perobs 4.0.0 → 4.4.0

data/lib/perobs/BigArrayNode.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1002 @@
+# encoding: UTF-8
+#
+# = BigArrayNode.rb -- Persistent Ruby Object Store
+#
+# Copyright (c) 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019
+# by Chris Schlaeger <chris@taskjuggler.org>
+#
+# MIT License
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+# a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+# "Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+# without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+# distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+# permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+# the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+# included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+# EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+# MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+# NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+# LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+# OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+# WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+
+require 'perobs/Object'
+require 'perobs/Array'
+
+module PEROBS
+
+  # The BigArrayNode class provides the BTree nodes for the BigArray objects.
+  # A node can either be a branch node or a leaf node. Branch nodes don't
+  # store values, only offsets and references to child nodes. Leaf nodes don't
+  # have child nodes but store the actual values. The leaf nodes always
+  # contain at least node_size / 2 number of consecutive values. The index of
+  # the first value in the BigArray is the sum of the offsets stored in the
+  # parent nodes. Branch nodes store the offsets and the corresponding
+  # child node references. The first offset is always 0. Consecutive offsets
+  # are set to the previous offset plus the total number of values stored in
+  # the previous child node. The leaf nodes don't contain wholes. A
+  # concatenation of all leaf node values represents the stored Array.
+  #
+  # Root Node             +--------------------------------+
+  # Offsets               | 0                           11 |
+  # Children                |                            |
+  #                         v                            v
+  # Level 1    +--------------------------++--------------------------+
+  # Offsets    | 0         4         7    ||   0          2         5 |
+  # Children     |         |         |         |          |         |
+  #              v         v         v         v          v         v
+  # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------++----------++-------+
+  # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  || N  O  P  || Q  R  |
+  #
+  # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12    13 14 15    16 17
+  #
+  class BigArrayNode < PEROBS::Object
+
+    attr_persist :tree, :parent, :offsets, :values, :children,
+      :prev_sibling, :next_sibling
+
+    # Internal constructor. Use Store.new(BigArrayNode, ...) instead.
+    # @param p [Handle]
+    # @param tree [BigArray] The tree this node should belong to
+    # @param is_leaf [Boolean] True if a leaf node should be created, false
+    #        for a branch node.
+    # @param parent [BigArrayNode] Parent node
+    # @param prev_sibling [BigArrayNode] Previous sibling
+    # @param next_sibling [BigArrayNode] Next sibling
+    def initialize(p, tree, is_leaf, parent = nil,
+                   prev_sibling = nil, next_sibling = nil)
+      super(p)
+      self.tree = tree
+      self.parent = parent
+
+      if is_leaf
+        # Create a new leaf node. It stores values and has no children.
+        self.values = @store.new(PEROBS::Array)
+        self.children = self.offsets = nil
+
+        # Link the neighboring siblings to the newly inserted node.  If the
+        # node has no sibling on a side we also must register it as first or
+        # last leaf with the BigArray object.
+        if (self.prev_sibling = prev_sibling)
+          @prev_sibling.next_sibling = myself
+        else
+          @tree.first_leaf = myself
+        end
+        if (self.next_sibling = next_sibling)
+          @next_sibling.prev_sibling = myself
+        else
+          @tree.last_leaf = myself
+        end
+      else
+        # Create a new branch node. It stores keys and child node references
+        # but no values.
+        self.offsets = @store.new(PEROBS::Array)
+        self.children = @store.new(PEROBS::Array)
+        self.values = nil
+        # Branch nodes don't need sibling links.
+        self.prev_sibling = self.next_sibling = nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [Boolean] True if this is a leaf node, false otherwise.
+    def is_leaf?
+      @children.nil?
+    end
+
+    def size
+      is_leaf? ? @values.size : @children.size
+    end
+
+    # @return [Integer] the number of values stored in this node.
+    def values_count
+      count = 0
+      node = self
+      while node
+        if node.is_leaf?
+          return count + node.values.size
+        else
+          count += node.offsets.last
+          node = node.children.last
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+
+    # Set the given value at the given index.
+    # @param index [Integer] Position to insert at
+    # @param value [Integer] value to insert
+    def set(index, value)
+      node = self
+
+      # Traverse the tree to find the right node to add or replace the value.
