pagy 7.0.11 → 8.6.3

data/lib/optimist.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1022 @@
+# lib/optimist.rb -- optimist command-line processing library
+# Copyright (c) 2008-2014 William Morgan.
+# Copyright (c) 2014 Red Hat, Inc.
+# optimist is licensed under the MIT license.
+
+require 'date'
+
+module Optimist
+  VERSION = "3.1.0"
+
+  ## Thrown by Parser in the event of a commandline error. Not needed if
+  ## you're using the Optimist::options entry.
+  class CommandlineError < StandardError
+    attr_reader :error_code
+
+    def initialize(msg, error_code = nil)
+      super(msg)
+      @error_code = error_code
+    end
+  end
+
+  ## Thrown by Parser if the user passes in '-h' or '--help'. Handled
+  ## automatically by Optimist#options.
+  class HelpNeeded < StandardError
+  end
+
+  ## Thrown by Parser if the user passes in '-v' or '--version'. Handled
+  ## automatically by Optimist#options.
+  class VersionNeeded < StandardError
+  end
+
+  ## Regex for floating point numbers
+  FLOAT_RE = /^-?((\d+(\.\d+)?)|(\.\d+))([eE][-+]?[\d]+)?$/
+
+  ## Regex for parameters
+  PARAM_RE = /^-(-|\.$|[^\d\.])/
+
+  ## The commandline parser. In typical usage, the methods in this class
+  ## will be handled internally by Optimist::options. In this case, only the
+  ## #opt, #banner and #version, #depends, and #conflicts methods will
+  ## typically be called.
+  ##
+  ## If you want to instantiate this class yourself (for more complicated
+  ## argument-parsing logic), call #parse to actually produce the output hash,
+  ## and consider calling it from within
+  ## Optimist::with_standard_exception_handling.
+  class Parser
+
+    ## The registry is a class-instance-variable map of option aliases to their subclassed Option class.
+    @registry = {}
+
+    ## The Option subclasses are responsible for registering themselves using this function.
+    def self.register(lookup, klass)
+      @registry[lookup.to_sym] = klass
+    end
+
+    ## Gets the class from the registry.
+    ## Can be given either a class-name, e.g. Integer, a string, e.g "integer", or a symbol, e.g :integer
+    def self.registry_getopttype(type)
+      return nil unless type
+      if type.respond_to?(:name)
+        type = type.name
+        lookup = type.downcase.to_sym
+      else
+        lookup = type.to_sym
+      end
+      raise ArgumentError, "Unsupported argument type '#{type}', registry lookup '#{lookup}'" unless @registry.has_key?(lookup)
+      return @registry[lookup].new
+    end
+
+    INVALID_SHORT_ARG_REGEX = /[\d-]/ #:nodoc:
+
+    ## The values from the commandline that were not interpreted by #parse.
+    attr_reader :leftovers
+
+    ## The complete configuration hashes for each option. (Mainly useful
+    ## for testing.)
+    attr_reader :specs
+
+    ## A flag that determines whether or not to raise an error if the parser is passed one or more
+    ##  options that were not registered ahead of time.  If 'true', then the parser will simply
+    ##  ignore options that it does not recognize.
+    attr_accessor :ignore_invalid_options
+
+    ## Initializes the parser, and instance-evaluates any block given.
+    def initialize(*a, &b)
+      @version = nil
+      @leftovers = []
+      @specs = {}
+      @long = {}
+      @short = {}
+      @order = []
+      @constraints = []
+      @stop_words = []
+      @stop_on_unknown = false
+      @educate_on_error = false
+      @synopsis = nil
+      @usage = nil
+
+      # instance_eval(&b) if b # can't take arguments
+      cloaker(&b).bind(self).call(*a) if b
+    end
+
+    ## Define an option. +name+ is the option name, a unique identifier
+    ## for the option that you will use internally, which should be a
+    ## symbol or a string. +desc+ is a string description which will be
+    ## displayed in help messages.
+    ##
+    ## Takes the following optional arguments:
+    ##
+    ## [+:long+] Specify the long form of the argument, i.e. the form with two dashes. If unspecified, will be automatically derived based on the argument name by turning the +name+ option into a string, and replacing any _'s by -'s.
+    ## [+:short+] Specify the short form of the argument, i.e. the form with one dash. If unspecified, will be automatically derived from +name+. Use :none: to not have a short value.
