pathname 0.4.0 → 0.5.0

data/lib/pathname_builtin.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1219 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+#
+# = pathname.rb
+#
+# Object-Oriented Pathname Class
+#
+# Author:: Tanaka Akira <akr@m17n.org>
+# Documentation:: Author and Gavin Sinclair
+#
+# For documentation, see class Pathname.
+#
+
+#
+# Pathname represents the name of a file or directory on the filesystem,
+# but not the file itself.
+#
+# The pathname depends on the Operating System: Unix, Windows, etc.
+# This library works with pathnames of local OS, however non-Unix pathnames
+# are supported experimentally.
+#
+# A Pathname can be relative or absolute.  It's not until you try to
+# reference the file that it even matters whether the file exists or not.
+#
+# Pathname is immutable.  It has no method for destructive update.
+#
+# The goal of this class is to manipulate file path information in a neater
+# way than standard Ruby provides.  The examples below demonstrate the
+# difference.
+#
+# *All* functionality from File, FileTest, and some from Dir and FileUtils is
+# included, in an unsurprising way.  It is essentially a facade for all of
+# these, and more.
+#
+# == Examples
+#
+# === Example 1: Using Pathname
+#
+#   require 'pathname'
+#   pn = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby")
+#   size = pn.size              # 27662
+#   isdir = pn.directory?       # false
+#   dir  = pn.dirname           # Pathname:/usr/bin
+#   base = pn.basename          # Pathname:ruby
+#   dir, base = pn.split        # [Pathname:/usr/bin, Pathname:ruby]
+#   data = pn.read
+#   pn.open { |f| _ }
+#   pn.each_line { |line| _ }
+#
+# === Example 2: Using standard Ruby
+#
+#   pn = "/usr/bin/ruby"
+#   size = File.size(pn)        # 27662
+#   isdir = File.directory?(pn) # false
+#   dir  = File.dirname(pn)     # "/usr/bin"
+#   base = File.basename(pn)    # "ruby"
+#   dir, base = File.split(pn)  # ["/usr/bin", "ruby"]
+#   data = File.read(pn)
+#   File.open(pn) { |f| _ }
+#   File.foreach(pn) { |line| _ }
+#
+# === Example 3: Special features
+#
+#   p1 = Pathname.new("/usr/lib")   # Pathname:/usr/lib
+#   p2 = p1 + "ruby/1.8"            # Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8
+#   p3 = p1.parent                  # Pathname:/usr
+#   p4 = p2.relative_path_from(p3)  # Pathname:lib/ruby/1.8
+#   pwd = Pathname.pwd              # Pathname:/home/gavin
+#   pwd.absolute?                   # true
+#   p5 = Pathname.new "."           # Pathname:.
+#   p5 = p5 + "music/../articles"   # Pathname:music/../articles
+#   p5.cleanpath                    # Pathname:articles
+#   p5.realpath                     # Pathname:/home/gavin/articles
+#   p5.children                     # [Pathname:/home/gavin/articles/linux, ...]
+#
+# == Breakdown of functionality
+#
+# === Core methods
+#
+# These methods are effectively manipulating a String, because that's
+# all a path is.  None of these access the file system except for
+# #mountpoint?, #children, #each_child, #realdirpath and #realpath.
+#
+# - +
+# - #join
+# - #parent
+# - #root?
+# - #absolute?
+# - #relative?
+# - #relative_path_from
+# - #each_filename
+# - #cleanpath
+# - #realpath
+# - #realdirpath
+# - #children
+# - #each_child
+# - #mountpoint?
+#
+# === File status predicate methods
+#
+# These methods are a facade for FileTest:
+# - #blockdev?
+# - #chardev?
+# - #directory?
+# - #executable?
+# - #executable_real?
+# - #exist?
+# - #file?
+# - #grpowned?
+# - #owned?
+# - #pipe?
+# - #readable?
+# - #world_readable?
+# - #readable_real?
+# - #setgid?
+# - #setuid?
+# - #size
+# - #size?
+# - #socket?
+# - #sticky?
+# - #symlink?
+# - #writable?
+# - #world_writable?
+# - #writable_real?
+# - #zero?