+      while node do
+        # Once we have reached a leaf node we can insert or replace the value.
+        if node.is_leaf?
+          if index >= node.values.size
+            node.fatal "Set index (#{index}) larger than values array " +
+              "(#{node.values.size})."
+          end
+          node.values[index] = value
+          return
+        else
+          # Descend into the right child node to add the value to.
+          cidx = node.search_child_index(index)
+          if (index -= node.offsets[cidx]) < 0
+            node.fatal "Index (#{index}) became negative"
+          end
+          node = node.children[cidx]
+        end
+      end
+
+      node.fatal "Could not find proper node to set the value while " +
+        "looking for index #{index}"
+    end
+
+    # Insert the given value at the given index. All following values will be
+    # pushed to a higher index.
+    # @param index [Integer] Position to insert at
+    # @param value [Integer] value to insert
+    def insert(index, value)
+      node = self
+      cidx = nil
+
+      # Traverse the tree to find the right node to add or replace the value.
+      while node do
+        # All nodes that we find on the way that are full will be split into
+        # two half-full nodes.
+        if node.size >= @tree.node_size
+          # Re-add the index from the last parent node since we will descent
+          # into one of the split nodes.
+          index += node.parent.offsets[cidx] if node.parent
+          node = node.split_node
+        end
+
+        # Once we have reached a leaf node we can insert or replace the value.
+        if node.is_leaf?
+          node.values.insert(index, value)
+          node.parent.adjust_offsets(node, 1) if node.parent
+          return
+        else
+          # Descend into the right child node to add the value to.
+          cidx = node.search_child_index(index)
+          if (index -= node.offsets[cidx]) < 0
+            node.fatal "Index (#{index}) became negative"
+          end
+          node = node.children[cidx]
+        end
+      end
+
+      node.fatal "Could not find proper node to insert the value while " +
+        "looking for index #{index}"
+    end
+
+    # Return the value that matches the given key or return nil if they key is
+    # unknown.
+    # @param index [Integer] Position to insert at
+    # @return [Integer or nil] value that matches the key
+    def get(index)
+      node = self
+
+      # Traverse the tree to find the right node to add or replace the value.
+      while node do
+        # Once we have reached a leaf node we can insert or replace the value.
+        if node.is_leaf?
+          return node.values[index]
+        else
+          # Descend into the right child node to add the value to.
+          cidx = (node.offsets.bsearch_index { |o| o > index } ||
+                  node.offsets.length) - 1
+          if (index -= node.offsets[cidx]) < 0
+            node.fatal "Index (#{index}) became negative"
+          end
+          node = node.children[cidx]
+        end
+      end
+
+      PEROBS.log.fatal "Could not find proper node to get from while " +
+        "looking for index #{index}"
+    end
+
+    # Delete the element at the specified index, returning that element, or
+    # nil if the index is out of range.
+    # @param index [Integer] Index in the BigArray
+    # @return [Object] found value or nil
+    def delete_at(index)
+      node = self
+      deleted_value = nil
+
+      while node do
+        if node.is_leaf?
+          deleted_value = node.values.delete_at(index)
+          if node.parent
+            node.parent.adjust_offsets(node, -1)
+            if node.size < min_size
+              node.parent.consolidate_child_nodes(node)
+            end
+          end
+
+          return deleted_value
+        else
+          # Descend into the right child node to add the value to.
+          cidx = (node.offsets.bsearch_index { |o| o > index } ||
+                  node.offsets.length) - 1
+          if (index -= node.offsets[cidx]) < 0
+            node.fatal "Index (#{index}) became negative"
+          end
+          node = node.children[cidx]
+        end
+      end
+
+      PEROBS.log.fatal "Could not find proper node to delete from while " +
+        "looking for index #{index}"
+    end
+
+    # Iterate over all the values of the node.
+    # @yield [value]
+    def each
+      return nil unless is_leaf?
+
+      @values.each do |v|
+        yield(v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Iterate over all the values of the node in reverse order.
+    # @yield [value]
+    def reverse_each
+      return nil unless is_leaf?
+
+      @values.reverse_each do |v|
+        yield(v)
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Check consistency of the node and all subsequent nodes. In case an error
+    # is found, a message is logged and false is returned.
