panko_serializer 0.8.3 → 0.8.5

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Files changed (71) hide show
  1. checksums.yaml +4 -4
  2. data/README.md +4 -4
  3. data/ext/panko_serializer/attributes_writer/active_record.c +2 -29
  4. data/ext/panko_serializer/attributes_writer/type_cast/type_cast.c +24 -13
  5. data/lib/panko/version.rb +1 -1
  6. metadata +3 -72
  7. data/.clang-format +0 -3
  8. data/.github/dependabot.yml +0 -6
  9. data/.github/workflows/docs.yml +0 -39
  10. data/.github/workflows/lint.yml +0 -30
  11. data/.github/workflows/ruby.yml +0 -51
  12. data/.gitignore +0 -20
  13. data/.rspec +0 -2
  14. data/.rubocop.yml +0 -37
  15. data/Appraisals +0 -29
  16. data/Gemfile +0 -36
  17. data/Rakefile +0 -93
  18. data/benchmarks/BENCHMARKS.md +0 -48
  19. data/benchmarks/allocs.rb +0 -23
  20. data/benchmarks/app.rb +0 -11
  21. data/benchmarks/benchmarking_support.rb +0 -44
  22. data/benchmarks/bm_ams_0_10.rb +0 -43
  23. data/benchmarks/bm_object_writer.rb +0 -65
  24. data/benchmarks/bm_panko_json.rb +0 -60
  25. data/benchmarks/bm_panko_object.rb +0 -46
  26. data/benchmarks/bm_plain_object.rb +0 -99
  27. data/benchmarks/bm_serialization_descriptor.rb +0 -76
  28. data/benchmarks/bm_serializer_resolver.rb +0 -22
  29. data/benchmarks/bm_to_object.rb +0 -81
  30. data/benchmarks/profile.rb +0 -86
  31. data/benchmarks/sanity.rb +0 -83
  32. data/benchmarks/setup.rb +0 -56
  33. data/benchmarks/type_casts/bm_active_record.rb +0 -58
  34. data/benchmarks/type_casts/bm_panko.rb +0 -65
  35. data/benchmarks/type_casts/support.rb +0 -27
  36. data/docs/docs/associations.md +0 -107
  37. data/docs/docs/attributes.md +0 -143
  38. data/docs/docs/design-choices.md +0 -127
  39. data/docs/docs/getting-started.md +0 -70
  40. data/docs/docs/introduction.md +0 -13
  41. data/docs/docs/performance.md +0 -32
  42. data/docs/docs/response-bag.md +0 -83
  43. data/docs/docusaurus.config.js +0 -86
  44. data/docs/package-lock.json +0 -15994
  45. data/docs/package.json +0 -21
  46. data/docs/sidebars.json +0 -15
  47. data/docs/src/css/customTheme.css +0 -9
  48. data/docs/static/.DS_Store +0 -0
  49. data/docs/static/CNAME +0 -1
  50. data/docs/static/css/custom.css +0 -51
  51. data/docs/static/img/favicon.ico +0 -0
  52. data/docs/static/img/oss_logo.png +0 -0
  53. data/docs/static/img/undraw_code_review.svg +0 -1
  54. data/docs/static/img/undraw_monitor.svg +0 -1
  55. data/docs/static/img/undraw_note_list.svg +0 -1
  56. data/docs/static/img/undraw_online.svg +0 -1
  57. data/docs/static/img/undraw_open_source.svg +0 -1
  58. data/docs/static/img/undraw_operating_system.svg +0 -1
  59. data/docs/static/img/undraw_react.svg +0 -1
  60. data/docs/static/img/undraw_tweetstorm.svg +0 -1
  61. data/docs/static/img/undraw_youtube_tutorial.svg +0 -1
  62. data/docs/static/index.html +0 -14
  63. data/gemfiles/7.0.0.gemfile +0 -39
  64. data/gemfiles/7.0.0.gemfile.lock +0 -176
  65. data/gemfiles/7.1.0.gemfile +0 -39
  66. data/gemfiles/7.1.0.gemfile.lock +0 -198
  67. data/gemfiles/7.2.0.gemfile +0 -39
  68. data/gemfiles/7.2.0.gemfile.lock +0 -198
  69. data/gemfiles/8.0.0.gemfile +0 -39
  70. data/gemfiles/8.0.0.gemfile.lock +0 -219
  71. data/panko_serializer.gemspec +0 -36
@@ -1,86 +0,0 @@
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- # frozen_string_literal: true
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-
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- require_relative "benchmarking_support"
4
- require_relative "app"
5
- require_relative "setup"
6
-
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- require "memory_profiler"
8
-
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- class NullLogger < Logger
10
- def initialize(*args)
11
- end
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-
13
- def add(*args, &block)
14
- end
15
- end
16
-
17
- class BenchmarkApp < Rails::Application
18
- routes.append do
19
- get "/simple" => "main#simple"
20
- get "/text" => "main#text"
21
-
22
- get "/serialize_to_string" => "main#serialize_to_string"
23
- get "/serialize_to_stream" => "streaming#serialize_to_stream"
24
- end
25
-
26
- config.secret_token = "s" * 30
27
- config.secret_key_base = "foo"
28
- config.consider_all_requests_local = false
29
-
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- # simulate production
31
- config.cache_classes = true
32
- config.eager_load = true
33
- config.action_controller.perform_caching = true
34
-
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- # otherwise deadlock occured
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- config.middleware.delete "Rack::Lock"