+#
+# === File property and manipulation methods
+#
+# These methods are a facade for File:
+# - #each_line(*args, &block)
+# - #read(*args)
+# - #binread(*args)
+# - #readlines(*args)
+# - #sysopen(*args)
+# - #write(*args)
+# - #binwrite(*args)
+# - #atime
+# - #birthtime
+# - #ctime
+# - #mtime
+# - #chmod(mode)
+# - #lchmod(mode)
+# - #chown(owner, group)
+# - #lchown(owner, group)
+# - #fnmatch(pattern, *args)
+# - #fnmatch?(pattern, *args)
+# - #ftype
+# - #make_link(old)
+# - #open(*args, &block)
+# - #readlink
+# - #rename(to)
+# - #stat
+# - #lstat
+# - #make_symlink(old)
+# - #truncate(length)
+# - #utime(atime, mtime)
+# - #lutime(atime, mtime)
+# - #basename(*args)
+# - #dirname
+# - #extname
+# - #expand_path(*args)
+# - #split
+#
+# === Directory methods
+#
+# These methods are a facade for Dir:
+# - Pathname.glob(*args)
+# - Pathname.getwd / Pathname.pwd
+# - #rmdir
+# - #entries
+# - #each_entry(&block)
+# - #mkdir(*args)
+# - #opendir(*args)
+#
+# === Utilities
+#
+# These methods are a mixture of Find, FileUtils, and others:
+# - #find(&block)
+# - #mkpath
+# - #rmtree
+# - #unlink / #delete
+#
+#
+# == Method documentation
+#
+# As the above section shows, most of the methods in Pathname are facades.  The
+# documentation for these methods generally just says, for instance, "See
+# FileTest.writable?", as you should be familiar with the original method
+# anyway, and its documentation (e.g. through +ri+) will contain more
+# information.  In some cases, a brief description will follow.
+#
+class Pathname
+
+  # The version string.
+  VERSION = "0.5.0"
+
+  # :stopdoc:
+
+  if File::FNM_SYSCASE.nonzero?
+    # Avoid #zero? here because #casecmp can return nil.
+    private def same_paths?(a, b) a.casecmp(b) == 0 end
+  else
+    private def same_paths?(a, b) a == b end
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :path
+  protected :path
+
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  #
+  # Create a Pathname object from the given String (or String-like object).
+  # If +path+ contains a NUL character (<tt>\0</tt>), an ArgumentError is raised.
+  #
+  def initialize(path)
+    @path = File.path(path).dup
+  rescue TypeError => e
+    raise e.class, "Pathname.new requires a String, #to_path or #to_str", cause: nil
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Freze self.
+  #
+  def freeze
+    super
+    @path.freeze
+    self
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Compare this pathname with +other+.  The comparison is string-based.
+  # Be aware that two different paths (<tt>foo.txt</tt> and <tt>./foo.txt</tt>)
+  # can refer to the same file.
+  #
+  def ==(other)
+    return false unless Pathname === other
+    other.path == @path
+  end
+  alias === ==
+  alias eql? ==
+
+  unless method_defined?(:<=>, false)
+    # Provides for comparing pathnames, case-sensitively.
+    def <=>(other)
+      return nil unless Pathname === other
+      @path.tr('/', "\0") <=> other.path.tr('/', "\0")
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hash # :nodoc:
+    @path.hash
+  end
+
+  # Return the path as a String.
+  def to_s
+    @path.dup
+  end
+
+  # to_path is implemented so Pathname objects are usable with File.open, etc.
+  alias to_path to_s
+
+  def inspect # :nodoc:
+    "#<#{self.class}:#{@path}>"
+  end
+
+  unless method_defined?(:sub, false)
+    # Return a pathname which is substituted by String#sub.
+    def sub(pattern, *args, **kwargs, &block)
+      if block
+        path = @path.sub(pattern, *args, **kwargs) {|*sub_args|
+          begin
+            old = Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata]
+            Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata] = $~
+            eval("$~ = Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata]", block.binding)
+          ensure
+            Thread.current[:pathname_sub_matchdata] = old
+          end
+          yield(*sub_args)
+        }
+      else
+        path = @path.sub(pattern, *args, **kwargs)
+      end
+      self.class.new(path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Return a pathname with +repl+ added as a suffix to the basename.
+  #
+  # If self has no extension part, +repl+ is appended.
+  #
+  #	Pathname.new('/usr/bin/shutdown').sub_ext('.rb')
+  #	    #=> #<Pathname:/usr/bin/shutdown.rb>
+  def sub_ext(repl)
+    ext = File.extname(@path)
+
+    # File.extname("foo.bar:stream") returns ".bar" on NTFS and not ".bar:stream"
+    # (see ruby_enc_find_extname()).
+    # The behavior of Pathname#sub_ext is to replace everything
+    # from the start of the extname until the end of the path with repl.
+    unless @path.end_with?(ext)
+      ext = @path[@path.rindex(ext)..]
+    end
+
+    self.class.new(@path.chomp(ext) + repl)
+  end
+
+  if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    # Separator list string.