+    ## [+:type+] Require that the argument take a parameter or parameters of type +type+. For a single parameter, the value can be a member of +SINGLE_ARG_TYPES+, or a corresponding Ruby class (e.g. +Integer+ for +:int+). For multiple-argument parameters, the value can be any member of +MULTI_ARG_TYPES+ constant. If unset, the default argument type is +:flag+, meaning that the argument does not take a parameter. The specification of +:type+ is not necessary if a +:default+ is given.
+    ## [+:default+] Set the default value for an argument. Without a default value, the hash returned by #parse (and thus Optimist::options) will have a +nil+ value for this key unless the argument is given on the commandline. The argument type is derived automatically from the class of the default value given, so specifying a +:type+ is not necessary if a +:default+ is given. (But see below for an important caveat when +:multi+: is specified too.) If the argument is a flag, and the default is set to +true+, then if it is specified on the the commandline the value will be +false+.
+    ## [+:required+] If set to +true+, the argument must be provided on the commandline.
+    ## [+:multi+] If set to +true+, allows multiple occurrences of the option on the commandline. Otherwise, only a single instance of the option is allowed. (Note that this is different from taking multiple parameters. See below.)
+    ##
+    ## Note that there are two types of argument multiplicity: an argument
+    ## can take multiple values, e.g. "--arg 1 2 3". An argument can also
+    ## be allowed to occur multiple times, e.g. "--arg 1 --arg 2".
+    ##
+    ## Arguments that take multiple values should have a +:type+ parameter
+    ## drawn from +MULTI_ARG_TYPES+ (e.g. +:strings+), or a +:default:+
+    ## value of an array of the correct type (e.g. [String]). The
+    ## value of this argument will be an array of the parameters on the
+    ## commandline.
+    ##
+    ## Arguments that can occur multiple times should be marked with
+    ## +:multi+ => +true+. The value of this argument will also be an array.
+    ## In contrast with regular non-multi options, if not specified on
+    ## the commandline, the default value will be [], not nil.
+    ##
+    ## These two attributes can be combined (e.g. +:type+ => +:strings+,
+    ## +:multi+ => +true+), in which case the value of the argument will be
+    ## an array of arrays.
+    ##
+    ## There's one ambiguous case to be aware of: when +:multi+: is true and a
+    ## +:default+ is set to an array (of something), it's ambiguous whether this
+    ## is a multi-value argument as well as a multi-occurrence argument.
+    ## In this case, Optimist assumes that it's not a multi-value argument.
+    ## If you want a multi-value, multi-occurrence argument with a default
+    ## value, you must specify +:type+ as well.
+
+    def opt(name, desc = "", opts = {}, &b)
+      opts[:callback] ||= b if block_given?
+      opts[:desc] ||= desc
+
+      o = Option.create(name, desc, opts)
+
+      raise ArgumentError, "you already have an argument named '#{name}'" if @specs.member? o.name
+      raise ArgumentError, "long option name #{o.long.inspect} is already taken; please specify a (different) :long" if @long[o.long]
+      raise ArgumentError, "short option name #{o.short.inspect} is already taken; please specify a (different) :short" if @short[o.short]
+      @long[o.long] = o.name
+      @short[o.short] = o.name if o.short?
+      @specs[o.name] = o
+      @order << [:opt, o.name]
+    end
+
+    ## Sets the version string. If set, the user can request the version
+    ## on the commandline. Should probably be of the form "<program name>
+    ## <version number>".
+    def version(s = nil)
+      s ? @version = s : @version
+    end
+
+    ## Sets the usage string. If set the message will be printed as the
+    ## first line in the help (educate) output and ending in two new
+    ## lines.
+    def usage(s = nil)
+      s ? @usage = s : @usage
+    end
+
+    ## Adds a synopsis (command summary description) right below the
+    ## usage line, or as the first line if usage isn't specified.
+    def synopsis(s = nil)
+      s ? @synopsis = s : @synopsis
+    end
+
+    ## Adds text to the help display. Can be interspersed with calls to
+    ## #opt to build a multi-section help page.
+    def banner(s)
+      @order << [:text, s]
+    end
+    alias_method :text, :banner
+
+    ## Marks two (or more!) options as requiring each other. Only handles
+    ## undirected (i.e., mutual) dependencies. Directed dependencies are
+    ## better modeled with Optimist::die.
+    def depends(*syms)
+      syms.each { |sym| raise ArgumentError, "unknown option '#{sym}'" unless @specs[sym] }
+      @constraints << [:depends, syms]
+    end
+
+    ## Marks two (or more!) options as conflicting.
+    def conflicts(*syms)
+      syms.each { |sym| raise ArgumentError, "unknown option '#{sym}'" unless @specs[sym] }
+      @constraints << [:conflicts, syms]
+    end
+
+    ## Marks two (or more!) options as required but mutually exclusive.
