ory-kratos-client 1.3.8 → 25.4.0

data/vendor/bundle/ruby/3.1.0/gems/ffi-1.17.2/ext/ffi_c/libffi/src/closures.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1107 @@
+/* -----------------------------------------------------------------------
+   closures.c - Copyright (c) 2019, 2022 Anthony Green
+                Copyright (c) 2007, 2009, 2010 Red Hat, Inc.
+                Copyright (C) 2007, 2009, 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc
+                Copyright (c) 2011 Plausible Labs Cooperative, Inc.
+
+   Code to allocate and deallocate memory for closures.
+
+   Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+   a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+   ``Software''), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+   without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+   distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+   permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+   the following conditions:
+
+   The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included
+   in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+   THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'', WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+   EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+   MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+   NONINFRINGEMENT.  IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
+   HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY,
+   WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+   OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+   DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
+   ----------------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+#if (defined __linux__ || defined __CYGWIN__) && !defined _GNU_SOURCE
+#define _GNU_SOURCE 1
+#endif
+
+#ifndef __EMSCRIPTEN__
+
+#include <fficonfig.h>
+#include <ffi.h>
+#include <ffi_common.h>
+#include <tramp.h>
+
+#ifdef __NetBSD__
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#endif
+
+#if __NetBSD_Version__ - 0 >= 799007200
+/* NetBSD with PROT_MPROTECT */
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+#include <stddef.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#ifdef  HAVE_SYS_MEMFD_H
+#include <sys/memfd.h>
+#endif
+
+static const size_t overhead =
+  (sizeof(max_align_t) > sizeof(void *) + sizeof(size_t)) ?
+    sizeof(max_align_t)
+    : sizeof(void *) + sizeof(size_t);
+
+#define ADD_TO_POINTER(p, d) ((void *)((uintptr_t)(p) + (d)))
+
+void *
+ffi_closure_alloc (size_t size, void **code)
+{
+  static size_t page_size;
+  size_t rounded_size;
+  void *codeseg, *dataseg;
+  int prot;
+
+  /* Expect that PAX mprotect is active and a separate code mapping is necessary. */
+  if (!code)
+    return NULL;
+
+  /* Obtain system page size. */
+  if (!page_size)
+    page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+
+  /* Round allocation size up to the next page, keeping in mind the size field and pointer to code map. */
+  rounded_size = (size + overhead + page_size - 1) & ~(page_size - 1);
+
+  /* Primary mapping is RW, but request permission to switch to PROT_EXEC later. */
+  prot = PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE | PROT_MPROTECT(PROT_EXEC);
+  dataseg = mmap(NULL, rounded_size, prot, MAP_ANON | MAP_PRIVATE, -1, 0);
+  if (dataseg == MAP_FAILED)
+    return NULL;
+
+  /* Create secondary mapping and switch it to RX. */
+  codeseg = mremap(dataseg, rounded_size, NULL, rounded_size, MAP_REMAPDUP);
+  if (codeseg == MAP_FAILED) {
+    munmap(dataseg, rounded_size);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  if (mprotect(codeseg, rounded_size, PROT_READ | PROT_EXEC) == -1) {
+    munmap(codeseg, rounded_size);
+    munmap(dataseg, rounded_size);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+
+  /* Remember allocation size and location of the secondary mapping for ffi_closure_free. */
+  memcpy(dataseg, &rounded_size, sizeof(rounded_size));
+  memcpy(ADD_TO_POINTER(dataseg, sizeof(size_t)), &codeseg, sizeof(void *));
+  *code = ADD_TO_POINTER(codeseg, overhead);
+  return ADD_TO_POINTER(dataseg, overhead);
+}
+
+void
+ffi_closure_free (void *ptr)
+{
+  void *codeseg, *dataseg;
+  size_t rounded_size;
+
+  dataseg = ADD_TO_POINTER(ptr, -overhead);
+  memcpy(&rounded_size, dataseg, sizeof(rounded_size));
+  memcpy(&codeseg, ADD_TO_POINTER(dataseg, sizeof(size_t)), sizeof(void *));