+    SEPARATOR_LIST = Regexp.quote "#{File::ALT_SEPARATOR}#{File::SEPARATOR}"
+    # Regexp that matches a separator.
+    SEPARATOR_PAT = /[#{SEPARATOR_LIST}]/
+  else
+    SEPARATOR_LIST = Regexp.quote File::SEPARATOR
+    SEPARATOR_PAT = /#{SEPARATOR_LIST}/
+  end
+  SEPARATOR_LIST.freeze
+  SEPARATOR_PAT.freeze
+  private_constant :SEPARATOR_LIST, :SEPARATOR_LIST
+
+  if File.dirname('A:') == 'A:.' # DOSish drive letter
+    # Regexp that matches an absolute path.
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A(?:[A-Za-z]:|#{SEPARATOR_PAT})/
+  else
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH = /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}/
+  end
+  ABSOLUTE_PATH.freeze
+  private_constant :ABSOLUTE_PATH
+
+  # :startdoc:
+
+  # Creates a full path, including any intermediate directories that don't yet
+  # exist.
+  #
+  # See FileUtils.mkpath and FileUtils.mkdir_p
+  def mkpath(mode: nil)
+    path = @path == '/' ? @path : @path.chomp('/')
+
+    stack = []
+    until File.directory?(path) || File.dirname(path) == path
+      stack.push path
+      path = File.dirname(path)
+    end
+
+    stack.reverse_each do |dir|
+      dir = dir == '/' ? dir : dir.chomp('/')
+      if mode
+        Dir.mkdir dir, mode
+        File.chmod mode, dir
+      else
+        Dir.mkdir dir
+      end
+    rescue SystemCallError
+      raise unless File.directory?(dir)
+    end
+
+    self
+  end
+
+  # chop_basename(path) -> [pre-basename, basename] or nil
+  def chop_basename(path) # :nodoc:
+    base = File.basename(path)
+    if /\A#{SEPARATOR_PAT}?\z/o.match?(base)
+      return nil
+    else
+      return path[0, path.rindex(base)], base
+    end
+  end
+  private :chop_basename
+
+  # split_names(path) -> prefix, [name, ...]
+  def split_names(path) # :nodoc:
+    names = []
+    while r = chop_basename(path)
+      path, basename = r
+      names.unshift basename
+    end
+    return path, names
+  end
+  private :split_names
+
+  def prepend_prefix(prefix, relpath) # :nodoc:
+    if relpath.empty?
+      File.dirname(prefix)
+    elsif SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(prefix)
+      prefix = File.dirname(prefix)
+      prefix = File.join(prefix, "") if File.basename(prefix + 'a') != 'a'
+      prefix + relpath
+    else
+      prefix + relpath
+    end
+  end
+  private :prepend_prefix
+
+  # Returns clean pathname of +self+ with consecutive slashes and useless dots
+  # removed.  The filesystem is not accessed.
+  #
+  # If +consider_symlink+ is +true+, then a more conservative algorithm is used
+  # to avoid breaking symbolic linkages.  This may retain more +..+
+  # entries than absolutely necessary, but without accessing the filesystem,
+  # this can't be avoided.
+  #
+  # See Pathname#realpath.
+  #
+  def cleanpath(consider_symlink=false)
+    if consider_symlink
+      cleanpath_conservative
+    else
+      cleanpath_aggressive
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Clean the path simply by resolving and removing excess +.+ and +..+ entries.
+  # Nothing more, nothing less.
+  #
+  def cleanpath_aggressive # :nodoc:
+    path = @path
+    names = []
+    pre = path
+    while r = chop_basename(pre)
+      pre, base = r
+      case base
+      when '.'
+      when '..'
+        names.unshift base
+      else
+        if names[0] == '..'
+          names.shift
+        else
+          names.unshift base
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    if SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(File.basename(pre))
+      names.shift while names[0] == '..'
+    end
+    self.class.new(prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names)))
+  end
+  private :cleanpath_aggressive
+
+  # has_trailing_separator?(path) -> bool
+  def has_trailing_separator?(path) # :nodoc:
+    if r = chop_basename(path)
+      pre, basename = r
+      pre.length + basename.length < path.length
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+  private :has_trailing_separator?
+
+  # add_trailing_separator(path) -> path
+  def add_trailing_separator(path) # :nodoc:
+    if File.basename(path + 'a') == 'a'
+      path
+    else
+      File.join(path, "") # xxx: Is File.join is appropriate to add separator?