+    def either(*syms)
+      syms.each { |sym| raise ArgumentError, "unknown option '#{sym}'" unless @specs[sym] }
+      @constraints << [:conflicts, syms]
+      @constraints << [:either, syms]
+    end
+
+    ## Defines a set of words which cause parsing to terminate when
+    ## encountered, such that any options to the left of the word are
+    ## parsed as usual, and options to the right of the word are left
+    ## intact.
+    ##
+    ## A typical use case would be for subcommand support, where these
+    ## would be set to the list of subcommands. A subsequent Optimist
+    ## invocation would then be used to parse subcommand options, after
+    ## shifting the subcommand off of ARGV.
+    def stop_on(*words)
+      @stop_words = [*words].flatten
+    end
+
+    ## Similar to #stop_on, but stops on any unknown word when encountered
+    ## (unless it is a parameter for an argument). This is useful for
+    ## cases where you don't know the set of subcommands ahead of time,
+    ## i.e., without first parsing the global options.
+    def stop_on_unknown
+      @stop_on_unknown = true
+    end
+
+    ## Instead of displaying "Try --help for help." on an error
+    ## display the usage (via educate)
+    def educate_on_error
+      @educate_on_error = true
+    end
+
+    ## Parses the commandline. Typically called by Optimist::options,
+    ## but you can call it directly if you need more control.
+    ##
+    ## throws CommandlineError, HelpNeeded, and VersionNeeded exceptions.
+    def parse(cmdline = ARGV)
+      vals = {}
+      required = {}
+
+      opt :version, "Print version and exit" if @version && ! (@specs[:version] || @long["version"])
+      opt :help, "Show this message" unless @specs[:help] || @long["help"]
+
+      @specs.each do |sym, opts|
+        required[sym] = true if opts.required?
+        vals[sym] = opts.default
+        vals[sym] = [] if opts.multi && !opts.default # multi arguments default to [], not nil
+      end
+
+      resolve_default_short_options!
+
+      ## resolve symbols
+      given_args = {}
+      @leftovers = each_arg cmdline do |arg, params|
+        ## handle --no- forms
+        arg, negative_given = if arg =~ /^--no-([^-]\S*)$/
+                                ["--#{$1}", true]
+                              else
+                                [arg, false]
+                              end
+
+        sym = case arg
+              when /^-([^-])$/      then @short[$1]
+              when /^--([^-]\S*)$/  then @long[$1] || @long["no-#{$1}"]
+              else                       raise CommandlineError, "invalid argument syntax: '#{arg}'"
+              end
+
+        sym = nil if arg =~ /--no-/ # explicitly invalidate --no-no- arguments
+
+        next nil if ignore_invalid_options && !sym
+        raise CommandlineError, "unknown argument '#{arg}'" unless sym
+
+        if given_args.include?(sym) && !@specs[sym].multi?
+          raise CommandlineError, "option '#{arg}' specified multiple times"
+        end
+
+        given_args[sym] ||= {}
+        given_args[sym][:arg] = arg
+        given_args[sym][:negative_given] = negative_given
+        given_args[sym][:params] ||= []
+
+        # The block returns the number of parameters taken.
+        num_params_taken = 0
+
+        unless params.empty?
+          if @specs[sym].single_arg?
+            given_args[sym][:params] << params[0, 1]  # take the first parameter
+            num_params_taken = 1
+          elsif @specs[sym].multi_arg?
+            given_args[sym][:params] << params        # take all the parameters
+            num_params_taken = params.size
+          end
+        end
+
+        num_params_taken
+      end
+
+      ## check for version and help args
+      raise VersionNeeded if given_args.include? :version
+      raise HelpNeeded if given_args.include? :help
+
+      ## check constraint satisfaction
+      @constraints.each do |type, syms|
+        constraint_sym = syms.find { |sym| given_args[sym] }
+
+        case type
+        when :depends
+          next unless constraint_sym
+          syms.each { |sym| raise CommandlineError, "--#{@specs[constraint_sym].long} requires --#{@specs[sym].long}" unless given_args.include? sym }
+        when :conflicts
+          next unless constraint_sym
+          syms.each { |sym| raise CommandlineError, "--#{@specs[constraint_sym].long} conflicts with --#{@specs[sym].long}" if given_args.include?(sym) && (sym != constraint_sym) }
+        when :either
+          raise CommandlineError, "one of #{syms.map { |sym| "--#{@specs[sym].long}" }.join(', ') } is required" if (syms & given_args.keys).size != 1
+        end
+      end
+
+      required.each do |sym, val|
+        raise CommandlineError, "option --#{@specs[sym].long} must be specified" unless given_args.include? sym
+      end
+
+      ## parse parameters
+      given_args.each do |sym, given_data|
+        arg, params, negative_given = given_data.values_at :arg, :params, :negative_given
+
+        opts = @specs[sym]
+        if params.empty? && !opts.flag?
