type"));
+	sym_value = ID2SYM(rb_intern("value"));
+	sym_format = ID2SYM(rb_intern("format"));
+	nParams = (int)RARRAY_LEN(params);
+	paramTypes = ALLOC_N(Oid, nParams);
+	paramValues = ALLOC_N(char *, nParams);
+	paramLengths = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	paramFormats = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	for(i = 0; i < nParams; i++) {
+		param = rb_ary_entry(params, i);
+		if (TYPE(param) == T_HASH) {
+			param_type = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_type);
+			param_value_tmp = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_value);
+			if(param_value_tmp == Qnil)
+				param_value = param_value_tmp;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param_value_tmp);
+			param_format = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_format);
+		}
+		else {
+			param_type = INT2NUM(0);
+			if(param == Qnil)
+				param_value = param;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param);
+			param_format = INT2NUM(0);
+		}
+
+		if(param_type == Qnil)
+			paramTypes[i] = 0;
+		else
+			paramTypes[i] = NUM2INT(param_type);
+
+		if(param_value == Qnil) {
+			paramValues[i] = NULL;
+			paramLengths[i] = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			Check_Type(param_value, T_STRING);
+			/* make sure param_value doesn't get freed by the GC */
+			rb_ary_push(gc_array, param_value);
+			paramValues[i] = StringValuePtr(param_value);
+			paramLengths[i] = (int)RSTRING_LEN(param_value);
+		}
+
+		if(param_format == Qnil)
+			paramFormats[i] = 0;
+		else
+			paramFormats[i] = NUM2INT(param_format);
+	}
+
+	result = PQsendQueryParams(conn, StringValuePtr(command), nParams, paramTypes,
+		(const char * const *)paramValues, paramLengths, paramFormats, resultFormat);
+
+	rb_gc_unregister_address(&gc_array);
+
+	xfree(paramTypes);
+	xfree(paramValues);
+	xfree(paramLengths);
+	xfree(paramFormats);
+
+	if(result == 0) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.send_prepare( stmt_name, sql [, param_types ] ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Prepares statement _sql_ with name _name_ to be executed later.
+ * Sends prepare command asynchronously, and returns immediately.
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * +param_types+ is an optional parameter to specify the Oids of the
+ * types of the parameters.
+ *
+ * If the types are not specified, they will be inferred by PostgreSQL.
+ * Instead of specifying type oids, it's recommended to simply add
+ * explicit casts in the query to ensure that the right type is used.
+ *
+ * For example: "SELECT $1::int"
+ *
+ * PostgreSQL bind parameters are represented as $1, $1, $2, etc.,
+ * inside the SQL query.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_send_prepare(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int result;
+	VALUE name, command, in_paramtypes;
+	VALUE param;
+	VALUE error;
+	int i = 0;
+	int nParams = 0;
+	Oid *paramTypes = NULL;
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "21", &name, &command, &in_paramtypes);
+	Check_Type(name, T_STRING);
+	Check_Type(command, T_STRING);
+
+	if(! NIL_P(in_paramtypes)) {
+		Check_Type(in_paramtypes, T_ARRAY);
+		nParams = (int)RARRAY_LEN(in_paramtypes);
+		paramTypes = ALLOC_N(Oid, nParams);
+		for(i = 0; i < nParams; i++) {
+			param = rb_ary_entry(in_paramtypes, i);
+			Check_Type(param, T_FIXNUM);
+			if(param == Qnil)
+				paramTypes[i] = 0;
+			else
+				paramTypes[i] = NUM2INT(param);
+		}
+	}
+	result = PQsendPrepare(conn, StringValuePtr(name), StringValuePtr(command),
+			nParams, paramTypes);
+
+	xfree(paramTypes);
+
+	if(result == 0) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.send_query_prepared( statement_name [, params, result_format ] )
+ *      -> nil
+ *
+ * Execute prepared named statement specified by _statement_name_
+ * asynchronously, and returns immediately.
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ *
+ * +params+ is an array of the optional bind parameters for the
+ * SQL query. Each element of the +params+ array may be either:
+ *   a hash of the form:
+ *     {:value  => String (value of bind parameter)
+ *      :format => Fixnum (0 for text, 1 for binary)
+ *     }
+ *   or, it may be a String. If it is a string, that is equivalent to the hash:
+ *     { :value => <string value>, :format => 0 }
+ *
+ * PostgreSQL bind parameters are represented as $1, $1, $2, etc.,
+ * inside the SQL query. The 0th element of the +params+ array is bound
+ * to $1, the 1st element is bound to $2, etc. +nil+ is treated as +NULL+.
+ *
+ * The optional +result_format+ should be 0 for text results, 1
+ * for binary.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_send_query_prepared(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int result;
+	VALUE name, params, in_res_fmt;
+	VALUE param, param_value, param_format;
+	VALUE param_value_tmp;
+	VALUE sym_value, sym_format;
+	VALUE gc_array;
+	VALUE error;
+	int i = 0;
+	int nParams;
+	char ** paramValues;
+	int *paramLengths;
+	int *paramFormats;
+	int resultFormat;
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "12", &name, &params, &in_res_fmt);
+	Check_Type(name, T_STRING);
+
+	if(NIL_P(params)) {
+		params = rb_ary_new2(0);
+		resultFormat = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		Check_Type(params, T_ARRAY);
+	}
+
+	if(NIL_P(in_res_fmt)) {
+		resultFormat = 0;
+	}
+	else {
+		resultFormat = NUM2INT(in_res_fmt);
+	}
+
+	gc_array = rb_ary_new();
+	rb_gc_register_address(&gc_array);
+	sym_value = ID2SYM(rb_intern("value"));
+	sym_format = ID2SYM(rb_intern("format"));
+	nParams = (int)RARRAY_LEN(params);
+	paramValues = ALLOC_N(char *, nParams);
+	paramLengths = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	paramFormats = ALLOC_N(int, nParams);
+	for(i = 0; i < nParams; i++) {
+		param = rb_ary_entry(params, i);
+		if (TYPE(param) == T_HASH) {
+			param_value_tmp = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_value);
+			if(param_value_tmp == Qnil)
+				param_value = param_value_tmp;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param_value_tmp);
+			param_format = rb_hash_aref(param, sym_format);
+		}
+		else {
+			if(param == Qnil)
+				param_value = param;
+			else
+				param_value = rb_obj_as_string(param);
+			param_format = INT2NUM(0);
+		}
+
+		if(param_value == Qnil) {
+			paramValues[i] = NULL;
+			paramLengths[i] = 0;
+		}
+		else {
+			Check_Type(param_value, T_STRING);
+			/* make sure param_value doesn't get freed by the GC */
+			rb_ary_push(gc_array, param_value);
+			paramValues[i] = StringValuePtr(param_value);
+			paramLengths[i] = (int)RSTRING_LEN(param_value);
+		}
+
+		if(param_format == Qnil)
+			paramFormats[i] = 0;
+		else
+			paramFormats[i] = NUM2INT(param_format);
+	}
+
+	result = PQsendQueryPrepared(conn, StringValuePtr(name), nParams,
+		(const char * const *)paramValues, paramLengths, paramFormats,
+		resultFormat);
+
+	rb_gc_unregister_address(&gc_array);
+
+	xfree(paramValues);
+	xfree(paramLengths);
+	xfree(paramFormats);
+
+	if(result == 0) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.send_describe_prepared( statement_name ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Asynchronously send _command_ to the server. Does not block.