+    end
+  end
+  private :add_trailing_separator
+
+  def del_trailing_separator(path) # :nodoc:
+    if r = chop_basename(path)
+      pre, basename = r
+      pre + basename
+    elsif /#{SEPARATOR_PAT}+\z/o =~ path
+      $` + File.dirname(path)[/#{SEPARATOR_PAT}*\z/o]
+    else
+      path
+    end
+  end
+  private :del_trailing_separator
+
+  def cleanpath_conservative # :nodoc:
+    path = @path
+    names = []
+    pre = path
+    while r = chop_basename(pre)
+      pre, base = r
+      names.unshift base if base != '.'
+    end
+    pre.tr!(File::ALT_SEPARATOR, File::SEPARATOR) if File::ALT_SEPARATOR
+    if SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(File.basename(pre))
+      names.shift while names[0] == '..'
+    end
+    if names.empty?
+      self.class.new(File.dirname(pre))
+    else
+      if names.last != '..' && File.basename(path) == '.'
+        names << '.'
+      end
+      result = prepend_prefix(pre, File.join(*names))
+      if /\A(?:\.|\.\.)\z/ !~ names.last && has_trailing_separator?(path)
+        self.class.new(add_trailing_separator(result))
+      else
+        self.class.new(result)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+  private :cleanpath_conservative
+
+  # Returns the parent directory.
+  #
+  # This is same as <code>self + '..'</code>.
+  def parent
+    self + '..'
+  end
+
+  # Returns +true+ if +self+ points to a mountpoint.
+  def mountpoint?
+    begin
+      stat1 = self.lstat
+      stat2 = self.parent.lstat
+      stat1.dev != stat2.dev || stat1.ino == stat2.ino
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Predicate method for root directories.  Returns +true+ if the
+  # pathname consists of consecutive slashes.
+  #
+  # It doesn't access the filesystem.  So it may return +false+ for some
+  # pathnames which points to roots such as <tt>/usr/..</tt>.
+  #
+  def root?
+    chop_basename(@path) == nil && SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(@path)
+  end
+
+  # Predicate method for testing whether a path is absolute.
+  #
+  # It returns +true+ if the pathname begins with a slash.
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('/im/sure')
+  #   p.absolute?
+  #       #=> true
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('not/so/sure')
+  #   p.absolute?
+  #       #=> false
+  def absolute?
+    ABSOLUTE_PATH.match? @path
+  end
+
+  # The opposite of Pathname#absolute?
+  #
+  # It returns +false+ if the pathname begins with a slash.
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('/im/sure')
+  #   p.relative?
+  #       #=> false
+  #
+  #   p = Pathname.new('not/so/sure')
+  #   p.relative?
+  #       #=> true
+  def relative?
+    !absolute?
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Iterates over each component of the path.
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").each_filename {|filename| ... }
+  #     # yields "usr", "bin", and "ruby".
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+  #
+  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").each_filename
+  #     # ... do stuff ...
+  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
+  #     # yields "usr", "bin", and "ruby".
+  #
+  def each_filename # :yield: filename
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    _, names = split_names(@path)
+    names.each {|filename| yield filename }
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # Iterates over and yields a new Pathname object
+  # for each element in the given path in descending order.
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('/path/to/some/file.rb').descend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:/>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('path/to/some/file.rb').descend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:path>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+  #
+  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").descend
+  #     # ... do stuff ...
+  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
+  #     # yields Pathnames /, /usr, /usr/bin, and /usr/bin/ruby.
+  #
+  # It doesn't access the filesystem.
+  #
+  def descend
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    vs = []
+    ascend {|v| vs << v }
+    vs.reverse_each {|v| yield v }
+    nil
+  end
+
+  # Iterates over and yields a new Pathname object
+  # for each element in the given path in ascending order.
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('/path/to/some/file.rb').ascend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:/path>
+  #     #<Pathname:/>
+  #
+  #  Pathname.new('path/to/some/file.rb').ascend {|v| p v}
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some/file.rb>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to/some>
+  #     #<Pathname:path/to>
+  #     #<Pathname:path>
+  #
+  # Returns an Enumerator if no block was given.
+  #
+  #   enum = Pathname.new("/usr/bin/ruby").ascend
+  #     # ... do stuff ...
+  #   enum.each { |e| ... }
+  #     # yields Pathnames /usr/bin/ruby, /usr/bin, /usr, and /.
+  #
+  # It doesn't access the filesystem.
+  #
+  def ascend
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    path = @path
+    yield self
+    while r = chop_basename(path)
+      path, = r
+      break if path.empty?
