parser 2.6.0.0 → 3.1.0.0

data/doc/AST_FORMAT.md

@@ -1,1735 +0,0 @@
-AST and Source Location
-=======================
-
-## Literals
-
-### Singletons
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(true)
-"true"
- ~~~~ expression
-
-(false)
-"false"
- ~~~~~ expression
-
-(nil)
-"nil"
- ~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Integer
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(int 123)
-"123"
- ~~~ expression
-
-(int -123)
-"-123"
- ^ operator
- ~~~ expression
-
-(int 1)
-"__LINE__"
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Float
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(float 1.0)
-"1.0"
- ~~~ expression
-
-(float -1.0)
-"-1.0"
- ^ operator
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Complex
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(complex (0+1i))
-"1i"
- ~~ expression
-
-(complex (0+(1/1)*i))
-"1ri"
- ~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Rational
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(rational (2/1))
-"2.0r"
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### String
-
-#### Plain
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(str "foo")
-"'foo'"
- ^ begin
-     ^ end
- ~~~~~ expresion
-
-(string "foo.rb")
-"__FILE__"
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With interpolation
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(dstr (str "foo") (lvar bar) (str "baz"))
-'"foo#{bar}baz"'
- ^ begin      ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Here document
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(str "foo\nbar\n")
-'<<HERE␊foo␊bar␊HERE'
- ~~~~~~ expression
-        ~~~~~~~~ heredoc_body
-                ~~~~ heredoc_end
-~~~
-
-### Symbol
-
-#### Plain
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(sym :foo)
-":foo"
- ~~~~ expresion
-
-":'foo'"
-  ^ begin
-      ^ end
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With interpolation
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(dsym (str "foo") (lvar bar) (str "baz"))
-':"foo#{bar}baz"'
-  ^ begin      ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Execute-string
-
-#### Plain
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(xstr (str "foo") (lvar bar))
-"`foo#{bar}`"
- ^ begin   ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Here document
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(xstr (str "foo\nbar\n"))
-"<<`HERE`␊foo␊bar␊HERE"
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-          ~~~~~~~~ heredoc_body
-                  ~~~~ heredoc_end
-~~~
-
-### Regexp
-
-#### Options
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(regopt :i :m)
-"im"
- ~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Regexp
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(regexp (str "foo") (lvar :bar) (regopt :i))
-"/foo#{bar}/i"
- ^ begin   ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Array
-
-#### Plain
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(array (int 1) (int 2))
-
-"[1, 2]"
- ^ begin
-      ^ end
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Splat
-
-Can also be used in argument lists: `foo(bar, *baz)`
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(splat (lvar :foo))
-"*foo"
- ^ operator
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With interpolation
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(array (int 1) (splat (lvar :foo)) (int 2))
-
-"[1, *foo, 2]"
- ^ begin    ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Hash
-
-#### Pair
-
-##### With hashrocket
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(pair (int 1) (int 2))
-"1 => 2"
-   ~~ operator
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-##### With label (1.9)
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(pair (sym :answer) (int 42))
-"answer: 42"
-       ^ operator (pair)
- ~~~~~~ expression (sym)
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression (pair)
-~~~
-
-#### Plain
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(hash (pair (int 1) (int 2)) (pair (int 3) (int 4)))
-"{1 => 2, 3 => 4}"
- ^ begin        ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Keyword splat (2.0)
-
-Can also be used in argument lists: `foo(bar, **baz)`
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(kwsplat (lvar :foo))
-"**foo"
- ~~ operator
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With interpolation (2.0)
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(hash (pair (sym :foo) (int 2)) (kwsplat (lvar :bar)))
-"{ foo: 2, **bar }"
- ^ begin         ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Range
-
-#### Inclusive
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(irange (int 1) (int 2))
-"1..2"
-  ~~ operator
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Exclusive
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(erange (int 1) (int 2))
-"1...2"
-  ~~~ operator
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-
-### Endless (2.6)
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(irange (int 1) nil)
-"1.."
-  ~~ operator
- ~~~ expression
-
-(erange (int 1) nil)
-"1..."