+  munmap(dataseg, rounded_size);
+  munmap(codeseg, rounded_size);
+}
+
+int
+ffi_tramp_is_present (__attribute__((unused)) void *ptr)
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+#else /* !NetBSD with PROT_MPROTECT */
+
+#if !FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT && !FFI_EXEC_TRAMPOLINE_TABLE
+# if __linux__ && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+/* This macro indicates it may be forbidden to map anonymous memory
+   with both write and execute permission.  Code compiled when this
+   option is defined will attempt to map such pages once, but if it
+   fails, it falls back to creating a temporary file in a writable and
+   executable filesystem and mapping pages from it into separate
+   locations in the virtual memory space, one location writable and
+   another executable.  */
+#  define FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT 1
+#  define HAVE_MNTENT 1
+# endif
+# if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(_WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)
+/* Windows systems may have Data Execution Protection (DEP) enabled,
+   which requires the use of VirtualMalloc/VirtualFree to alloc/free
+   executable memory. */
+#  define FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT 1
+# endif
+#endif
+
+#if FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT && defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__)
+# if !defined FFI_MMAP_EXEC_SELINUX
+/* When defined to 1 check for SELinux and if SELinux is active,
+   don't attempt PROT_EXEC|PROT_WRITE mapping at all, as that
+   might cause audit messages.  */
+#  define FFI_MMAP_EXEC_SELINUX 1
+# endif /* !defined FFI_MMAP_EXEC_SELINUX */
+# if !defined FFI_MMAP_PAX
+/* Also check for PaX MPROTECT */
+#  define FFI_MMAP_PAX 1
+# endif /* !defined FFI_MMAP_PAX */
+#endif /* FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT && defined(__linux__) && !defined(__ANDROID__) */
+
+#if FFI_CLOSURES
+
+#if FFI_EXEC_TRAMPOLINE_TABLE
+
+#ifdef __MACH__
+
+#include <mach/mach.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#ifdef HAVE_ARM64E_PTRAUTH
+#include <ptrauth.h>
+#endif
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+extern void *ffi_closure_trampoline_table_page;
+
+typedef struct ffi_trampoline_table ffi_trampoline_table;
+typedef struct ffi_trampoline_table_entry ffi_trampoline_table_entry;
+
+struct ffi_trampoline_table
+{
+  /* contiguous writable and executable pages */
+  vm_address_t config_page;
+
+  /* free list tracking */
+  uint16_t free_count;
+  ffi_trampoline_table_entry *free_list;
+  ffi_trampoline_table_entry *free_list_pool;
+
+  ffi_trampoline_table *prev;
+  ffi_trampoline_table *next;
+};
+
+struct ffi_trampoline_table_entry
+{
+  void *(*trampoline) (void);
+  ffi_trampoline_table_entry *next;
+};
+
+/* Total number of trampolines that fit in one trampoline table */
+#define FFI_TRAMPOLINE_COUNT (PAGE_MAX_SIZE / FFI_TRAMPOLINE_SIZE)
+
+static pthread_mutex_t ffi_trampoline_lock = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+static ffi_trampoline_table *ffi_trampoline_tables = NULL;
+
+static ffi_trampoline_table *
+ffi_trampoline_table_alloc (void)
+{
+  ffi_trampoline_table *table;
+  vm_address_t config_page;
+  vm_address_t trampoline_page;
+  vm_address_t trampoline_page_template;
+  vm_prot_t cur_prot;
+  vm_prot_t max_prot;
+  kern_return_t kt;
+  uint16_t i;
+
+  /* Allocate two pages -- a config page and a placeholder page */
+  config_page = 0x0;
+  kt = vm_allocate (mach_task_self (), &config_page, PAGE_MAX_SIZE * 2,
+		    VM_FLAGS_ANYWHERE);
+  if (kt != KERN_SUCCESS)
+    return NULL;
+
+  /* Remap the trampoline table on top of the placeholder page */
+  trampoline_page = config_page + PAGE_MAX_SIZE;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_ARM64E_PTRAUTH
+  trampoline_page_template = (vm_address_t)(uintptr_t)ptrauth_auth_data((void *)&ffi_closure_trampoline_table_page, ptrauth_key_function_pointer, 0);
+#else
+  trampoline_page_template = (vm_address_t)&ffi_closure_trampoline_table_page;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef __arm__
+  /* ffi_closure_trampoline_table_page can be thumb-biased on some ARM archs */
+  trampoline_page_template &= ~1UL;
+#endif
+  kt = vm_remap (mach_task_self (), &trampoline_page, PAGE_MAX_SIZE, 0x0,
+		 VM_FLAGS_OVERWRITE, mach_task_self (), trampoline_page_template,
+		 FALSE, &cur_prot, &max_prot, VM_INHERIT_SHARE);