+      yield self.class.new(del_trailing_separator(path))
+    end
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   self + other -> new_pathname
+  #
+  # Returns a new \Pathname object;
+  # argument +other+ may be a string or another pathname.
+  #
+  # When +other+ specifies a relative path (see #relative?),
+  # it is combined with +self+ to form a new pathname:
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new('/a/b') + 'c' # => #<Pathname:/a/b/c>
+  #
+  # Extra component separators (<tt>'/'</tt>) are removed:
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new('/a/b/') + 'c' # => #<Pathname:/a/b/c>
+  #
+  # Extra current-directory components (<tt>'.'</tt>) are removed:
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new('a') + '.' # => #<Pathname:a>
+  #   Pathname.new('.') + 'a' # => #<Pathname:a>
+  #   Pathname.new('.') + '.' # => #<Pathname:.>
+  #
+  # Parent-directory components (<tt>'..'</tt>) are:
+  #
+  # - Resolved, when possible:
+  #
+  #     Pathname.new('a')      + '..'      # => #<Pathname:.>
+  #     Pathname.new('a/b')    + '..'      # => #<Pathname:a>
+  #     Pathname.new('/')      + '../a'    # => #<Pathname:/a>
+  #     Pathname.new('a')      + '../b'    # => #<Pathname:b>
+  #     Pathname.new('a/b')    + '../c'    # => #<Pathname:a/c>
+  #     Pathname.new('a//b/c') + '../d//e' # => #<Pathname:a//b/d//e>
+  #
+  # - Removed, when not needed:
+  #
+  #     Pathname.new('/') + '..' # => #<Pathname:/>
+  #
+  # - Retained, when needed:
+  #
+  #     Pathname.new('..') + '..'   # => #<Pathname:../..>
+  #     Pathname.new('..') + '../a' # => #<Pathname:../../a>
+  #
+  # When +other+ specifies an absolute path (see #absolute?),
+  # equivalent to <tt>Pathname.new(other.to_s)</tt>:
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new('/a') + '/b/c' # => #<Pathname:/b/c>
+  #
+  # Occurrences of <tt>'/'</tt>, <tt>'.'</tt>, and <tt>'..'</tt> are preserved:
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new('/a') + '//b//c/./../d' # => #<Pathname://b//c/./../d>
+  #
+  # This method does not access the file system, so +other+ need not represent
+  # an existing (or even a valid) file or directory path:
+  #
+  #   Pathname.new('/var') + 'nosuch:ever' # => #<Pathname:/var/nosuch:ever>
+  #
+  def +(other)
+    other = Pathname.new(other) unless Pathname === other
+    Pathname.new(plus(@path, other.path))
+  end
+  alias / +
+
+  def plus(path1, path2) # -> path # :nodoc:
+    prefix2 = path2
+    index_list2 = []
+    basename_list2 = []
+    while r2 = chop_basename(prefix2)
+      prefix2, basename2 = r2
+      index_list2.unshift prefix2.length
+      basename_list2.unshift basename2
+    end
+    return path2 if prefix2 != ''
+    prefix1 = path1
+    while true
+      while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '.'
+        index_list2.shift
+        basename_list2.shift
+      end
+      break unless r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
+      prefix1, basename1 = r1
+      next if basename1 == '.'
+      if basename1 == '..' || basename_list2.empty? || basename_list2.first != '..'
+        prefix1 = prefix1 + basename1
+        break
+      end
+      index_list2.shift
+      basename_list2.shift
+    end
+    r1 = chop_basename(prefix1)
+    if !r1 && (r1 = SEPARATOR_PAT.match?(File.basename(prefix1)))
+      while !basename_list2.empty? && basename_list2.first == '..'
+        index_list2.shift
+        basename_list2.shift
+      end
+    end
+    if !basename_list2.empty?
+      suffix2 = path2[index_list2.first..-1]
+      r1 ? File.join(prefix1, suffix2) : prefix1 + suffix2
+    else
+      r1 ? prefix1 : File.dirname(prefix1)
+    end
+  end
+  private :plus
+
+  #
+  # Joins the given pathnames onto +self+ to create a new Pathname object.
+  # This is effectively the same as using Pathname#+ to append +self+ and
+  # all arguments sequentially.
+  #
+  #   path0 = Pathname.new("/usr")                # Pathname:/usr
+  #   path0 = path0.join("bin/ruby")              # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
+  #       # is the same as
+  #   path1 = Pathname.new("/usr") + "bin/ruby"   # Pathname:/usr/bin/ruby
+  #   path0 == path1
+  #       #=> true
+  #
+  def join(*args)
+    return self if args.empty?