+ * Use in combination with +conn.get_result+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_send_describe_prepared(VALUE self, VALUE stmt_name)
+{
+	VALUE error;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	/* returns 0 on failure */
+	if(PQsendDescribePrepared(conn,StringValuePtr(stmt_name)) == 0) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.send_describe_portal( portal_name ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Asynchronously send _command_ to the server. Does not block.
+ * Use in combination with +conn.get_result+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_send_describe_portal(VALUE self, VALUE portal)
+{
+	VALUE error;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	/* returns 0 on failure */
+	if(PQsendDescribePortal(conn,StringValuePtr(portal)) == 0) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.get_result() -> PG::Result
+ *    conn.get_result() {|pg_result| block }
+ *
+ * Blocks waiting for the next result from a call to
+ * #send_query (or another asynchronous command), and returns
+ * it. Returns +nil+ if no more results are available.
+ *
+ * Note: call this function repeatedly until it returns +nil+, or else
+ * you will not be able to issue further commands.
+ *
+ * If the optional code block is given, it will be passed <i>result</i> as an argument,
+ * and the PG::Result object will  automatically be cleared when the block terminates.
+ * In this instance, <code>conn.exec</code> returns the value of the block.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_get_result(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGresult *result;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+
+	result = gvl_PQgetResult(conn);
+	if(result == NULL)
+		return Qnil;
+	rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+		return rb_ensure(rb_yield, rb_pgresult,
+			pg_result_clear, rb_pgresult);
+	}
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.consume_input()
+ *
+ * If input is available from the server, consume it.
+ * After calling +consume_input+, you can check +is_busy+
+ * or *notifies* to see if the state has changed.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_consume_input(self)
+	VALUE self;
+{
+	VALUE error;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	/* returns 0 on error */
+	if(PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.is_busy() -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if a command is busy, that is, if
+ * PQgetResult would block. Otherwise returns +false+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_is_busy(self)
+	VALUE self;
+{
+	return PQisBusy(pg_get_pgconn(self)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.setnonblocking(Boolean) -> nil
+ *
+ * Sets the nonblocking status of the connection.
+ * In the blocking state, calls to #send_query
+ * will block until the message is sent to the server,
+ * but will not wait for the query results.
+ * In the nonblocking state, calls to #send_query
+ * will return an error if the socket is not ready for
+ * writing.
+ * Note: This function does not affect #exec, because
+ * that function doesn't return until the server has
+ * processed the query and returned the results.
+ * Returns +nil+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_setnonblocking(self, state)
+	VALUE self, state;
+{
+	int arg;
+	VALUE error;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	if(state == Qtrue)
+		arg = 1;
+	else if (state == Qfalse)
+		arg = 0;
+	else
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Boolean value expected");
+
+	if(PQsetnonblocking(conn, arg) == -1) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.isnonblocking() -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Returns +true+ if a command is busy, that is, if
+ * PQgetResult would block. Otherwise returns +false+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_isnonblocking(self)
+	VALUE self;
+{
+	return PQisnonblocking(pg_get_pgconn(self)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.flush() -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Attempts to flush any queued output data to the server.
+ * Returns +true+ if data is successfully flushed, +false+
+ * if not (can only return +false+ if connection is
+ * nonblocking.
+ * Raises PG::Error if some other failure occurred.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_flush(self)
+	VALUE self;
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int ret;
+	VALUE error;
+	ret = PQflush(conn);
+	if(ret == -1) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return (ret) ? Qfalse : Qtrue;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.cancel() -> String
+ *
+ * Requests cancellation of the command currently being
+ * processed. (Only implemented in PostgreSQL >= 8.0)
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ on success, or a string containing the
+ * error message if a failure occurs.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_cancel(VALUE self)
+{
+#ifdef HAVE_PQGETCANCEL
+	char errbuf[256];
+	PGcancel *cancel;
+	VALUE retval;
+	int ret;
+
+	cancel = PQgetCancel(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	if(cancel == NULL)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror,"Invalid connection!");
+
+	ret = PQcancel(cancel, errbuf, 256);
+	if(ret == 1)
+		retval = Qnil;
+	else
+		retval = rb_str_new2(errbuf);
+
+	PQfreeCancel(cancel);
+	return retval;
+#else
+	rb_notimplement();
+#endif
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.notifies()
+ *
+ * Returns a hash of the unprocessed notifications.
+ * If there is no unprocessed notifier, it returns +nil+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_notifies(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn* conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGnotify *notification;
+	VALUE hash;
+	VALUE sym_relname, sym_be_pid, sym_extra;
+	VALUE relname, be_pid, extra;
+
+	sym_relname = ID2SYM(rb_intern("relname"));
+	sym_be_pid = ID2SYM(rb_intern("be_pid"));
+	sym_extra = ID2SYM(rb_intern("extra"));
+
+	notification = PQnotifies(conn);
+	if (notification == NULL) {
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+
+	hash = rb_hash_new();
+	relname = rb_tainted_str_new2(notification->relname);
+	be_pid = INT2NUM(notification->be_pid);
+	extra = rb_tainted_str_new2(notification->extra);
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+	ENCODING_SET( relname, rb_enc_to_index(pg_conn_enc_get( conn )) );
+	ENCODING_SET( extra, rb_enc_to_index(pg_conn_enc_get( conn )) );
+#endif
+
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_relname, relname);
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_be_pid, be_pid);
+	rb_hash_aset(hash, sym_extra, extra);
+
+	PQfreemem(notification);
+	return hash;
+}
+
+/* Win32 + Ruby 1.8 */
+#if !defined( HAVE_RUBY_VM_H ) && defined( _WIN32 )
+
+/*
+ * Duplicate the sockets from libpq and create temporary CRT FDs
+ */
+void create_crt_fd(fd_set *os_set, fd_set *crt_set)
+{
+	int i;
+	crt_set->fd_count = os_set->fd_count;
+	for (i = 0; i < os_set->fd_count; i++) {
+		WSAPROTOCOL_INFO wsa_pi;
+		/* dupicate the SOCKET */
+		int r = WSADuplicateSocket(os_set->fd_array[i], GetCurrentProcessId(), &wsa_pi);
+		SOCKET s = WSASocket(wsa_pi.iAddressFamily, wsa_pi.iSocketType, wsa_pi.iProtocol, &wsa_pi, 0, 0);
+		/* create the CRT fd so ruby can get back to the SOCKET */
+		int fd = _open_osfhandle(s, O_RDWR|O_BINARY);
+		os_set->fd_array[i] = s;
+		crt_set->fd_array[i] = fd;
+	}
+}
+
+/*
+ * Clean up the CRT FDs from create_crt_fd()
+ */
+void cleanup_crt_fd(fd_set *os_set, fd_set *crt_set)
+{
+	int i;
+	for (i = 0; i < os_set->fd_count; i++) {
+		/* cleanup the CRT fd */
+		_close(crt_set->fd_array[i]);
+		/* cleanup the duplicated SOCKET */
+		closesocket(os_set->fd_array[i]);
+	}
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Win32 + Ruby 1.9+ */
+#if defined( HAVE_RUBY_VM_H ) && defined( _WIN32 )
+/*
+ * On Windows, use platform-specific strategies to wait for the socket
+ * instead of rb_thread_select().