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-
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- # to disable log files
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- config.logger = NullLogger.new
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- config.active_support.deprecation = :log
41
- end
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-
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- BenchmarkApp.initialize!
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-
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- class AuthorFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :id, :name
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- end
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-
49
- class PostWithHasOneFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :id, :body, :title, :author_id
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-
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- has_one :author, serializer: AuthorFastSerializer
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- end
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-
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- class StreamingController < ActionController::Base
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- include ActionController::Live
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-
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- def serialize_to_stream
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- headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json"
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-
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- data = Benchmark.data[:all]
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- serializer = Panko::ArraySerializer.new([], each_serializer: PostWithHasOneFastSerializer)
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- writer = Oj::StreamWriter.new(response.stream, mode: :rails)
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-
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- serializer.serialize_to_writer(data, writer)
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-
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- response.stream.close
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- end
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- end
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-
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- class RouteNotFoundError < StandardError; end
72
-
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- def request(method, path)
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- response = Rack::MockRequest.new(BenchmarkApp).send(method, path)
75
- if response.status.in?([404, 500])
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- raise RouteNotFoundError.new, "not found #{method.to_s.upcase} #{path}"
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- end
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- response
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- end
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-
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- def memory(&)
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- mem = MemoryProfiler.report(&)
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- mem.pretty_print
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- end
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-
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- memory { request(:get, "/serialize_to_stream") }
data/benchmarks/sanity.rb DELETED
@@ -1,83 +0,0 @@
1
- # frozen_string_literal: true
2
-
3
- require_relative "benchmarking_support"
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- require_relative "app"
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- require_relative "setup"
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-
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- class PostWithAliasModel < ActiveRecord::Base
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- self.table_name = "posts"
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-
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- alias_attribute :new_id, :id
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- alias_attribute :new_body, :body
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- alias_attribute :new_title, :title
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- alias_attribute :new_author_id, :author_id
