openvox 8.19.0

data/lib/puppet/pops/types/types.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,3651 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require_relative 'iterable'
+require_relative 'recursion_guard'
+require_relative 'type_acceptor'
+require_relative 'type_asserter'
+require_relative 'type_assertion_error'
+require_relative 'type_conversion_error'
+require_relative 'type_formatter'
+require_relative 'type_calculator'
+require_relative 'type_factory'
+require_relative 'type_parser'
+require_relative 'class_loader'
+require_relative 'type_mismatch_describer'
+require_relative 'puppet_object'
+
+module Puppet::Pops
+module Types
+# The EMPTY_xxx declarations is for backward compatibility. They should not be explicitly referenced
+
+# @api private
+# @deprecated
+EMPTY_HASH = Puppet::Pops::EMPTY_HASH
+
+# @api private
+# @deprecated
+EMPTY_ARRAY = Puppet::Pops::EMPTY_ARRAY
+
+# @api private
+# @deprecated
+EMPTY_STRING = Puppet::Pops::EMPTY_STRING
+
+# The Types model is a model of Puppet Language types.
+#
+# The {TypeCalculator} should be used to answer questions about types. The {TypeFactory} or {TypeParser} should be used
+# to create an instance of a type whenever one is needed.
+#
+# The implementation of the Types model contains methods that are required for the type objects to behave as
+# expected when comparing them and using them as keys in hashes. (No other logic is, or should be included directly in
+# the model's classes).
+#
+# @api public
+#
+class TypedModelObject < Object
+  include PuppetObject
+  include Visitable
+  include Adaptable
+
+  def self._pcore_type
+    @type
+  end
+
+  def self.create_ptype(loader, ir, parent_name, attributes_hash = EMPTY_HASH)
+    @type = Pcore.create_object_type(loader, ir, self, "Pcore::#{simple_name}Type", "Pcore::#{parent_name}", attributes_hash)
+  end
+
+  def self.register_ptypes(loader, ir)
+    types = [
+      Annotation.register_ptype(loader, ir),
+      RubyMethod.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    ]
+    Types.constants.each do |c|
+      next if c == :PType || c == :PHostClassType
+
+      cls = Types.const_get(c)
+      next unless cls.is_a?(Class) && cls < self
+
+      type = cls.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+      types << type unless type.nil?
+    end
+    types.each { |type| type.resolve(loader) }
+  end
+end
+
+# Base type for all types
+# @api public
+#
+class PAnyType < TypedModelObject
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    @type = Pcore.create_object_type(loader, ir, self, 'Pcore::AnyType', 'Any', EMPTY_HASH)
+  end
+
+  def self.create(*args)
+    # NOTE! Important to use self::DEFAULT and not just DEFAULT since the latter yields PAnyType::DEFAULT
+    args.empty? ? self::DEFAULT : new(*args)
+  end
+
+  # Accept a visitor that will be sent the message `visit`, once with `self` as the
+  # argument. The visitor will then visit all types that this type contains.
+  #
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    visitor.visit(self, guard)
+  end
+
+  # Checks if _o_ is a type that is assignable to this type.
+  # If _o_ is a `Class` then it is first converted to a type.
+  # If _o_ is a Variant, then it is considered assignable when all its types are assignable
+  #
+  # The check for assignable must be guarded against self recursion since `self`, the given type _o_,
+  # or both, might be a `TypeAlias`. The initial caller of this method will typically never care
+  # about this and hence pass only the first argument, but as soon as a check of a contained type
+  # encounters a `TypeAlias`, then a `RecursionGuard` instance is created and passed on in all
+  # subsequent calls. The recursion is allowed to continue until self recursion has been detected in
+  # both `self` and in the given type. At that point the given type is considered to be assignable
+  # to `self` since all checks up to that point were positive.
+  #
+  # @param o [Class,PAnyType] the class or type to test
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` when _o_ is assignable to this type
+  # @api public
+  def assignable?(o, guard = nil)
+    case o
+    when Class
+      # Safe to call _assignable directly since a Class never is a Unit or Variant
+      _assignable?(TypeCalculator.singleton.type(o), guard)
+    when PUnitType
+      true
+    when PTypeAliasType
+      # An alias may contain self recursive constructs.
+      if o.self_recursion?
+        guard ||= RecursionGuard.new
+        if guard.add_that(o) == RecursionGuard::SELF_RECURSION_IN_BOTH
+          # Recursion detected both in self and other. This means that other is assignable
+          # to self. This point would not have been reached otherwise
+          true
+        else
+          assignable?(o.resolved_type, guard)
+        end
+      else
+        assignable?(o.resolved_type, guard)
+      end
+    when PVariantType
+      # Assignable if all contained types are assignable, or if this is exactly Any
+      return true if instance_of?(PAnyType)
+      # An empty variant may be assignable to NotUndef[T] if T is assignable to empty variant
+      return _assignable?(o, guard) if is_a?(PNotUndefType) && o.types.empty?