+ */
+
+int rb_w32_wait_events( HANDLE *events, int num, DWORD timeout );
+
+/* If WIN32 and Ruby 1.9 do not use rb_thread_select() which sometimes hangs
+ * and does not wait (nor sleep) any time even if timeout is given.
+ * Instead use the Winsock events and rb_w32_wait_events(). */
+
+static void *
+wait_socket_readable( PGconn *conn, struct timeval *ptimeout, void *(*is_readable)(PGconn *) )
+{
+	int sd = PQsocket( conn );
+	void *retval;
+	DWORD timeout_milisec = INFINITE;
+	DWORD wait_ret;
+	WSAEVENT hEvent;
+
+	if ( sd < 0 )
+		rb_bug( "PQsocket(conn): couldn't fetch the connection's socket!" );
+
+	hEvent = WSACreateEvent();
+
+	if ( ptimeout ) {
+		timeout_milisec = (DWORD)( ptimeout->tv_sec * 1e3 + ptimeout->tv_usec / 1e3 );
+	}
+
+	/* Check for connection errors (PQisBusy is true on connection errors) */
+	if( PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0 ) {
+		WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+		rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn) );
+	}
+
+	while ( !(retval=is_readable(conn)) ) {
+		if ( WSAEventSelect(sd, hEvent, FD_READ|FD_CLOSE) == SOCKET_ERROR ) {
+			WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+			rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "WSAEventSelect socket error: %d", WSAGetLastError() );
+		}
+
+		wait_ret = rb_w32_wait_events( &hEvent, 1, timeout_milisec );
+
+		if ( wait_ret == WAIT_TIMEOUT ) {
+			WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+			return NULL;
+		} else if ( wait_ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0 ) {
+			/* The event we were waiting for. */
+		} else if ( wait_ret == WAIT_OBJECT_0 + 1) {
+			/* This indicates interruption from timer thread, GC, exception
+			 * from other threads etc... */
+			rb_thread_check_ints();
+		} else if ( wait_ret == WAIT_FAILED ) {
+			WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+			rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "Wait on socket error (WaitForMultipleObjects): %lu", GetLastError() );
+		} else {
+			WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+			rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "Wait on socket abandoned (WaitForMultipleObjects)" );
+		}
+
+		/* Check for connection errors (PQisBusy is true on connection errors) */
+		if ( PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0 ) {
+			WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+			rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn) );
+		}
+	}
+
+	WSACloseEvent( hEvent );
+	return retval;
+}
+
+#else
+
+/* non Win32 or Win32+Ruby-1.8 */
+
+static void *
+wait_socket_readable( PGconn *conn, struct timeval *ptimeout, void *(*is_readable)(PGconn *))
+{
+	int sd = PQsocket( conn );
+	int ret;
+	void *retval;
+	rb_fdset_t sd_rset;
+#ifdef _WIN32
+	rb_fdset_t crt_sd_rset;
+#endif
+
+	if ( sd < 0 )
+		rb_bug( "PQsocket(conn): couldn't fetch the connection's socket!" );
+
+	/* Check for connection errors (PQisBusy is true on connection errors) */
+	if ( PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0 )
+		rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn) );
+
+  rb_fd_init( &sd_rset );
+
+	while ( !(retval=is_readable(conn)) ) {
+		rb_fd_zero( &sd_rset );
+		rb_fd_set( sd, &sd_rset );
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		/* Ruby's FD_SET is modified on win32 to convert a file descriptor
+		 * to osfhandle, but we already get a osfhandle from PQsocket().
+		 * Therefore it's overwritten here. */
+		sd_rset.fd_array[0] = sd;
+		create_crt_fd(&sd_rset, &crt_sd_rset);
+#endif
+
+		/* Wait for the socket to become readable before checking again */
+		ret = rb_thread_fd_select( sd+1, &sd_rset, NULL, NULL, ptimeout );
+
+#ifdef _WIN32
+		cleanup_crt_fd(&sd_rset, &crt_sd_rset);
+#endif
+
+		if ( ret < 0 ){
+			rb_fd_term( &sd_rset );
+			rb_sys_fail( "rb_thread_select()" );
+		}
+
+		/* Return false if the select() timed out */
+		if ( ret == 0 ){
+			rb_fd_term( &sd_rset );
+			return NULL;
+		}
+
+		/* Check for connection errors (PQisBusy is true on connection errors) */
+		if ( PQconsumeInput(conn) == 0 ){
+			rb_fd_term( &sd_rset );
+			rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn) );
+		}
+	}
+
+	rb_fd_term( &sd_rset );
+	return retval;
+}
+
+
+#endif
+
+static void *
+notify_readable(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return (void*)PQnotifies(conn);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.wait_for_notify( [ timeout ] ) -> String
+ *    conn.wait_for_notify( [ timeout ] ) { |event, pid| block }
+ *    conn.wait_for_notify( [ timeout ] ) { |event, pid, payload| block } # PostgreSQL 9.0
+ *
+ * Blocks while waiting for notification(s), or until the optional
+ * _timeout_ is reached, whichever comes first.  _timeout_ is
+ * measured in seconds and can be fractional.
+ *
+ * Returns +nil+ if _timeout_ is reached, the name of the NOTIFY
+ * event otherwise.  If used in block form, passes the name of the
+ * NOTIFY +event+ and the generating +pid+ into the block.
+ *
+ * Under PostgreSQL 9.0 and later, if the notification is sent with
+ * the optional +payload+ string, it will be given to the block as the
+ * third argument.
