pcp-server-ruby-sdk 0.1.0

data/node_modules/argparse/argparse.js

@@ -0,0 +1,3707 @@
+// Port of python's argparse module, version 3.9.0:
+// https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/v3.9.0rc1/Lib/argparse.py
+
+'use strict'
+
+// Copyright (C) 2010-2020 Python Software Foundation.
+// Copyright (C) 2020 argparse.js authors
+
+/*
+ * Command-line parsing library
+ *
+ * This module is an optparse-inspired command-line parsing library that:
+ *
+ *     - handles both optional and positional arguments
+ *     - produces highly informative usage messages
+ *     - supports parsers that dispatch to sub-parsers
+ *
+ * The following is a simple usage example that sums integers from the
+ * command-line and writes the result to a file::
+ *
+ *     parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+ *         description='sum the integers at the command line')
+ *     parser.add_argument(
+ *         'integers', metavar='int', nargs='+', type=int,
+ *         help='an integer to be summed')
+ *     parser.add_argument(
+ *         '--log', default=sys.stdout, type=argparse.FileType('w'),
+ *         help='the file where the sum should be written')
+ *     args = parser.parse_args()
+ *     args.log.write('%s' % sum(args.integers))
+ *     args.log.close()
+ *
+ * The module contains the following public classes:
+ *
+ *     - ArgumentParser -- The main entry point for command-line parsing. As the
+ *         example above shows, the add_argument() method is used to populate
+ *         the parser with actions for optional and positional arguments. Then
+ *         the parse_args() method is invoked to convert the args at the
+ *         command-line into an object with attributes.
+ *
+ *     - ArgumentError -- The exception raised by ArgumentParser objects when
+ *         there are errors with the parser's actions. Errors raised while
+ *         parsing the command-line are caught by ArgumentParser and emitted
+ *         as command-line messages.
+ *
+ *     - FileType -- A factory for defining types of files to be created. As the
+ *         example above shows, instances of FileType are typically passed as
+ *         the type= argument of add_argument() calls.
+ *
+ *     - Action -- The base class for parser actions. Typically actions are
+ *         selected by passing strings like 'store_true' or 'append_const' to
+ *         the action= argument of add_argument(). However, for greater
+ *         customization of ArgumentParser actions, subclasses of Action may
+ *         be defined and passed as the action= argument.
+ *
+ *     - HelpFormatter, RawDescriptionHelpFormatter, RawTextHelpFormatter,
+ *         ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter -- Formatter classes which
+ *         may be passed as the formatter_class= argument to the
+ *         ArgumentParser constructor. HelpFormatter is the default,
+ *         RawDescriptionHelpFormatter and RawTextHelpFormatter tell the parser
+ *         not to change the formatting for help text, and
+ *         ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter adds information about argument defaults
+ *         to the help.
+ *
+ * All other classes in this module are considered implementation details.
+ * (Also note that HelpFormatter and RawDescriptionHelpFormatter are only
+ * considered public as object names -- the API of the formatter objects is
+ * still considered an implementation detail.)
+ */
+
+const SUPPRESS = '==SUPPRESS=='
+
+const OPTIONAL = '?'
+const ZERO_OR_MORE = '*'
+const ONE_OR_MORE = '+'
+const PARSER = 'A...'
+const REMAINDER = '...'
+const _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR = '_unrecognized_args'
+
+
+// ==================================
+// Utility functions used for porting
+// ==================================
+const assert = require('assert')
+const util = require('util')
+const fs = require('fs')
+const sub = require('./lib/sub')
+const path = require('path')
+const repr = util.inspect
+
+function get_argv() {
+    // omit first argument (which is assumed to be interpreter - `node`, `coffee`, `ts-node`, etc.)
+    return process.argv.slice(1)
+}
+
+function get_terminal_size() {
+    return {
+        columns: +process.env.COLUMNS || process.stdout.columns || 80
+    }
+}
+
+function hasattr(object, name) {
+    return Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(object, name)
+}
+
+function getattr(object, name, value) {
+    return hasattr(object, name) ? object[name] : value
+}
+
+function setattr(object, name, value) {
+    object[name] = value
+}
+
+function setdefault(object, name, value) {
+    if (!hasattr(object, name)) object[name] = value
+    return object[name]
+}
+
+function delattr(object, name) {
+    delete object[name]
+}
+
+function range(from, to, step=1) {
+    // range(10) is equivalent to range(0, 10)
+    if (arguments.length === 1) [ to, from ] = [ from, 0 ]
+    if (typeof from !== 'number' || typeof to !== 'number' || typeof step !== 'number') {
+        throw new TypeError('argument cannot be interpreted as an integer')
+    }
+    if (step === 0) throw new TypeError('range() arg 3 must not be zero')
+
+    let result = []
+    if (step > 0) {
+        for (let i = from; i < to; i += step) result.push(i)
+    } else {
+        for (let i = from; i > to; i += step) result.push(i)
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+function splitlines(str, keepends = false) {
+    let result
+    if (!keepends) {
+        result = str.split(/\r\n|[\n\r\v\f\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85\u2028\u2029]/)
+    } else {
+        result = []
+        let parts = str.split(/(\r\n|[\n\r\v\f\x1c\x1d\x1e\x85\u2028\u2029])/)
+        for (let i = 0; i < parts.length; i += 2) {
+            result.push(parts[i] + (i + 1 < parts.length ? parts[i + 1] : ''))
+        }
+    }
+    if (!result[result.length - 1]) result.pop()
+    return result
+}
+
+function _string_lstrip(string, prefix_chars) {
+    let idx = 0
+    while (idx < string.length && prefix_chars.includes(string[idx])) idx++
+    return idx ? string.slice(idx) : string
+}
+
+function _string_split(string, sep, maxsplit) {
+    let result = string.split(sep)
+    if (result.length > maxsplit) {
+        result = result.slice(0, maxsplit).concat([ result.slice(maxsplit).join(sep) ])
+    }
+    return result
+}
+
+function _array_equal(array1, array2) {
+    if (array1.length !== array2.length) return false
+    for (let i = 0; i < array1.length; i++) {
+        if (array1[i] !== array2[i]) return false
+    }
+    return true
+}
+
+function _array_remove(array, item) {
+    let idx = array.indexOf(item)
+    if (idx === -1) throw new TypeError(sub('%r not in list', item))
+    array.splice(idx, 1)
+}
+
+// normalize choices to array;
+// this isn't required in python because `in` and `map` operators work with anything,
+// but in js dealing with multiple types here is too clunky
+function _choices_to_array(choices) {
+    if (choices === undefined) {
+        return []
+    } else if (Array.isArray(choices)) {
+        return choices
+    } else if (choices !== null && typeof choices[Symbol.iterator] === 'function') {
+        return Array.from(choices)
+    } else if (typeof choices === 'object' && choices !== null) {
+        return Object.keys(choices)
+    } else {
+        throw new Error(sub('invalid choices value: %r', choices))
+    }
+}
+
+// decorator that allows a class to be called without new
+function _callable(cls) {
+    let result = { // object is needed for inferred class name
+        [cls.name]: function (...args) {
+            let this_class = new.target === result || !new.target
+            return Reflect.construct(cls, args, this_class ? cls : new.target)
+        }
+    }
+    result[cls.name].prototype = cls.prototype
+    // fix default tag for toString, e.g. [object Action] instead of [object Object]
+    cls.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag] = cls.name
+    return result[cls.name]
+}
+
+function _alias(object, from, to) {
+    try {
+        let name = object.constructor.name
+        Object.defineProperty(object, from, {
+            value: util.deprecate(object[to], sub('%s.%s() is renamed to %s.%s()',
+                name, from, name, to)),
+            enumerable: false
+        })
+    } catch {}
+}
+
+// decorator that allows snake_case class methods to be called with camelCase and vice versa
+function _camelcase_alias(_class) {
+    for (let name of Object.getOwnPropertyNames(_class.prototype)) {
+        let camelcase = name.replace(/\w_[a-z]/g, s => s[0] + s[2].toUpperCase())
+        if (camelcase !== name) _alias(_class.prototype, camelcase, name)
+    }
+    return _class
+}
+
+function _to_legacy_name(key) {
+    key = key.replace(/\w_[a-z]/g, s => s[0] + s[2].toUpperCase())
+    if (key === 'default') key = 'defaultValue'
+    if (key === 'const') key = 'constant'
+    return key
+}
+
+function _to_new_name(key) {
+    if (key === 'defaultValue') key = 'default'
+    if (key === 'constant') key = 'const'
+    key = key.replace(/[A-Z]/g, c => '_' + c.toLowerCase())
+    return key
+}
+
+// parse options
+let no_default = Symbol('no_default_value')
+function _parse_opts(args, descriptor) {
+    function get_name() {
+        let stack = new Error().stack.split('\n')
+            .map(x => x.match(/^    at (.*) \(.*\)$/))
+            .filter(Boolean)
+            .map(m => m[1])
+            .map(fn => fn.match(/[^ .]*$/)[0])
+
+        if (stack.length && stack[0] === get_name.name) stack.shift()
+        if (stack.length && stack[0] === _parse_opts.name) stack.shift()
+        return stack.length ? stack[0] : ''
+    }
+
+    args = Array.from(args)
+    let kwargs = {}
+    let result = []
+    let last_opt = args.length && args[args.length - 1]
+
+    if (typeof last_opt === 'object' && last_opt !== null && !Array.isArray(last_opt) &&
+        (!last_opt.constructor || last_opt.constructor.name === 'Object')) {
+        kwargs = Object.assign({}, args.pop())
+    }
+
+    // LEGACY (v1 compatibility): camelcase
+    let renames = []
+    for (let key of Object.keys(descriptor)) {
+        let old_name = _to_legacy_name(key)
+        if (old_name !== key && (old_name in kwargs)) {
+            if (key in kwargs) {
+                // default and defaultValue specified at the same time, happens often in old tests
+                //throw new TypeError(sub('%s() got multiple values for argument %r', get_name(), key))
+            } else {
+                kwargs[key] = kwargs[old_name]
+            }
+            renames.push([ old_name, key ])
+            delete kwargs[old_name]
+        }
+    }
+    if (renames.length) {
+        let name = get_name()
+        deprecate('camelcase_' + name, sub('%s(): following options are renamed: %s',
+            name, renames.map(([ a, b ]) => sub('%r -> %r', a, b))))
+    }
+    // end
+
+    let missing_positionals = []
+    let positional_count = args.length
+
+    for (let [ key, def ] of Object.entries(descriptor)) {
+        if (key[0] === '*') {
+            if (key.length > 0 && key[1] === '*') {
+                // LEGACY (v1 compatibility): camelcase
+                let renames = []
+                for (let key of Object.keys(kwargs)) {
+                    let new_name = _to_new_name(key)
+                    if (new_name !== key && (key in kwargs)) {
+                        if (new_name in kwargs) {
+                            // default and defaultValue specified at the same time, happens often in old tests
+                            //throw new TypeError(sub('%s() got multiple values for argument %r', get_name(), new_name))
+                        } else {
+                            kwargs[new_name] = kwargs[key]
+                        }
+                        renames.push([ key, new_name ])
+                        delete kwargs[key]
+                    }
+                }
+                if (renames.length) {
+                    let name = get_name()
+                    deprecate('camelcase_' + name, sub('%s(): following options are renamed: %s',
+                        name, renames.map(([ a, b ]) => sub('%r -> %r', a, b))))
+                }
+                // end
+                result.push(kwargs)
+                kwargs = {}
+            } else {
+                result.push(args)
+                args = []
+            }
+        } else if (key in kwargs && args.length > 0) {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('%s() got multiple values for argument %r', get_name(), key))
+        } else if (key in kwargs) {
+            result.push(kwargs[key])
+            delete kwargs[key]
+        } else if (args.length > 0) {
+            result.push(args.shift())
+        } else if (def !== no_default) {
+            result.push(def)
+        } else {
+            missing_positionals.push(key)
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (Object.keys(kwargs).length) {
+        throw new TypeError(sub('%s() got an unexpected keyword argument %r',
+            get_name(), Object.keys(kwargs)[0]))
+    }
+
+    if (args.length) {
+        let from = Object.entries(descriptor).filter(([ k, v ]) => k[0] !== '*' && v !== no_default).length
+        let to = Object.entries(descriptor).filter(([ k ]) => k[0] !== '*').length
+        throw new TypeError(sub('%s() takes %s positional argument%s but %s %s given',
+            get_name(),
+            from === to ? sub('from %s to %s', from, to) : to,
+            from === to && to === 1 ? '' : 's',
+            positional_count,
+            positional_count === 1 ? 'was' : 'were'))
+    }
+
+    if (missing_positionals.length) {
+        let strs = missing_positionals.map(repr)
+        if (strs.length > 1) strs[strs.length - 1] = 'and ' + strs[strs.length - 1]
+        let str_joined = strs.join(strs.length === 2 ? '' : ', ')
+        throw new TypeError(sub('%s() missing %i required positional argument%s: %s',
+            get_name(), strs.length, strs.length === 1 ? '' : 's', str_joined))
+    }
+
+    return result
+}
+
+let _deprecations = {}
+function deprecate(id, string) {
+    _deprecations[id] = _deprecations[id] || util.deprecate(() => {}, string)
+    _deprecations[id]()
+}
+
+
+// =============================
+// Utility functions and classes
+// =============================
+function _AttributeHolder(cls = Object) {
+    /*
+     *  Abstract base class that provides __repr__.