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- alias_attribute :new_created_at, :created_at
15
- end
16
-
17
- class PostWithAliasFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
18
- attributes :new_id, :new_body, :new_title, :new_author_id, :new_created_at
19
- end
20
-
21
- def benchmark_aliased(prefix, serializer, options = {})
22
- posts = PostWithAliasModel.all.to_a
23
- posts_50 = posts.first(50).to_a
24
-
25
- merged_options = options.merge(each_serializer: serializer)
26
-
27
- Benchmark.run("Panko_#{prefix}_PostWithAliasModels_#{posts.count}") do
28
- Panko::ArraySerializer.new(posts, merged_options).to_json
29
- end
30
-
31
- Benchmark.run("Panko_#{prefix}_Posts_50") do
32
- Panko::ArraySerializer.new(posts_50, merged_options).to_json
33
- end
34
- end
35
-
36
- class AuthorFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
37
- attributes :id, :name
38
- end
39
-
40
- class PostFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
41
- attributes :id, :body, :title, :author_id, :created_at
42
- end
43
-
44
- class PostFastWithMethodCallSerializer < Panko::Serializer
45
- attributes :id, :body, :title, :author_id, :created_at, :method_call
46
-
47
- def method_call
48
- object.id
49
- end
50
- end
51
-
52
- class PostWithHasOneFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
53
- attributes :id, :body, :title, :author_id, :created_at
54
-
55
- has_one :author, serializer: AuthorFastSerializer
56
- end
57
-
58
- class AuthorWithHasManyFastSerializer < Panko::Serializer
59
- attributes :id, :name
60
-
61
- has_many :posts, serializer: PostFastSerializer
62
- end
63
-
64
- def benchmark(prefix, serializer, options = {})
65
- posts = Benchmark.data[:all]
66
-
67
- merged_options = options.merge(each_serializer: serializer)
68
-
69
- Benchmark.run("Panko_#{prefix}_Posts_#{posts.count}") do
70
- Panko::ArraySerializer.new(posts, merged_options).to_json
71
- end
72
-
73
- posts_50 = Benchmark.data[:small]
74
-
75
- Benchmark.run("Panko_#{prefix}_Posts_50") do
76
- Panko::ArraySerializer.new(posts_50, merged_options).to_json
77
- end
78
- end
79
-
80
- benchmark "Simple", PostFastSerializer
81
- benchmark "HasOne", PostWithHasOneFastSerializer
82
- benchmark "SimpleWithMethodCall", PostFastWithMethodCallSerializer
83
- benchmark_aliased "Simple (aliased)", PostWithAliasFastSerializer
data/benchmarks/setup.rb DELETED
@@ -1,56 +0,0 @@
1
- # frozen_string_literal: true
2
-
3
- ###########################################
4
- # Setup active record models
5
- ##########################################
6
- require "active_record"
7
- require "sqlite3"
8
- require "securerandom"
9
-
10
- # Change the following to reflect your database settings
11
- ActiveRecord::Base.establish_connection(
12
- adapter: "sqlite3",
13
- database: ":memory:"
14
- )
15
-
16
- # Don't show migration output when constructing fake db
17
- ActiveRecord::Migration.verbose = false
18
-
19
- ActiveRecord::Schema.define do
20
- create_table :authors, force: true do |t|
21
- t.string :name
22
- t.timestamps(null: false)
23
- end
24
-
25
- create_table :posts, force: true do |t|
26
- t.text :body
27
- t.string :title
28
- t.references :author
29
- t.json :data
30
- t.timestamps(null: false)
31
- end
32
- end
33
-
34
- class Author < ActiveRecord::Base
35
- has_one :profile
36
- has_many :posts
37
- end
38
-
39
- class Post < ActiveRecord::Base
40
- belongs_to :author
41
- end
42
-
43
- Post.destroy_all
44
- Author.destroy_all
45
-
46
- # Build out the data to serialize
47
- Post.transaction do
48
- ENV.fetch("ITEMS_COUNT", "2300").to_i.times do
49
- Post.create(
50
- body: SecureRandom.hex(30),
51
- title: SecureRandom.hex(20),
52
- author: Author.create(name: SecureRandom.alphanumeric),
53
- data: {a: 1, b: 2, c: 3}
54
- )
55
- end
56
- end
@@ -1,58 +0,0 @@
1
- # frozen_string_literal: true
2
-
3
- require_relative "support"
4
-
5
- def ar_type_convert(type_klass, from, to)
6
- converter = type_klass.new
7
-
8
- assert type_klass.name, converter.deserialize(from), to
9
-
10
- Benchmark.run("#{type_klass.name}_TypeCast") do
11
- converter.deserialize(from)
12
- end
13
-
14
- Benchmark.run("#{type_klass.name}_NoTypeCast") do
15
- converter.deserialize(to)
16
- end
17
- end
18
-
19
- def utc_ar_time
20
- date = DateTime.new(2017, 3, 4, 12, 45, 23)
21
- tz = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("UTC")
22
- from = date.in_time_zone(tz).iso8601
23
-
24
- type = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::DateTime.new
25
- converter = ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
26
-
27
- Benchmark.run("#{tz}_#{type.class.name}_TypeCast") do