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_wait_for_notify(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+	PGnotify *pnotification;
+	struct timeval timeout;
+	struct timeval *ptimeout = NULL;
+	VALUE timeout_in = Qnil, relname = Qnil, be_pid = Qnil, extra = Qnil;
+	double timeout_sec;
+
+	rb_scan_args( argc, argv, "01", &timeout_in );
+
+	if ( RTEST(timeout_in) ) {
+		timeout_sec = NUM2DBL( timeout_in );
+		timeout.tv_sec = (time_t)timeout_sec;
+		timeout.tv_usec = (suseconds_t)( (timeout_sec - (long)timeout_sec) * 1e6 );
+		ptimeout = &timeout;
+	}
+
+	pnotification = (PGnotify*) wait_socket_readable( conn, ptimeout, notify_readable);
+
+	/* Return nil if the select timed out */
+	if ( !pnotification ) return Qnil;
+
+	relname = rb_tainted_str_new2( pnotification->relname );
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+	ENCODING_SET( relname, rb_enc_to_index(pg_conn_enc_get( conn )) );
+#endif
+	be_pid = INT2NUM( pnotification->be_pid );
+#ifdef HAVE_ST_NOTIFY_EXTRA
+	if ( *pnotification->extra ) {
+		extra = rb_tainted_str_new2( pnotification->extra );
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+		ENCODING_SET( extra, rb_enc_to_index(pg_conn_enc_get( conn )) );
+#endif
+	}
+#endif
+	PQfreemem( pnotification );
+
+	if ( rb_block_given_p() )
+		rb_yield_values( 3, relname, be_pid, extra );
+
+	return relname;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.put_copy_data( buffer ) -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Transmits _buffer_ as copy data to the server.
+ * Returns true if the data was sent, false if it was
+ * not sent (false is only possible if the connection
+ * is in nonblocking mode, and this command would block).
+ *
+ * Raises an exception if an error occurs.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_put_copy_data(self, buffer)
+	VALUE self, buffer;
+{
+	int ret;
+	VALUE error;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	Check_Type(buffer, T_STRING);
+
+	ret = gvl_PQputCopyData(conn, RSTRING_PTR(buffer), (int)RSTRING_LEN(buffer));
+	if(ret == -1) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return (ret) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.put_copy_end( [ error_message ] ) -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Sends end-of-data indication to the server.
+ *
+ * _error_message_ is an optional parameter, and if set,
+ * forces the COPY command to fail with the string
+ * _error_message_.
+ *
+ * Returns true if the end-of-data was sent, false if it was
+ * not sent (false is only possible if the connection
+ * is in nonblocking mode, and this command would block).
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_put_copy_end(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	VALUE str;
+	VALUE error;
+	int ret;
+	char *error_message = NULL;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &str) == 0)
+		error_message = NULL;
+	else
+		error_message = StringValuePtr(str);
+
+	ret = gvl_PQputCopyEnd(conn, error_message);
+	if(ret == -1) {
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	return (ret) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.get_copy_data( [ async = false ] ) -> String
+ *
+ * Return a string containing one row of data, +nil+
+ * if the copy is done, or +false+ if the call would
+ * block (only possible if _async_ is true).
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_get_copy_data(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self )
+{
+	VALUE async_in;
+	VALUE error;
+	VALUE result_str;
+	int ret;
+	int async;
+	char *buffer;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &async_in) == 0)
+		async = 0;
+	else
+		async = (async_in == Qfalse || async_in == Qnil) ? 0 : 1;
+
+	ret = gvl_PQgetCopyData(conn, &buffer, async);
+	if(ret == -2) { /* error */
+		error = rb_exc_new2(rb_ePGerror, PQerrorMessage(conn));
+		rb_iv_set(error, "@connection", self);
+		rb_exc_raise(error);
+	}
+	if(ret == -1) { /* No data left */
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+	if(ret == 0) { /* would block */
+		return Qfalse;
+	}
+	result_str = rb_tainted_str_new(buffer, ret);
+	PQfreemem(buffer);
+	return result_str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.set_error_verbosity( verbosity ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Sets connection's verbosity to _verbosity_ and returns
+ * the previous setting. Available settings are:
+ * * PQERRORS_TERSE
+ * * PQERRORS_DEFAULT
+ * * PQERRORS_VERBOSE
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_error_verbosity(VALUE self, VALUE in_verbosity)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGVerbosity verbosity = NUM2INT(in_verbosity);
+	return INT2FIX(PQsetErrorVerbosity(conn, verbosity));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.trace( stream ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Enables tracing message passing between backend. The
+ * trace message will be written to the stream _stream_,
+ * which must implement a method +fileno+ that returns
+ * a writable file descriptor.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_trace(VALUE self, VALUE stream)
+{
+	VALUE fileno;
+	FILE *new_fp;
+	int old_fd, new_fd;
+	VALUE new_file;
+
+	if(rb_respond_to(stream,rb_intern("fileno")) == Qfalse)
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "stream does not respond to method: fileno");
+
+	fileno = rb_funcall(stream, rb_intern("fileno"), 0);
+	if(fileno == Qnil)
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can't get file descriptor from stream");
+
+	/* Duplicate the file descriptor and re-open
+	 * it. Then, make it into a ruby File object
+	 * and assign it to an instance variable.
+	 * This prevents a problem when the File
+	 * object passed to this function is closed
+	 * before the connection object is. */
+	old_fd = NUM2INT(fileno);
+	new_fd = dup(old_fd);
+	new_fp = fdopen(new_fd, "w");
+
+	if(new_fp == NULL)
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "stream is not writable");
+
+	new_file = rb_funcall(rb_cIO, rb_intern("new"), 1, INT2NUM(new_fd));
+	rb_iv_set(self, "@trace_stream", new_file);
+
+	PQtrace(pg_get_pgconn(self), new_fp);
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.untrace() -> nil
+ *
+ * Disables the message tracing.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_untrace(VALUE self)
+{
+	VALUE trace_stream;
+	PQuntrace(pg_get_pgconn(self));
+	trace_stream = rb_iv_get(self, "@trace_stream");
+	rb_funcall(trace_stream, rb_intern("close"), 0);
+	rb_iv_set(self, "@trace_stream", Qnil);
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Notice callback proxy function -- delegate the callback to the
+ * currently-registered Ruby notice_receiver object.
+ */
+void
+notice_receiver_proxy(void *arg, const PGresult *result)
+{
+	VALUE proc;
+	VALUE self = (VALUE)arg;
+
+	if ((proc = rb_iv_get(self, "@notice_receiver")) != Qnil) {
+		VALUE val = Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cPGresult, NULL, NULL, (PGresult*)result);
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+		PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+		rb_encoding *enc = pg_conn_enc_get( conn );
+		ENCODING_SET( val, rb_enc_to_index(enc) );
+#endif
+		rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), 1, val);
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.set_notice_receiver {|result| ... } -> Proc
+ *
+ * Notice and warning messages generated by the server are not returned
+ * by the query execution functions, since they do not imply failure of
+ * the query. Instead they are passed to a notice handling function, and
+ * execution continues normally after the handler returns. The default
+ * notice handling function prints the message on <tt>stderr</tt>, but the
+ * application can override this behavior by supplying its own handling
+ * function.