+     *
+     *  The __repr__ method returns a string in the format::
+     *      ClassName(attr=name, attr=name, ...)
+     *  The attributes are determined either by a class-level attribute,
+     *  '_kwarg_names', or by inspecting the instance __dict__.
+     */
+
+    return class _AttributeHolder extends cls {
+        [util.inspect.custom]() {
+            let type_name = this.constructor.name
+            let arg_strings = []
+            let star_args = {}
+            for (let arg of this._get_args()) {
+                arg_strings.push(repr(arg))
+            }
+            for (let [ name, value ] of this._get_kwargs()) {
+                if (/^[a-z_][a-z0-9_$]*$/i.test(name)) {
+                    arg_strings.push(sub('%s=%r', name, value))
+                } else {
+                    star_args[name] = value
+                }
+            }
+            if (Object.keys(star_args).length) {
+                arg_strings.push(sub('**%s', repr(star_args)))
+            }
+            return sub('%s(%s)', type_name, arg_strings.join(', '))
+        }
+
+        toString() {
+            return this[util.inspect.custom]()
+        }
+
+        _get_kwargs() {
+            return Object.entries(this)
+        }
+
+        _get_args() {
+            return []
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+function _copy_items(items) {
+    if (items === undefined) {
+        return []
+    }
+    return items.slice(0)
+}
+
+
+// ===============
+// Formatting Help
+// ===============
+const HelpFormatter = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class HelpFormatter {
+    /*
+     *  Formatter for generating usage messages and argument help strings.
+     *
+     *  Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
+     *  provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
+     */
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            prog,
+            indent_increment,
+            max_help_position,
+            width
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            prog: no_default,
+            indent_increment: 2,
+            max_help_position: 24,
+            width: undefined
+        })
+
+        // default setting for width
+        if (width === undefined) {
+            width = get_terminal_size().columns
+            width -= 2
+        }
+
+        this._prog = prog
+        this._indent_increment = indent_increment
+        this._max_help_position = Math.min(max_help_position,
+                                      Math.max(width - 20, indent_increment * 2))
+        this._width = width
+
+        this._current_indent = 0
+        this._level = 0
+        this._action_max_length = 0
+
+        this._root_section = this._Section(this, undefined)
+        this._current_section = this._root_section
+
+        this._whitespace_matcher = /[ \t\n\r\f\v]+/g // equivalent to python /\s+/ with ASCII flag
+        this._long_break_matcher = /\n\n\n+/g
+    }
+
+    // ===============================
+    // Section and indentation methods
+    // ===============================
+    _indent() {
+        this._current_indent += this._indent_increment
+        this._level += 1
+    }
+
+    _dedent() {
+        this._current_indent -= this._indent_increment
+        assert(this._current_indent >= 0, 'Indent decreased below 0.')
+        this._level -= 1
+    }
+
+    _add_item(func, args) {
+        this._current_section.items.push([ func, args ])
+    }
+
+    // ========================
+    // Message building methods
+    // ========================
+    start_section(heading) {
+        this._indent()
+        let section = this._Section(this, this._current_section, heading)
+        this._add_item(section.format_help.bind(section), [])
+        this._current_section = section
+    }
+
+    end_section() {
+        this._current_section = this._current_section.parent
+        this._dedent()
+    }
+
+    add_text(text) {
+        if (text !== SUPPRESS && text !== undefined) {
+            this._add_item(this._format_text.bind(this), [text])
+        }
+    }
+
+    add_usage(usage, actions, groups, prefix = undefined) {
+        if (usage !== SUPPRESS) {
+            let args = [ usage, actions, groups, prefix ]
+            this._add_item(this._format_usage.bind(this), args)
+        }
+    }
+
+    add_argument(action) {
+        if (action.help !== SUPPRESS) {
+
+            // find all invocations
+            let invocations = [this._format_action_invocation(action)]
+            for (let subaction of this._iter_indented_subactions(action)) {
+                invocations.push(this._format_action_invocation(subaction))
+            }
+
+            // update the maximum item length
+            let invocation_length = Math.max(...invocations.map(invocation => invocation.length))
+            let action_length = invocation_length + this._current_indent
+            this._action_max_length = Math.max(this._action_max_length,
+                                               action_length)
+
+            // add the item to the list
+            this._add_item(this._format_action.bind(this), [action])
+        }
+    }
+
+    add_arguments(actions) {
+        for (let action of actions) {
+            this.add_argument(action)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // =======================
+    // Help-formatting methods
+    // =======================
+    format_help() {
+        let help = this._root_section.format_help()
+        if (help) {
+            help = help.replace(this._long_break_matcher, '\n\n')
+            help = help.replace(/^\n+|\n+$/g, '') + '\n'
+        }
+        return help
+    }
+
+    _join_parts(part_strings) {
+        return part_strings.filter(part => part && part !== SUPPRESS).join('')
+    }
+
+    _format_usage(usage, actions, groups, prefix) {
+        if (prefix === undefined) {
+            prefix = 'usage: '
+        }
+
+        // if usage is specified, use that
+        if (usage !== undefined) {
+            usage = sub(usage, { prog: this._prog })
+
+        // if no optionals or positionals are available, usage is just prog
+        } else if (usage === undefined && !actions.length) {
+            usage = sub('%(prog)s', { prog: this._prog })
+
+        // if optionals and positionals are available, calculate usage
+        } else if (usage === undefined) {
+            let prog = sub('%(prog)s', { prog: this._prog })
+
+            // split optionals from positionals
+            let optionals = []
+            let positionals = []
+            for (let action of actions) {
+                if (action.option_strings.length) {
+                    optionals.push(action)
+                } else {
+                    positionals.push(action)
+                }
+            }
+
+            // build full usage string
+            let action_usage = this._format_actions_usage([].concat(optionals).concat(positionals), groups)
+            usage = [ prog, action_usage ].map(String).join(' ')
+
+            // wrap the usage parts if it's too long
+            let text_width = this._width - this._current_indent
+            if (prefix.length + usage.length > text_width) {
+
+                // break usage into wrappable parts
+                let part_regexp = /\(.*?\)+(?=\s|$)|\[.*?\]+(?=\s|$)|\S+/g
+                let opt_usage = this._format_actions_usage(optionals, groups)
+                let pos_usage = this._format_actions_usage(positionals, groups)
+                let opt_parts = opt_usage.match(part_regexp) || []
+                let pos_parts = pos_usage.match(part_regexp) || []
+                assert(opt_parts.join(' ') === opt_usage)
+                assert(pos_parts.join(' ') === pos_usage)
+
+                // helper for wrapping lines
+                let get_lines = (parts, indent, prefix = undefined) => {
+                    let lines = []
+                    let line = []
+                    let line_len
+                    if (prefix !== undefined) {
+                        line_len = prefix.length - 1
+                    } else {
+                        line_len = indent.length - 1
+                    }
+                    for (let part of parts) {
+                        if (line_len + 1 + part.length > text_width && line) {
+                            lines.push(indent + line.join(' '))
+                            line = []
+                            line_len = indent.length - 1
+                        }
+                        line.push(part)
+                        line_len += part.length + 1
+                    }
+                    if (line.length) {
+                        lines.push(indent + line.join(' '))
+                    }
+                    if (prefix !== undefined) {
+                        lines[0] = lines[0].slice(indent.length)
+                    }
+                    return lines
+                }
+
+                let lines
+
+                // if prog is short, follow it with optionals or positionals
+                if (prefix.length + prog.length <= 0.75 * text_width) {
+                    let indent = ' '.repeat(prefix.length + prog.length + 1)
+                    if (opt_parts.length) {
+                        lines = get_lines([prog].concat(opt_parts), indent, prefix)
+                        lines = lines.concat(get_lines(pos_parts, indent))
+                    } else if (pos_parts.length) {
+                        lines = get_lines([prog].concat(pos_parts), indent, prefix)
+                    } else {
+                        lines = [prog]
+                    }
+
+                // if prog is long, put it on its own line
+                } else {
+                    let indent = ' '.repeat(prefix.length)
+                    let parts = [].concat(opt_parts).concat(pos_parts)
+                    lines = get_lines(parts, indent)
+                    if (lines.length > 1) {
+                        lines = []
+                        lines = lines.concat(get_lines(opt_parts, indent))
+                        lines = lines.concat(get_lines(pos_parts, indent))
+                    }
+                    lines = [prog].concat(lines)
+                }
+
+                // join lines into usage
+                usage = lines.join('\n')
+            }
+        }
+
+        // prefix with 'usage:'
+        return sub('%s%s\n\n', prefix, usage)
+    }
+
+    _format_actions_usage(actions, groups) {
+        // find group indices and identify actions in groups
+        let group_actions = new Set()
+        let inserts = {}
+        for (let group of groups) {
+            let start = actions.indexOf(group._group_actions[0])
+            if (start === -1) {
+                continue
+            } else {
+                let end = start + group._group_actions.length
+                if (_array_equal(actions.slice(start, end), group._group_actions)) {
+                    for (let action of group._group_actions) {
+                        group_actions.add(action)
+                    }
+                    if (!group.required) {
+                        if (start in inserts) {
+                            inserts[start] += ' ['
+                        } else {
+                            inserts[start] = '['
+                        }
+                        if (end in inserts) {
+                            inserts[end] += ']'
+                        } else {
+                            inserts[end] = ']'
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        if (start in inserts) {
+                            inserts[start] += ' ('
+                        } else {
+                            inserts[start] = '('
+                        }
+                        if (end in inserts) {
+                            inserts[end] += ')'
+                        } else {
+                            inserts[end] = ')'
+                        }
+                    }
+                    for (let i of range(start + 1, end)) {
+                        inserts[i] = '|'
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // collect all actions format strings
+        let parts = []
+        for (let [ i, action ] of Object.entries(actions)) {
+
+            // suppressed arguments are marked with None
+            // remove | separators for suppressed arguments
+            if (action.help === SUPPRESS) {
+                parts.push(undefined)
+                if (inserts[+i] === '|') {
+                    delete inserts[+i]
+                } else if (inserts[+i + 1] === '|') {
+                    delete inserts[+i + 1]
+                }
+
+            // produce all arg strings
+            } else if (!action.option_strings.length) {
+                let default_value = this._get_default_metavar_for_positional(action)
+                let part = this._format_args(action, default_value)
+
+                // if it's in a group, strip the outer []
+                if (group_actions.has(action)) {
+                    if (part[0] === '[' && part[part.length - 1] === ']') {
+                        part = part.slice(1, -1)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // add the action string to the list
+                parts.push(part)
+
+            // produce the first way to invoke the option in brackets
+            } else {
+                let option_string = action.option_strings[0]
+                let part
+
+                // if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
+                //    -s or --long
+                if (action.nargs === 0) {
+                    part = action.format_usage()
+
+                // if the Optional takes a value, format is:
+                //    -s ARGS or --long ARGS
+                } else {
+                    let default_value = this._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action)
+                    let args_string = this._format_args(action, default_value)
+                    part = sub('%s %s', option_string, args_string)
+                }
+
+                // make it look optional if it's not required or in a group
+                if (!action.required && !group_actions.has(action)) {
+                    part = sub('[%s]', part)
+                }
+
+                // add the action string to the list
+                parts.push(part)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // insert things at the necessary indices
+        for (let i of Object.keys(inserts).map(Number).sort((a, b) => b - a)) {
+            parts.splice(+i, 0, inserts[+i])
+        }
+
+        // join all the action items with spaces
+        let text = parts.filter(Boolean).join(' ')
+
+        // clean up separators for mutually exclusive groups
+        text = text.replace(/([\[(]) /g, '$1')
+        text = text.replace(/ ([\])])/g, '$1')
+        text = text.replace(/[\[(] *[\])]/g, '')
+        text = text.replace(/\(([^|]*)\)/g, '$1', text)
+        text = text.trim()
+
+        // return the text
+        return text
+    }
+
+    _format_text(text) {
+        if (text.includes('%(prog)')) {
+            text = sub(text, { prog: this._prog })
+        }
+        let text_width = Math.max(this._width - this._current_indent, 11)
+        let indent = ' '.repeat(this._current_indent)
+        return this._fill_text(text, text_width, indent) + '\n\n'
+    }
+
+    _format_action(action) {
+        // determine the required width and the entry label
+        let help_position = Math.min(this._action_max_length + 2,
+                                     this._max_help_position)
+        let help_width = Math.max(this._width - help_position, 11)
+        let action_width = help_position - this._current_indent - 2
+        let action_header = this._format_action_invocation(action)
+        let indent_first
+
+        // no help; start on same line and add a final newline
+        if (!action.help) {
+            let tup = [ this._current_indent, '', action_header ]
+            action_header = sub('%*s%s\n', ...tup)
+
+        // short action name; start on the same line and pad two spaces
+        } else if (action_header.length <= action_width) {
+            let tup = [ this._current_indent, '', action_width, action_header ]
+            action_header = sub('%*s%-*s  ', ...tup)
+            indent_first = 0
+
+        // long action name; start on the next line
+        } else {
+            let tup = [ this._current_indent, '', action_header ]
+            action_header = sub('%*s%s\n', ...tup)
+            indent_first = help_position
+        }
+
+        // collect the pieces of the action help
+        let parts = [action_header]
+
+        // if there was help for the action, add lines of help text
+        if (action.help) {
+            let help_text = this._expand_help(action)
+            let help_lines = this._split_lines(help_text, help_width)
+            parts.push(sub('%*s%s\n', indent_first, '', help_lines[0]))
+            for (let line of help_lines.slice(1)) {
+                parts.push(sub('%*s%s\n', help_position, '', line))
+            }
+
+        // or add a newline if the description doesn't end with one
+        } else if (!action_header.endsWith('\n')) {
+            parts.push('\n')
+        }
+
+        // if there are any sub-actions, add their help as well
+        for (let subaction of this._iter_indented_subactions(action)) {
+            parts.push(this._format_action(subaction))
+        }
+
+        // return a single string
+        return this._join_parts(parts)
+    }
+
+    _format_action_invocation(action) {
+        if (!action.option_strings.length) {
+            let default_value = this._get_default_metavar_for_positional(action)
+            let metavar = this._metavar_formatter(action, default_value)(1)[0]
+            return metavar
+
+        } else {
+            let parts = []
+
+            // if the Optional doesn't take a value, format is:
+            //    -s, --long
+            if (action.nargs === 0) {
+                parts = parts.concat(action.option_strings)
+
+            // if the Optional takes a value, format is:
+            //    -s ARGS, --long ARGS
+            } else {
+                let default_value = this._get_default_metavar_for_optional(action)
+                let args_string = this._format_args(action, default_value)
+                for (let option_string of action.option_strings) {
+                    parts.push(sub('%s %s', option_string, args_string))
+                }
+            }
+
+            return parts.join(', ')
+        }
+    }
+
+    _metavar_formatter(action, default_metavar) {
+        let result
+        if (action.metavar !== undefined) {
+            result = action.metavar
+        } else if (action.choices !== undefined) {
+            let choice_strs = _choices_to_array(action.choices).map(String)
+            result = sub('{%s}', choice_strs.join(','))
+        } else {
+            result = default_metavar
+        }
+
+        function format(tuple_size) {
+            if (Array.isArray(result)) {
+                return result
+            } else {
+                return Array(tuple_size).fill(result)
+            }
+        }
+        return format
+    }
+
+    _format_args(action, default_metavar) {
+        let get_metavar = this._metavar_formatter(action, default_metavar)
+        let result
+        if (action.nargs === undefined) {
+            result = sub('%s', ...get_metavar(1))
+        } else if (action.nargs === OPTIONAL) {
+            result = sub('[%s]', ...get_metavar(1))
+        } else if (action.nargs === ZERO_OR_MORE) {
+            let metavar = get_metavar(1)
+            if (metavar.length === 2) {
+                result = sub('[%s [%s ...]]', ...metavar)
+            } else {
+                result = sub('[%s ...]', ...metavar)
+            }
+        } else if (action.nargs === ONE_OR_MORE) {
+            result = sub('%s [%s ...]', ...get_metavar(2))
+        } else if (action.nargs === REMAINDER) {
+            result = '...'