+  if (kt != KERN_SUCCESS)
+    {
+      vm_deallocate (mach_task_self (), config_page, PAGE_MAX_SIZE * 2);
+      return NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (!(cur_prot & VM_PROT_EXECUTE))
+    {
+      /* If VM_PROT_EXECUTE isn't set on the remapped trampoline page, set it */
+      kt = vm_protect (mach_task_self (), trampoline_page, PAGE_MAX_SIZE,
+         FALSE, cur_prot | VM_PROT_EXECUTE);
+      if (kt != KERN_SUCCESS)
+        {
+          vm_deallocate (mach_task_self (), config_page, PAGE_MAX_SIZE * 2);
+          return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+
+  /* We have valid trampoline and config pages */
+  table = calloc (1, sizeof (ffi_trampoline_table));
+  table->free_count = FFI_TRAMPOLINE_COUNT;
+  table->config_page = config_page;
+
+  /* Create and initialize the free list */
+  table->free_list_pool =
+    calloc (FFI_TRAMPOLINE_COUNT, sizeof (ffi_trampoline_table_entry));
+
+  for (i = 0; i < table->free_count; i++)
+    {
+      ffi_trampoline_table_entry *entry = &table->free_list_pool[i];
+      entry->trampoline =
+	(void *) (trampoline_page + (i * FFI_TRAMPOLINE_SIZE));
+#ifdef HAVE_ARM64E_PTRAUTH
+      entry->trampoline = ptrauth_sign_unauthenticated(entry->trampoline, ptrauth_key_function_pointer, 0);
+#endif
+
+      if (i < table->free_count - 1)
+	entry->next = &table->free_list_pool[i + 1];
+    }
+
+  table->free_list = table->free_list_pool;
+
+  return table;
+}
+
+static void
+ffi_trampoline_table_free (ffi_trampoline_table *table)
+{
+  /* Remove from the list */
+  if (table->prev != NULL)
+    table->prev->next = table->next;
+
+  if (table->next != NULL)
+    table->next->prev = table->prev;
+
+  /* Deallocate pages */
+  vm_deallocate (mach_task_self (), table->config_page, PAGE_MAX_SIZE * 2);
+
+  /* Deallocate free list */
+  free (table->free_list_pool);
+  free (table);
+}
+
+void *
+ffi_closure_alloc (size_t size, void **code)
+{
+  /* Create the closure */
+  ffi_closure *closure = malloc (size);
+  if (closure == NULL)
+    return NULL;
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock (&ffi_trampoline_lock);
+
+  /* Check for an active trampoline table with available entries. */
+  ffi_trampoline_table *table = ffi_trampoline_tables;
+  if (table == NULL || table->free_list == NULL)
+    {
+      table = ffi_trampoline_table_alloc ();
+      if (table == NULL)
+	{
+	  pthread_mutex_unlock (&ffi_trampoline_lock);
+	  free (closure);
+	  return NULL;
+	}
+
+      /* Insert the new table at the top of the list */
+      table->next = ffi_trampoline_tables;
+      if (table->next != NULL)
+	table->next->prev = table;
+
+      ffi_trampoline_tables = table;
+    }
+
+  /* Claim the free entry */
+  ffi_trampoline_table_entry *entry = ffi_trampoline_tables->free_list;
+  ffi_trampoline_tables->free_list = entry->next;
+  ffi_trampoline_tables->free_count--;
+  entry->next = NULL;
+
+  pthread_mutex_unlock (&ffi_trampoline_lock);
+
+  /* Initialize the return values */
+  *code = entry->trampoline;
+  closure->trampoline_table = table;
+  closure->trampoline_table_entry = entry;
+
+  return closure;
+}
+
+void
+ffi_closure_free (void *ptr)
+{
+  ffi_closure *closure = ptr;
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock (&ffi_trampoline_lock);
+
+  /* Fetch the table and entry references */
+  ffi_trampoline_table *table = closure->trampoline_table;
+  ffi_trampoline_table_entry *entry = closure->trampoline_table_entry;
+
+  /* Return the entry to the free list */
+  entry->next = table->free_list;
+  table->free_list = entry;
+  table->free_count++;
+
+  /* If all trampolines within this table are free, and at least one other table exists, deallocate
+   * the table */
+  if (table->free_count == FFI_TRAMPOLINE_COUNT
+      && ffi_trampoline_tables != table)
+    {
+      ffi_trampoline_table_free (table);
+    }
+  else if (ffi_trampoline_tables != table)
+    {
+      /* Otherwise, bump this table to the top of the list */
+      table->prev = NULL;
+      table->next = ffi_trampoline_tables;
+      if (ffi_trampoline_tables != NULL)
+	ffi_trampoline_tables->prev = table;
+
+      ffi_trampoline_tables = table;
+    }
+
+  pthread_mutex_unlock (&ffi_trampoline_lock);
+
+  /* Free the closure */
+  free (closure);
+}
+
+#endif
+
+// Per-target implementation; It's unclear what can reasonable be shared between two OS/architecture implementations.