+          raise CommandlineError, "option '#{arg}' needs a parameter" unless opts.default
+          params << (opts.array_default? ? opts.default.clone : [opts.default])
+        end
+
+        vals["#{sym}_given".intern] = true # mark argument as specified on the commandline
+
+        vals[sym] = opts.parse(params, negative_given)
+
+        if opts.single_arg?
+          if opts.multi?        # multiple options, each with a single parameter
+            vals[sym] = vals[sym].map { |p| p[0] }
+          else                  # single parameter
+            vals[sym] = vals[sym][0][0]
+          end
+        elsif opts.multi_arg? && !opts.multi?
+          vals[sym] = vals[sym][0]  # single option, with multiple parameters
+        end
+        # else: multiple options, with multiple parameters
+
+        opts.callback.call(vals[sym]) if opts.callback
+      end
+
+      ## modify input in place with only those
+      ## arguments we didn't process
+      cmdline.clear
+      @leftovers.each { |l| cmdline << l }
+
+      ## allow openstruct-style accessors
+      class << vals
+        def method_missing(m, *_args)
+          self[m] || self[m.to_s]
+        end
+      end
+      vals
+    end
+
+    ## Print the help message to +stream+.
+    def educate(stream = $stdout)
+      width # hack: calculate it now; otherwise we have to be careful not to
+      # call this unless the cursor's at the beginning of a line.
+
+      left = {}
+      @specs.each { |name, spec| left[name] = spec.educate }
+
+      leftcol_width = left.values.map(&:length).max || 0
+      rightcol_start = leftcol_width + 6 # spaces
+
+      unless @order.size > 0 && @order.first.first == :text
+        command_name = File.basename($0).gsub(/\.[^.]+$/, '')
+        stream.puts "Usage: #{command_name} #{@usage}\n" if @usage
+        stream.puts "#{@synopsis}\n" if @synopsis
+        stream.puts if @usage || @synopsis
+        stream.puts "#{@version}\n" if @version
+        stream.puts "Options:"
+      end
+
+      @order.each do |what, opt|
+        if what == :text
+          stream.puts wrap(opt)
+          next
+        end
+
+        spec = @specs[opt]
+        stream.printf "  %-#{leftcol_width}s    ", left[opt]
+        desc = spec.description_with_default
+
+        stream.puts wrap(desc, :width => width - rightcol_start - 1, :prefix => rightcol_start)
+      end
+    end
+
+    def width #:nodoc:
+      @width ||= if $stdout.tty?
+                   begin
+                     require 'io/console'
+                     w = IO.console.winsize.last
+                     w.to_i > 0 ? w : 80
+                   rescue LoadError, NoMethodError, Errno::ENOTTY, Errno::EBADF, Errno::EINVAL
+                     legacy_width
+                   end
+                 else
+                   80
+                 end
+    end
+
+    def legacy_width
+      # Support for older Rubies where io/console is not available
+      `tput cols`.to_i
+    rescue Errno::ENOENT
+      80
+    end
+    private :legacy_width
+
+    def wrap(str, opts = {}) # :nodoc:
+      if str == ""
+        [""]
+      else
+        inner = false
+        str.split("\n").map do |s|
+          line = wrap_line s, opts.merge(:inner => inner)
+          inner = true
+          line
+        end.flatten
+      end
+    end
+
+    ## The per-parser version of Optimist::die (see that for documentation).
+    def die(arg, msg = nil, error_code = nil)
+      msg, error_code = nil, msg if msg.kind_of?(Integer)
+      if msg
+        $stderr.puts "Error: argument --#{@specs[arg].long} #{msg}."
+      else
+        $stderr.puts "Error: #{arg}."
+      end
+      if @educate_on_error
+        $stderr.puts
+        educate $stderr
+      else
+        $stderr.puts "Try --help for help."
+      end
+      exit(error_code || -1)
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    ## yield successive arg, parameter pairs
+    def each_arg(args)
+      remains = []
+      i = 0
+
+      until i >= args.length
+        return remains += args[i..-1] if @stop_words.member? args[i]
+        case args[i]
+        when /^--$/ # arg terminator
+          return remains += args[(i + 1)..-1]
+        when /^--(\S+?)=(.*)$/ # long argument with equals
+          num_params_taken = yield "--#{$1}", [$2]
+          if num_params_taken.nil?