28
- converter.deserialize(from).iso8601
29
- end
30
- end
31
-
32
- def db_ar_time
33
- type = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::DateTime.new
34
- converter = ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
35
-
36
- from = "2017-07-10 09:26:40.937392"
37
-
38
- Benchmark.run("ActiveRecord_Time_TypeCast_WithISO8601") do
39
- converter.deserialize(from).iso8601
40
- end
41
- end
42
-
43
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::String, 1, "1"
44
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Text, 1, "1"
45
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Integer, "1", 1
46
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Float, "1.23", 1.23
47
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Boolean, "true", true
48
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Boolean, "t", true
49
-
50
- if check_if_exists "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Json"
51
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Json, '{"a":1}', {a: 1}
52
- end
53
- if check_if_exists "ActiveRecord::Type::Json"
54
- ar_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Json, '{"a":1}', {a: 1}
55
- end
56
-
57
- db_ar_time
58
- utc_ar_time
@@ -1,65 +0,0 @@
1
- # frozen_string_literal: true
2
-
3
- require_relative "support"
4
-
5
- def panko_type_convert(type_klass, from, to)
6
- converter = type_klass.new
7
- assert type_klass.name.to_s, Panko._type_cast(converter, from), to
8
-
9
- Benchmark.run("#{type_klass.name}_TypeCast") do
10
- Panko._type_cast(converter, from)
11
- end
12
-
13
- Benchmark.run("#{type_klass.name}_NoTypeCast") do
14
- Panko._type_cast(converter, to)
15
- end
16
- end
17
-
18
- def utc_panko_time
19
- date = DateTime.new(2017, 3, 4, 12, 45, 23)
20
- tz = ActiveSupport::TimeZone.new("UTC")
21
- from = date.in_time_zone(tz).iso8601
22
-
23
- type = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::DateTime.new
24
- converter = ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
25
-
26
- to = Panko._type_cast(converter, from)
27
-
28
- Benchmark.run("#{tz}_#{type.class.name}_TypeCast") do
29
- Panko._type_cast(converter, from)
30
- end
31
-
32
- Benchmark.run("#{tz}_#{type.class.name}_NoTypeCast") do
33
- Panko._type_cast(converter, to)
34
- end
35
- end
36
-
37
- def db_panko_time
38
- type = ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::DateTime.new
39
- converter = ActiveRecord::AttributeMethods::TimeZoneConversion::TimeZoneConverter.new(type)
40
-
41
- from = "2017-07-10 09:26:40.937392"
42
-
43
- Benchmark.run("Panko_Time_TypeCast") do
44
- Panko._type_cast(converter, from)
45
- end
46
- end
47
-
48
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::String, 1, "1"
49
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Text, 1, "1"
50
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Integer, "1", 1
51
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Float, "1.23", 1.23
52
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Boolean, "true", true
53
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Boolean, "t", true
54
-
55
- if check_if_exists "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Json"
56
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Json, '{"a":1}', '{"a":1}'
57
- end
58
- if check_if_exists "ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Jsonb"
59
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::ConnectionAdapters::PostgreSQL::OID::Jsonb, '{"a":1}', '{"a":1}'
60
- end
61
- if check_if_exists "ActiveRecord::Type::Json"
62
- panko_type_convert ActiveRecord::Type::Json, '{"a":1}', '{"a":1}'
63
- end
64
- db_panko_time
65
- utc_panko_time
@@ -1,27 +0,0 @@
1
- # frozen_string_literal: true
2
-
3
- require "active_record"
4
- require "active_record/connection_adapters/postgresql_adapter"
5
- require "active_model"
6
- require "active_support/all"
7
- require "pg"
8
- require "oj"
9
-
10
- require_relative "../benchmarking_support"
11
- require_relative "../../lib/panko_serializer"
12
-
13
- def assert(type_name, from, to)
14
- raise "#{type_name} - #{from.class} is not equals to #{to.class}" unless from.to_json == to.to_json
15
- end
16
-
17
- def check_if_exists(module_name)
18
- mod = begin
19
- module_name.constantize
20
- rescue
21
- nil
22
- end
23
- return true if mod
24
- false unless mod
25
- end
26
-
27
- Time.zone = "UTC"
@@ -1,107 +0,0 @@
1
- ---
2
- id: associations
3
- title: Associations
4
- sidebar_label: Associations
5
- ---
6
- A serializer can define it's own associations - both `has_many` and `has_one` to serializer under the context of the object.