+        } else if (action.nargs === PARSER) {
+            result = sub('%s ...', ...get_metavar(1))
+        } else if (action.nargs === SUPPRESS) {
+            result = ''
+        } else {
+            let formats
+            try {
+                formats = range(action.nargs).map(() => '%s')
+            } catch (err) {
+                throw new TypeError('invalid nargs value')
+            }
+            result = sub(formats.join(' '), ...get_metavar(action.nargs))
+        }
+        return result
+    }
+
+    _expand_help(action) {
+        let params = Object.assign({ prog: this._prog }, action)
+        for (let name of Object.keys(params)) {
+            if (params[name] === SUPPRESS) {
+                delete params[name]
+            }
+        }
+        for (let name of Object.keys(params)) {
+            if (params[name] && params[name].name) {
+                params[name] = params[name].name
+            }
+        }
+        if (params.choices !== undefined) {
+            let choices_str = _choices_to_array(params.choices).map(String).join(', ')
+            params.choices = choices_str
+        }
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility): camelcase
+        for (let key of Object.keys(params)) {
+            let old_name = _to_legacy_name(key)
+            if (old_name !== key) {
+                params[old_name] = params[key]
+            }
+        }
+        // end
+        return sub(this._get_help_string(action), params)
+    }
+
+    * _iter_indented_subactions(action) {
+        if (typeof action._get_subactions === 'function') {
+            this._indent()
+            yield* action._get_subactions()
+            this._dedent()
+        }
+    }
+
+    _split_lines(text, width) {
+        text = text.replace(this._whitespace_matcher, ' ').trim()
+        // The textwrap module is used only for formatting help.
+        // Delay its import for speeding up the common usage of argparse.
+        let textwrap = require('./lib/textwrap')
+        return textwrap.wrap(text, { width })
+    }
+
+    _fill_text(text, width, indent) {
+        text = text.replace(this._whitespace_matcher, ' ').trim()
+        let textwrap = require('./lib/textwrap')
+        return textwrap.fill(text, { width,
+                                     initial_indent: indent,
+                                     subsequent_indent: indent })
+    }
+
+    _get_help_string(action) {
+        return action.help
+    }
+
+    _get_default_metavar_for_optional(action) {
+        return action.dest.toUpperCase()
+    }
+
+    _get_default_metavar_for_positional(action) {
+        return action.dest
+    }
+}))
+
+HelpFormatter.prototype._Section = _callable(class _Section {
+
+    constructor(formatter, parent, heading = undefined) {
+        this.formatter = formatter
+        this.parent = parent
+        this.heading = heading
+        this.items = []
+    }
+
+    format_help() {
+        // format the indented section
+        if (this.parent !== undefined) {
+            this.formatter._indent()
+        }
+        let item_help = this.formatter._join_parts(this.items.map(([ func, args ]) => func.apply(null, args)))
+        if (this.parent !== undefined) {
+            this.formatter._dedent()
+        }
+
+        // return nothing if the section was empty
+        if (!item_help) {
+            return ''
+        }
+
+        // add the heading if the section was non-empty
+        let heading
+        if (this.heading !== SUPPRESS && this.heading !== undefined) {
+            let current_indent = this.formatter._current_indent
+            heading = sub('%*s%s:\n', current_indent, '', this.heading)
+        } else {
+            heading = ''
+        }
+
+        // join the section-initial newline, the heading and the help
+        return this.formatter._join_parts(['\n', heading, item_help, '\n'])
+    }
+})
+
+
+const RawDescriptionHelpFormatter = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class RawDescriptionHelpFormatter extends HelpFormatter {
+    /*
+     *  Help message formatter which retains any formatting in descriptions.
+     *
+     *  Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
+     *  provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
+     */
+
+    _fill_text(text, width, indent) {
+        return splitlines(text, true).map(line => indent + line).join('')
+    }
+}))
+
+
+const RawTextHelpFormatter = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class RawTextHelpFormatter extends RawDescriptionHelpFormatter {
+    /*
+     *  Help message formatter which retains formatting of all help text.
+     *
+     *  Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
+     *  provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
+     */
+
+    _split_lines(text/*, width*/) {
+        return splitlines(text)
+    }
+}))
+
+
+const ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter extends HelpFormatter {
+    /*
+     *  Help message formatter which adds default values to argument help.
+     *
+     *  Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
+     *  provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
+     */
+
+    _get_help_string(action) {
+        let help = action.help
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility): additional check for defaultValue needed
+        if (!action.help.includes('%(default)') && !action.help.includes('%(defaultValue)')) {
+            if (action.default !== SUPPRESS) {
+                let defaulting_nargs = [OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE]
+                if (action.option_strings.length || defaulting_nargs.includes(action.nargs)) {
+                    help += ' (default: %(default)s)'
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return help
+    }
+}))
+
+
+const MetavarTypeHelpFormatter = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class MetavarTypeHelpFormatter extends HelpFormatter {
+    /*
+     *  Help message formatter which uses the argument 'type' as the default
+     *  metavar value (instead of the argument 'dest')
+     *
+     *  Only the name of this class is considered a public API. All the methods
+     *  provided by the class are considered an implementation detail.
+     */
+
+    _get_default_metavar_for_optional(action) {
+        return typeof action.type === 'function' ? action.type.name : action.type
+    }
+
+    _get_default_metavar_for_positional(action) {
+        return typeof action.type === 'function' ? action.type.name : action.type
+    }
+}))
+
+
+// =====================
+// Options and Arguments
+// =====================
+function _get_action_name(argument) {
+    if (argument === undefined) {
+        return undefined
+    } else if (argument.option_strings.length) {
+        return argument.option_strings.join('/')
+    } else if (![ undefined, SUPPRESS ].includes(argument.metavar)) {
+        return argument.metavar
+    } else if (![ undefined, SUPPRESS ].includes(argument.dest)) {
+        return argument.dest
+    } else {
+        return undefined
+    }
+}
+
+
+const ArgumentError = _callable(class ArgumentError extends Error {
+    /*
+     *  An error from creating or using an argument (optional or positional).
+     *
+     *  The string value of this exception is the message, augmented with
+     *  information about the argument that caused it.
+     */
+
+    constructor(argument, message) {
+        super()
+        this.name = 'ArgumentError'
+        this._argument_name = _get_action_name(argument)
+        this._message = message
+        this.message = this.str()
+    }
+
+    str() {
+        let format
+        if (this._argument_name === undefined) {
+            format = '%(message)s'
+        } else {
+            format = 'argument %(argument_name)s: %(message)s'
+        }
+        return sub(format, { message: this._message,
+                             argument_name: this._argument_name })
+    }
+})
+
+
+const ArgumentTypeError = _callable(class ArgumentTypeError extends Error {
+    /*
+     * An error from trying to convert a command line string to a type.
+     */
+
+    constructor(message) {
+        super(message)
+        this.name = 'ArgumentTypeError'
+    }
+})
+
+
+// ==============
+// Action classes
+// ==============
+const Action = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class Action extends _AttributeHolder(Function) {
+    /*
+     *  Information about how to convert command line strings to Python objects.
+     *
+     *  Action objects are used by an ArgumentParser to represent the information
+     *  needed to parse a single argument from one or more strings from the
+     *  command line. The keyword arguments to the Action constructor are also
+     *  all attributes of Action instances.
+     *
+     *  Keyword Arguments:
+     *
+     *      - option_strings -- A list of command-line option strings which
+     *          should be associated with this action.
+     *
+     *      - dest -- The name of the attribute to hold the created object(s)
+     *
+     *      - nargs -- The number of command-line arguments that should be
+     *          consumed. By default, one argument will be consumed and a single
+     *          value will be produced.  Other values include:
+     *              - N (an integer) consumes N arguments (and produces a list)
+     *              - '?' consumes zero or one arguments
+     *              - '*' consumes zero or more arguments (and produces a list)
+     *              - '+' consumes one or more arguments (and produces a list)
+     *          Note that the difference between the default and nargs=1 is that
+     *          with the default, a single value will be produced, while with
+     *          nargs=1, a list containing a single value will be produced.
+     *
+     *      - const -- The value to be produced if the option is specified and the
+     *          option uses an action that takes no values.
+     *
+     *      - default -- The value to be produced if the option is not specified.
+     *
+     *      - type -- A callable that accepts a single string argument, and
+     *          returns the converted value.  The standard Python types str, int,
+     *          float, and complex are useful examples of such callables.  If None,
+     *          str is used.
+     *
+     *      - choices -- A container of values that should be allowed. If not None,
+     *          after a command-line argument has been converted to the appropriate
+     *          type, an exception will be raised if it is not a member of this
+     *          collection.
+     *
+     *      - required -- True if the action must always be specified at the
+     *          command line. This is only meaningful for optional command-line
+     *          arguments.
+     *
+     *      - help -- The help string describing the argument.
+     *
+     *      - metavar -- The name to be used for the option's argument with the
+     *          help string. If None, the 'dest' value will be used as the name.