+    # @yield [key, value]
+    # @return [Boolean] true if tree has no errors
+    def check
+      branch_depth = nil
+
+      traverse do |node, position, stack|
+        if position == 0
+          # Nodes should have between min_size() and
+          # @tree.node_size children or values. Only the root node may have
+          # less.
+          if node.size > @tree.node_size
+            node.error "BigArray node #{node._id} is too large. It has " +
+              "#{node.size} nodes instead of max. #{@tree.node_size}."
+            return false
+          end
+          if node.parent && node.size < min_size
+            node.error "BigArray node #{node._id} is too small"
+            return false
+          end
+
+          if node.is_leaf?
+            # All leaf nodes must have same distance from root node.
+            if branch_depth
+              unless branch_depth == stack.size
+                node.error "All leaf nodes must have same distance from root"
+                return false
+              end
+            else
+              branch_depth = stack.size
+            end
+
+            return false unless node.check_leaf_node_links
+
+            if node.children
+              node.error "children must be nil for a leaf node"
+              return false
+            end
+          else
+            unless node.children.size == node.offsets.size
+              node.error "Offset count (#{node.offsets.size}) must be equal " +
+                "to children count (#{node.children.size})"
+                return false
+            end
+
+            if node.values
+              node.error "values must be nil for a branch node"
+              return false
+            end
+
+            unless @prev_sibling.nil? && @next_sibling.nil?
+              node.error "prev_sibling and next_sibling must be nil for " +
+                "branch nodes"
+            end
+
+            return false unless node.check_offsets
+
+            return false unless node.check_child_nodes(stack)
+          end
+        elsif position <= node.size
+          # These checks are done after we have completed the respective child
+          # node with index 'position - 1'.
+          index = position - 1
+          if node.is_leaf?
+            if block_given?
+              # If a block was given, call this block with the key and value.
+              return false unless yield(node.first_index + index,
+                                        node.values[index])
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def check_leaf_node_links
+      if @prev_sibling.nil?
+        if @tree.first_leaf != self
+          error "Leaf node #{@_id} has no previous sibling " +
+            "but is not the first leaf of the tree"
+          return false
+        end
+      elsif @prev_sibling.next_sibling != self
+        error "next_sibling of previous sibling does not point to " +
+          "this node"
+        return false
+      end
+
+      if @next_sibling.nil?
+        if @tree.last_leaf != self
+          error "Leaf node #{@_id} has no next sibling " +
+            "but is not the last leaf of the tree"
+          return false
+        end
+      elsif @next_sibling.prev_sibling != self
+        error "previous_sibling of next sibling does not point to " +
+          "this node"
+        return false
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def check_offsets
+      return true if @parent.nil? && @offsets.empty?
+
+      if @offsets[0] != 0
+        error "First offset is not 0: #{@offsets.inspect}"
+        return false
+      end
+
+      last_offset = nil
+      @offsets.each_with_index do |offset, i|
+        if i > 0
+          if offset < last_offset
+            error "Offsets are not strictly monotoneously " +
+              "increasing: #{@offsets.inspect}"
+            return false
+          end
+          expected_offset = last_offset + @children[i - 1].values_count
+          if offset != expected_offset
+            error "Offset #{i} must be #{expected_offset} " +
+              "but is #{offset}."
+            return false
+          end
+        end
+
+        last_offset = offset
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    def check_child_nodes(stack)
+      if @children.uniq.size != @children.size
+        error "Node #{@_id} has multiple identical children"
+        return false
+      end
+
+      @children.each_with_index do |child, i|
+        unless child.is_a?(BigArrayNode)
+          error "Child #{@_id} is of class #{child.class} " +
+            "instead of BigArrayNode"
+          return false
+        end
+
+        unless child.parent.is_a?(BigArrayNode)
+          error "Parent reference of child #{i} is of class " +
+            "#{child.class} instead of BigArrayNode"
+          return false
+        end
+
+        if child.parent != self
+          error "Child node #{child._id} has wrong parent " +
+            "#{child.parent._id}. It should be #{@_id}."