7
-
8
- For example:
9
-
10
- ```ruby
11
-
12
- class PostSerializer < Panko::Serializer
13
- attributes :title, :body
14
-
15
- has_one :author, serializer: AuthorSerializer
16
- has_many :comments, each_serializer: CommentSerializer
17
- end
18
-
19
- ```
20
-
21
- ### Associations with aliases
22
-
23
- An association key name can be aliased with the `name` option.
24
-
25
- For example:
26
- the `actual_author` property will be converted to `alias_author`.
27
-
28
- ```ruby
29
-
30
- class PostSerializer < Panko::Serializer
31
- attributes :title, :body
32
-
33
- has_one :actual_author, serializer: AuthorSerializer, name: :alias_author
34
- has_many :comments, each_serializer: CommentSerializer
35
- end
36
-
37
- ```
38
-
39
- ### Inference
40
-
41
- Panko can find the type of the serializer by looking at the realtionship name, so instead specifying
42
- the serializer at the above example, we can -
43
-
44
- ```ruby
45
-
46
- class PostSerializer < Panko::Serializer
47
- attributes :title, :body
48
-
49
- has_one :author
50
- has_many :comments
51
- end
52
-
53
- ```
54
-
55
- The logic of inferencing is -
56
-
57
- - Take the name of the relationship (for example - `:author` / `:comments`) singularize and camelize it
58
- - Look for const defined with the name aboe and "Serializer" suffix (by using `Object.const_get`)
59
-
60
- &gt; If Panko can't find the serializer it will throw an error on startup time, for example: `Can't find serializer for PostSerializer.author has_one relationship`
61
-
62
- ## Nested Filters
63
-
64
- As talked before, Panko allows you to filter the attributes of a serializer.
65
- But Panko let you take that step further, and filters the attributes of you associations so you can re-use your serializers in your application.
66
-
67
- For example, let's say one portion of the application needs to serializer list of posts and serializer their - `title`, `body`, author's id and comments id.
68
-
69
- We can declare tailored serializer for this, or we can re-use the above defined serializer - `PostSerializer` and use nested filters.
70
-
71
- ```ruby
72
-
73
- posts = Post.all
74
-
75
- Panko::ArraySerializer.new(posts, each_serializer: PostSerializer, only: {
76
- instance: [:title, :body, :author, :comments],
77
- author: [:id],
78
- comments: [:id],
79
- })
80
-
81
- ```
82
-
83
- Let's dissect `only` option we passed -
84
-
85
- - `instance` - list of attributes (and associations) we want to serializer for current instance of the serializer, in this case - `PostSerializer`.
86
- - `author`, `comments` - here we specify the list of attributes we want to serialize for each association.
87
-
88
- It's important to note that Nested Filters, are recursive, in other words, we can filter the association's associations.
89
-
90
- For example, `CommentSerializer` have has_one association `Author`, and for each `comments.author` we only it's name.
91
-
92
- ```ruby
93
-
94
- posts = Post.all
95
-
96
- Panko::ArraySerializer.new(posts, only: {
97
- instance: [:title, :body, :author, :comments],
98
- author: [:id],
99
- comments: {
100
- instance: [:id, :author],
101
- author: [:name]
102
- }
103
- })
104
-
105
- ```
106
-
107
- As you see now in `comments` the `instance` have different meaning, the `CommentSerializer`.