-  ~~~ operator
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Access
-
-### Self
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(self)
-"self"
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Local variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(lvar :foo)
-"foo"
- ~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Instance variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(ivar :@foo)
-"@foo"
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Class variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(cvar :@@foo)
-"@@foo"
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Global variable
-
-#### Regular global variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(gvar :$foo)
-"$foo"
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Regular expression capture groups
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(nth-ref 1)
-"$1"
- ~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Regular expression back-references
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(back-ref :$&)
-"$&"
- ~~ expression
-(back-ref :$`)
-"$`"
-(back-ref :$')
-"$'"
-(back-ref :$+)
-"$+"
-~~~
-
-### Constant
-
-#### Top-level constant
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(const (cbase) :Foo)
-"::Foo"
-   ~~~ name
- ~~ double_colon
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Scoped constant
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(const (lvar :a) :Foo)
-"a::Foo"
-    ~~~ name
-  ~~ double_colon
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Unscoped constant
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(const nil :Foo)
-"Foo"
- ~~~ name
- ~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### defined?
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(defined? (lvar :a))
-"defined? a"
- ~~~~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"defined?(a)"
- ~~~~~~~~ keyword
-         ^ begin
-           ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Assignment
-
-### To local variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(lvasgn :foo (lvar :bar))
-"foo = bar"
-     ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To instance variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(ivasgn :@foo (lvar :bar))
-"@foo = bar"
-      ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To class variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(cvasgn :@@foo (lvar :bar))
-"@@foo = bar"
-       ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To global variable
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(gvasgn :$foo (lvar :bar))
-"$foo = bar"
-      ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To constant
-
-#### Top-level constant
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(casgn (cbase) :Foo (int 1))
-"::Foo = 1"
-   ~~~ name
-       ~ operator
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Scoped constant
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(casgn (lvar :a) :Foo (int 1))
-"a::Foo = 1"
-    ~~~ name
-        ~ operator
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Unscoped constant
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(casgn nil :Foo (int 1))
-"Foo = 1"
- ~~~ name
-     ~ operator
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To attribute
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(send (self) :foo= (int 1))
-"self.foo = 1"
-     ^ dot
-      ~~~ selector
-          ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To attribute, using "safe navigation operator"
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(csend (self) :foo= (int 1))
-"self&.foo = 1"
-     ^^ dot
-       ~~~ selector
-           ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Multiple assignment
-
-#### Multiple left hand side
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(mlhs (lvasgn :a) (lvasgn :b))
-"a, b"
- ~~~~ expression
-"(a, b)"
- ^ begin
-      ^ end
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Assignment
-
-Rule of thumb: every node inside `(mlhs)` is "incomplete"; to make
-it "complete", one could imagine that a corresponding node from the
-mrhs is "appended" to the node in question. This applies both to
-side-effect free assignments (`lvasgn`, etc) and side-effectful
-assignments (`send`).
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(masgn (mlhs (lvasgn :foo) (lvasgn :bar)) (array (int 1) (int 2)))
-"foo, bar = 1, 2"
-          ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(masgn (mlhs (ivasgn :@a) (cvasgn :@@b)) (array (splat (lvar :c))))
-"@a, @@b = *c"
-
-(masgn (mlhs (mlhs (lvasgn :a) (lvasgn :b)) (lvasgn :c)) (lvar :d))
-"a, (b, c) = d"
-
-(masgn (mlhs (send (self) :a=) (send (self) :[]= (int 1))) (lvar :a))
-"self.a, self[1] = a"
-~~~
-
-### Binary operator-assignment
-
-Binary operator-assignment features the same "incomplete assignments" and "incomplete calls" as [multiple assignment](#assignment-1).
-
-#### Variable binary operator-assignment
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(op-asgn (lvasgn :a) :+ (int 1))
-"a += 1"
-   ~~ operator
- ~~~~~~ expression
-
-(op-asgn (ivasgn :a) :+ (int 1))
-"@a += 1"
-~~~
-
-#### Method binary operator-assignment
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(op-asgn (send (ivar :@a) :b) :+ (int 1))
-"@a.b += 1"
-    ~ selector (send)
- ~~~~ expression (send)
-      ~~ operator (op-asgn)
- ~~~~~~~~~ expression (op-asgn)
-
-(op-asgn (send (ivar :@a) :[] (int 0) (int 1))) :+ (int 1))
-"@a[0, 1] += 1"
-   ~~~~~~ selector (send)
- ~~~~~~~~ expression (send)
-          ~~ operator (op-asgn)
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (op-asgn)
-~~~
-
-### Logical operator-assignment
-
-Logical operator-assignment features the same "incomplete assignments" and "incomplete calls" as [multiple assignment](#assignment-1).