+          return false
+        end
+
+        if child == self
+          error "Child #{i} point to self"
+          return false
+        end
+
+        if stack.include?(child)
+          error "Child #{i} points to ancester node"
+          return false
+        end
+
+        unless child.parent == self
+          error "Child #{i} does not have parent pointing " +
+            "to this node"
+          return false
+        end
+      end
+
+      true
+    end
+
+    # @return [String] Human reable form of the sub-tree.
+    def to_s
+      str = ''
+
+      traverse do |node, position, stack|
+        if position == 0
+          begin
+            str += "#{node.parent ? node.parent.tree_prefix + '  +' : 'o'}" +
+              "#{node.tree_branch_mark}-" +
+              "#{node.size == 0 ? '--' : 'v-'}#{node.tree_summary}\n"
+          rescue => e
+            str += "@@@@@@@@@@: #{e.message}\n"
+          end
+        else
+          begin
+            if node.is_leaf?
+              if position <= node.size
+                str += "#{node.tree_prefix}  " +
+                  "#{position == node.size ? '-' : '|'} " +
+                  "[ #{node.value_index(position - 1)}: " +
+                  "#{node.values[position - 1].nil? ?
+                  'nil' : node.values[position - 1]} ]\n"
+              end
+            end
+          rescue => e
+            str += "@@@@@@@@@@: #{e.message}\n"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      str
+    end
+
+    # Split the current node into two nodes. The upper half of the elements
+    # will be moved into a newly created node. This node will retain the lower
+    # half.
+    # @return [BigArrayNode] common parent of the two nodes
+    def split_node
+      unless @parent
+        # The node is the root node. We need to create a parent node first.
+        self.parent = @store.new(BigArrayNode, @tree, false)
+        @parent.offsets[0] = 0
+        @parent.children[0] = myself
+        @tree.root = @parent
+      end
+
+      # Create the new sibling that will take the 2nd half of the
+      # node content.
+      sibling = @store.new(BigArrayNode, @tree, is_leaf?, @parent, myself,
+                           @next_sibling)
+      # Determine the index of the middle element that gets moved to the
+      # parent. The node size must be an uneven number.
+      mid = size / 2
+      if is_leaf?
+        # Before:
+        #    +--------------------------+
+        #    | 0         4         7    |
+        #      |         |         |
+        #      v         v         v
+        # +---------++-------++----------+
+        # | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  |
+        #
+        # After:
+        #    +--------------------------+
+        #    | 0    2       4         7 |
+        #      |    |       |         |
+        #      v    v       v         v
+        # +-----++----++-------++----------+
+        # | A B || C D || E F G || H I J K  |
+        #
+        #
+        # Insert the middle element key into the parent node
+        @parent.insert_child_after_peer(mid, sibling, self)
+        # Copy the values from the mid element onwards into the new
+        # sibling node.
+        sibling.values += @values[mid..-1]
+        # Delete the copied offsets and values from this node.
+        @values.slice!(mid..-1)
+      else
+        # Before:
+        #    +--------------+
+        #    | 0         11 |
+        #      |          |
+        #      v          v
+        # +----------++-------+
+        # | 0 4 7 10 || 0 2 5 |
+        #   | | | |     | | |
+        #   v v v v     v v v
+        #
+        # After:
+        #  +------------------+
+        #  | 0      7      11 |
+        #    |      |       |
+        #    v      v       v
+        # +-----++-----++-------+
+        # | 0 4    0 3 || 0 2 5 |
+        #   | |    | |    | | |
+        #   v v    v v    v v v
+        #
+        # Insert the new sibling into the parent node.
+        offset_delta = @offsets[mid]
+        @parent.insert_child_after_peer(offset_delta, sibling, self)
+        # Copy the offsets from after the mid value onwards to the new sibling
+        # node. We substract the offset delta from each of them.
+        sibling.offsets += @offsets[mid..-1].map{ |v| v - offset_delta }
+        # Delete the copied offsets from this node.
+        @offsets.slice!(mid..-1)
+        # Same copy for the children.
+        sibling.children += @children[mid..-1]
+        # Reparent the children to the new sibling parent.
+        sibling.children.each { |c| c.parent = sibling }
+        # And delete the copied children references.