+ *
+ * For historical reasons, there are two levels of notice handling, called the
+ * notice receiver and notice processor. The default behavior is for the notice
+ * receiver to format the notice and pass a string to the notice processor for
+ * printing. However, an application that chooses to provide its own notice
+ * receiver will typically ignore the notice processor layer and just do all
+ * the work in the notice receiver.
+ *
+ * This function takes a new block to act as the handler, which should
+ * accept a single parameter that will be a PG::Result object, and returns
+ * the Proc object previously set, or +nil+ if it was previously the default.
+ *
+ * If you pass no arguments, it will reset the handler to the default.
+ *
+ * *Note:* The +result+ passed to the block should not be used outside
+ * of the block, since the corresponding C object could be freed after the
+ * block finishes.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_notice_receiver(VALUE self)
+{
+	VALUE proc, old_proc;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	/* If default_notice_receiver is unset, assume that the current
+	 * notice receiver is the default, and save it to a global variable.
+	 * This should not be a problem because the default receiver is
+	 * always the same, so won't vary among connections.
+	 */
+	if(default_notice_receiver == NULL)
+		default_notice_receiver = PQsetNoticeReceiver(conn, NULL, NULL);
+
+	old_proc = rb_iv_get(self, "@notice_receiver");
+	if( rb_block_given_p() ) {
+		proc = rb_block_proc();
+		PQsetNoticeReceiver(conn, gvl_notice_receiver_proxy, (void *)self);
+	} else {
+		/* if no block is given, set back to default */
+		proc = Qnil;
+		PQsetNoticeReceiver(conn, default_notice_receiver, NULL);
+	}
+
+	rb_iv_set(self, "@notice_receiver", proc);
+	return old_proc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * Notice callback proxy function -- delegate the callback to the
+ * currently-registered Ruby notice_processor object.
+ */
+void
+notice_processor_proxy(void *arg, const char *message)
+{
+	VALUE proc;
+	VALUE self = (VALUE)arg;
+
+	if ((proc = rb_iv_get(self, "@notice_processor")) != Qnil) {
+		VALUE message_str = rb_tainted_str_new2(message);
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+		PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+		rb_encoding *enc = pg_conn_enc_get( conn );
+		ENCODING_SET( message_str, rb_enc_to_index(enc) );
+#endif
+		rb_funcall(proc, rb_intern("call"), 1, message_str);
+	}
+	return;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.set_notice_processor {|message| ... } -> Proc
+ *
+ * See #set_notice_receiver for the desription of what this and the
+ * notice_processor methods do.
+ *
+ * This function takes a new block to act as the notice processor and returns
+ * the Proc object previously set, or +nil+ if it was previously the default.
+ * The block should accept a single String object.
+ *
+ * If you pass no arguments, it will reset the handler to the default.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_notice_processor(VALUE self)
+{
+	VALUE proc, old_proc;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	/* If default_notice_processor is unset, assume that the current
+	 * notice processor is the default, and save it to a global variable.
+	 * This should not be a problem because the default processor is
+	 * always the same, so won't vary among connections.
+	 */
+	if(default_notice_processor == NULL)
+		default_notice_processor = PQsetNoticeProcessor(conn, NULL, NULL);
+
+	old_proc = rb_iv_get(self, "@notice_processor");
+	if( rb_block_given_p() ) {
+		proc = rb_block_proc();
+		PQsetNoticeProcessor(conn, gvl_notice_processor_proxy, (void *)self);
+	} else {
+		/* if no block is given, set back to default */
+		proc = Qnil;
+		PQsetNoticeProcessor(conn, default_notice_processor, NULL);
+	}
+
+	rb_iv_set(self, "@notice_processor", proc);
+	return old_proc;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.get_client_encoding() -> String
+ *
+ * Returns the client encoding as a String.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_get_client_encoding(VALUE self)
+{
+	char *encoding = (char *)pg_encoding_to_char(PQclientEncoding(pg_get_pgconn(self)));
+	return rb_tainted_str_new2(encoding);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.set_client_encoding( encoding )
+ *
+ * Sets the client encoding to the _encoding_ String.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_client_encoding(VALUE self, VALUE str)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+
+	Check_Type(str, T_STRING);
+
+	if ( (PQsetClientEncoding(conn, StringValuePtr(str))) == -1 ) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "invalid encoding name: %s",StringValuePtr(str));
+	}
+
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.transaction { |conn| ... } -> nil
+ *
+ * Executes a +BEGIN+ at the start of the block,
+ * and a +COMMIT+ at the end of the block, or
+ * +ROLLBACK+ if any exception occurs.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_transaction(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	PGresult *result;
+	VALUE rb_pgresult;
+	int status;
+
+	if (rb_block_given_p()) {
+		result = gvl_PQexec(conn, "BEGIN");
+		rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+		pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+		rb_protect(rb_yield, self, &status);
+		if(status == 0) {
+			result = gvl_PQexec(conn, "COMMIT");
+			rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+			pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+		}
+		else {
+			/* exception occurred, ROLLBACK and re-raise */
+			result = gvl_PQexec(conn, "ROLLBACK");
+			rb_pgresult = pg_new_result(result, self);
+			pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+			rb_jump_tag(status);
+		}
+
+	}
+	else {
+		/* no block supplied? */
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Must supply block for PG::Connection#transaction");
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    PG::Connection.quote_ident( str ) -> String
+ *    conn.quote_ident( str ) -> String
+ *
+ * Returns a string that is safe for inclusion in a SQL query as an
+ * identifier. Note: this is not a quote function for values, but for
+ * identifiers.
+ *
+ * For example, in a typical SQL query: <tt>SELECT FOO FROM MYTABLE</tt>
+ * The identifier <tt>FOO</tt> is folded to lower case, so it actually
+ * means <tt>foo</tt>. If you really want to access the case-sensitive
+ * field name <tt>FOO</tt>, use this function like
+ * <tt>PG::Connection.quote_ident('FOO')</tt>, which will return <tt>"FOO"</tt>
+ * (with double-quotes). PostgreSQL will see the double-quotes, and
+ * it will not fold to lower case.
+ *
+ * Similarly, this function also protects against special characters,
+ * and other things that might allow SQL injection if the identifier
+ * comes from an untrusted source.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_s_quote_ident(VALUE self, VALUE in_str)
+{
+	VALUE ret;
+	char *str = StringValuePtr(in_str);
+	/* result size at most NAMEDATALEN*2 plus surrounding
+	 * double-quotes. */
+	char buffer[NAMEDATALEN*2+2];
+	unsigned int i=0,j=0;
+
+	UNUSED( self );
+
+	if(strlen(str) >= NAMEDATALEN) {
+		rb_raise(rb_eArgError,
+			"Input string is longer than NAMEDATALEN-1 (%d)",
+			NAMEDATALEN-1);
+	}
+	buffer[j++] = '"';
+	for(i = 0; i < strlen(str) && str[i]; i++) {
+		if(str[i] == '"')
+			buffer[j++] = '"';
+		buffer[j++] = str[i];
+	}
+	buffer[j++] = '"';
+	ret = rb_str_new(buffer,j);
+	OBJ_INFECT(ret, in_str);
+	return ret;
+}
+
+
+static void *
+get_result_readable(PGconn *conn)
+{
+	return PQisBusy(conn) ? NULL : (void*)1;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.block( [ timeout ] ) -> Boolean
+ *
+ * Blocks until the server is no longer busy, or until the
+ * optional _timeout_ is reached, whichever comes first.