+
+#elif FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT /* !FFI_EXEC_TRAMPOLINE_TABLE */
+
+#define USE_LOCKS 1
+#define USE_DL_PREFIX 1
+#ifdef __GNUC__
+#ifndef USE_BUILTIN_FFS
+#define USE_BUILTIN_FFS 1
+#endif
+#endif
+
+/* We need to use mmap, not sbrk.  */
+#define HAVE_MORECORE 0
+
+/* We could, in theory, support mremap, but it wouldn't buy us anything.  */
+#define HAVE_MREMAP 0
+
+/* We have no use for this, so save some code and data.  */
+#define NO_MALLINFO 1
+
+/* We need all allocations to be in regular segments, otherwise we
+   lose track of the corresponding code address.  */
+#define DEFAULT_MMAP_THRESHOLD MAX_SIZE_T
+
+/* Don't allocate more than a page unless needed.  */
+#define DEFAULT_GRANULARITY ((size_t)malloc_getpagesize)
+
+#include <sys/types.h>
+#include <sys/stat.h>
+#include <fcntl.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#ifndef _MSC_VER
+#include <unistd.h>
+#endif
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+#if !defined(_WIN32)
+#ifdef HAVE_MNTENT
+#include <mntent.h>
+#endif /* HAVE_MNTENT */
+#include <sys/param.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+
+/* We don't want sys/mman.h to be included after we redefine mmap and
+   dlmunmap.  */
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+#define LACKS_SYS_MMAN_H 1
+
+#if FFI_MMAP_EXEC_SELINUX
+#include <sys/statfs.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static int selinux_enabled = -1;
+
+static int
+selinux_enabled_check (void)
+{
+  struct statfs sfs;
+  FILE *f;
+  char *buf = NULL;
+  size_t len = 0;
+
+  if (statfs ("/selinux", &sfs) >= 0
+      && (unsigned int) sfs.f_type == 0xf97cff8cU)
+    return 1;
+  f = fopen ("/proc/mounts", "r");
+  if (f == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  while (getline (&buf, &len, f) >= 0)
+    {
+      char *p = strchr (buf, ' ');
+      if (p == NULL)
+        break;
+      p = strchr (p + 1, ' ');
+      if (p == NULL)
+        break;
+      if (strncmp (p + 1, "selinuxfs ", 10) == 0)
+        {
+          free (buf);
+          fclose (f);
+          return 1;
+        }
+    }
+  free (buf);
+  fclose (f);
+  return 0;
+}
+
+#define is_selinux_enabled() (selinux_enabled >= 0 ? selinux_enabled \
+			      : (selinux_enabled = selinux_enabled_check ()))
+
+#else
+
+#define is_selinux_enabled() 0
+
+#endif /* !FFI_MMAP_EXEC_SELINUX */
+
+/* On PaX enable kernels that have MPROTECT enabled we can't use PROT_EXEC. */
+#if defined FFI_MMAP_PAX
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+enum {
+  PAX_MPROTECT = (1 << 0),
+  PAX_EMUTRAMP = (1 << 1),
+};
+static int cached_pax_flags = -1;
+
+static int
+pax_flags_check (void)
+{
+  char *buf = NULL;
+  size_t len = 0;
+  FILE *f;
+  int ret;
+  f = fopen ("/proc/self/status", "r");
+  if (f == NULL)
+    return 0;
+  ret = 0;
+
+  while (getline (&buf, &len, f) != -1)
+    if (!strncmp (buf, "PaX:", 4))
+      {
+        if (NULL != strchr (buf + 4, 'M'))
+          ret |= PAX_MPROTECT;
+        if (NULL != strchr (buf + 4, 'E'))
+          ret |= PAX_EMUTRAMP;
+        break;
+      }
+  free (buf);
+  fclose (f);
+  return ret;
+}
+
+#define get_pax_flags() (cached_pax_flags >= 0 ? cached_pax_flags \
+                               : (cached_pax_flags = pax_flags_check ()))
+#define has_pax_flags(flags) ((flags) == ((flags) & get_pax_flags ()))
+#define is_mprotect_enabled() (has_pax_flags (PAX_MPROTECT))
+#define is_emutramp_enabled() (has_pax_flags (PAX_EMUTRAMP))
+
+#endif /* defined FFI_MMAP_PAX */
+
+#elif defined (__CYGWIN__) || defined(__INTERIX)
+
+#include <sys/mman.h>
+
+/* Cygwin is Linux-like, but not quite that Linux-like.  */
+#define is_selinux_enabled() 0
+
+#endif /* !defined(X86_WIN32) && !defined(X86_WIN64) */
+
+#if !defined FFI_MMAP_PAX
+# define is_mprotect_enabled() 0
+# define is_emutramp_enabled() 0
+#endif /* !defined FFI_MMAP_PAX */
+
+/* Declare all functions defined in dlmalloc.c as static.  */
+static void *dlmalloc(size_t);
+static void dlfree(void*);