-
-#### Variable logical operator-assignment
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(or-asgn (ivasgn :@a) (int 1))
-"@a ||= 1"
-    ~~~ operator
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(and-asgn (lvasgn :a) (int 1))
-"a &&= 1"
-   ~~~ operator
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Method logical operator-assignment
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(or-asgn (send (ivar :@foo) :bar) (int 1))
-"@foo.bar ||= 1"
-      ~~~ selector (send)
- ~~~~~~~~ expr (send)
-          ~~~ operator (or-asgn)
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (or-asgn)
-
-(and-asgn (send (lvar :@foo) :bar) (int 1))
-"foo.bar &&= 1"
-     ~~~ selector (send)
- ~~~~~~~ expr (send)
-         ~~~ operator (and-asgn)
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (and-asgn)
-
-(or-asgn (send (ivar :@foo) :[] (int 1) (int 2)) (int 1))
-"@foo[1, 2] ||= 1"
-     ~~~~~~ selector (send)
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expr (send)
-            ~~~ operator (or-asgn)
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (or-asgn)
-
-~~~
-
-## Class and module definition
-
-### Module
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(module (const nil :Foo) (nil))
-"module Foo; end"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-             ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-### Class
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(class (const nil :Foo) (const nil :Bar) (nil))
-"class Foo < Bar; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword    ~~~ end
-           ~ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(class (const nil :Foo) nil (nil))
-"class Foo; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-            ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Singleton class
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(sclass (lvar :a) (nil))
-"class << a; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-       ~~ operator
-             ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Method (un)definition
-
-### Instance methods
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(def :foo (args) nil)
-"def foo; end"
- ~~~ keyword
-     ~~~ name
-          ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Singleton methods
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(defs (self) :foo (args) nil)
-"def self.foo; end"
- ~~~ keyword
-          ~~~ name
-               ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Undefinition
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(undef (sym :foo) (sym :bar) (dsym (str "foo") (int 1)))
-"undef foo :bar :"foo#{1}""
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Aliasing
-
-### Method aliasing
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(alias (sym :foo) (dsym (str "foo") (int 1)))
-"alias foo :"foo#{1}""
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Global variable aliasing
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(alias (gvar :$foo) (gvar :$bar))
-"alias $foo $bar"
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(alias (gvar :$foo) (back-ref :$&))
-"alias $foo $&"
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Formal arguments
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(args (arg :foo))
-"(foo)"
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Required argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(arg :foo)
-"foo"
- ~~~ expression
- ~~~ name
-~~~
-
-### Optional argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(optarg :foo (int 1))
-"foo = 1"
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-     ^ operator
- ~~~ name
-~~~
-
-### Named splat argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(restarg :foo)
-"*foo"
- ~~~~ expression
-  ~~~ name
-~~~
-
-Begin of the `expression` points to `*`.
-
-### Unnamed splat argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(restarg)
-"*"
- ^ expression
-~~~
-
-### Block argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(blockarg :foo)
-"&foo"
-  ~~~ name
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-Begin of the `expression` points to `&`.
-
-### Auto-expanding proc argument (1.9)
-
-In Ruby 1.9 and later, when a proc-like closure (i.e. a closure
-created by capturing a block or with the `proc` method, but not
-with the `->{}` syntax or the `lambda` method) has exactly one
-argument, and it is called with more than one argument, the behavior
-is as if the array of all arguments was instead passed as the sole
-argument. This behavior can be prevented by adding a comma after
-the sole argument (e.g. `|foo,|`).
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(procarg0 :foo)
-"|foo|"
-  ~~~ expression
-  ~~~ name
-~~~
-
-### Expression arguments
-
-Ruby 1.8 allows to use arbitrary expressions as block arguments,
-such as `@var` or `foo.bar`. Such expressions should be treated as
-if they were on the lhs of a multiple assignment.