+            remains << args[i]
+            if @stop_on_unknown
+              return remains += args[i + 1..-1]
+            end
+          end
+          i += 1
+        when /^--(\S+)$/ # long argument
+          params = collect_argument_parameters(args, i + 1)
+          num_params_taken = yield args[i], params
+
+          if num_params_taken.nil?
+            remains << args[i]
+            if @stop_on_unknown
+              return remains += args[i + 1..-1]
+            end
+          else
+            i += num_params_taken
+          end
+          i += 1
+        when /^-(\S+)$/ # one or more short arguments
+          short_remaining = ""
+          shortargs = $1.split(//)
+          shortargs.each_with_index do |a, j|
+            if j == (shortargs.length - 1)
+              params = collect_argument_parameters(args, i + 1)
+
+              num_params_taken = yield "-#{a}", params
+              unless num_params_taken
+                short_remaining << a
+                if @stop_on_unknown
+                  remains << "-#{short_remaining}"
+                  return remains += args[i + 1..-1]
+                end
+              else
+                i += num_params_taken
+              end
+            else
+              unless yield "-#{a}", []
+                short_remaining << a
+                if @stop_on_unknown
+                  short_remaining += shortargs[j + 1..-1].join
+                  remains << "-#{short_remaining}"
+                  return remains += args[i + 1..-1]
+                end
+              end
+            end
+          end
+
+          unless short_remaining.empty?
+            remains << "-#{short_remaining}"
+          end
+          i += 1
+        else
+          if @stop_on_unknown
+            return remains += args[i..-1]
+          else
+            remains << args[i]
+            i += 1
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      remains
+    end
+
+    def collect_argument_parameters(args, start_at)
+      params = []
+      pos = start_at
+      while args[pos] && args[pos] !~ PARAM_RE && !@stop_words.member?(args[pos]) do
+        params << args[pos]
+        pos += 1
+      end
+      params
+    end
+
+    def resolve_default_short_options!
+      @order.each do |type, name|
+        opts = @specs[name]
+        next if type != :opt || opts.short
+
+        c = opts.long.split(//).find { |d| d !~ INVALID_SHORT_ARG_REGEX && !@short.member?(d) }
+        if c # found a character to use
+          opts.short = c
+          @short[c] = name
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    def wrap_line(str, opts = {})
+      prefix = opts[:prefix] || 0
+      width = opts[:width] || (self.width - 1)
+      start = 0
+      ret = []
+      until start > str.length
+        nextt =
+        if start + width >= str.length
+          str.length
+        else
+          x = str.rindex(/\s/, start + width)
+          x = str.index(/\s/, start) if x && x < start
+          x || str.length
+        end
+        ret << ((ret.empty? && !opts[:inner]) ? "" : " " * prefix) + str[start...nextt]
+        start = nextt + 1
+      end
+      ret
+    end
+
+    ## instance_eval but with ability to handle block arguments
+    ## thanks to _why: http://redhanded.hobix.com/inspect/aBlockCostume.html
+    def cloaker(&b)
+      (class << self; self; end).class_eval do
+        define_method :cloaker_, &b
+        meth = instance_method :cloaker_
+        remove_method :cloaker_
+        meth
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  class Option
+
+    attr_accessor :name, :short, :long, :default
+    attr_writer :multi_given
+
+    def initialize
+      @long = nil
+      @short = nil
+      @name = nil
+      @multi_given = false
+      @hidden = false
+      @default = nil
+      @optshash = Hash.new()
+    end
+
+    def opts(key)
+      @optshash[key]
+    end
+
+    def opts=(o)
+      @optshash = o
+    end
+
+    ## Indicates a flag option, which is an option without an argument
+    def flag? ; false ; end
+    def single_arg?
+      !self.multi_arg? && !self.flag?
+    end
+
+    def multi ; @multi_given ; end
+    alias multi? multi
+
+    ## Indicates that this is a multivalued (Array type) argument
+    def multi_arg? ; false ; end
+    ## note: Option-Types with both multi_arg? and flag? false are single-parameter (normal) options.