+     */
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs,
+            const_value,
+            default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            nargs: undefined,
+            const: undefined,
+            default: undefined,
+            type: undefined,
+            choices: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        // when this class is called as a function, redirect it to .call() method of itself
+        super('return arguments.callee.call.apply(arguments.callee, arguments)')
+
+        this.option_strings = option_strings
+        this.dest = dest
+        this.nargs = nargs
+        this.const = const_value
+        this.default = default_value
+        this.type = type
+        this.choices = choices
+        this.required = required
+        this.help = help
+        this.metavar = metavar
+    }
+
+    _get_kwargs() {
+        let names = [
+            'option_strings',
+            'dest',
+            'nargs',
+            'const',
+            'default',
+            'type',
+            'choices',
+            'help',
+            'metavar'
+        ]
+        return names.map(name => [ name, getattr(this, name) ])
+    }
+
+    format_usage() {
+        return this.option_strings[0]
+    }
+
+    call(/*parser, namespace, values, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        throw new Error('.call() not defined')
+    }
+}))
+
+
+const BooleanOptionalAction = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class BooleanOptionalAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            default: undefined,
+            type: undefined,
+            choices: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        let _option_strings = []
+        for (let option_string of option_strings) {
+            _option_strings.push(option_string)
+
+            if (option_string.startsWith('--')) {
+                option_string = '--no-' + option_string.slice(2)
+                _option_strings.push(option_string)
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (help !== undefined && default_value !== undefined) {
+            help += ` (default: ${default_value})`
+        }
+
+        super({
+            option_strings: _option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs: 0,
+            default: default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace, values, option_string = undefined) {
+        if (this.option_strings.includes(option_string)) {
+            setattr(namespace, this.dest, !option_string.startsWith('--no-'))
+        }
+    }
+
+    format_usage() {
+        return this.option_strings.join(' | ')
+    }
+}))
+
+
+const _StoreAction = _callable(class _StoreAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs,
+            const_value,
+            default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            nargs: undefined,
+            const: undefined,
+            default: undefined,
+            type: undefined,
+            choices: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        if (nargs === 0) {
+            throw new TypeError('nargs for store actions must be != 0; if you ' +
+                        'have nothing to store, actions such as store ' +
+                        'true or store const may be more appropriate')
+        }
+        if (const_value !== undefined && nargs !== OPTIONAL) {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('nargs must be %r to supply const', OPTIONAL))
+        }
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs,
+            const: const_value,
+            default: default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace, values/*, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        setattr(namespace, this.dest, values)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _StoreConstAction = _callable(class _StoreConstAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            const_value,
+            default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+            //, metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            const: no_default,
+            default: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs: 0,
+            const: const_value,
+            default: default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace/*, values, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        setattr(namespace, this.dest, this.const)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _StoreTrueAction = _callable(class _StoreTrueAction extends _StoreConstAction {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            default: false,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            const: true,
+            default: default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        })
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _StoreFalseAction = _callable(class _StoreFalseAction extends _StoreConstAction {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            default: true,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            const: false,
+            default: default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        })
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _AppendAction = _callable(class _AppendAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs,
+            const_value,
+            default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            nargs: undefined,
+            const: undefined,
+            default: undefined,
+            type: undefined,
+            choices: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        if (nargs === 0) {
+            throw new TypeError('nargs for append actions must be != 0; if arg ' +
+                        'strings are not supplying the value to append, ' +
+                        'the append const action may be more appropriate')
+        }
+        if (const_value !== undefined && nargs !== OPTIONAL) {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('nargs must be %r to supply const', OPTIONAL))
+        }
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs,
+            const: const_value,
+            default: default_value,
+            type,
+            choices,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace, values/*, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        let items = getattr(namespace, this.dest, undefined)
+        items = _copy_items(items)
+        items.push(values)
+        setattr(namespace, this.dest, items)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _AppendConstAction = _callable(class _AppendConstAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            const_value,
+            default_value,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            const: no_default,
+            default: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs: 0,
+            const: const_value,
+            default: default_value,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace/*, values, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        let items = getattr(namespace, this.dest, undefined)
+        items = _copy_items(items)
+        items.push(this.const)
+        setattr(namespace, this.dest, items)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _CountAction = _callable(class _CountAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: no_default,
+            default: undefined,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs: 0,
+            default: default_value,
+            required,
+            help
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace/*, values, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        let count = getattr(namespace, this.dest, undefined)
+        if (count === undefined) {
+            count = 0
+        }
+        setattr(namespace, this.dest, count + 1)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _HelpAction = _callable(class _HelpAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default_value,
+            help
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            dest: SUPPRESS,
+            default: SUPPRESS,
+            help: undefined
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default: default_value,
+            nargs: 0,
+            help
+        })
+    }
+
+    call(parser/*, namespace, values, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        parser.print_help()
+        parser.exit()
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _VersionAction = _callable(class _VersionAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            version,
+            dest,
+            default_value,
+            help
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            version: undefined,
+            dest: SUPPRESS,
+            default: SUPPRESS,
+            help: "show program's version number and exit"
+        })
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            default: default_value,
+            nargs: 0,
+            help
+        })
+        this.version = version
+    }
+
+    call(parser/*, namespace, values, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        let version = this.version
+        if (version === undefined) {
+            version = parser.version
+        }
+        let formatter = parser._get_formatter()
+        formatter.add_text(version)
+        parser._print_message(formatter.format_help(), process.stdout)
+        parser.exit()
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _SubParsersAction = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class _SubParsersAction extends Action {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            option_strings,
+            prog,
+            parser_class,
+            dest,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            option_strings: no_default,
+            prog: no_default,
+            parser_class: no_default,
+            dest: SUPPRESS,
+            required: false,
+            help: undefined,
+            metavar: undefined
+        })
+
+        let name_parser_map = {}
+
+        super({
+            option_strings,
+            dest,
+            nargs: PARSER,
+            choices: name_parser_map,
+            required,
+            help,
+            metavar
+        })
+
+        this._prog_prefix = prog
+        this._parser_class = parser_class
+        this._name_parser_map = name_parser_map
+        this._choices_actions = []
+    }
+
+    add_parser() {
+        let [
+            name,
+            kwargs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            name: no_default,
+            '**kwargs': no_default
+        })
+
+        // set prog from the existing prefix
+        if (kwargs.prog === undefined) {
+            kwargs.prog = sub('%s %s', this._prog_prefix, name)
+        }
+
+        let aliases = getattr(kwargs, 'aliases', [])
+        delete kwargs.aliases
+
+        // create a pseudo-action to hold the choice help
+        if ('help' in kwargs) {
+            let help = kwargs.help
+            delete kwargs.help
+            let choice_action = this._ChoicesPseudoAction(name, aliases, help)
+            this._choices_actions.push(choice_action)
+        }
+
+        // create the parser and add it to the map
+        let parser = new this._parser_class(kwargs)
+        this._name_parser_map[name] = parser
+
+        // make parser available under aliases also
+        for (let alias of aliases) {
+            this._name_parser_map[alias] = parser
+        }
+
+        return parser
+    }
+
+    _get_subactions() {
+        return this._choices_actions
+    }
+
+    call(parser, namespace, values/*, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        let parser_name = values[0]
+        let arg_strings = values.slice(1)
+
+        // set the parser name if requested
+        if (this.dest !== SUPPRESS) {
+            setattr(namespace, this.dest, parser_name)
+        }
+
+        // select the parser
+        if (hasattr(this._name_parser_map, parser_name)) {
+            parser = this._name_parser_map[parser_name]
+        } else {
+            let args = {parser_name,
+                        choices: this._name_parser_map.join(', ')}
+            let msg = sub('unknown parser %(parser_name)r (choices: %(choices)s)', args)
+            throw new ArgumentError(this, msg)
+        }
+
+        // parse all the remaining options into the namespace
+        // store any unrecognized options on the object, so that the top
+        // level parser can decide what to do with them
+
+        // In case this subparser defines new defaults, we parse them
+        // in a new namespace object and then update the original
+        // namespace for the relevant parts.
+        let subnamespace
+        [ subnamespace, arg_strings ] = parser.parse_known_args(arg_strings, undefined)
+        for (let [ key, value ] of Object.entries(subnamespace)) {
+            setattr(namespace, key, value)
+        }
+
+        if (arg_strings.length) {
+            setdefault(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR, [])
+            getattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR).push(...arg_strings)
+        }
+    }
+}))
+
+
+_SubParsersAction.prototype._ChoicesPseudoAction = _callable(class _ChoicesPseudoAction extends Action {
+    constructor(name, aliases, help) {
+        let metavar = name, dest = name
+        if (aliases.length) {
+            metavar += sub(' (%s)', aliases.join(', '))
+        }
+        super({ option_strings: [], dest, help, metavar })
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _ExtendAction = _callable(class _ExtendAction extends _AppendAction {
+    call(parser, namespace, values/*, option_string = undefined*/) {
+        let items = getattr(namespace, this.dest, undefined)
+        items = _copy_items(items)
+        items = items.concat(values)
+        setattr(namespace, this.dest, items)
+    }
+})
+
+
+// ==============
+// Type classes
+// ==============
+const FileType = _callable(class FileType extends Function {
+    /*
+     *  Factory for creating file object types
+     *
+     *  Instances of FileType are typically passed as type= arguments to the
+     *  ArgumentParser add_argument() method.
+     *
+     *  Keyword Arguments:
+     *      - mode -- A string indicating how the file is to be opened. Accepts the
+     *          same values as the builtin open() function.
+     *      - bufsize -- The file's desired buffer size. Accepts the same values as
+     *          the builtin open() function.
+     *      - encoding -- The file's encoding. Accepts the same values as the
+     *          builtin open() function.
+     *      - errors -- A string indicating how encoding and decoding errors are to
+     *          be handled. Accepts the same value as the builtin open() function.
+     */
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            flags,
+            encoding,
+            mode,
+            autoClose,
+            emitClose,
+            start,
+            end,
+            highWaterMark,
+            fs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            flags: 'r',
+            encoding: undefined,
+            mode: undefined, // 0o666
+            autoClose: undefined, // true
+            emitClose: undefined, // false
+            start: undefined, // 0
+            end: undefined, // Infinity
+            highWaterMark: undefined, // 64 * 1024
+            fs: undefined
+        })
+
+        // when this class is called as a function, redirect it to .call() method of itself
+        super('return arguments.callee.call.apply(arguments.callee, arguments)')
+
+        Object.defineProperty(this, 'name', {
+            get() {
+                return sub('FileType(%r)', flags)
+            }
+        })
+        this._flags = flags
+        this._options = {}
+        if (encoding !== undefined) this._options.encoding = encoding
+        if (mode !== undefined) this._options.mode = mode
+        if (autoClose !== undefined) this._options.autoClose = autoClose
+        if (emitClose !== undefined) this._options.emitClose = emitClose
+        if (start !== undefined) this._options.start = start
+        if (end !== undefined) this._options.end = end
+        if (highWaterMark !== undefined) this._options.highWaterMark = highWaterMark
+        if (fs !== undefined) this._options.fs = fs
+    }
+
+    call(string) {
+        // the special argument "-" means sys.std{in,out}
+        if (string === '-') {
+            if (this._flags.includes('r')) {
+                return process.stdin
+            } else if (this._flags.includes('w')) {
+                return process.stdout
+            } else {
+                let msg = sub('argument "-" with mode %r', this._flags)
+                throw new TypeError(msg)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // all other arguments are used as file names
+        let fd
+        try {
+            fd = fs.openSync(string, this._flags, this._options.mode)
+        } catch (e) {
+            let args = { filename: string, error: e.message }
+            let message = "can't open '%(filename)s': %(error)s"
+            throw new ArgumentTypeError(sub(message, args))
+        }
+
+        let options = Object.assign({ fd, flags: this._flags }, this._options)
+        if (this._flags.includes('r')) {
+            return fs.createReadStream(undefined, options)
+        } else if (this._flags.includes('w')) {
+            return fs.createWriteStream(undefined, options)
+        } else {
+            let msg = sub('argument "%s" with mode %r', string, this._flags)
+            throw new TypeError(msg)
+        }
+    }
+
+    [util.inspect.custom]() {
+        let args = [ this._flags ]
+        let kwargs = Object.entries(this._options).map(([ k, v ]) => {
+            if (k === 'mode') v = { value: v, [util.inspect.custom]() { return '0o' + this.value.toString(8) } }
+            return [ k, v ]
+        })
+        let args_str = []
+                .concat(args.filter(arg => arg !== -1).map(repr))
+                .concat(kwargs.filter(([/*kw*/, arg]) => arg !== undefined)
+                    .map(([kw, arg]) => sub('%s=%r', kw, arg)))
+                .join(', ')
+        return sub('%s(%s)', this.constructor.name, args_str)
+    }
+
+    toString() {
+        return this[util.inspect.custom]()
+    }
+})
+
+// ===========================
+// Optional and Positional Parsing
+// ===========================
+const Namespace = _callable(class Namespace extends _AttributeHolder() {
+    /*
+     *  Simple object for storing attributes.
+     *
+     *  Implements equality by attribute names and values, and provides a simple
+     *  string representation.