+static void *dlcalloc(size_t, size_t) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void *dlrealloc(void *, size_t) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void *dlmemalign(size_t, size_t) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void *dlvalloc(size_t) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static int dlmallopt(int, int) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static size_t dlmalloc_footprint(void) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static size_t dlmalloc_max_footprint(void) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void** dlindependent_calloc(size_t, size_t, void**) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void** dlindependent_comalloc(size_t, size_t*, void**) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void *dlpvalloc(size_t) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static int dlmalloc_trim(size_t) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static size_t dlmalloc_usable_size(void*) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+static void dlmalloc_stats(void) MAYBE_UNUSED;
+
+#if !(defined(_WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)) || defined (__CYGWIN__) || defined(__INTERIX)
+/* Use these for mmap and munmap within dlmalloc.c.  */
+static void *dlmmap(void *, size_t, int, int, int, off_t);
+static int dlmunmap(void *, size_t);
+#endif /* !(defined(_WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)) || defined (__CYGWIN__) || defined(__INTERIX) */
+
+#define mmap dlmmap
+#define munmap dlmunmap
+
+#include "dlmalloc.c"
+
+#undef mmap
+#undef munmap
+
+#if !(defined(_WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)) || defined (__CYGWIN__) || defined(__INTERIX)
+
+/* A mutex used to synchronize access to *exec* variables in this file.  */
+static pthread_mutex_t open_temp_exec_file_mutex = PTHREAD_MUTEX_INITIALIZER;
+
+/* A file descriptor of a temporary file from which we'll map
+   executable pages.  */
+static int execfd = -1;
+
+/* The amount of space already allocated from the temporary file.  */
+static size_t execsize = 0;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMFD_CREATE
+/* Open a temporary file name, and immediately unlink it.  */
+static int
+open_temp_exec_file_memfd (const char *name)
+{
+  int fd;
+  fd = memfd_create (name, MFD_CLOEXEC);
+  return fd;
+}
+#endif
+
+/* Open a temporary file name, and immediately unlink it.  */
+static int
+open_temp_exec_file_name (char *name, int flags MAYBE_UNUSED)
+{
+  int fd;
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MKOSTEMP
+  fd = mkostemp (name, flags);
+#else
+  fd = mkstemp (name);
+#endif
+
+  if (fd != -1)
+    unlink (name);
+
+  return fd;
+}
+
+/* Open a temporary file in the named directory.  */
+static int
+open_temp_exec_file_dir (const char *dir)
+{
+  static const char suffix[] = "/ffiXXXXXX";
+  int lendir, flags;
+  char *tempname;
+#ifdef O_TMPFILE
+  int fd;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef O_CLOEXEC
+  flags = O_CLOEXEC;
+#else
+  flags = 0;
+#endif
+
+#ifdef O_TMPFILE
+  fd = open (dir, flags | O_RDWR | O_EXCL | O_TMPFILE, 0700);
+  /* If the running system does not support the O_TMPFILE flag then retry without it. */
+  if (fd != -1 || (errno != EINVAL && errno != EISDIR && errno != EOPNOTSUPP)) {
+    return fd;
+  } else {
+    errno = 0;
+  }
+#endif
+
+  lendir = (int) strlen (dir);
+  tempname = __builtin_alloca (lendir + sizeof (suffix));
+
+  if (!tempname)
+    return -1;
+
+  memcpy (tempname, dir, lendir);
+  memcpy (tempname + lendir, suffix, sizeof (suffix));
+
+  return open_temp_exec_file_name (tempname, flags);
+}
+
+/* Open a temporary file in the directory in the named environment
+   variable.  */
+static int
+open_temp_exec_file_env (const char *envvar)
+{
+  const char *value = getenv (envvar);
+
+  if (!value)
+    return -1;
+
+  return open_temp_exec_file_dir (value);
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_MNTENT
+/* Open a temporary file in an executable and writable mount point
+   listed in the mounts file.  Subsequent calls with the same mounts
+   keep searching for mount points in the same file.  Providing NULL