+
+    def array_default? ; self.default.kind_of?(Array) ; end
+
+    def short? ; short && short != :none ; end
+
+    def callback ; opts(:callback) ; end
+    def desc ; opts(:desc) ; end
+
+    def required? ; opts(:required) ; end
+
+    def parse(_paramlist, _neg_given)
+      raise NotImplementedError, "parse must be overridden for newly registered type"
+    end
+
+    # provide type-format string.  default to empty, but user should probably override it
+    def type_format ; "" ; end
+
+    def educate
+      (short? ? "-#{short}, " : "") + "--#{long}" + type_format + (flag? && default ? ", --no-#{long}" : "")
+    end
+
+    ## Format the educate-line description including the default-value(s)
+    def description_with_default
+      return desc unless default
+      default_s = case default
+                  when $stdout   then '<stdout>'
+                  when $stdin    then '<stdin>'
+                  when $stderr   then '<stderr>'
+                  when Array
+                    default.join(', ')
+                  else
+                    default.to_s
+                  end
+      defword = desc.end_with?('.') ? 'Default' : 'default'
+      return "#{desc} (#{defword}: #{default_s})"
+    end
+
+    ## Provide a way to register symbol aliases to the Parser
+    def self.register_alias(*alias_keys)
+      alias_keys.each do |alias_key|
+        # pass in the alias-key and the class
+        Parser.register(alias_key, self)
+      end
+    end
+
+    ## Factory class methods ...
+
+    # Determines which type of object to create based on arguments passed
+    # to +Optimist::opt+.  This is trickier in Optimist, than other cmdline
+    # parsers (e.g. Slop) because we allow the +default:+ to be able to
+    # set the option's type.
+    def self.create(name, desc="", opts={}, settings={})
+
+      opttype = Optimist::Parser.registry_getopttype(opts[:type])
+      opttype_from_default = get_klass_from_default(opts, opttype)
+
+      raise ArgumentError, ":type specification and default type don't match (default type is #{opttype_from_default.class})" if opttype && opttype_from_default && (opttype.class != opttype_from_default.class)
+
+      opt_inst = (opttype || opttype_from_default || Optimist::BooleanOption.new)
+
+      ## fill in :long
+      opt_inst.long = handle_long_opt(opts[:long], name)
+
+      ## fill in :short
+      opt_inst.short = handle_short_opt(opts[:short])
+
+      ## fill in :multi
+      multi_given = opts[:multi] || false
+      opt_inst.multi_given = multi_given
+
+      ## fill in :default for flags
+      defvalue = opts[:default] || opt_inst.default
+
+      ## autobox :default for :multi (multi-occurrence) arguments
+      defvalue = [defvalue] if defvalue && multi_given && !defvalue.kind_of?(Array)
+      opt_inst.default = defvalue
+      opt_inst.name = name
+      opt_inst.opts = opts
+      opt_inst
+    end
+
+    private
+
+    def self.get_type_from_disdef(optdef, opttype, disambiguated_default)
+      if disambiguated_default.is_a? Array
+        return(optdef.first.class.name.downcase + "s") if !optdef.empty?
+        if opttype
+          raise ArgumentError, "multiple argument type must be plural" unless opttype.multi_arg?
+          return nil
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "multiple argument type cannot be deduced from an empty array"
+        end
+      end
+      return disambiguated_default.class.name.downcase
+    end
+
+    def self.get_klass_from_default(opts, opttype)
+      ## for options with :multi => true, an array default doesn't imply
+      ## a multi-valued argument. for that you have to specify a :type
+      ## as well. (this is how we disambiguate an ambiguous situation;
+      ## see the docs for Parser#opt for details.)
+
+      disambiguated_default = if opts[:multi] && opts[:default].is_a?(Array) && opttype.nil?
+                                opts[:default].first
+                              else
+                                opts[:default]
+                              end
+
+      return nil if disambiguated_default.nil?
+      type_from_default = get_type_from_disdef(opts[:default], opttype, disambiguated_default)
+      return Optimist::Parser.registry_getopttype(type_from_default)
+    end
+
+    def self.handle_long_opt(lopt, name)
+      lopt = lopt ? lopt.to_s : name.to_s.gsub("_", "-")
+      lopt = case lopt
+             when /^--([^-].*)$/ then $1
+             when /^[^-]/        then lopt
+             else                     raise ArgumentError, "invalid long option name #{lopt.inspect}"
+             end
+    end
+
+    def self.handle_short_opt(sopt)
+      sopt = sopt.to_s if sopt && sopt != :none
+      sopt = case sopt
+             when /^-(.)$/          then $1
+             when nil, :none, /^.$/ then sopt
+             else                   raise ArgumentError, "invalid short option name '#{sopt.inspect}'"
+             end
+
+      if sopt
+        raise ArgumentError, "a short option name can't be a number or a dash" if sopt =~ ::Optimist::Parser::INVALID_SHORT_ARG_REGEX
+      end
+      return sopt
+    end
+
+  end
+
+  # Flag option.  Has no arguments. Can be negated with "no-".