+        @children.slice!(mid..-1)
+      end
+
+      @parent
+    end
+
+    def insert_child_after_peer(offset, node, peer = nil)
+      peer_index = @children.find_index(peer)
+      cidx = peer_index ? peer_index + 1 : 0
+      @offsets.insert(cidx, @offsets[peer_index] + offset)
+      @children.insert(cidx, node)
+    end
+
+    def consolidate_child_nodes(child)
+      unless (child_index = @children.index(child))
+        error "Cannot find child to consolidate"
+      end
+
+      if child_index == 0
+        # Consolidate with successor if it exists.
+        return unless (succ = @children[child_index + 1])
+
+        if child.size + succ.size <= @tree.node_size
+          # merge child with successor
+          merge_child_with_next(child_index)
+        else
+          move_first_element_of_successor_to_child(child_index)
+        end
+      else
+        # consolidate with predecessor
+        pred = @children[child_index - 1]
+
+        if pred.size + child.size <= @tree.node_size
+          # merge child with predecessor
+          merge_child_with_next(child_index - 1)
+        else
+          move_last_element_of_predecessor_to_child(child_index)
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param offset [Integer] offset to search the child index for
+    # @return [Integer] Index of the matching offset or the insert position.
+    def search_child_index(offset)
+      # Handle special case for empty offsets list.
+      return 0 if @offsets.empty? || offset <= @offsets.first
+
+      (@offsets.bsearch_index { |o| o > offset } || @offsets.length) - 1
+    end
+
+    # @return The index of the current node in the children list of the parent
+    # node. If the node is the root node, nil is returned.
+    def index_in_parent_node
+      return nil unless @parent
+
+      @parent.children.find_index(self)
+     end
+
+    def first_index
+      # TODO: This is a very expensive method. Find a way to make this way
+      # faster.
+      node = parent
+      child = myself
+      while node
+        if (index = node.children.index(child)) && index > 0
+          return node.offsets[index - 1]
+        end
+        child = node
+        node = node.parent
+      end
+
+      0
+    end
+
+    # Compute the array index of the value with the given index in the current
+    # node.
+    # @param idx [Integer] Index of the value in the current node
+    # @return [Integer] Array index of the value
+    def value_index(idx)
+      node = self
+      while node.parent
+        idx += node.parent.offsets[node.index_in_parent_node]
+        node = node.parent
+      end
+
+      idx
+    end
+
+    # This method takes care of adjusting the offsets in tree in case elements
+    # were inserted or removed. All nodes that hold children after the
+    # insert/remove operation need to be adjusted. Since child nodes get their
+    # offsets via their parents, only the parent node and the direct ancestor
+    # followers need to be adjusted.
+    # @param after_child [BigArrayNode] specifies the modified leaf node
+    # @param delta [Integer] specifies how many elements were inserted or
+    #        removed.
+    def adjust_offsets(after_child, delta)
+      node = self
+
+      while node
+        adjust = false
+        0.upto(node.children.size - 1) do |i|
+          # Iterate over the children until we have found the after_child
+          # node. Then turn on adjustment mode. The offsets of the following
+          # entries will be adjusted by delta.
+          if adjust
+            node.offsets[i] += delta
+          elsif node.children[i] == after_child
+            adjust = true
+          end
+        end
+
+        unless adjust
+          node.fatal "Could not find child #{after_child._id}"
+        end
+
+        after_child = node
+        node = node.parent
+      end
+    end
+
+    # This is a generic tree iterator. It yields before it descends into the
+    # child node and after (which is identical to before the next child
+    # descend). It yields the node, the position and the stack of parent
+    # nodes.
+    # @yield [node, position, stack]
+    def traverse
+      # We use a non-recursive implementation to traverse the tree. This stack
+      # keeps track of all the known still to be checked nodes.
+      stack = [ [ self, 0 ] ]
+
+      while !stack.empty?
+        node, position = stack.pop
+
+        # Call the payload method. The position marks where we are in the node
+        # with respect to the traversal. 0 means we've just entered the node
+        # for the first time and are about to descent to the first child.
+        # Position 1 is after the 1st child has been processed and before the
+        # 2nd child is being processed. If we have N children, the last
+        # position is N after we have processed the last child and are about
+        # to return to the parent node.
+        yield(node, position, stack)
+
+        if position <= node.size
+          # Push the next position for this node onto the stack.