+     */
+
+    constructor(options = {}) {
+        super()
+        Object.assign(this, options)
+    }
+})
+
+// unset string tag to mimic plain object
+Namespace.prototype[Symbol.toStringTag] = undefined
+
+
+const _ActionsContainer = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class _ActionsContainer {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            description,
+            prefix_chars,
+            argument_default,
+            conflict_handler
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            description: no_default,
+            prefix_chars: no_default,
+            argument_default: no_default,
+            conflict_handler: no_default
+        })
+
+        this.description = description
+        this.argument_default = argument_default
+        this.prefix_chars = prefix_chars
+        this.conflict_handler = conflict_handler
+
+        // set up registries
+        this._registries = {}
+
+        // register actions
+        this.register('action', undefined, _StoreAction)
+        this.register('action', 'store', _StoreAction)
+        this.register('action', 'store_const', _StoreConstAction)
+        this.register('action', 'store_true', _StoreTrueAction)
+        this.register('action', 'store_false', _StoreFalseAction)
+        this.register('action', 'append', _AppendAction)
+        this.register('action', 'append_const', _AppendConstAction)
+        this.register('action', 'count', _CountAction)
+        this.register('action', 'help', _HelpAction)
+        this.register('action', 'version', _VersionAction)
+        this.register('action', 'parsers', _SubParsersAction)
+        this.register('action', 'extend', _ExtendAction)
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility): camelcase variants
+        ;[ 'storeConst', 'storeTrue', 'storeFalse', 'appendConst' ].forEach(old_name => {
+            let new_name = _to_new_name(old_name)
+            this.register('action', old_name, util.deprecate(this._registry_get('action', new_name),
+                sub('{action: "%s"} is renamed to {action: "%s"}', old_name, new_name)))
+        })
+        // end
+
+        // raise an exception if the conflict handler is invalid
+        this._get_handler()
+
+        // action storage
+        this._actions = []
+        this._option_string_actions = {}
+
+        // groups
+        this._action_groups = []
+        this._mutually_exclusive_groups = []
+
+        // defaults storage
+        this._defaults = {}
+
+        // determines whether an "option" looks like a negative number
+        this._negative_number_matcher = /^-\d+$|^-\d*\.\d+$/
+
+        // whether or not there are any optionals that look like negative
+        // numbers -- uses a list so it can be shared and edited
+        this._has_negative_number_optionals = []
+    }
+
+    // ====================
+    // Registration methods
+    // ====================
+    register(registry_name, value, object) {
+        let registry = setdefault(this._registries, registry_name, {})
+        registry[value] = object
+    }
+
+    _registry_get(registry_name, value, default_value = undefined) {
+        return getattr(this._registries[registry_name], value, default_value)
+    }
+
+    // ==================================
+    // Namespace default accessor methods
+    // ==================================
+    set_defaults(kwargs) {
+        Object.assign(this._defaults, kwargs)
+
+        // if these defaults match any existing arguments, replace
+        // the previous default on the object with the new one
+        for (let action of this._actions) {
+            if (action.dest in kwargs) {
+                action.default = kwargs[action.dest]
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    get_default(dest) {
+        for (let action of this._actions) {
+            if (action.dest === dest && action.default !== undefined) {
+                return action.default
+            }
+        }
+        return this._defaults[dest]
+    }
+
+
+    // =======================
+    // Adding argument actions
+    // =======================
+    add_argument() {
+        /*
+         *  add_argument(dest, ..., name=value, ...)
+         *  add_argument(option_string, option_string, ..., name=value, ...)
+         */
+        let [
+            args,
+            kwargs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            '*args': no_default,
+            '**kwargs': no_default
+        })
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), old-style add_argument([ args ], { options })
+        if (args.length === 1 && Array.isArray(args[0])) {
+            args = args[0]
+            deprecate('argument-array',
+                sub('use add_argument(%(args)s, {...}) instead of add_argument([ %(args)s ], { ... })', {
+                    args: args.map(repr).join(', ')
+                }))
+        }
+        // end
+
+        // if no positional args are supplied or only one is supplied and
+        // it doesn't look like an option string, parse a positional
+        // argument
+        let chars = this.prefix_chars
+        if (!args.length || args.length === 1 && !chars.includes(args[0][0])) {
+            if (args.length && 'dest' in kwargs) {
+                throw new TypeError('dest supplied twice for positional argument')
+            }
+            kwargs = this._get_positional_kwargs(...args, kwargs)
+
+        // otherwise, we're adding an optional argument
+        } else {
+            kwargs = this._get_optional_kwargs(...args, kwargs)
+        }
+
+        // if no default was supplied, use the parser-level default
+        if (!('default' in kwargs)) {
+            let dest = kwargs.dest
+            if (dest in this._defaults) {
+                kwargs.default = this._defaults[dest]
+            } else if (this.argument_default !== undefined) {
+                kwargs.default = this.argument_default
+            }
+        }
+
+        // create the action object, and add it to the parser
+        let action_class = this._pop_action_class(kwargs)
+        if (typeof action_class !== 'function') {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('unknown action "%s"', action_class))
+        }
+        // eslint-disable-next-line new-cap
+        let action = new action_class(kwargs)
+
+        // raise an error if the action type is not callable
+        let type_func = this._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
+        if (typeof type_func !== 'function') {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('%r is not callable', type_func))
+        }
+
+        if (type_func === FileType) {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('%r is a FileType class object, instance of it' +
+                                    ' must be passed', type_func))
+        }
+
+        // raise an error if the metavar does not match the type
+        if ('_get_formatter' in this) {
+            try {
+                this._get_formatter()._format_args(action, undefined)
+            } catch (err) {
+                // check for 'invalid nargs value' is an artifact of TypeError and ValueError in js being the same
+                if (err instanceof TypeError && err.message !== 'invalid nargs value') {
+                    throw new TypeError('length of metavar tuple does not match nargs')
+                } else {
+                    throw err
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        return this._add_action(action)
+    }
+
+    add_argument_group() {
+        let group = _ArgumentGroup(this, ...arguments)
+        this._action_groups.push(group)
+        return group
+    }
+
+    add_mutually_exclusive_group() {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line no-use-before-define
+        let group = _MutuallyExclusiveGroup(this, ...arguments)
+        this._mutually_exclusive_groups.push(group)
+        return group
+    }
+
+    _add_action(action) {
+        // resolve any conflicts
+        this._check_conflict(action)
+
+        // add to actions list
+        this._actions.push(action)
+        action.container = this
+
+        // index the action by any option strings it has
+        for (let option_string of action.option_strings) {
+            this._option_string_actions[option_string] = action
+        }
+
+        // set the flag if any option strings look like negative numbers
+        for (let option_string of action.option_strings) {
+            if (this._negative_number_matcher.test(option_string)) {
+                if (!this._has_negative_number_optionals.length) {
+                    this._has_negative_number_optionals.push(true)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // return the created action
+        return action
+    }
+
+    _remove_action(action) {
+        _array_remove(this._actions, action)
+    }
+
+    _add_container_actions(container) {
+        // collect groups by titles
+        let title_group_map = {}
+        for (let group of this._action_groups) {
+            if (group.title in title_group_map) {
+                let msg = 'cannot merge actions - two groups are named %r'
+                throw new TypeError(sub(msg, group.title))
+            }
+            title_group_map[group.title] = group
+        }
+
+        // map each action to its group
+        let group_map = new Map()
+        for (let group of container._action_groups) {
+
+            // if a group with the title exists, use that, otherwise
+            // create a new group matching the container's group
+            if (!(group.title in title_group_map)) {
+                title_group_map[group.title] = this.add_argument_group({
+                    title: group.title,
+                    description: group.description,
+                    conflict_handler: group.conflict_handler
+                })
+            }
+
+            // map the actions to their new group
+            for (let action of group._group_actions) {
+                group_map.set(action, title_group_map[group.title])
+            }
+        }
+
+        // add container's mutually exclusive groups
+        // NOTE: if add_mutually_exclusive_group ever gains title= and
+        // description= then this code will need to be expanded as above
+        for (let group of container._mutually_exclusive_groups) {
+            let mutex_group = this.add_mutually_exclusive_group({
+                required: group.required
+            })
+
+            // map the actions to their new mutex group
+            for (let action of group._group_actions) {
+                group_map.set(action, mutex_group)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // add all actions to this container or their group
+        for (let action of container._actions) {
+            group_map.get(action)._add_action(action)
+        }
+    }
+
+    _get_positional_kwargs() {
+        let [
+            dest,
+            kwargs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            dest: no_default,
+            '**kwargs': no_default
+        })
+
+        // make sure required is not specified
+        if ('required' in kwargs) {
+            let msg = "'required' is an invalid argument for positionals"
+            throw new TypeError(msg)
+        }
+
+        // mark positional arguments as required if at least one is
+        // always required
+        if (![OPTIONAL, ZERO_OR_MORE].includes(kwargs.nargs)) {
+            kwargs.required = true
+        }
+        if (kwargs.nargs === ZERO_OR_MORE && !('default' in kwargs)) {
+            kwargs.required = true
+        }
+
+        // return the keyword arguments with no option strings
+        return Object.assign(kwargs, { dest, option_strings: [] })
+    }
+
+    _get_optional_kwargs() {
+        let [
+            args,
+            kwargs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            '*args': no_default,
+            '**kwargs': no_default
+        })
+
+        // determine short and long option strings
+        let option_strings = []
+        let long_option_strings = []
+        let option_string
+        for (option_string of args) {
+            // error on strings that don't start with an appropriate prefix
+            if (!this.prefix_chars.includes(option_string[0])) {
+                let args = {option: option_string,
+                            prefix_chars: this.prefix_chars}
+                let msg = 'invalid option string %(option)r: ' +
+                          'must start with a character %(prefix_chars)r'
+                throw new TypeError(sub(msg, args))
+            }
+
+            // strings starting with two prefix characters are long options
+            option_strings.push(option_string)
+            if (option_string.length > 1 && this.prefix_chars.includes(option_string[1])) {
+                long_option_strings.push(option_string)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // infer destination, '--foo-bar' -> 'foo_bar' and '-x' -> 'x'
+        let dest = kwargs.dest
+        delete kwargs.dest
+        if (dest === undefined) {
+            let dest_option_string
+            if (long_option_strings.length) {
+                dest_option_string = long_option_strings[0]
+            } else {
+                dest_option_string = option_strings[0]
+            }
+            dest = _string_lstrip(dest_option_string, this.prefix_chars)
+            if (!dest) {
+                let msg = 'dest= is required for options like %r'
+                throw new TypeError(sub(msg, option_string))
+            }
+            dest = dest.replace(/-/g, '_')
+        }
+
+        // return the updated keyword arguments
+        return Object.assign(kwargs, { dest, option_strings })
+    }
+
+    _pop_action_class(kwargs, default_value = undefined) {
+        let action = getattr(kwargs, 'action', default_value)
+        delete kwargs.action
+        return this._registry_get('action', action, action)
+    }
+
+    _get_handler() {
+        // determine function from conflict handler string
+        let handler_func_name = sub('_handle_conflict_%s', this.conflict_handler)
+        if (typeof this[handler_func_name] === 'function') {
+            return this[handler_func_name]
+        } else {
+            let msg = 'invalid conflict_resolution value: %r'
+            throw new TypeError(sub(msg, this.conflict_handler))
+        }
+    }
+
+    _check_conflict(action) {
+
+        // find all options that conflict with this option
+        let confl_optionals = []
+        for (let option_string of action.option_strings) {
+            if (hasattr(this._option_string_actions, option_string)) {
+                let confl_optional = this._option_string_actions[option_string]
+                confl_optionals.push([ option_string, confl_optional ])
+            }
+        }
+
+        // resolve any conflicts
+        if (confl_optionals.length) {
+            let conflict_handler = this._get_handler()
+            conflict_handler.call(this, action, confl_optionals)
+        }
+    }
+
+    _handle_conflict_error(action, conflicting_actions) {
+        let message = conflicting_actions.length === 1 ?
+            'conflicting option string: %s' :
+            'conflicting option strings: %s'
+        let conflict_string = conflicting_actions.map(([ option_string/*, action*/ ]) => option_string).join(', ')
+        throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(message, conflict_string))
+    }
+
+    _handle_conflict_resolve(action, conflicting_actions) {
+
+        // remove all conflicting options
+        for (let [ option_string, action ] of conflicting_actions) {
+
+            // remove the conflicting option
+            _array_remove(action.option_strings, option_string)
+            delete this._option_string_actions[option_string]
+
+            // if the option now has no option string, remove it from the
+            // container holding it
+            if (!action.option_strings.length) {
+                action.container._remove_action(action)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}))
+
+
+const _ArgumentGroup = _callable(class _ArgumentGroup extends _ActionsContainer {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            container,
+            title,
+            description,
+            kwargs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            container: no_default,
+            title: undefined,
+            description: undefined,
+            '**kwargs': no_default
+        })
+
+        // add any missing keyword arguments by checking the container
+        setdefault(kwargs, 'conflict_handler', container.conflict_handler)
+        setdefault(kwargs, 'prefix_chars', container.prefix_chars)
+        setdefault(kwargs, 'argument_default', container.argument_default)
+        super(Object.assign({ description }, kwargs))
+
+        // group attributes
+        this.title = title
+        this._group_actions = []
+
+        // share most attributes with the container
+        this._registries = container._registries
+        this._actions = container._actions
+        this._option_string_actions = container._option_string_actions
+        this._defaults = container._defaults
+        this._has_negative_number_optionals =
+            container._has_negative_number_optionals
+        this._mutually_exclusive_groups = container._mutually_exclusive_groups
+    }
+
+    _add_action(action) {
+        action = super._add_action(action)
+        this._group_actions.push(action)
+        return action
+    }
+
+    _remove_action(action) {
+        super._remove_action(action)
+        _array_remove(this._group_actions, action)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const _MutuallyExclusiveGroup = _callable(class _MutuallyExclusiveGroup extends _ArgumentGroup {
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            container,
+            required
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            container: no_default,
+            required: false
+        })
+
+        super(container)
+        this.required = required
+        this._container = container
+    }
+
+    _add_action(action) {
+        if (action.required) {
+            let msg = 'mutually exclusive arguments must be optional'
+            throw new TypeError(msg)
+        }
+        action = this._container._add_action(action)
+        this._group_actions.push(action)
+        return action
+    }
+
+    _remove_action(action) {
+        this._container._remove_action(action)
+        _array_remove(this._group_actions, action)
+    }
+})
+
+
+const ArgumentParser = _camelcase_alias(_callable(class ArgumentParser extends _AttributeHolder(_ActionsContainer) {
+    /*
+     *  Object for parsing command line strings into Python objects.