+    result = args.pop
+    result = Pathname.new(result) unless Pathname === result
+    return result if result.absolute?
+    args.reverse_each {|arg|
+      arg = Pathname.new(arg) unless Pathname === arg
+      result = arg + result
+      return result if result.absolute?
+    }
+    self + result
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns the children of the directory (files and subdirectories, not
+  # recursive) as an array of Pathname objects.
+  #
+  # By default, the returned pathnames will have enough information to access
+  # the files. If you set +with_directory+ to +false+, then the returned
+  # pathnames will contain the filename only.
+  #
+  # For example:
+  #   pn = Pathname("/usr/lib/ruby/1.8")
+  #   pn.children
+  #       # -> [ Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/English.rb,
+  #              Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/Env.rb,
+  #              Pathname:/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/abbrev.rb, ... ]
+  #   pn.children(false)
+  #       # -> [ Pathname:English.rb, Pathname:Env.rb, Pathname:abbrev.rb, ... ]
+  #
+  # Note that the results never contain the entries +.+ and +..+ in
+  # the directory because they are not children.
+  #
+  def children(with_directory=true)
+    with_directory = false if @path == '.'
+    result = []
+    Dir.foreach(@path) {|e|
+      next if e == '.' || e == '..'
+      if with_directory
+        result << self.class.new(File.join(@path, e))
+      else
+        result << self.class.new(e)
+      end
+    }
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Iterates over the children of the directory
+  # (files and subdirectories, not recursive).
+  #
+  # It yields Pathname object for each child.
+  #
+  # By default, the yielded pathnames will have enough information to access
+  # the files.
+  #
+  # If you set +with_directory+ to +false+, then the returned pathnames will
+  # contain the filename only.
+  #
+  #   Pathname("/usr/local").each_child {|f| p f }
+  #   #=> #<Pathname:/usr/local/share>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/bin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/games>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/lib>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/include>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/sbin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/src>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:/usr/local/man>
+  #
+  #   Pathname("/usr/local").each_child(false) {|f| p f }
+  #   #=> #<Pathname:share>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:bin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:games>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:lib>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:include>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:sbin>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:src>
+  #   #   #<Pathname:man>
+  #
+  # Note that the results never contain the entries +.+ and +..+ in
+  # the directory because they are not children.
+  #
+  # See Pathname#children
+  #
+  def each_child(with_directory=true, &b)
+    children(with_directory).each(&b)
+  end
+
+  #
+  # Returns a relative path from the given +base_directory+ to the receiver.
+  #
+  # If +self+ is absolute, then +base_directory+ must be absolute too.
+  #
+  # If +self+ is relative, then +base_directory+ must be relative too.
+  #
+  # This method doesn't access the filesystem.  It assumes no symlinks.
+  #
+  # ArgumentError is raised when it cannot find a relative path.
+  #
+  # Note that this method does not handle situations where the case sensitivity
+  # of the filesystem in use differs from the operating system default.
+  #
+  def relative_path_from(base_directory)
+    base_directory = Pathname.new(base_directory) unless base_directory.is_a? Pathname
+    dest_directory = self.cleanpath.path
+    base_directory = base_directory.cleanpath.path
+    dest_prefix = dest_directory
+    dest_names = []
+    while r = chop_basename(dest_prefix)
+      dest_prefix, basename = r
+      dest_names.unshift basename if basename != '.'
+    end
+    base_prefix = base_directory
+    base_names = []
+    while r = chop_basename(base_prefix)
+      base_prefix, basename = r
+      base_names.unshift basename if basename != '.'
+    end
+    unless same_paths?(dest_prefix, base_prefix)
+      raise ArgumentError, "different prefix: #{dest_prefix.inspect} and #{base_directory.inspect}"
+    end
+    while !dest_names.empty? &&
+          !base_names.empty? &&
+          same_paths?(dest_names.first, base_names.first)
+      dest_names.shift
+      base_names.shift
+    end
+    if base_names.include? '..'
+      raise ArgumentError, "base_directory has ..: #{base_directory.inspect}"
+    end
+    base_names.fill('..')
+    relpath_names = base_names + dest_names
+    if relpath_names.empty?
+      Pathname.new('.')
+    else
+      Pathname.new(File.join(*relpath_names))
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class Pathname    # * File *
+  #
+  # #each_line iterates over the line in the file.  It yields a String object
+  # for each line.
+  #
+  # This method has existed since 1.8.1.
+  #
+  def each_line(...) # :yield: line
+    File.foreach(@path, ...)
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>File.read</tt>.  Returns all data from the file, or the first +N+ bytes
+  # if specified.