+          stack.push([ node, position + 1 ])
+
+          if !node.is_leaf? && node.children[position]
+            # If we have a child node for this position, push the linked node
+            # and the starting position onto the stack.
+            stack.push([ node.children[position], 0 ])
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Gather some statistics about the node and all sub nodes.
+    # @param stats [Stats] Data structure that stores the gathered data
+    def statistics(stats)
+      traverse do |node, position, stack|
+        if position == 0
+          if node.is_leaf?
+            stats.leaf_nodes += 1
+            depth = stack.size + 1
+            if stats.min_depth.nil? || stats.min_depth < depth
+              stats.min_depth = depth
+            end
+            if stats.max_depth.nil? || stats.max_depth > depth
+              stats.max_depth = depth
+            end
+          else
+            stats.branch_nodes += 1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Return the decoration that marks the tree structure of this node for the
+    # inspection method.
+    def tree_prefix
+      node = self
+      str = ''
+
+      while node
+        is_last_child = false
+        if node.parent
+          is_last_child = node.parent.children.last == node
+        else
+          # Don't add lines for the top-level.
+          break
+        end
+
+        str = (is_last_child ? '   ' : '  |') + str
+        node = node.parent
+      end
+
+      str
+    end
+
+    # Branch node decoration for the inspection method.
+    def tree_branch_mark
+      return '' unless @parent
+      '-'
+    end
+
+    # Text for the node line for the inspection method.
+    def tree_summary
+      s = " @#{@_id}"
+      if @parent
+        begin
+          s += " +#{@parent.offsets[index_in_parent_node]} ^#{@parent._id}"
+        rescue
+          s += ' ^@'
+        end
+      end
+      if @prev_sibling
+        begin
+          s += " <#{@prev_sibling._id}"
+        rescue
+          s += ' <@'
+        end
+      end
+      if @next_sibling
+        begin
+          s += " >#{@next_sibling._id}"
+        rescue
+          s += ' >@'
+        end
+      end
+
+      s
+    end
+
+    # Print and log an error message for the node.
+    def error(msg)
+      msg = "Error in BigArray node @#{@_id}: #{msg}\n" + @tree.to_s
+      $stderr.puts msg
+      PEROBS.log.error msg
+    end
+
+    # Print and log an error message for the node.
+    def fatal(msg)
+      msg = "Fatal error in BigArray node @#{@_id}: #{msg}\n" + @tree.to_s
+      $stderr.puts msg
+      PEROBS.log.fatal msg
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def min_size
+      @tree.node_size / 2
+    end
+
+    # Move first element of successor to end of child node
+    # @param child_index [Integer] index of the child
+    def move_first_element_of_successor_to_child(child_index)
+      child = @children[child_index]
+      succ = @children[child_index + 1]
+
+      if child.is_leaf?
+        # Adjust offset for the successor node
+        @offsets[child_index + 1] += 1
+        # Move the value
+        child.values << succ.values.shift
+      else
+        # Before:
+        #
+        # Root Node             +--------------------------------+
+        # Offsets               | 0                            7 |
+        # Children                |                            |
+        #              child      v    succ                    v
+        # Level 1    +---------------++-------------------------------------+
+        # Offsets    | 0         4   ||    0         4          6         9 |
+        # Children     |         |         |         |          |         |
+        #              v         v         v         v          v         v
+        # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------++----------++-------+
+        # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  || N  O  P  || Q  R  |
+        #
+        # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12    13 14 15    16 17
+        #
+        # After:
+        #
+        # Root Node             +--------------------------------+
+        # Offsets               | 0                           11 |
+        # Children                |                            |
+        #              child      v                succ        v
+        # Level 1    +--------------------------++--------------------------+
+        # Offsets    | 0         4         7    ||   0          2         5 |
+        # Children     |         |         |         |          |         |
+        #              v         v         v         v          v         v
+        # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------++----------++-------+
+        # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  || N  O  P  || Q  R  |
+        #
+        # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12    13 14 15    16 17
+        #
+        # Adjust the offsets of the successor. The 2nd original offset
+        # determines the delta for the parent node.
+        succ.offsets.shift
+        delta = succ.offsets.first
+        succ.offsets.map! { |o| o -= delta }
+        # The additional child offset can be taken from the parent node
+        # reference.