+     *
+     *  Keyword Arguments:
+     *      - prog -- The name of the program (default: sys.argv[0])
+     *      - usage -- A usage message (default: auto-generated from arguments)
+     *      - description -- A description of what the program does
+     *      - epilog -- Text following the argument descriptions
+     *      - parents -- Parsers whose arguments should be copied into this one
+     *      - formatter_class -- HelpFormatter class for printing help messages
+     *      - prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix optional arguments
+     *      - fromfile_prefix_chars -- Characters that prefix files containing
+     *          additional arguments
+     *      - argument_default -- The default value for all arguments
+     *      - conflict_handler -- String indicating how to handle conflicts
+     *      - add_help -- Add a -h/-help option
+     *      - allow_abbrev -- Allow long options to be abbreviated unambiguously
+     *      - exit_on_error -- Determines whether or not ArgumentParser exits with
+     *          error info when an error occurs
+     */
+
+    constructor() {
+        let [
+            prog,
+            usage,
+            description,
+            epilog,
+            parents,
+            formatter_class,
+            prefix_chars,
+            fromfile_prefix_chars,
+            argument_default,
+            conflict_handler,
+            add_help,
+            allow_abbrev,
+            exit_on_error,
+            debug, // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), debug mode
+            version // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), version
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            prog: undefined,
+            usage: undefined,
+            description: undefined,
+            epilog: undefined,
+            parents: [],
+            formatter_class: HelpFormatter,
+            prefix_chars: '-',
+            fromfile_prefix_chars: undefined,
+            argument_default: undefined,
+            conflict_handler: 'error',
+            add_help: true,
+            allow_abbrev: true,
+            exit_on_error: true,
+            debug: undefined, // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), debug mode
+            version: undefined // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), version
+        })
+
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility)
+        if (debug !== undefined) {
+            deprecate('debug',
+                'The "debug" argument to ArgumentParser is deprecated. Please ' +
+                'override ArgumentParser.exit function instead.'
+            )
+        }
+
+        if (version !== undefined) {
+            deprecate('version',
+                'The "version" argument to ArgumentParser is deprecated. Please use ' +
+                "add_argument(..., { action: 'version', version: 'N', ... }) instead."
+            )
+        }
+        // end
+
+        super({
+            description,
+            prefix_chars,
+            argument_default,
+            conflict_handler
+        })
+
+        // default setting for prog
+        if (prog === undefined) {
+            prog = path.basename(get_argv()[0] || '')
+        }
+
+        this.prog = prog
+        this.usage = usage
+        this.epilog = epilog
+        this.formatter_class = formatter_class
+        this.fromfile_prefix_chars = fromfile_prefix_chars
+        this.add_help = add_help
+        this.allow_abbrev = allow_abbrev
+        this.exit_on_error = exit_on_error
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), debug mode
+        this.debug = debug
+        // end
+
+        this._positionals = this.add_argument_group('positional arguments')
+        this._optionals = this.add_argument_group('optional arguments')
+        this._subparsers = undefined
+
+        // register types
+        function identity(string) {
+            return string
+        }
+        this.register('type', undefined, identity)
+        this.register('type', null, identity)
+        this.register('type', 'auto', identity)
+        this.register('type', 'int', function (x) {
+            let result = Number(x)
+            if (!Number.isInteger(result)) {
+                throw new TypeError(sub('could not convert string to int: %r', x))
+            }
+            return result
+        })
+        this.register('type', 'float', function (x) {
+            let result = Number(x)
+            if (isNaN(result)) {
+                throw new TypeError(sub('could not convert string to float: %r', x))
+            }
+            return result
+        })
+        this.register('type', 'str', String)
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility): custom types
+        this.register('type', 'string',
+            util.deprecate(String, 'use {type:"str"} or {type:String} instead of {type:"string"}'))
+        // end
+
+        // add help argument if necessary
+        // (using explicit default to override global argument_default)
+        let default_prefix = prefix_chars.includes('-') ? '-' : prefix_chars[0]
+        if (this.add_help) {
+            this.add_argument(
+                default_prefix + 'h',
+                default_prefix.repeat(2) + 'help',
+                {
+                    action: 'help',
+                    default: SUPPRESS,
+                    help: 'show this help message and exit'
+                }
+            )
+        }
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), version
+        if (version) {
+            this.add_argument(
+                default_prefix + 'v',
+                default_prefix.repeat(2) + 'version',
+                {
+                    action: 'version',
+                    default: SUPPRESS,
+                    version: this.version,
+                    help: "show program's version number and exit"
+                }
+            )
+        }
+        // end
+
+        // add parent arguments and defaults
+        for (let parent of parents) {
+            this._add_container_actions(parent)
+            Object.assign(this._defaults, parent._defaults)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // =======================
+    // Pretty __repr__ methods
+    // =======================
+    _get_kwargs() {
+        let names = [
+            'prog',
+            'usage',
+            'description',
+            'formatter_class',
+            'conflict_handler',
+            'add_help'
+        ]
+        return names.map(name => [ name, getattr(this, name) ])
+    }
+
+    // ==================================
+    // Optional/Positional adding methods
+    // ==================================
+    add_subparsers() {
+        let [
+            kwargs
+        ] = _parse_opts(arguments, {
+            '**kwargs': no_default
+        })
+
+        if (this._subparsers !== undefined) {
+            this.error('cannot have multiple subparser arguments')
+        }
+
+        // add the parser class to the arguments if it's not present
+        setdefault(kwargs, 'parser_class', this.constructor)
+
+        if ('title' in kwargs || 'description' in kwargs) {
+            let title = getattr(kwargs, 'title', 'subcommands')
+            let description = getattr(kwargs, 'description', undefined)
+            delete kwargs.title
+            delete kwargs.description
+            this._subparsers = this.add_argument_group(title, description)
+        } else {
+            this._subparsers = this._positionals
+        }
+
+        // prog defaults to the usage message of this parser, skipping
+        // optional arguments and with no "usage:" prefix
+        if (kwargs.prog === undefined) {
+            let formatter = this._get_formatter()
+            let positionals = this._get_positional_actions()
+            let groups = this._mutually_exclusive_groups
+            formatter.add_usage(this.usage, positionals, groups, '')
+            kwargs.prog = formatter.format_help().trim()
+        }
+
+        // create the parsers action and add it to the positionals list
+        let parsers_class = this._pop_action_class(kwargs, 'parsers')
+        // eslint-disable-next-line new-cap
+        let action = new parsers_class(Object.assign({ option_strings: [] }, kwargs))
+        this._subparsers._add_action(action)
+
+        // return the created parsers action
+        return action
+    }
+
+    _add_action(action) {
+        if (action.option_strings.length) {
+            this._optionals._add_action(action)
+        } else {
+            this._positionals._add_action(action)
+        }
+        return action
+    }
+
+    _get_optional_actions() {
+        return this._actions.filter(action => action.option_strings.length)
+    }
+
+    _get_positional_actions() {
+        return this._actions.filter(action => !action.option_strings.length)
+    }
+
+    // =====================================
+    // Command line argument parsing methods
+    // =====================================
+    parse_args(args = undefined, namespace = undefined) {
+        let argv
+        [ args, argv ] = this.parse_known_args(args, namespace)
+        if (argv && argv.length > 0) {
+            let msg = 'unrecognized arguments: %s'
+            this.error(sub(msg, argv.join(' ')))
+        }
+        return args
+    }
+
+    parse_known_args(args = undefined, namespace = undefined) {
+        if (args === undefined) {
+            args = get_argv().slice(1)
+        }
+
+        // default Namespace built from parser defaults
+        if (namespace === undefined) {
+            namespace = new Namespace()
+        }
+
+        // add any action defaults that aren't present
+        for (let action of this._actions) {
+            if (action.dest !== SUPPRESS) {
+                if (!hasattr(namespace, action.dest)) {
+                    if (action.default !== SUPPRESS) {
+                        setattr(namespace, action.dest, action.default)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // add any parser defaults that aren't present
+        for (let dest of Object.keys(this._defaults)) {
+            if (!hasattr(namespace, dest)) {
+                setattr(namespace, dest, this._defaults[dest])
+            }
+        }
+
+        // parse the arguments and exit if there are any errors
+        if (this.exit_on_error) {
+            try {
+                [ namespace, args ] = this._parse_known_args(args, namespace)
+            } catch (err) {
+                if (err instanceof ArgumentError) {
+                    this.error(err.message)
+                } else {
+                    throw err
+                }
+            }
+        } else {
+            [ namespace, args ] = this._parse_known_args(args, namespace)
+        }
+
+        if (hasattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR)) {
+            args = args.concat(getattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR))
+            delattr(namespace, _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR)
+        }
+
+        return [ namespace, args ]
+    }
+
+    _parse_known_args(arg_strings, namespace) {
+        // replace arg strings that are file references
+        if (this.fromfile_prefix_chars !== undefined) {
+            arg_strings = this._read_args_from_files(arg_strings)
+        }
+
+        // map all mutually exclusive arguments to the other arguments
+        // they can't occur with
+        let action_conflicts = new Map()
+        for (let mutex_group of this._mutually_exclusive_groups) {
+            let group_actions = mutex_group._group_actions
+            for (let [ i, mutex_action ] of Object.entries(mutex_group._group_actions)) {
+                let conflicts = action_conflicts.get(mutex_action) || []
+                conflicts = conflicts.concat(group_actions.slice(0, +i))
+                conflicts = conflicts.concat(group_actions.slice(+i + 1))
+                action_conflicts.set(mutex_action, conflicts)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // find all option indices, and determine the arg_string_pattern
+        // which has an 'O' if there is an option at an index,
+        // an 'A' if there is an argument, or a '-' if there is a '--'
+        let option_string_indices = {}
+        let arg_string_pattern_parts = []
+        let arg_strings_iter = Object.entries(arg_strings)[Symbol.iterator]()
+        for (let [ i, arg_string ] of arg_strings_iter) {
+
+            // all args after -- are non-options
+            if (arg_string === '--') {
+                arg_string_pattern_parts.push('-')
+                for ([ i, arg_string ] of arg_strings_iter) {
+                    arg_string_pattern_parts.push('A')
+                }
+
+            // otherwise, add the arg to the arg strings
+            // and note the index if it was an option
+            } else {
+                let option_tuple = this._parse_optional(arg_string)
+                let pattern
+                if (option_tuple === undefined) {
+                    pattern = 'A'
+                } else {
+                    option_string_indices[i] = option_tuple
+                    pattern = 'O'
+                }
+                arg_string_pattern_parts.push(pattern)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // join the pieces together to form the pattern
+        let arg_strings_pattern = arg_string_pattern_parts.join('')
+
+        // converts arg strings to the appropriate and then takes the action
+        let seen_actions = new Set()
+        let seen_non_default_actions = new Set()
+        let extras
+
+        let take_action = (action, argument_strings, option_string = undefined) => {
+            seen_actions.add(action)
+            let argument_values = this._get_values(action, argument_strings)
+
+            // error if this argument is not allowed with other previously
+            // seen arguments, assuming that actions that use the default
+            // value don't really count as "present"
+            if (argument_values !== action.default) {
+                seen_non_default_actions.add(action)
+                for (let conflict_action of action_conflicts.get(action) || []) {
+                    if (seen_non_default_actions.has(conflict_action)) {
+                        let msg = 'not allowed with argument %s'
+                        let action_name = _get_action_name(conflict_action)
+                        throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(msg, action_name))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+            // take the action if we didn't receive a SUPPRESS value
+            // (e.g. from a default)
+            if (argument_values !== SUPPRESS) {
+                action(this, namespace, argument_values, option_string)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // function to convert arg_strings into an optional action
+        let consume_optional = start_index => {
+
+            // get the optional identified at this index
+            let option_tuple = option_string_indices[start_index]
+            let [ action, option_string, explicit_arg ] = option_tuple
+
+            // identify additional optionals in the same arg string
+            // (e.g. -xyz is the same as -x -y -z if no args are required)
+            let action_tuples = []
+            let stop
+            for (;;) {
+
+                // if we found no optional action, skip it
+                if (action === undefined) {
+                    extras.push(arg_strings[start_index])
+                    return start_index + 1
+                }
+
+                // if there is an explicit argument, try to match the
+                // optional's string arguments to only this
+                if (explicit_arg !== undefined) {
+                    let arg_count = this._match_argument(action, 'A')
+
+                    // if the action is a single-dash option and takes no
+                    // arguments, try to parse more single-dash options out
+                    // of the tail of the option string
+                    let chars = this.prefix_chars
+                    if (arg_count === 0 && !chars.includes(option_string[1])) {
+                        action_tuples.push([ action, [], option_string ])
+                        let char = option_string[0]
+                        option_string = char + explicit_arg[0]
+                        let new_explicit_arg = explicit_arg.slice(1) || undefined
+                        let optionals_map = this._option_string_actions
+                        if (hasattr(optionals_map, option_string)) {
+                            action = optionals_map[option_string]
+                            explicit_arg = new_explicit_arg
+                        } else {
+                            let msg = 'ignored explicit argument %r'
+                            throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(msg, explicit_arg))
+                        }
+
+                    // if the action expect exactly one argument, we've
+                    // successfully matched the option; exit the loop
+                    } else if (arg_count === 1) {
+                        stop = start_index + 1
+                        let args = [ explicit_arg ]
+                        action_tuples.push([ action, args, option_string ])
+                        break
+
+                    // error if a double-dash option did not use the
+                    // explicit argument
+                    } else {