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(args (arg_expr (ivasgn :@bar)))
-"|@bar|"
-
-(args (arg_expr (send (send nil :foo) :a=)))
-"|foo.a|"
-
-(args (restarg_expr (ivasgn :@bar)))
-"|*@bar|"
-
-(args (blockarg_expr (ivasgn :@bar)))
-"|&@bar|"
-~~~
-
-### Block shadow arguments
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(args (shadowarg :foo) (shadowarg :bar))
-"|; foo, bar|"
-~~~
-
-### Decomposition
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(def :f (args (arg :a) (mlhs (arg :foo) (restarg :bar))))
-"def f(a, (foo, *bar)); end"
-          ^ begin   ^ end
-          ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Required keyword argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(kwarg :foo)
-"foo:"
- ~~~~ expression
- ~~~~ name
-~~~
-
-### Optional keyword argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(kwoptarg :foo (int 1))
-"foo: 1"
- ~~~~~~ expression
- ~~~~ name
-~~~
-
-### Named keyword splat argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(kwrestarg :foo)
-"**foo"
- ~~~~~ expression
-   ~~~ name
-~~~
-
-### Unnamed keyword splat argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(kwrestarg)
-"**"
- ~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Objective-C arguments
-
-MacRuby includes a few more syntactic "arguments" whose name becomes
-the part of the Objective-C method name, despite looking like Ruby 2.0
-keyword arguments, and are thus treated differently.
-
-#### Objective-C label-like keyword argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(objc-kwarg :a :b)
-"a: b"
- ~ keyword
-  ~ operator
-    ~ argument
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Objective-C pair-like keyword argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(objc-kwarg :a :b)
-"a => b"
- ~ keyword
-   ~~ operator
-      ~ argument
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Objective-C keyword splat argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(objc-restarg (objc-kwarg :foo))
-"(*a: b)"
-   ~ objc-kwarg.keyword
-    ~ objc-kwarg.operator
-      ~ objc-kwarg.argument
-  ~ operator
-  ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-Note that these splat arguments will only be parsed inside parentheses,
-e.g. in the following code:
-
-~~~
-def f((*a: b)); end
-~~~
-
-However, the following code results in a parse error:
-
-~~~
-def f(*a: b); end
-~~~
-
-## Send
-
-### To self
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(send nil :foo (lvar :bar))
-"foo(bar)"
- ~~~ selector
-    ^ begin
-        ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To receiver
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(send (lvar :foo) :bar (int 1))
-"foo.bar(1)"
-    ^ dot
-     ~~~ selector
-        ^ begin
-          ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(send (lvar :foo) :+ (int 1))
-"foo + 1"
-     ^ selector
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(send (lvar :foo) :-@)
-"-foo"
- ^ selector
- ~~~~ expression
-
-(send (lvar :foo) :a= (int 1))
-"foo.a = 1"
-     ~ selector
-       ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To superclass
-
-Format of super with arguments:
-
-~~~
-(super (lvar :a))
-"super a"
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(super)
-"super()"
-      ^ begin
-       ^ end
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-Format of super without arguments (**z**ero-arity):
-
-~~~
-(zsuper)
-"super"
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### To block argument
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(yield (lvar :foo))
-"yield(foo)"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-      ^ begin
-          ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Indexing
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(index (lvar :foo) (int 1))
-"foo[1]"
-    ^ begin
-      ^ end
- ~~~~~~ expression
-
-(indexasgn (lvar :bar) (int 1) (int 2) (lvar :baz))
-"bar[1, 2] = baz"
-    ^ begin
-         ^ end
-           ^ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-~~~
-
-### Passing a literal block
-
-~~~
-(block (send nil :foo) (args (arg :bar)) (begin ...))
-"foo do |bar|; end"
-     ~~ begin
-               ~~~ end
-     ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Passing expression as block
-
-Used when passing expression as block `foo(&bar)`
-
-~~~
-(send nil :foo (int 1) (block-pass (lvar :foo)))
-"foo(1, &foo)"
-        ^ operator
-        ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### "Stabby lambda"
-
-~~~
-(block (lambda) (args) nil)
-"-> {}"
- ~~ lambda.expression
-~~~
-
-### "Safe navigation operator"
-
-~~~
-(csend (send nil :foo) :bar)
-"foo&.bar"
-    ~~ dot
-~~~
-
-### Objective-C variadic send
-
-MacRuby allows to pass a variadic amount of arguments via the last
-keyword "argument". Semantically, these, together with the pair value
-of the last pair in the hash implicitly passed as the last argument,
-form an array, which replaces the pair value. Despite that, the node
-is called `objc-varargs` to distinguish it from a literal array passed
-as a value.