+        child.offsets << @offsets[child_index + 1]
+        # The parent node offset of the successor needs to be corrected by the
+        # delta value.
+        @offsets[child_index + 1] += delta
+        # Move the child reference
+        child.children << succ.children.shift
+        child.children.last.parent = child
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Move last element of predecessor node to child
+    # @param child_index [Integer] index of the child
+    def move_last_element_of_predecessor_to_child(child_index)
+      pred = @children[child_index - 1]
+      child = @children[child_index]
+
+      if child.is_leaf?
+        # Adjust offset for the predecessor node
+        @offsets[child_index] -= 1
+        # Move the value
+        child.values.unshift(pred.values.pop)
+      else
+        # Before:
+        #
+        # Root Node             +--------------------------------+
+        # Offsets               | 0                           13 |
+        # Children                |                            |
+        #              pred       v                      child v
+        # Level 1    +---------------------------------++-------------------+
+        # Offsets    | 0         4         7        11 ||       0         3 |
+        # Children     |         |         |         |          |         |
+        #              v         v         v         v          v         v
+        # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------++----------++-------+
+        # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  || N  O  P  || Q  R  |
+        #
+        # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12    13 14 15    16 17
+        #
+        # After:
+        #
+        # Root Node             +--------------------------------+
+        # Offsets               | 0                           11 |
+        # Children                |                            |
+        #              pred       v                child       v
+        # Level 1    +--------------------------++--------------------------+
+        # Offsets    | 0         4         7    ||   0          2         5 |
+        # Children     |         |         |         |          |         |
+        #              v         v         v         v          v         v
+        # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------++----------++-------+
+        # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  || N  O  P  || Q  R  |
+        #
+        # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12    13 14 15    16 17
+        #
+        # Remove the last predecessor offset and update the child offset with
+        # it
+        delta = pred.children.last.values_count
+        @offsets[child_index] -= delta
+        pred.offsets.pop
+        # Adjust all the offsets of the child
+        child.offsets.map! { |o| o += delta }
+        # And prepend the 0 offset
+        child.offsets.unshift(0)
+        # Move the child reference
+        child.children.unshift(pred.children.pop)
+        child.children.first.parent = child
+      end
+    end
+
+    def merge_child_with_next(child_index)
+      c1 = @children[child_index]
+      c2 = @children[child_index + 1]
+
+      if c1.is_leaf?
+        # Update the sibling links
+        c1.next_sibling = c2.next_sibling
+        c1.next_sibling.prev_sibling = c1 if c1.next_sibling
+
+        c1.values += c2.values
+        # Adjust the last_leaf reference in the @tree if c1 is now the last
+        # sibling.
+        @tree.last_leaf = c1 unless c1.next_sibling
+      else
+        # Before:
+        #
+        # Root Node             +---------------------+
+        # Offsets               | 0                11 |
+        # Children                |                 |
+        #              c1         v              c2 v
+        # Level 1    +--------------------------++-----+
+        # Offsets    | 0         4         7    ||   0 |
+        # Children     |         |         |         |
+        #              v         v         v         v
+        # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------+
+        # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  |
+        #
+        # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12
+        #
+        # After:
+        #
+        # Root Node             +---+
+        # Offsets               | 0 |
+        # Children                |
+        #             c1          v
+        # Level 1    +---------------------------------+
+        # Offsets    | 0         4         7        11 |
+        # Children     |         |         |         |
+        #              v         v         v         v
+        # Leaves  +---------++-------++----------++-------+
+        # Values  | A B C D || E F G || H I J K  || L  M  |
+        #
+        # Index     0 1 2 3    4 5 6    7 8 9 10    11 12
+        delta = @offsets[child_index + 1] - @offsets[child_index]
+        c1.offsets += c2.offsets.map { |o| o += delta }
+        c2.children.each { |c| c.parent = c1 }
+        c1.children += c2.children
+      end
+
+      # Remove the child successor from the node.
+      @offsets.delete_at(child_index + 1)
+      @children.delete_at(child_index + 1)
+
+      if @parent && size < min_size
+        @parent.consolidate_child_nodes(self)
+      end
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end
+