+  class BooleanOption < Option
+    register_alias :flag, :bool, :boolean, :trueclass, :falseclass
+    def initialize
+      super()
+      @default = false
+    end
+    def flag? ; true ; end
+    def parse(_paramlist, neg_given)
+      return(self.name.to_s =~ /^no_/ ? neg_given : !neg_given)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Floating point number option class.
+  class FloatOption < Option
+    register_alias :float, :double
+    def type_format ; "=<f>" ; end
+    def parse(paramlist, _neg_given)
+      paramlist.map do |pg|
+        pg.map do |param|
+          raise CommandlineError, "option '#{self.name}' needs a floating-point number" unless param.is_a?(Numeric) || param =~ FLOAT_RE
+          param.to_f
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Integer number option class.
+  class IntegerOption < Option
+    register_alias :int, :integer, :fixnum
+    def type_format ; "=<i>" ; end
+    def parse(paramlist, _neg_given)
+      paramlist.map do |pg|
+        pg.map do |param|
+          raise CommandlineError, "option '#{self.name}' needs an integer" unless param.is_a?(Numeric) || param =~ /^-?[\d_]+$/
+          param.to_i
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Option class for handling IO objects and URLs.
+  # Note that this will return the file-handle, not the file-name
+  # in the case of file-paths given to it.
+  class IOOption < Option
+    register_alias :io
+    def type_format ; "=<filename/uri>" ; end
+    def parse(paramlist, _neg_given)
+      paramlist.map do |pg|
+        pg.map do |param|
+          if param =~ /^(stdin|-)$/i
+            $stdin
+          else
+            require 'open-uri'
+            begin
+              open param
+            rescue SystemCallError => e
+              raise CommandlineError, "file or url for option '#{self.name}' cannot be opened: #{e.message}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Option class for handling Strings.
+  class StringOption < Option
+    register_alias :string
+    def type_format ; "=<s>" ; end
+    def parse(paramlist, _neg_given)
+      paramlist.map { |pg| pg.map(&:to_s) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Option for dates.  Uses Chronic if it exists.
+  class DateOption < Option
+    register_alias :date
+    def type_format ; "=<date>" ; end
+    def parse(paramlist, _neg_given)
+      paramlist.map do |pg|
+        pg.map do |param|
+          next param if param.is_a?(Date)
+          begin
+            begin
+              require 'chronic'
+              time = Chronic.parse(param)
+            rescue LoadError
+              # chronic is not available
+            end
+            time ? Date.new(time.year, time.month, time.day) : Date.parse(param)
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            raise CommandlineError, "option '#{self.name}' needs a date"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  ### MULTI_OPT_TYPES :
+  ## The set of values that indicate a multiple-parameter option (i.e., that
+  ## takes multiple space-separated values on the commandline) when passed as
+  ## the +:type+ parameter of #opt.
+
+  # Option class for handling multiple Integers
+  class IntegerArrayOption < IntegerOption
+    register_alias :fixnums, :ints, :integers
+    def type_format ; "=<i+>" ; end
+    def multi_arg? ; true ; end
+  end
+
+  # Option class for handling multiple Floats
+  class FloatArrayOption < FloatOption
+    register_alias :doubles, :floats
+    def type_format ; "=<f+>" ; end
+    def multi_arg? ; true ; end
+  end
+
+  # Option class for handling multiple Strings
+  class StringArrayOption < StringOption
+    register_alias :strings
+    def type_format ; "=<s+>" ; end
+    def multi_arg? ; true ; end
+  end
+
+  # Option class for handling multiple dates
+  class DateArrayOption < DateOption
+    register_alias :dates
+    def type_format ; "=<date+>" ; end
+    def multi_arg? ; true ; end
+  end
+
+  # Option class for handling Files/URLs via 'open'
+  class IOArrayOption < IOOption
+    register_alias :ios
+    def type_format ; "=<filename/uri+>" ; end
+    def multi_arg? ; true ; end
+  end
+
+  ## The easy, syntactic-sugary entry method into Optimist. Creates a Parser,
+  ## passes the block to it, then parses +args+ with it, handling any errors or
+  ## requests for help or version information appropriately (and then exiting).
+  ## Modifies +args+ in place. Returns a hash of option values.