+   as the mounts file closes the file.  */
+static int
+open_temp_exec_file_mnt (const char *mounts)
+{
+  static const char *last_mounts;
+  static FILE *last_mntent;
+
+  if (mounts != last_mounts)
+    {
+      if (last_mntent)
+	endmntent (last_mntent);
+
+      last_mounts = mounts;
+
+      if (mounts)
+	last_mntent = setmntent (mounts, "r");
+      else
+	last_mntent = NULL;
+    }
+
+  if (!last_mntent)
+    return -1;
+
+  for (;;)
+    {
+      int fd;
+      struct mntent mnt;
+      char buf[MAXPATHLEN * 3];
+
+      if (getmntent_r (last_mntent, &mnt, buf, sizeof (buf)) == NULL)
+	return -1;
+
+      if (hasmntopt (&mnt, "ro")
+	  || hasmntopt (&mnt, "noexec")
+	  || access (mnt.mnt_dir, W_OK))
+	continue;
+
+      fd = open_temp_exec_file_dir (mnt.mnt_dir);
+
+      if (fd != -1)
+	return fd;
+    }
+}
+#endif /* HAVE_MNTENT */
+
+/* Instructions to look for a location to hold a temporary file that
+   can be mapped in for execution.  */
+static struct
+{
+  int (*func)(const char *);
+  const char *arg;
+  int repeat;
+} open_temp_exec_file_opts[] = {
+#ifdef HAVE_MEMFD_CREATE
+  { open_temp_exec_file_memfd, "libffi", 0 },
+#endif
+  { open_temp_exec_file_env, "LIBFFI_TMPDIR", 0 },
+  { open_temp_exec_file_env, "TMPDIR", 0 },
+  { open_temp_exec_file_dir, "/tmp", 0 },
+  { open_temp_exec_file_dir, "/var/tmp", 0 },
+  { open_temp_exec_file_dir, "/dev/shm", 0 },
+  { open_temp_exec_file_env, "HOME", 0 },
+#ifdef HAVE_MNTENT
+  { open_temp_exec_file_mnt, "/etc/mtab", 1 },
+  { open_temp_exec_file_mnt, "/proc/mounts", 1 },
+#endif /* HAVE_MNTENT */
+};
+
+/* Current index into open_temp_exec_file_opts.  */
+static int open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx = 0;
+
+/* Reset a current multi-call func, then advances to the next entry.
+   If we're at the last, go back to the first and return nonzero,
+   otherwise return zero.  */
+static int
+open_temp_exec_file_opts_next (void)
+{
+  if (open_temp_exec_file_opts[open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx].repeat)
+    open_temp_exec_file_opts[open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx].func (NULL);
+
+  open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx++;
+  if (open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx
+      == (sizeof (open_temp_exec_file_opts)
+	  / sizeof (*open_temp_exec_file_opts)))
+    {
+      open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx = 0;
+      return 1;
+    }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Return a file descriptor of a temporary zero-sized file in a
+   writable and executable filesystem.  */
+int
+open_temp_exec_file (void)
+{
+  int fd;
+
+  do
+    {
+      fd = open_temp_exec_file_opts[open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx].func
+	(open_temp_exec_file_opts[open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx].arg);
+
+      if (!open_temp_exec_file_opts[open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx].repeat
+	  || fd == -1)
+	{
+	  if (open_temp_exec_file_opts_next ())
+	    break;
+	}
+    }
+  while (fd == -1);
+
+  return fd;
+}
+
+/* We need to allocate space in a file that will be backing a writable
+   mapping.  Several problems exist with the usual approaches:
+   - fallocate() is Linux-only
+   - posix_fallocate() is not available on all platforms
+   - ftruncate() does not allocate space on filesystems with sparse files
+   Failure to allocate the space will cause SIGBUS to be thrown when
+   the mapping is subsequently written to.  */
+static int
+allocate_space (int fd, off_t len)
+{
+  static long page_size;
+
+  /* Obtain system page size. */
+  if (!page_size)
+    page_size = sysconf(_SC_PAGESIZE);
+
+  unsigned char buf[page_size];
+  memset (buf, 0, page_size);
+
+  while (len > 0)
+    {
+      off_t to_write = (len < page_size) ? len : page_size;
+      if (write (fd, buf, to_write) < to_write)
+        return -1;
+      len -= to_write;
+    }
+
+  return 0;
+}
+
+/* Map in a chunk of memory from the temporary exec file into separate