+ * _timeout_ is measured in seconds and can be fractional.
+ *
+ * Returns +false+ if _timeout_ is reached, +true+ otherwise.
+ *
+ * If +true+ is returned, +conn.is_busy+ will return +false+
+ * and +conn.get_result+ will not block.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_block( int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self ) {
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+
+	/* If WIN32 and Ruby 1.9 do not use rb_thread_select() which sometimes hangs
+	 * and does not wait (nor sleep) any time even if timeout is given.
+	 * Instead use the Winsock events and rb_w32_wait_events(). */
+
+	struct timeval timeout;
+	struct timeval *ptimeout = NULL;
+	VALUE timeout_in;
+	double timeout_sec;
+	void *ret;
+
+	if ( rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &timeout_in) == 1 ) {
+		timeout_sec = NUM2DBL( timeout_in );
+		timeout.tv_sec = (time_t)timeout_sec;
+		timeout.tv_usec = (suseconds_t)((timeout_sec - (long)timeout_sec) * 1e6);
+		ptimeout = &timeout;
+	}
+
+	ret = wait_socket_readable( conn, ptimeout, get_result_readable);
+
+	if( !ret )
+		return Qfalse;
+
+	return Qtrue;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.get_last_result( ) -> PG::Result
+ *
+ * This function retrieves all available results
+ * on the current connection (from previously issued
+ * asynchronous commands like +send_query()+) and
+ * returns the last non-NULL result, or +nil+ if no
+ * results are available.
+ *
+ * This function is similar to #get_result
+ * except that it is designed to get one and only
+ * one result.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_get_last_result(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	VALUE rb_pgresult = Qnil;
+	PGresult *cur, *prev;
+
+
+	cur = prev = NULL;
+	while ((cur = gvl_PQgetResult(conn)) != NULL) {
+		int status;
+
+		if (prev) PQclear(prev);
+		prev = cur;
+
+		status = PQresultStatus(cur);
+		if (status == PGRES_COPY_OUT || status == PGRES_COPY_IN)
+			break;
+	}
+
+	if (prev) {
+		rb_pgresult = pg_new_result( prev, self );
+		pg_result_check(rb_pgresult);
+	}
+
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+#if !defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL)
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.async_exec(sql [, params, result_format ] ) -> PG::Result
+ *    conn.async_exec(sql [, params, result_format ] ) {|pg_result| block }
+ *
+ * This function has the same behavior as #exec,
+ * but ensures that other threads can process while
+ * waiting for the server to complete the request.
+ *
+ * On Ruby platforms with native threads (MRI-1.9+ and all others)
+ * this method is an alias to #exec.
+ *
+ * On MRI-1.8 it's implemented using asynchronous command
+ * processing and ruby's +rb_thread_select+ .
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_async_exec(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	VALUE rb_pgresult = Qnil;
+
+	/* remove any remaining results from the queue */
+	pgconn_block( 0, NULL, self ); /* wait for input (without blocking) before reading the last result */
+	pgconn_get_last_result( self );
+
+	pgconn_send_query( argc, argv, self );
+	pgconn_block( 0, NULL, self );
+	rb_pgresult = pgconn_get_last_result( self );
+
+	if ( rb_block_given_p() ) {
+		return rb_ensure( rb_yield, rb_pgresult, pg_result_clear, rb_pgresult );
+	}
+	return rb_pgresult;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+/**************************************************************************
+ * LARGE OBJECT SUPPORT
+ **************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_creat( [mode] ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Creates a large object with mode _mode_. Returns a large object Oid.
+ * On failure, it raises PG::Error.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_locreat(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	Oid lo_oid;
+	int mode;
+	VALUE nmode;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	if (rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "01", &nmode) == 0)
+		mode = INV_READ;
+	else
+		mode = NUM2INT(nmode);
+
+	lo_oid = lo_creat(conn, mode);
+	if (lo_oid == 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "lo_creat failed");
+
+	return INT2FIX(lo_oid);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_create( oid ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Creates a large object with oid _oid_. Returns the large object Oid.
+ * On failure, it raises PG::Error.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_locreate(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_oid)
+{
+	Oid ret, lo_oid;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	lo_oid = NUM2INT(in_lo_oid);
+
+	ret = lo_create(conn, lo_oid);
+	if (ret == InvalidOid)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "lo_create failed");
+
+	return INT2FIX(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_import(file) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Import a file to a large object. Returns a large object Oid.
+ *
+ * On failure, it raises a PG::Error.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loimport(VALUE self, VALUE filename)
+{
+	Oid lo_oid;
+
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	Check_Type(filename, T_STRING);
+
+	lo_oid = lo_import(conn, StringValuePtr(filename));
+	if (lo_oid == 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	}
+	return INT2FIX(lo_oid);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_export( oid, file ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Saves a large object of _oid_ to a _file_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loexport(VALUE self, VALUE lo_oid, VALUE filename)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int oid;
+	Check_Type(filename, T_STRING);
+
+	oid = NUM2INT(lo_oid);
+	if (oid < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "invalid large object oid %d",oid);
+	}
+
+	if (lo_export(conn, oid, StringValuePtr(filename)) < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "%s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	}
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_open( oid, [mode] ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Open a large object of _oid_. Returns a large object descriptor
+ * instance on success. The _mode_ argument specifies the mode for
+ * the opened large object,which is either +INV_READ+, or +INV_WRITE+.
+ *
+ * If _mode_ is omitted, the default is +INV_READ+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loopen(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+	Oid lo_oid;
+	int fd, mode;
+	VALUE nmode, selfid;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+
+	rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "11", &selfid, &nmode);
+	lo_oid = NUM2INT(selfid);
+	if(NIL_P(nmode))
+		mode = INV_READ;
+	else
+		mode = NUM2INT(nmode);
+
+	if((fd = lo_open(conn, lo_oid, mode)) < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "can't open large object: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	}
+	return INT2FIX(fd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_write( lo_desc, buffer ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Writes the string _buffer_ to the large object _lo_desc_.