+  ##
+  ## The block passed in should contain zero or more calls to +opt+
+  ## (Parser#opt), zero or more calls to +text+ (Parser#text), and
+  ## probably a call to +version+ (Parser#version).
+  ##
+  ## The returned block contains a value for every option specified with
+  ## +opt+.  The value will be the value given on the commandline, or the
+  ## default value if the option was not specified on the commandline. For
+  ## every option specified on the commandline, a key "<option
+  ## name>_given" will also be set in the hash.
+  ##
+  ## Example:
+  ##
+  ##   require 'optimist'
+  ##   opts = Optimist::options do
+  ##     opt :monkey, "Use monkey mode"                    # a flag --monkey, defaulting to false
+  ##     opt :name, "Monkey name", :type => :string        # a string --name <s>, defaulting to nil
+  ##     opt :num_limbs, "Number of limbs", :default => 4  # an integer --num-limbs <i>, defaulting to 4
+  ##   end
+  ##
+  ##   ## if called with no arguments
+  ##   p opts # => {:monkey=>false, :name=>nil, :num_limbs=>4, :help=>false}
+  ##
+  ##   ## if called with --monkey
+  ##   p opts # => {:monkey=>true, :name=>nil, :num_limbs=>4, :help=>false, :monkey_given=>true}
+  ##
+  ## See more examples at http://optimist.rubyforge.org.
+  def options(args = ARGV, *a, &b)
+    @last_parser = Parser.new(*a, &b)
+    with_standard_exception_handling(@last_parser) { @last_parser.parse args }
+  end
+
+  ## If Optimist::options doesn't do quite what you want, you can create a Parser
+  ## object and call Parser#parse on it. That method will throw CommandlineError,
+  ## HelpNeeded and VersionNeeded exceptions when necessary; if you want to
+  ## have these handled for you in the standard manner (e.g. show the help
+  ## and then exit upon an HelpNeeded exception), call your code from within
+  ## a block passed to this method.
+  ##
+  ## Note that this method will call System#exit after handling an exception!
+  ##
+  ## Usage example:
+  ##
+  ##   require 'optimist'
+  ##   p = Optimist::Parser.new do
+  ##     opt :monkey, "Use monkey mode"                     # a flag --monkey, defaulting to false
+  ##     opt :goat, "Use goat mode", :default => true       # a flag --goat, defaulting to true
+  ##   end
+  ##
+  ##   opts = Optimist::with_standard_exception_handling p do
+  ##     o = p.parse ARGV
+  ##     raise Optimist::HelpNeeded if ARGV.empty? # show help screen
+  ##     o
+  ##   end
+  ##
+  ## Requires passing in the parser object.
+
+  def with_standard_exception_handling(parser)
+    yield
+  rescue CommandlineError => e
+    parser.die(e.message, nil, e.error_code)
+  rescue HelpNeeded
+    parser.educate
+    exit
+  rescue VersionNeeded
+    puts parser.version
+    exit
+  end
+
+  ## Informs the user that their usage of 'arg' was wrong, as detailed by
+  ## 'msg', and dies. Example:
+  ##
+  ##   options do
+  ##     opt :volume, :default => 0.0
+  ##   end
+  ##
+  ##   die :volume, "too loud" if opts[:volume] > 10.0
+  ##   die :volume, "too soft" if opts[:volume] < 0.1
+  ##
+  ## In the one-argument case, simply print that message, a notice
+  ## about -h, and die. Example:
+  ##
+  ##   options do
+  ##     opt :whatever # ...
+  ##   end
+  ##
+  ##   Optimist::die "need at least one filename" if ARGV.empty?
+  ##
+  ## An exit code can be provide if needed
+  ##
+  ##   Optimist::die "need at least one filename", -2 if ARGV.empty?
+  def die(arg, msg = nil, error_code = nil)
+    if @last_parser
+      @last_parser.die arg, msg, error_code
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "Optimist::die can only be called after Optimist::options"
+    end
+  end
+
+  ## Displays the help message and dies. Example:
+  ##
+  ##   options do
+  ##     opt :volume, :default => 0.0
+  ##     banner <<-EOS
+  ##   Usage:
+  ##          #$0 [options] <name>
+  ##   where [options] are:
+  ##   EOS
+  ##   end
+  ##
+  ##   Optimist::educate if ARGV.empty?
+  def educate
+    if @last_parser
+      @last_parser.educate
+      exit
+    else
+      raise ArgumentError, "Optimist::educate can only be called after Optimist::options"
+    end
+  end
+
+  module_function :options, :die, :educate, :with_standard_exception_handling
+end # module