+  def read(...) File.read(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.binread</tt>.  Returns all the bytes from the file, or the first +N+
+  # if specified.
+  def binread(...) File.binread(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.readlines</tt>.  Returns all the lines from the file.
+  def readlines(...) File.readlines(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.sysopen</tt>.
+  def sysopen(...) File.sysopen(@path, ...) end
+
+  # Writes +contents+ to the file. See <tt>File.write</tt>.
+  def write(...) File.write(@path, ...) end
+
+  # Writes +contents+ to the file, opening it in binary mode.
+  #
+  # See File.binwrite.
+  def binwrite(...) File.binwrite(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.atime</tt>.  Returns last access time.
+  def atime() File.atime(@path) end
+
+  # Returns the birth time for the file.
+  # If the platform doesn't have birthtime, raises NotImplementedError.
+  #
+  # See File.birthtime.
+  def birthtime() File.birthtime(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.ctime</tt>.  Returns last (directory entry, not file) change time.
+  def ctime() File.ctime(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.mtime</tt>.  Returns last modification time.
+  def mtime() File.mtime(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.chmod</tt>.  Changes permissions.
+  def chmod(mode) File.chmod(mode, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.lchmod</tt>.
+  def lchmod(mode) File.lchmod(mode, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.chown</tt>.  Change owner and group of file.
+  def chown(owner, group) File.chown(owner, group, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.lchown</tt>.
+  def lchown(owner, group) File.lchown(owner, group, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.fnmatch</tt>.  Return +true+ if the receiver matches the given
+  # pattern.
+  def fnmatch(pattern, ...) File.fnmatch(pattern, @path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.fnmatch?</tt> (same as #fnmatch).
+  def fnmatch?(pattern, ...) File.fnmatch?(pattern, @path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.ftype</tt>.  Returns "type" of file ("file", "directory",
+  # etc).
+  def ftype() File.ftype(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.link</tt>.  Creates a hard link.
+  def make_link(old) File.link(old, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.open</tt>.  Opens the file for reading or writing.
+  def open(...) # :yield: file
+    File.open(@path, ...)
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>File.readlink</tt>.  Read symbolic link.
+  def readlink() self.class.new(File.readlink(@path)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.rename</tt>.  Rename the file.
+  def rename(to) File.rename(@path, to) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.stat</tt>.  Returns a <tt>File::Stat</tt> object.
+  def stat() File.stat(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.lstat</tt>.
+  def lstat() File.lstat(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.symlink</tt>.  Creates a symbolic link.
+  def make_symlink(old) File.symlink(old, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.truncate</tt>.  Truncate the file to +length+ bytes.
+  def truncate(length) File.truncate(@path, length) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.utime</tt>.  Update the access and modification times.
+  def utime(atime, mtime) File.utime(atime, mtime, @path) end
+
+  # Update the access and modification times of the file.
+  #
+  # Same as Pathname#utime, but does not follow symbolic links.
+  #
+  # See File.lutime.
+  def lutime(atime, mtime) File.lutime(atime, mtime, @path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.basename</tt>.  Returns the last component of the path.
+  def basename(...) self.class.new(File.basename(@path, ...)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.dirname</tt>.  Returns all but the last component of the path.
+  def dirname() self.class.new(File.dirname(@path)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.extname</tt>.  Returns the file's extension.
+  def extname() File.extname(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.expand_path</tt>.
+  def expand_path(...) self.class.new(File.expand_path(@path, ...)) end
+
+  # See <tt>File.split</tt>.  Returns the #dirname and the #basename in an
+  # Array.
+  def split()
+    array = File.split(@path)
+    raise TypeError, 'wrong argument type nil (expected Array)' unless Array === array
+    array.map {|f| self.class.new(f) }
+  end
+
+  # Returns the real (absolute) pathname for +self+ in the actual filesystem.
+  #
+  # Does not contain symlinks or useless dots, +..+ and +.+.
+  #
+  # All components of the pathname must exist when this method is called.
+  def realpath(...) self.class.new(File.realpath(@path, ...)) end
+
+  # Returns the real (absolute) pathname of +self+ in the actual filesystem.
+  #
+  # Does not contain symlinks or useless dots, +..+ and +.+.
+  #
+  # The last component of the real pathname can be nonexistent.
+  def realdirpath(...) self.class.new(File.realdirpath(@path, ...)) end
+end
+
+
+class Pathname    # * FileTest *
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.blockdev?</tt>.
+  def blockdev?() FileTest.blockdev?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.chardev?</tt>.
+  def chardev?() FileTest.chardev?(@path) end
+
+  # Tests the file is empty.