+   locations in the virtual memory address space, one writable and one
+   executable.  Returns the address of the writable portion, after
+   storing an offset to the corresponding executable portion at the
+   last word of the requested chunk.  */
+static void *
+dlmmap_locked (void *start, size_t length, int prot, int flags, off_t offset)
+{
+  void *ptr;
+
+  if (execfd == -1)
+    {
+      open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx = 0;
+    retry_open:
+      execfd = open_temp_exec_file ();
+      if (execfd == -1)
+	return MFAIL;
+    }
+
+  offset = execsize;
+
+  if (allocate_space (execfd, length))
+    return MFAIL;
+
+  flags &= ~(MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS);
+  flags |= MAP_SHARED;
+
+  ptr = mmap (NULL, length, (prot & ~PROT_WRITE) | PROT_EXEC,
+	      flags, execfd, offset);
+  if (ptr == MFAIL)
+    {
+      if (!offset)
+	{
+	  close (execfd);
+	  goto retry_open;
+	}
+      if (ftruncate (execfd, offset) != 0)
+      {
+        /* Fixme : Error logs can be added here. Returning an error for
+         * ftruncte() will not add any advantage as it is being
+         * validating in the error case. */
+      }
+
+      return MFAIL;
+    }
+  else if (!offset
+	   && open_temp_exec_file_opts[open_temp_exec_file_opts_idx].repeat)
+    open_temp_exec_file_opts_next ();
+
+  start = mmap (start, length, prot, flags, execfd, offset);
+
+  if (start == MFAIL)
+    {
+      munmap (ptr, length);
+      if (ftruncate (execfd, offset) != 0)
+      {
+        /* Fixme : Error logs can be added here. Returning an error for
+         * ftruncte() will not add any advantage as it is being
+         * validating in the error case. */
+      }
+      return start;
+    }
+
+  mmap_exec_offset ((char *)start, length) = (char*)ptr - (char*)start;
+
+  execsize += length;
+
+  return start;
+}
+
+/* Map in a writable and executable chunk of memory if possible.
+   Failing that, fall back to dlmmap_locked.  */
+static void *
+dlmmap (void *start, size_t length, int prot,
+	int flags, int fd, off_t offset)
+{
+  void *ptr;
+
+  assert (start == NULL && length % malloc_getpagesize == 0
+	  && prot == (PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE)
+	  && flags == (MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS)
+	  && fd == -1 && offset == 0);
+
+  if (execfd == -1 && ffi_tramp_is_supported ())
+    {
+      ptr = mmap (start, length, prot & ~PROT_EXEC, flags, fd, offset);
+      return ptr;
+    }
+
+  /* -1 != execfd hints that we already decided to use dlmmap_locked
+     last time.  */
+  if (execfd == -1 && is_mprotect_enabled ())
+    {
+#ifdef FFI_MMAP_EXEC_EMUTRAMP_PAX
+      if (is_emutramp_enabled ())
+        {
+          /* emutramp requires the kernel recognizing the trampoline pattern
+             generated by ffi_prep_closure_loc; there is no way to test
+             in advance whether this will work, so this is experimental.  */
+          ptr = mmap (start, length, prot & ~PROT_EXEC, flags, fd, offset);
+          return ptr;
+        }
+#endif
+      /* fallback to dlmmap_locked.  */
+    }
+  else if (execfd == -1 && !is_selinux_enabled ())
+    {
+      ptr = mmap (start, length, prot | PROT_EXEC, flags, fd, offset);
+
+      if (ptr != MFAIL || (errno != EPERM && errno != EACCES))
+	/* Cool, no need to mess with separate segments.  */
+	return ptr;
+
+      /* If MREMAP_DUP is ever introduced and implemented, try mmap
+	 with ((prot & ~PROT_WRITE) | PROT_EXEC) and mremap with
+	 MREMAP_DUP and prot at this point.  */
+    }
+
+  pthread_mutex_lock (&open_temp_exec_file_mutex);
+  ptr = dlmmap_locked (start, length, prot, flags, offset);
+  pthread_mutex_unlock (&open_temp_exec_file_mutex);
+
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+/* Release memory at the given address, as well as the corresponding
+   executable page if it's separate.  */
+static int
+dlmunmap (void *start, size_t length)
+{
+  /* We don't bother decreasing execsize or truncating the file, since
+     we can't quite tell whether we're unmapping the end of the file.