-
-~~~
-(send nil :foo (int 1) (hash (pair (sym :bar) (objc-varargs (int 1) (int 2) (nil)))))
-"foo(1, bar: 2, 3, nil)"
-             ~~~~~~~~~ expression (array)
-~~~
-
-## Control flow
-
-### Logical operators
-
-#### Binary (and or && ||)
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(and (lvar :foo) (lvar :bar))
-"foo and bar"
-     ~~~ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-~~~
-(or (lvar :foo) (lvar :bar))
-"foo or bar"
-     ~~ operator
- ~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Unary (! not) (1.8)
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(not (lvar :foo))
-"!foo"
- ^ operator
-"not foo"
- ~~~ operator
-~~~
-
-### Branching
-
-#### Without else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(if (lvar :cond) (lvar :iftrue) nil)
-"if cond then iftrue; end"
- ~~ keyword
-         ~~~~ begin
-                      ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"if cond; iftrue; end"
- ~~ keyword
-                  ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"iftrue if cond"
-        ~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(if (lvar :cond) nil (lvar :iftrue))
-"unless cond then iftrue; end"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-             ~~~~ begin
-                          ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"unless cond; iftrue; end"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-                      ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"iftrue unless cond"
-        ~~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(if (lvar :cond) (lvar :iftrue) (lvar :iffalse))
-"if cond then iftrue; else; iffalse; end"
- ~~ keyword
-         ~~~~ begin
-                      ~~~~ else
-                                 ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"if cond; iftrue; else; iffalse; end"
- ~~ keyword
-                  ~~~~ else
-                                 ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(if (lvar :cond) (lvar :iffalse) (lvar :iftrue))
-"unless cond then iftrue; else; iffalse; end"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-             ~~~~ begin
-                          ~~~~ else
-                                         ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"unless cond; iftrue; else; iffalse; end"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-                      ~~~~ else
-                                     ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With elsif
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(if (lvar :cond1) (int 1) (if (lvar :cond2 (int 2) (int 3))))
-"if cond1; 1; elsif cond2; 2; else 3; end"
- ~~ keyword (left)
-              ~~~~~ else (left)
-                                      ~~~ end (left)
-              ~~~~~ keyword (right)
-                              ~~~~ else (right)
-                                      ~~~ end (right)
-~~~
-
-#### Ternary
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(if (lvar :cond) (lvar :iftrue) (lvar :iffalse))
-"cond ? iftrue : iffalse"
-      ^ question
-               ^ colon
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Case matching
-
-#### When clause
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(when (regexp "foo" (regopt)) (begin (lvar :bar)))
-"when /foo/ then bar"
- ~~~~ keyword
-            ~~~~ begin
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(when (int 1) (int 2) (send nil :meth))
-"when 1, 2; meth"
-
-(when (int 1) (splat (lvar :foo)) (send nil :meth))
-"when 1, *foo; meth"
-
-(when (splat (lvar :foo)) (send nil :meth))
-"when *foo; meth"
-~~~
-
-#### Case-expression clause
-
-##### Without else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(case (lvar :foo) (when (str "bar") (lvar :bar)) nil)
-"case foo; when "bar"; bar; end"
- ~~~~ keyword               ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-##### With else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(case (lvar :foo) (when (str "bar") (lvar :bar)) (lvar :baz))
-"case foo; when "bar"; bar; else baz; end"
- ~~~~ keyword               ~~~~ else ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-#### Case-conditions clause
-
-##### Without else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(case nil (when (lvar :bar) (lvar :bar)) nil)
-"case; when bar; bar; end"
- ~~~~ keyword         ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-##### With else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(case nil (when (lvar :bar) (lvar :bar)) (lvar :baz))
-"case; when bar; bar; else baz; end"
- ~~~~ keyword         ~~~~ else ~~~ end
-
-(case nil (lvar :baz))
-"case; else baz; end"
- ~~~~ keyword
-       ~~~~ else
-                 ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-### Looping
-
-#### With precondition
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(while (lvar :condition) (send nil :foo))
-"while condition do foo; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-                 ~~ begin
-                         ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"while condition; foo; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-                       ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"foo while condition"
-     ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(until (lvar :condition) (send nil :foo))
-"until condition do foo; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-                 ~~ begin
-                         ~~~ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(until (lvar :condition) (send nil :foo))
-"until condition; foo; end"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-                       ~~~ end