@@ -1,143 +0,0 @@
1
- ---
2
- id: attributes
3
- title: Attributes
4
- sidebar_label: Attributes
5
- ---
6
- Attributes allow you to specify which record attributes you want to serialize,
7
- There are two types of attributes:
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-
9
- - Field - simple columns defined on the record it self.
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- - Virtual/Method - this allows to include properties beyond simple fields.
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-
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- ```ruby
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-
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- class UserSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :full_name
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-
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- def full_name
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- "#{object.first_name} #{object.last_name}"
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- end
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- end
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-
22
- ```
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-
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- ## Field Attributes
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-
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- Using field attributes you can control which columns of the given ActiveRecord object you want to serialize.
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-
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- Instead of relying ActiveRecord to do it's type casting, Panko does on it's own for performance reasons (read more in [Design Choices](design-choices.md#type-casting)).
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-
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- ## Method Attributes
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- Method attributes are used when your serialized values can be derived from the object you are serializing.
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-
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- The serializer's attribute methods can access the object being serialized as `object` -
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-
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- ```ruby
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-
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- class PostSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :author_name
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-
41
- def author_name
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- "#{object.author.first_name} #{object.author.last_name}"
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- end
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- end
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-
46
- ```
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-
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- Another useful, thing you can pass your serializer is `context`, a `context` is a bag of data whom your serializer may need.
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-
50
- For example, here we will pass feature flags:
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-
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- ```ruby
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-
54
- class UserSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :id, :email
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-
57
- def feature_flags
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- context[:feature_flags]
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- end
60
- end
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-
62
- serializer = UserSerializer.new(context: {
63
- feature_flags: FeatureFlags.all
64
- })
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-
66
- serializer.serialize(User.first)
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-
68
- ```
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-
70
- ## Filters
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-
72
- Filters allows us to reduce the amount of attributes we can serialize, therefore reduce the data usage & performance of serializing.
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-
74
- There are two types of filters:
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-
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- - only - use those attributes **only** and nothing else
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- - except - all attributes **except** those attributes
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-
79
- Usage example:
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-
81
- ```ruby
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-
83
- class UserSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :id, :name, :email
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- end
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-
87
- # this line will return { 'name': '..' }
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- UserSerializer.new(only: [:name]).serialize(User.first)
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-
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- # this line will return { 'id': '..', 'email': ... }
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- UserSerializer.new(except: [:name]).serialize(User.first)
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-
93
- ```
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-
95
- &gt; **Note** that if you want to user filter on an associations, the `:name`
96
- &gt; property is not taken into account.
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- &gt; If you have a `has_many :state_transitions, name: :history` association
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- &gt; defined, the key to use in filters is `:state_transitions`
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- &gt; (e.g. `{ except: [:state_transitions] }`)
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-
101
- ## Filters For
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-
103
- Sometimes you find yourself have the same filtering logic in actions in order to
104
- solve this duplication, Panko allows you to write the filters in the serializer.
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-
106
- ```ruby
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-
108
- class UserSerializer < Panko::Serializer
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- attributes :id, :name, :email
110
-
111
- def self.filters_for(context, scope)
112
- {
113
- only: [:name]
114
- }
115
- end
116
- end
117
-
118
- # this line will return { 'name': '..' }
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- UserSerializer.serialize(User.first)
120
-
121
- ```
122
-
123
- &gt; See discussion in: https:
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-
125
- ## Aliases
126
-
127
- Let's say we have attribute name that we want to expose to client as different name, the current way of doing so is using method attribute, for example:
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-
129
- ```ruby
130
-
131
-
132
-
133
- ```
134
-
135
- The downside of this approach is that `` skips Panko's type casting, therefore we get direct hit on performance.
136
-
137
- To fix this, we can use aliases -
138
-
139
- ```ruby
140
-
141
-
142
-
143
- ```