+  #
+  # See Dir#empty? and FileTest.empty?.
+  def empty?
+    if FileTest.directory?(@path)
+      Dir.empty?(@path)
+    else
+      File.empty?(@path)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.executable?</tt>.
+  def executable?() FileTest.executable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.executable_real?</tt>.
+  def executable_real?() FileTest.executable_real?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.exist?</tt>.
+  def exist?() FileTest.exist?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.grpowned?</tt>.
+  def grpowned?() FileTest.grpowned?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.directory?</tt>.
+  def directory?() FileTest.directory?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.file?</tt>.
+  def file?() FileTest.file?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.pipe?</tt>.
+  def pipe?() FileTest.pipe?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.socket?</tt>.
+  def socket?() FileTest.socket?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.owned?</tt>.
+  def owned?() FileTest.owned?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.readable?</tt>.
+  def readable?() FileTest.readable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.world_readable?</tt>.
+  def world_readable?() File.world_readable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.readable_real?</tt>.
+  def readable_real?() FileTest.readable_real?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.setuid?</tt>.
+  def setuid?() FileTest.setuid?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.setgid?</tt>.
+  def setgid?() FileTest.setgid?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.size</tt>.
+  def size() FileTest.size(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.size?</tt>.
+  def size?() FileTest.size?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.sticky?</tt>.
+  def sticky?() FileTest.sticky?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.symlink?</tt>.
+  def symlink?() FileTest.symlink?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.writable?</tt>.
+  def writable?() FileTest.writable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.world_writable?</tt>.
+  def world_writable?() File.world_writable?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.writable_real?</tt>.
+  def writable_real?() FileTest.writable_real?(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>FileTest.zero?</tt>.
+  def zero?() FileTest.zero?(@path) end
+end
+
+
+class Pathname    # * Dir *
+  # See <tt>Dir.glob</tt>.  Returns or yields Pathname objects.
+  def Pathname.glob(*args, **kwargs) # :yield: pathname
+    if block_given?
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs) {|f| yield self.new(f) }
+    else
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs).map {|f| self.new(f) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns or yields Pathname objects.
+  #
+  #  Pathname("ruby-2.4.2").glob("R*.md")
+  #  #=> [#<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.md>, #<Pathname:ruby-2.4.2/README.ja.md>]
+  #
+  # See Dir.glob.
+  # This method uses the +base+ keyword argument of Dir.glob.
+  def glob(*args, **kwargs) # :yield: pathname
+    if block_given?
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs, base: @path) {|f| yield self + f }
+    else
+      Dir.glob(*args, **kwargs, base: @path).map {|f| self + f }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # call-seq:
+  #   Pathname.getwd -> new_pathname
+  #
+  # Returns a new \Pathname object containing the path to the current working directory
+  # (equivalent to <tt>Pathname.new(Dir.getwd)</tt>):
+  #
+  #   Pathname.getwd # => #<Pathname:/home>
+  #
+  def Pathname.getwd() self.new(Dir.getwd) end
+  class << self
+    alias pwd getwd
+  end
+
+  # Return the entries (files and subdirectories) in the directory, each as a
+  # Pathname object.
+  def entries() Dir.entries(@path).map {|f| self.class.new(f) } end
+
+  # Iterates over the entries (files and subdirectories) in the directory.  It
+  # yields a Pathname object for each entry.
+  #
+  # This method has existed since 1.8.1.
+  def each_entry(&block) # :yield: pathname
+    return to_enum(__method__) unless block_given?
+    Dir.foreach(@path) {|f| yield self.class.new(f) }
+  end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.mkdir</tt>.  Create the referenced directory.
+  def mkdir(...) Dir.mkdir(@path, ...) end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.rmdir</tt>.  Remove the referenced directory.
+  def rmdir() Dir.rmdir(@path) end
+
+  # See <tt>Dir.open</tt>.
+  def opendir(&block) # :yield: dir
+    Dir.open(@path, &block)
+  end
+end
+
+class Pathname    # * mixed *
+  # Removes a file or directory, using <tt>File.unlink</tt> or
+  # <tt>Dir.unlink</tt> as necessary.
+  def unlink()
+    Dir.unlink @path
+  rescue Errno::ENOTDIR
+    File.unlink @path
+  end
+  alias delete unlink
+end
+
+class Pathname
+  undef =~ if Kernel.method_defined?(:=~)
+end
+
+module Kernel
+  # Creates a Pathname object.
+  def Pathname(path) # :doc:
+    return path if Pathname === path
+    Pathname.new(path)
+  end
+  module_function :Pathname
+end