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"foo until condition"
-     ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### With postcondition
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(while-post (lvar :condition) (kwbegin (send nil :foo)))
-"begin; foo; end while condition"
- ~~~~~ begin (begin)
-             ~~~ end (begin)
-                 ~~~~~ keyword (while-post)
-
-(until-post (lvar :condition) (kwbegin (send nil :foo)))
-"begin; foo; end until condition"
- ~~~~~ begin (begin)
-             ~~~ end (begin)
-                 ~~~~~ keyword (until-post)
-~~~
-
-#### For-in
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(for (lvasgn :a) (lvar :array) (send nil :p (lvar :a)))
-"for a in array do p a; end"
- ~~~ keyword
-       ~~ in
-                ~~ begin
-                        ~~~ end
-
-"for a in array; p a; end"
- ~~~ keyword
-       ~~ in
-                      ~~~ end
-
-(for
-  (mlhs (lvasgn :a) (lvasgn :b)) (lvar :array)
-  (send nil :p (lvar :a) (lvar :b)))
-"for a, b in array; p a, b; end"
-~~~
-
-#### Break
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(break (int 1))
-"break 1"
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Next
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(next (int 1))
-"next 1"
- ~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-#### Redo
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(redo)
-"redo"
- ~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Return
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(return (lvar :foo))
-"return(foo)"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Exception handling
-
-#### Rescue body
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(resbody (array (const nil :Exception) (const nil :A)) (lvasgn :bar) (int 1))
-"rescue Exception, A => bar; 1"
- ~~~~~~ keyword      ~~ assoc
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-"rescue Exception, A => bar then 1"
- ~~~~~~ keyword      ~~ assoc
-                            ~~~~ begin
-
-(resbody (array (const nil :Exception)) (ivasgn :bar) (int 1))
-"rescue Exception => @bar; 1"
- ~~~~~~ keyword   ~~ assoc
-
-(resbody nil (lvasgn :bar) (int 1))
-"rescue => bar; 1"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-        ~~ assoc
-
-(resbody nil nil (int 1))
-"rescue; 1"
- ~~~~~~ keyword
-~~~
-
-#### Rescue statement
-
-##### Without else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(begin
-  (rescue (send nil :foo) (resbody ...) (resbody ...) nil))
-"begin; foo; rescue Exception; rescue; end"
- ~~~~~ begin                           ~~~ end
-             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (rescue.resbody/1)
-                               ~~~~~~~ expression (rescue.resbody/2)
-        ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (rescue)
-~~~
-
-##### With else
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(begin
-  (rescue (send nil :foo) (resbody ...) (resbody ...) (true)))
-"begin; foo; rescue Exception; rescue; else true end"
- ~~~~~ begin                           ~~~~ else (rescue)
-                                                 ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-#### Ensure statement
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(begin
-  (ensure (send nil :foo) (send nil :bar))
-"begin; foo; ensure; bar; end"
- ~~~~~ begin ~~~~~~ keyword (ensure)
-                          ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-#### Rescue with ensure
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(begin
-  (ensure
-    (rescue (send nil :foo) (resbody ...) (int 1))
-    (send nil :bar))
-"begin; foo; rescue; nil; else; 1; ensure; bar; end"
- ~~~~~ begin
-                          ~~~~ else (ensure.rescue)
-             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (rescue)
-                                   ~~~~~~ keyword (ensure)
-             ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression (ensure)
-                                                ~~~ end
-~~~
-
-#### Retry
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(retry)
-"retry"
- ~~~~~ keyword
- ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### BEGIN and END
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(preexe (send nil :puts (str "foo")))
-"BEGIN { puts "foo" }"
- ~~~~~ keyword
-       ^ begin      ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-
-(postexe (send nil :puts (str "bar")))
-"END { puts "bar" }"
- ~~~ keyword
-     ^ begin      ^ end
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Miscellanea
-
-### Flip-flops
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(iflipflop (lvar :a) (lvar :b))
-"if a..b; end"
-     ~~ operator
-    ~~~~ expression
-
-(eflipflop (lvar :a) (lvar :b))
-"if a...b; end"
-     ~~~ operator
-    ~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Implicit matches
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(match-current-line (regexp (str "a") (regopt)))
-"if /a/; end"
-    ~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Local variable injecting matches
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(match-with-lvasgn (regexp (str "(?<match>bar)") (regopt)) (lvar :baz))
-"/(?<match>bar)/ =~ baz"
-                 ~~ selector
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-## Special constants
-
-### File
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(__FILE__)
-"__FILE__"
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Line
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(__LINE__)
-"__LINE__"
- ~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~
-
-### Encoding
-
-Format:
-
-~~~
-(__ENCODING__)
-"__ENCODING__"
- ~~~~~~~~~~~~ expression
-~~~