+                        let msg = 'ignored explicit argument %r'
+                        throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(msg, explicit_arg))
+                    }
+
+                // if there is no explicit argument, try to match the
+                // optional's string arguments with the following strings
+                // if successful, exit the loop
+                } else {
+                    let start = start_index + 1
+                    let selected_patterns = arg_strings_pattern.slice(start)
+                    let arg_count = this._match_argument(action, selected_patterns)
+                    stop = start + arg_count
+                    let args = arg_strings.slice(start, stop)
+                    action_tuples.push([ action, args, option_string ])
+                    break
+                }
+            }
+
+            // add the Optional to the list and return the index at which
+            // the Optional's string args stopped
+            assert(action_tuples.length)
+            for (let [ action, args, option_string ] of action_tuples) {
+                take_action(action, args, option_string)
+            }
+            return stop
+        }
+
+        // the list of Positionals left to be parsed; this is modified
+        // by consume_positionals()
+        let positionals = this._get_positional_actions()
+
+        // function to convert arg_strings into positional actions
+        let consume_positionals = start_index => {
+            // match as many Positionals as possible
+            let selected_pattern = arg_strings_pattern.slice(start_index)
+            let arg_counts = this._match_arguments_partial(positionals, selected_pattern)
+
+            // slice off the appropriate arg strings for each Positional
+            // and add the Positional and its args to the list
+            for (let i = 0; i < positionals.length && i < arg_counts.length; i++) {
+                let action = positionals[i]
+                let arg_count = arg_counts[i]
+                let args = arg_strings.slice(start_index, start_index + arg_count)
+                start_index += arg_count
+                take_action(action, args)
+            }
+
+            // slice off the Positionals that we just parsed and return the
+            // index at which the Positionals' string args stopped
+            positionals = positionals.slice(arg_counts.length)
+            return start_index
+        }
+
+        // consume Positionals and Optionals alternately, until we have
+        // passed the last option string
+        extras = []
+        let start_index = 0
+        let max_option_string_index = Math.max(-1, ...Object.keys(option_string_indices).map(Number))
+        while (start_index <= max_option_string_index) {
+
+            // consume any Positionals preceding the next option
+            let next_option_string_index = Math.min(
+                // eslint-disable-next-line no-loop-func
+                ...Object.keys(option_string_indices).map(Number).filter(index => index >= start_index)
+            )
+            if (start_index !== next_option_string_index) {
+                let positionals_end_index = consume_positionals(start_index)
+
+                // only try to parse the next optional if we didn't consume
+                // the option string during the positionals parsing
+                if (positionals_end_index > start_index) {
+                    start_index = positionals_end_index
+                    continue
+                } else {
+                    start_index = positionals_end_index
+                }
+            }
+
+            // if we consumed all the positionals we could and we're not
+            // at the index of an option string, there were extra arguments
+            if (!(start_index in option_string_indices)) {
+                let strings = arg_strings.slice(start_index, next_option_string_index)
+                extras = extras.concat(strings)
+                start_index = next_option_string_index
+            }
+
+            // consume the next optional and any arguments for it
+            start_index = consume_optional(start_index)
+        }
+
+        // consume any positionals following the last Optional
+        let stop_index = consume_positionals(start_index)
+
+        // if we didn't consume all the argument strings, there were extras
+        extras = extras.concat(arg_strings.slice(stop_index))
+
+        // make sure all required actions were present and also convert
+        // action defaults which were not given as arguments
+        let required_actions = []
+        for (let action of this._actions) {
+            if (!seen_actions.has(action)) {
+                if (action.required) {
+                    required_actions.push(_get_action_name(action))
+                } else {
+                    // Convert action default now instead of doing it before
+                    // parsing arguments to avoid calling convert functions
+                    // twice (which may fail) if the argument was given, but
+                    // only if it was defined already in the namespace
+                    if (action.default !== undefined &&
+                        typeof action.default === 'string' &&
+                        hasattr(namespace, action.dest) &&
+                        action.default === getattr(namespace, action.dest)) {
+                        setattr(namespace, action.dest,
+                                this._get_value(action, action.default))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (required_actions.length) {
+            this.error(sub('the following arguments are required: %s',
+                       required_actions.join(', ')))
+        }
+
+        // make sure all required groups had one option present
+        for (let group of this._mutually_exclusive_groups) {
+            if (group.required) {
+                let no_actions_used = true
+                for (let action of group._group_actions) {
+                    if (seen_non_default_actions.has(action)) {
+                        no_actions_used = false
+                        break
+                    }
+                }
+
+                // if no actions were used, report the error
+                if (no_actions_used) {
+                    let names = group._group_actions
+                        .filter(action => action.help !== SUPPRESS)
+                        .map(action => _get_action_name(action))
+                    let msg = 'one of the arguments %s is required'
+                    this.error(sub(msg, names.join(' ')))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // return the updated namespace and the extra arguments
+        return [ namespace, extras ]
+    }
+
+    _read_args_from_files(arg_strings) {
+        // expand arguments referencing files
+        let new_arg_strings = []
+        for (let arg_string of arg_strings) {
+
+            // for regular arguments, just add them back into the list
+            if (!arg_string || !this.fromfile_prefix_chars.includes(arg_string[0])) {
+                new_arg_strings.push(arg_string)
+
+            // replace arguments referencing files with the file content
+            } else {
+                try {
+                    let args_file = fs.readFileSync(arg_string.slice(1), 'utf8')
+                    let arg_strings = []
+                    for (let arg_line of splitlines(args_file)) {
+                        for (let arg of this.convert_arg_line_to_args(arg_line)) {
+                            arg_strings.push(arg)
+                        }
+                    }
+                    arg_strings = this._read_args_from_files(arg_strings)
+                    new_arg_strings = new_arg_strings.concat(arg_strings)
+                } catch (err) {
+                    this.error(err.message)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // return the modified argument list
+        return new_arg_strings
+    }
+
+    convert_arg_line_to_args(arg_line) {
+        return [arg_line]
+    }
+
+    _match_argument(action, arg_strings_pattern) {
+        // match the pattern for this action to the arg strings
+        let nargs_pattern = this._get_nargs_pattern(action)
+        let match = arg_strings_pattern.match(new RegExp('^' + nargs_pattern))
+
+        // raise an exception if we weren't able to find a match
+        if (match === null) {
+            let nargs_errors = {
+                undefined: 'expected one argument',
+                [OPTIONAL]: 'expected at most one argument',
+                [ONE_OR_MORE]: 'expected at least one argument'
+            }
+            let msg = nargs_errors[action.nargs]
+            if (msg === undefined) {
+                msg = sub(action.nargs === 1 ? 'expected %s argument' : 'expected %s arguments', action.nargs)
+            }
+            throw new ArgumentError(action, msg)
+        }
+
+        // return the number of arguments matched
+        return match[1].length
+    }
+
+    _match_arguments_partial(actions, arg_strings_pattern) {
+        // progressively shorten the actions list by slicing off the
+        // final actions until we find a match
+        let result = []
+        for (let i of range(actions.length, 0, -1)) {
+            let actions_slice = actions.slice(0, i)
+            let pattern = actions_slice.map(action => this._get_nargs_pattern(action)).join('')
+            let match = arg_strings_pattern.match(new RegExp('^' + pattern))
+            if (match !== null) {
+                result = result.concat(match.slice(1).map(string => string.length))
+                break
+            }
+        }
+
+        // return the list of arg string counts
+        return result
+    }
+
+    _parse_optional(arg_string) {
+        // if it's an empty string, it was meant to be a positional
+        if (!arg_string) {
+            return undefined
+        }
+
+        // if it doesn't start with a prefix, it was meant to be positional
+        if (!this.prefix_chars.includes(arg_string[0])) {
+            return undefined
+        }
+
+        // if the option string is present in the parser, return the action
+        if (arg_string in this._option_string_actions) {
+            let action = this._option_string_actions[arg_string]
+            return [ action, arg_string, undefined ]
+        }
+
+        // if it's just a single character, it was meant to be positional
+        if (arg_string.length === 1) {
+            return undefined
+        }
+
+        // if the option string before the "=" is present, return the action
+        if (arg_string.includes('=')) {
+            let [ option_string, explicit_arg ] = _string_split(arg_string, '=', 1)
+            if (option_string in this._option_string_actions) {
+                let action = this._option_string_actions[option_string]
+                return [ action, option_string, explicit_arg ]
+            }
+        }
+
+        // search through all possible prefixes of the option string
+        // and all actions in the parser for possible interpretations
+        let option_tuples = this._get_option_tuples(arg_string)
+
+        // if multiple actions match, the option string was ambiguous
+        if (option_tuples.length > 1) {
+            let options = option_tuples.map(([ /*action*/, option_string/*, explicit_arg*/ ]) => option_string).join(', ')
+            let args = {option: arg_string, matches: options}
+            let msg = 'ambiguous option: %(option)s could match %(matches)s'
+            this.error(sub(msg, args))
+
+        // if exactly one action matched, this segmentation is good,
+        // so return the parsed action
+        } else if (option_tuples.length === 1) {
+            let [ option_tuple ] = option_tuples
+            return option_tuple
+        }
+
+        // if it was not found as an option, but it looks like a negative
+        // number, it was meant to be positional
+        // unless there are negative-number-like options
+        if (this._negative_number_matcher.test(arg_string)) {
+            if (!this._has_negative_number_optionals.length) {
+                return undefined
+            }
+        }
+
+        // if it contains a space, it was meant to be a positional
+        if (arg_string.includes(' ')) {
+            return undefined
+        }
+
+        // it was meant to be an optional but there is no such option
+        // in this parser (though it might be a valid option in a subparser)
+        return [ undefined, arg_string, undefined ]
+    }
+
+    _get_option_tuples(option_string) {
+        let result = []
+
+        // option strings starting with two prefix characters are only
+        // split at the '='
+        let chars = this.prefix_chars
+        if (chars.includes(option_string[0]) && chars.includes(option_string[1])) {
+            if (this.allow_abbrev) {
+                let option_prefix, explicit_arg
+                if (option_string.includes('=')) {
+                    [ option_prefix, explicit_arg ] = _string_split(option_string, '=', 1)
+                } else {
+                    option_prefix = option_string
+                    explicit_arg = undefined
+                }
+                for (let option_string of Object.keys(this._option_string_actions)) {
+                    if (option_string.startsWith(option_prefix)) {
+                        let action = this._option_string_actions[option_string]
+                        let tup = [ action, option_string, explicit_arg ]
+                        result.push(tup)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+
+        // single character options can be concatenated with their arguments
+        // but multiple character options always have to have their argument
+        // separate
+        } else if (chars.includes(option_string[0]) && !chars.includes(option_string[1])) {
+            let option_prefix = option_string
+            let explicit_arg = undefined
+            let short_option_prefix = option_string.slice(0, 2)
+            let short_explicit_arg = option_string.slice(2)
+
+            for (let option_string of Object.keys(this._option_string_actions)) {
+                if (option_string === short_option_prefix) {
+                    let action = this._option_string_actions[option_string]
+                    let tup = [ action, option_string, short_explicit_arg ]
+                    result.push(tup)
+                } else if (option_string.startsWith(option_prefix)) {
+                    let action = this._option_string_actions[option_string]
+                    let tup = [ action, option_string, explicit_arg ]
+                    result.push(tup)
+                }
+            }
+
+        // shouldn't ever get here
+        } else {
+            this.error(sub('unexpected option string: %s', option_string))
+        }
+
+        // return the collected option tuples
+        return result
+    }
+
+    _get_nargs_pattern(action) {
+        // in all examples below, we have to allow for '--' args
+        // which are represented as '-' in the pattern
+        let nargs = action.nargs
+        let nargs_pattern
+
+        // the default (None) is assumed to be a single argument
+        if (nargs === undefined) {
+            nargs_pattern = '(-*A-*)'
+
+        // allow zero or one arguments
+        } else if (nargs === OPTIONAL) {
+            nargs_pattern = '(-*A?-*)'
+
+        // allow zero or more arguments
+        } else if (nargs === ZERO_OR_MORE) {
+            nargs_pattern = '(-*[A-]*)'
+
+        // allow one or more arguments
+        } else if (nargs === ONE_OR_MORE) {
+            nargs_pattern = '(-*A[A-]*)'
+
+        // allow any number of options or arguments
+        } else if (nargs === REMAINDER) {
+            nargs_pattern = '([-AO]*)'
+
+        // allow one argument followed by any number of options or arguments
+        } else if (nargs === PARSER) {
+            nargs_pattern = '(-*A[-AO]*)'
+
+        // suppress action, like nargs=0
+        } else if (nargs === SUPPRESS) {
+            nargs_pattern = '(-*-*)'
+
+        // all others should be integers
+        } else {
+            nargs_pattern = sub('(-*%s-*)', 'A'.repeat(nargs).split('').join('-*'))
+        }
+
+        // if this is an optional action, -- is not allowed
+        if (action.option_strings.length) {
+            nargs_pattern = nargs_pattern.replace(/-\*/g, '')
+            nargs_pattern = nargs_pattern.replace(/-/g, '')
+        }
+
+        // return the pattern
+        return nargs_pattern
+    }
+
+    // ========================
+    // Alt command line argument parsing, allowing free intermix
+    // ========================
+
+    parse_intermixed_args(args = undefined, namespace = undefined) {
+        let argv
+        [ args, argv ] = this.parse_known_intermixed_args(args, namespace)
+        if (argv.length) {
+            let msg = 'unrecognized arguments: %s'
+            this.error(sub(msg, argv.join(' ')))
+        }
+        return args
+    }
+
+    parse_known_intermixed_args(args = undefined, namespace = undefined) {
+        // returns a namespace and list of extras
+        //
+        // positional can be freely intermixed with optionals.  optionals are
+        // first parsed with all positional arguments deactivated.  The 'extras'
+        // are then parsed.  If the parser definition is incompatible with the
+        // intermixed assumptions (e.g. use of REMAINDER, subparsers) a
+        // TypeError is raised.