+ * Returns the number of bytes written.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lowrite(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_desc, VALUE buffer)
+{
+	int n;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int fd = NUM2INT(in_lo_desc);
+
+	Check_Type(buffer, T_STRING);
+
+	if( RSTRING_LEN(buffer) < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "write buffer zero string");
+	}
+	if((n = lo_write(conn, fd, StringValuePtr(buffer),
+				RSTRING_LEN(buffer))) < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "lo_write failed: %s", PQerrorMessage(conn));
+	}
+
+	return INT2FIX(n);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_read( lo_desc, len ) -> String
+ *
+ * Attempts to read _len_ bytes from large object _lo_desc_,
+ * returns resulting data.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loread(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_desc, VALUE in_len)
+{
+	int ret;
+  PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int len = NUM2INT(in_len);
+	int lo_desc = NUM2INT(in_lo_desc);
+	VALUE str;
+	char *buffer;
+
+  buffer = ALLOC_N(char, len);
+	if(buffer == NULL)
+		rb_raise(rb_eNoMemError, "ALLOC failed!");
+
+	if (len < 0){
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror,"nagative length %d given", len);
+	}
+
+	if((ret = lo_read(conn, lo_desc, buffer, len)) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "lo_read failed");
+
+	if(ret == 0) {
+		xfree(buffer);
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+
+	str = rb_tainted_str_new(buffer, ret);
+	xfree(buffer);
+
+	return str;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_lseek( lo_desc, offset, whence ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Move the large object pointer _lo_desc_ to offset _offset_.
+ * Valid values for _whence_ are +SEEK_SET+, +SEEK_CUR+, and +SEEK_END+.
+ * (Or 0, 1, or 2.)
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lolseek(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_desc, VALUE offset, VALUE whence)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int lo_desc = NUM2INT(in_lo_desc);
+	int ret;
+
+	if((ret = lo_lseek(conn, lo_desc, NUM2INT(offset), NUM2INT(whence))) < 0) {
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "lo_lseek failed");
+	}
+
+	return INT2FIX(ret);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_tell( lo_desc ) -> Fixnum
+ *
+ * Returns the current position of the large object _lo_desc_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lotell(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_desc)
+{
+	int position;
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int lo_desc = NUM2INT(in_lo_desc);
+
+	if((position = lo_tell(conn, lo_desc)) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror,"lo_tell failed");
+
+	return INT2FIX(position);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_truncate( lo_desc, len ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Truncates the large object _lo_desc_ to size _len_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lotruncate(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_desc, VALUE in_len)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int lo_desc = NUM2INT(in_lo_desc);
+	size_t len = NUM2INT(in_len);
+
+	if(lo_truncate(conn,lo_desc,len) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror,"lo_truncate failed");
+
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_close( lo_desc ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Closes the postgres large object of _lo_desc_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_loclose(VALUE self, VALUE in_lo_desc)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int lo_desc = NUM2INT(in_lo_desc);
+
+	if(lo_close(conn,lo_desc) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror,"lo_close failed");
+
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *    conn.lo_unlink( oid ) -> nil
+ *
+ * Unlinks (deletes) the postgres large object of _oid_.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_lounlink(VALUE self, VALUE in_oid)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn(self);
+	int oid = NUM2INT(in_oid);
+
+	if (oid < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror, "invalid oid %d",oid);
+
+	if(lo_unlink(conn,oid) < 0)
+		rb_raise(rb_ePGerror,"lo_unlink failed");
+
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.internal_encoding -> Encoding
+ *
+ * defined in Ruby 1.9 or later.
+ *
+ * Returns:
+ * * an Encoding - client_encoding of the connection as a Ruby Encoding object.
+ * * nil - the client_encoding is 'SQL_ASCII'
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_internal_encoding(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+	rb_encoding *enc = pg_conn_enc_get( conn );
+
+	if ( enc ) {
+		return rb_enc_from_encoding( enc );
+	} else {
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+}
+
+static VALUE pgconn_external_encoding(VALUE self);
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.internal_encoding = value
+ *
+ * A wrapper of #set_client_encoding.
+ * defined in Ruby 1.9 or later.
+ *
+ * +value+ can be one of:
+ * * an Encoding
+ * * a String - a name of Encoding
+ * * +nil+ - sets the client_encoding to SQL_ASCII.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_internal_encoding_set(VALUE self, VALUE enc)
+{
+	if (NIL_P(enc)) {
+		pgconn_set_client_encoding( self, rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("SQL_ASCII") );
+		return enc;
+	}
+	else if ( TYPE(enc) == T_STRING && strcasecmp("JOHAB", RSTRING_PTR(enc)) == 0 ) {
+		pgconn_set_client_encoding(self, rb_usascii_str_new_cstr("JOHAB"));
+		return enc;
+	}
+	else {
+		rb_encoding *rbenc = rb_to_encoding( enc );
+		const char *name = pg_get_rb_encoding_as_pg_encoding( rbenc );
+
+		if ( PQsetClientEncoding(pg_get_pgconn( self ), name) == -1 ) {
+			VALUE server_encoding = pgconn_external_encoding( self );
+			rb_raise( rb_eEncCompatError, "incompatible character encodings: %s and %s",
+					  rb_enc_name(rb_to_encoding(server_encoding)), name );
+		}
+		return enc;
+	}
+
+	rb_raise( rb_ePGerror, "unknown encoding: %s", RSTRING_PTR(rb_inspect(enc)) );
+
+	return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.external_encoding() -> Encoding
+ *
+ * Return the +server_encoding+ of the connected database as a Ruby Encoding object.
+ * The <tt>SQL_ASCII</tt> encoding is mapped to to <tt>ASCII_8BIT</tt>.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_external_encoding(VALUE self)
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+	VALUE encoding = rb_iv_get( self, "@external_encoding" );
+	rb_encoding *enc = NULL;
+	const char *pg_encname = NULL;
+
+	/* Use cached value if found */
+	if ( RTEST(encoding) ) return encoding;
+
+	pg_encname = PQparameterStatus( conn, "server_encoding" );
+	enc = pg_get_pg_encname_as_rb_encoding( pg_encname );
+	encoding = rb_enc_from_encoding( enc );
+
+	rb_iv_set( self, "@external_encoding", encoding );
+
+	return encoding;
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   conn.set_default_encoding() -> Encoding
+ *
+ * If Ruby has its Encoding.default_internal set, set PostgreSQL's client_encoding
+ * to match. Returns the new Encoding, or +nil+ if the default internal encoding
+ * wasn't set.