+     We don't expect frequent deallocation anyway.  If we did, we
+     could locate pages in the file by writing to the pages being
+     deallocated and checking that the file contents change.
+     Yuck.  */
+  msegmentptr seg = segment_holding (gm, start);
+  void *code;
+
+  if (seg && (code = add_segment_exec_offset (start, seg)) != start)
+    {
+      int ret = munmap (code, length);
+      if (ret)
+	return ret;
+    }
+
+  return munmap (start, length);
+}
+
+#if FFI_CLOSURE_FREE_CODE
+/* Return segment holding given code address.  */
+static msegmentptr
+segment_holding_code (mstate m, char* addr)
+{
+  msegmentptr sp = &m->seg;
+  for (;;) {
+    if (addr >= add_segment_exec_offset (sp->base, sp)
+	&& addr < add_segment_exec_offset (sp->base, sp) + sp->size)
+      return sp;
+    if ((sp = sp->next) == 0)
+      return 0;
+  }
+}
+#endif
+
+#endif /* !(defined(_WIN32) || defined(__OS2__)) || defined (__CYGWIN__) || defined(__INTERIX) */
+
+/* Allocate a chunk of memory with the given size.  Returns a pointer
+   to the writable address, and sets *CODE to the executable
+   corresponding virtual address.  */
+void *
+ffi_closure_alloc (size_t size, void **code)
+{
+  void *ptr, *ftramp;
+
+  if (!code)
+    return NULL;
+
+  ptr = dlmalloc (size);
+
+  if (ptr)
+    {
+      msegmentptr seg = segment_holding (gm, ptr);
+
+      *code = FFI_FN (add_segment_exec_offset (ptr, seg));
+      if (!ffi_tramp_is_supported ())
+        return ptr;
+
+      ftramp = ffi_tramp_alloc (0);
+      if (ftramp == NULL)
+      {
+        dlfree (ptr);
+        return NULL;
+      }
+      *code = FFI_FN (ffi_tramp_get_addr (ftramp));
+      ((ffi_closure *) ptr)->ftramp = ftramp;
+    }
+
+  return ptr;
+}
+
+void *
+ffi_data_to_code_pointer (void *data)
+{
+  msegmentptr seg = segment_holding (gm, data);
+  /* We expect closures to be allocated with ffi_closure_alloc(), in
+     which case seg will be non-NULL.  However, some users take on the
+     burden of managing this memory themselves, in which case this
+     we'll just return data. */
+  if (seg)
+    {
+      if (!ffi_tramp_is_supported ())
+        return add_segment_exec_offset (data, seg);
+      return ffi_tramp_get_addr (((ffi_closure *) data)->ftramp);
+    }
+  else
+    return data;
+}
+
+/* Release a chunk of memory allocated with ffi_closure_alloc.  If
+   FFI_CLOSURE_FREE_CODE is nonzero, the given address can be the
+   writable or the executable address given.  Otherwise, only the
+   writable address can be provided here.  */
+void
+ffi_closure_free (void *ptr)
+{
+#if FFI_CLOSURE_FREE_CODE
+  msegmentptr seg = segment_holding_code (gm, ptr);
+
+  if (seg)
+    ptr = sub_segment_exec_offset (ptr, seg);
+#endif
+  if (ffi_tramp_is_supported ())
+    ffi_tramp_free (((ffi_closure *) ptr)->ftramp);
+
+  dlfree (ptr);
+}
+
+int
+ffi_tramp_is_present (void *ptr)
+{
+  msegmentptr seg = segment_holding (gm, ptr);
+  return seg != NULL && ffi_tramp_is_supported();
+}
+
+# else /* ! FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT */
+
+/* On many systems, memory returned by malloc is writable and
+   executable, so just use it.  */
+
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+void *
+ffi_closure_alloc (size_t size, void **code)
+{
+  void *c;
+
+  if (!code)
+    return NULL;
+
+  c = malloc (size);
+  *code = FFI_FN (c);
+  return c;
+}
+
+void
+ffi_closure_free (void *ptr)
+{
+  free (ptr);
+}
+
+void *
+ffi_data_to_code_pointer (void *data)
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+int
+ffi_tramp_is_present (__attribute__((unused)) void *ptr)
+{
+  return 0;
+}
+
+# endif /* ! FFI_MMAP_EXEC_WRIT */
+#endif /* FFI_CLOSURES */
+
+#endif /* NetBSD with PROT_MPROTECT */
+#endif /* __EMSCRIPTEN__ */