+        //
+        // positionals are 'deactivated' by setting nargs and default to
+        // SUPPRESS.  This blocks the addition of that positional to the
+        // namespace
+
+        let extras
+        let positionals = this._get_positional_actions()
+        let a = positionals.filter(action => [ PARSER, REMAINDER ].includes(action.nargs))
+        if (a.length) {
+            throw new TypeError(sub('parse_intermixed_args: positional arg' +
+                                    ' with nargs=%s', a[0].nargs))
+        }
+
+        for (let group of this._mutually_exclusive_groups) {
+            for (let action of group._group_actions) {
+                if (positionals.includes(action)) {
+                    throw new TypeError('parse_intermixed_args: positional in' +
+                                        ' mutuallyExclusiveGroup')
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let save_usage
+        try {
+            save_usage = this.usage
+            let remaining_args
+            try {
+                if (this.usage === undefined) {
+                    // capture the full usage for use in error messages
+                    this.usage = this.format_usage().slice(7)
+                }
+                for (let action of positionals) {
+                    // deactivate positionals
+                    action.save_nargs = action.nargs
+                    // action.nargs = 0
+                    action.nargs = SUPPRESS
+                    action.save_default = action.default
+                    action.default = SUPPRESS
+                }
+                [ namespace, remaining_args ] = this.parse_known_args(args,
+                                                                      namespace)
+                for (let action of positionals) {
+                    // remove the empty positional values from namespace
+                    let attr = getattr(namespace, action.dest)
+                    if (Array.isArray(attr) && attr.length === 0) {
+                        // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
+                        console.warn(sub('Do not expect %s in %s', action.dest, namespace))
+                        delattr(namespace, action.dest)
+                    }
+                }
+            } finally {
+                // restore nargs and usage before exiting
+                for (let action of positionals) {
+                    action.nargs = action.save_nargs
+                    action.default = action.save_default
+                }
+            }
+            let optionals = this._get_optional_actions()
+            try {
+                // parse positionals.  optionals aren't normally required, but
+                // they could be, so make sure they aren't.
+                for (let action of optionals) {
+                    action.save_required = action.required
+                    action.required = false
+                }
+                for (let group of this._mutually_exclusive_groups) {
+                    group.save_required = group.required
+                    group.required = false
+                }
+                [ namespace, extras ] = this.parse_known_args(remaining_args,
+                                                              namespace)
+            } finally {
+                // restore parser values before exiting
+                for (let action of optionals) {
+                    action.required = action.save_required
+                }
+                for (let group of this._mutually_exclusive_groups) {
+                    group.required = group.save_required
+                }
+            }
+        } finally {
+            this.usage = save_usage
+        }
+        return [ namespace, extras ]
+    }
+
+    // ========================
+    // Value conversion methods
+    // ========================
+    _get_values(action, arg_strings) {
+        // for everything but PARSER, REMAINDER args, strip out first '--'
+        if (![PARSER, REMAINDER].includes(action.nargs)) {
+            try {
+                _array_remove(arg_strings, '--')
+            } catch (err) {}
+        }
+
+        let value
+        // optional argument produces a default when not present
+        if (!arg_strings.length && action.nargs === OPTIONAL) {
+            if (action.option_strings.length) {
+                value = action.const
+            } else {
+                value = action.default
+            }
+            if (typeof value === 'string') {
+                value = this._get_value(action, value)
+                this._check_value(action, value)
+            }
+
+        // when nargs='*' on a positional, if there were no command-line
+        // args, use the default if it is anything other than None
+        } else if (!arg_strings.length && action.nargs === ZERO_OR_MORE &&
+              !action.option_strings.length) {
+            if (action.default !== undefined) {
+                value = action.default
+            } else {
+                value = arg_strings
+            }
+            this._check_value(action, value)
+
+        // single argument or optional argument produces a single value
+        } else if (arg_strings.length === 1 && [undefined, OPTIONAL].includes(action.nargs)) {
+            let arg_string = arg_strings[0]
+            value = this._get_value(action, arg_string)
+            this._check_value(action, value)
+
+        // REMAINDER arguments convert all values, checking none
+        } else if (action.nargs === REMAINDER) {
+            value = arg_strings.map(v => this._get_value(action, v))
+
+        // PARSER arguments convert all values, but check only the first
+        } else if (action.nargs === PARSER) {
+            value = arg_strings.map(v => this._get_value(action, v))
+            this._check_value(action, value[0])
+
+        // SUPPRESS argument does not put anything in the namespace
+        } else if (action.nargs === SUPPRESS) {
+            value = SUPPRESS
+
+        // all other types of nargs produce a list
+        } else {
+            value = arg_strings.map(v => this._get_value(action, v))
+            for (let v of value) {
+                this._check_value(action, v)
+            }
+        }
+
+        // return the converted value
+        return value
+    }
+
+    _get_value(action, arg_string) {
+        let type_func = this._registry_get('type', action.type, action.type)
+        if (typeof type_func !== 'function') {
+            let msg = '%r is not callable'
+            throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(msg, type_func))
+        }
+
+        // convert the value to the appropriate type
+        let result
+        try {
+            try {
+                result = type_func(arg_string)
+            } catch (err) {
+                // Dear TC39, why would you ever consider making es6 classes not callable?
+                // We had one universal interface, [[Call]], which worked for anything
+                // (with familiar this-instanceof guard for classes). Now we have two.
+                if (err instanceof TypeError &&
+                    /Class constructor .* cannot be invoked without 'new'/.test(err.message)) {
+                    // eslint-disable-next-line new-cap
+                    result = new type_func(arg_string)
+                } else {
+                    throw err
+                }
+            }
+
+        } catch (err) {
+            // ArgumentTypeErrors indicate errors
+            if (err instanceof ArgumentTypeError) {
+                //let name = getattr(action.type, 'name', repr(action.type))
+                let msg = err.message
+                throw new ArgumentError(action, msg)
+
+            // TypeErrors or ValueErrors also indicate errors
+            } else if (err instanceof TypeError) {
+                let name = getattr(action.type, 'name', repr(action.type))
+                let args = {type: name, value: arg_string}
+                let msg = 'invalid %(type)s value: %(value)r'
+                throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(msg, args))
+            } else {
+                throw err
+            }
+        }
+
+        // return the converted value
+        return result
+    }
+
+    _check_value(action, value) {
+        // converted value must be one of the choices (if specified)
+        if (action.choices !== undefined && !_choices_to_array(action.choices).includes(value)) {
+            let args = {value,
+                        choices: _choices_to_array(action.choices).map(repr).join(', ')}
+            let msg = 'invalid choice: %(value)r (choose from %(choices)s)'
+            throw new ArgumentError(action, sub(msg, args))
+        }
+    }
+
+    // =======================
+    // Help-formatting methods
+    // =======================
+    format_usage() {
+        let formatter = this._get_formatter()
+        formatter.add_usage(this.usage, this._actions,
+                            this._mutually_exclusive_groups)
+        return formatter.format_help()
+    }
+
+    format_help() {
+        let formatter = this._get_formatter()
+
+        // usage
+        formatter.add_usage(this.usage, this._actions,
+                            this._mutually_exclusive_groups)
+
+        // description
+        formatter.add_text(this.description)
+
+        // positionals, optionals and user-defined groups
+        for (let action_group of this._action_groups) {
+            formatter.start_section(action_group.title)
+            formatter.add_text(action_group.description)
+            formatter.add_arguments(action_group._group_actions)
+            formatter.end_section()
+        }
+
+        // epilog
+        formatter.add_text(this.epilog)
+
+        // determine help from format above
+        return formatter.format_help()
+    }
+
+    _get_formatter() {
+        // eslint-disable-next-line new-cap
+        return new this.formatter_class({ prog: this.prog })
+    }
+
+    // =====================
+    // Help-printing methods
+    // =====================
+    print_usage(file = undefined) {
+        if (file === undefined) file = process.stdout
+        this._print_message(this.format_usage(), file)
+    }
+
+    print_help(file = undefined) {
+        if (file === undefined) file = process.stdout
+        this._print_message(this.format_help(), file)
+    }
+
+    _print_message(message, file = undefined) {
+        if (message) {
+            if (file === undefined) file = process.stderr
+            file.write(message)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ===============
+    // Exiting methods
+    // ===============
+    exit(status = 0, message = undefined) {
+        if (message) {
+            this._print_message(message, process.stderr)
+        }
+        process.exit(status)
+    }
+
+    error(message) {
+        /*
+         *  error(message: string)
+         *
+         *  Prints a usage message incorporating the message to stderr and
+         *  exits.
+         *
+         *  If you override this in a subclass, it should not return -- it
+         *  should either exit or raise an exception.
+         */
+
+        // LEGACY (v1 compatibility), debug mode
+        if (this.debug === true) throw new Error(message)
+        // end
+        this.print_usage(process.stderr)
+        let args = {prog: this.prog, message: message}
+        this.exit(2, sub('%(prog)s: error: %(message)s\n', args))
+    }
+}))
+
+
+module.exports = {
+    ArgumentParser,
+    ArgumentError,
+    ArgumentTypeError,
+    BooleanOptionalAction,
+    FileType,
+    HelpFormatter,
+    ArgumentDefaultsHelpFormatter,
+    RawDescriptionHelpFormatter,
+    RawTextHelpFormatter,
+    MetavarTypeHelpFormatter,
+    Namespace,
+    Action,
+    ONE_OR_MORE,
+    OPTIONAL,
+    PARSER,
+    REMAINDER,
+    SUPPRESS,
+    ZERO_OR_MORE
+}
+
+// LEGACY (v1 compatibility), Const alias
+Object.defineProperty(module.exports, 'Const', {
+    get() {
+        let result = {}
+        Object.entries({ ONE_OR_MORE, OPTIONAL, PARSER, REMAINDER, SUPPRESS, ZERO_OR_MORE }).forEach(([ n, v ]) => {
+            Object.defineProperty(result, n, {
+                get() {
+                    deprecate(n, sub('use argparse.%s instead of argparse.Const.%s', n, n))
+                    return v
+                }
+            })
+        })
+        Object.entries({ _UNRECOGNIZED_ARGS_ATTR }).forEach(([ n, v ]) => {
+            Object.defineProperty(result, n, {
+                get() {
+                    deprecate(n, sub('argparse.Const.%s is an internal symbol and will no longer be available', n))
+                    return v
+                }
+            })
+        })
+        return result
+    },
+    enumerable: false
+})
+// end