+ */
+static VALUE
+pgconn_set_default_encoding( VALUE self )
+{
+	PGconn *conn = pg_get_pgconn( self );
+	rb_encoding *enc;
+	const char *encname;
+
+	if (( enc = rb_default_internal_encoding() )) {
+		encname = pg_get_rb_encoding_as_pg_encoding( enc );
+		if ( PQsetClientEncoding(conn, encname) != 0 )
+			rb_warn( "Failed to set the default_internal encoding to %s: '%s'",
+			         encname, PQerrorMessage(conn) );
+		return rb_enc_from_encoding( enc );
+	} else {
+		return Qnil;
+	}
+}
+
+
+#endif /* M17N_SUPPORTED */
+
+
+
+void
+init_pg_connection()
+{
+	rb_cPGconn = rb_define_class_under( rb_mPG, "Connection", rb_cObject );
+	rb_include_module(rb_cPGconn, rb_mPGconstants);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection CLASS METHODS     ******/
+	rb_define_alloc_func( rb_cPGconn, pgconn_s_allocate );
+
+	SINGLETON_ALIAS(rb_cPGconn, "connect", "new");
+	SINGLETON_ALIAS(rb_cPGconn, "open", "new");
+	SINGLETON_ALIAS(rb_cPGconn, "setdb", "new");
+	SINGLETON_ALIAS(rb_cPGconn, "setdblogin", "new");
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_string", pgconn_s_escape, 1);
+	SINGLETON_ALIAS(rb_cPGconn, "escape", "escape_string");
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_bytea", pgconn_s_escape_bytea, 1);
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "unescape_bytea", pgconn_s_unescape_bytea, 1);
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "encrypt_password", pgconn_s_encrypt_password, 2);
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "quote_ident", pgconn_s_quote_ident, 1);
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "connect_start", pgconn_s_connect_start, -1);
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "conndefaults", pgconn_s_conndefaults, 0);
+#ifdef HAVE_PQPING
+	rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPGconn, "ping", pgconn_s_ping, -1);
+#endif
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Connection Control     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "initialize", pgconn_init, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "connect_poll", pgconn_connect_poll, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "finish", pgconn_finish, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "finished?", pgconn_finished_p, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "reset", pgconn_reset, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "reset_start", pgconn_reset_start, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "reset_poll", pgconn_reset_poll, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "conndefaults", pgconn_s_conndefaults, 0);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "close", "finish");
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Connection Status     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "db", pgconn_db, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "user", pgconn_user, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "pass", pgconn_pass, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "host", pgconn_host, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "port", pgconn_port, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "tty", pgconn_tty, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "options", pgconn_options, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "status", pgconn_status, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "transaction_status", pgconn_transaction_status, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "parameter_status", pgconn_parameter_status, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "protocol_version", pgconn_protocol_version, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "server_version", pgconn_server_version, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "error_message", pgconn_error_message, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "socket", pgconn_socket, 0);
+#if !defined(_WIN32) || defined(HAVE_RB_W32_WRAP_IO_HANDLE)
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "socket_io", pgconn_socket_io, 0);
+#endif
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "backend_pid", pgconn_backend_pid, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "connection_needs_password", pgconn_connection_needs_password, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "connection_used_password", pgconn_connection_used_password, 0);
+	/* rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "getssl", pgconn_getssl, 0); */
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Command Execution     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "exec", pgconn_exec, -1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "query", "exec");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "exec_params", pgconn_exec_params, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "prepare", pgconn_prepare, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "exec_prepared", pgconn_exec_prepared, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "describe_prepared", pgconn_describe_prepared, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "describe_portal", pgconn_describe_portal, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "make_empty_pgresult", pgconn_make_empty_pgresult, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_string", pgconn_s_escape, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "escape", "escape_string");
+#ifdef HAVE_PQESCAPELITERAL
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_literal", pgconn_escape_literal, 1);
+#endif
+#ifdef HAVE_PQESCAPEIDENTIFIER
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_identifier", pgconn_escape_identifier, 1);
+#endif
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "escape_bytea", pgconn_s_escape_bytea, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "unescape_bytea", pgconn_s_unescape_bytea, 1);
+#ifdef HAVE_PQSETSINGLEROWMODE
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_single_row_mode", pgconn_set_single_row_mode, 0);
+#endif
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Asynchronous Command Processing     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "send_query", pgconn_send_query, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "send_prepare", pgconn_send_prepare, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "send_query_prepared", pgconn_send_query_prepared, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "send_describe_prepared", pgconn_send_describe_prepared, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "send_describe_portal", pgconn_send_describe_portal, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "get_result", pgconn_get_result, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "consume_input", pgconn_consume_input, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "is_busy", pgconn_is_busy, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "setnonblocking", pgconn_setnonblocking, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "isnonblocking", pgconn_isnonblocking, 0);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "nonblocking?", "isnonblocking");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "flush", pgconn_flush, 0);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Cancelling Queries in Progress     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "cancel", pgconn_cancel, 0);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: NOTIFY     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "notifies", pgconn_notifies, 0);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: COPY     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "put_copy_data", pgconn_put_copy_data, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "put_copy_end", pgconn_put_copy_end, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "get_copy_data", pgconn_get_copy_data, -1);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Control Functions     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_error_verbosity", pgconn_set_error_verbosity, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "trace", pgconn_trace, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "untrace", pgconn_untrace, 0);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Notice Processing     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_notice_receiver", pgconn_set_notice_receiver, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_notice_processor", pgconn_set_notice_processor, 0);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Other    ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "get_client_encoding", pgconn_get_client_encoding, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_client_encoding", pgconn_set_client_encoding, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "client_encoding=", "set_client_encoding");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "transaction", pgconn_transaction, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "block", pgconn_block, -1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "wait_for_notify", pgconn_wait_for_notify, -1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "notifies_wait", "wait_for_notify");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "quote_ident", pgconn_s_quote_ident, 1);
+#if defined(HAVE_RB_THREAD_CALL_WITHOUT_GVL)
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "async_exec", "exec");
+#else
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "async_exec", pgconn_async_exec, -1);
+#endif
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "async_query", "async_exec");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "get_last_result", pgconn_get_last_result, 0);
+
+	/******     PG::Connection INSTANCE METHODS: Large Object Support     ******/
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_creat", pgconn_locreat, -1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "locreat", "lo_creat");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_create", pgconn_locreate, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "locreate", "lo_create");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_import", pgconn_loimport, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loimport", "lo_import");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_export", pgconn_loexport, 2);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loexport", "lo_export");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_open", pgconn_loopen, -1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loopen", "lo_open");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_write",pgconn_lowrite, 2);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lowrite", "lo_write");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_read",pgconn_loread, 2);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loread", "lo_read");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_lseek",pgconn_lolseek, 3);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lolseek", "lo_lseek");
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lo_seek", "lo_lseek");
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loseek", "lo_lseek");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_tell",pgconn_lotell, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lotell", "lo_tell");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_truncate", pgconn_lotruncate, 2);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lotruncate", "lo_truncate");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_close",pgconn_loclose, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "loclose", "lo_close");
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "lo_unlink", pgconn_lounlink, 1);
+	rb_define_alias(rb_cPGconn, "lounlink", "lo_unlink");
+
+#ifdef M17N_SUPPORTED
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "internal_encoding", pgconn_internal_encoding, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "internal_encoding=", pgconn_internal_encoding_set, 1);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "external_encoding", pgconn_external_encoding, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cPGconn, "set_default_encoding", pgconn_set_default_encoding, 0);
+#endif /* M17N_SUPPORTED */
+
+}
+