+
+      !o.types.empty? && o.types.all? { |vt| assignable?(vt, guard) }
+    when POptionalType
+      # Assignable if undef and contained type is assignable
+      assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT) && (o.type.nil? || assignable?(o.type))
+    when PNotUndefType
+      if !(o.type.nil? || o.type.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT))
+        assignable?(o.type, guard)
+      else
+        _assignable?(o, guard)
+      end
+    else
+      _assignable?(o, guard)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns `true` if this instance is a callable that accepts the given _args_type_ type
+  #
+  # @param args_type [PAnyType] the arguments to test
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if this instance is a callable that accepts the given _args_
+  def callable?(args_type, guard = nil)
+    args_type.is_a?(PAnyType) && kind_of_callable? && args_type.callable_args?(self, guard)
+  end
+
+  # Returns `true` if this instance is a callable that accepts the given _args_
+  #
+  # @param args [Array] the arguments to test
+  # @param block [Proc] block, or nil if not called with a block
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if this instance is a callable that accepts the given _args_
+  def callable_with?(args, block = nil)
+    false
+  end
+
+  # Returns `true` if this instance is considered valid as arguments to the given `callable`
+  # @param callable [PAnyType] the callable
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if this instance is considered valid as arguments to the given `callable`
+  # @api private
+  def callable_args?(callable, guard)
+    false
+  end
+
+  # Called from the `PTypeAliasType` when it detects self recursion. The default is to do nothing
+  # but some self recursive constructs are illegal such as when a `PObjectType` somehow inherits itself
+  # @param originator [PTypeAliasType] the starting point for the check
+  # @raise Puppet::Error if an illegal self recursion is detected
+  # @api private
+  def check_self_recursion(originator)
+  end
+
+  # Generalizes value specific types. Types that are not value specific will return `self` otherwise
+  # the generalized type is returned.
+  #
+  # @return [PAnyType] The generalized type
+  # @api public
+  def generalize
+    # Applicable to all types that have no variables
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Returns the loader that loaded this type.
+  # @return [Loaders::Loader] the loader
+  def loader
+    Loaders.static_loader
+  end
+
+  # Normalizes the type. This does not change the characteristics of the type but it will remove duplicates
+  # and constructs like NotUndef[T] where T is not assignable from Undef and change Variant[*T] where all
+  # T are enums into an Enum.
+  #
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [PAnyType] The iterable type that this type is assignable to or `nil`
+  # @api public
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Called from the TypeParser once it has found a type using the Loader to enable that this type can
+  # resolve internal type expressions using a loader. Presently, this method is a no-op for all types
+  # except the {{PTypeAliasType}}.
+  #
+  # @param loader [Loader::Loader] loader to use
+  # @return [PTypeAliasType] the receiver of the call, i.e. `self`
+  # @api private
+  def resolve(loader)
+    self
+  end
+
+  # Responds `true` for all callables, variants of callables and unless _optional_ is
+  # false, all optional callables.
+  # @param optional [Boolean]
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [Boolean] `true`if this type is considered callable
+  # @api private
+  def kind_of_callable?(optional = true, guard = nil)
+    false
+  end
+
+  # Returns `true` if an instance of this type is iterable, `false` otherwise
+  # The method #iterable_type must produce a `PIterableType` instance when this
+  # method returns `true`
+  #
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [Boolean] flag to indicate if instances of  this type is iterable.
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    false
+  end
+
+  # Returns the `PIterableType` that this type should be assignable to, or `nil` if no such type exists.
+  # A type that returns a `PIterableType` must respond `true` to `#iterable?`.
+  #
+  # @example
+  #     Any Collection[T] is assignable to an Iterable[T]
+  #     A String is assignable to an Iterable[String] iterating over the strings characters
+  #     An Integer is assignable to an Iterable[Integer] iterating over the 'times' enumerator
+  #     A Type[T] is assignable to an Iterable[Type[T]] if T is an Integer or Enum
+  #
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [PIterableType,nil] The iterable type that this type is assignable to or `nil`
+  # @api private
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    nil
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    self.class.hash
+  end
+
+  # Returns true if the given argument _o_ is an instance of this type
+  # @param guard [RecursionGuard] guard against recursion. Only used by internal calls
+  # @return [Boolean]
+  # @api public
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  # An object is considered to really be an instance of a type when something other than a
+  # TypeAlias or a Variant responds true to a call to {#instance?}.
+  #
+  # @return [Integer] -1 = is not instance, 0 = recursion detected, 1 = is instance
+  # @api private
+  def really_instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    instance?(o, guard) ? 1 : -1
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class
+  end
+
+  def ==(o)
+    eql?(o)
+  end
+
+  def simple_name
+    self.class.simple_name
+  end
+
+  # Strips the class name from all module prefixes, the leading 'P' and the ending 'Type'. I.e.
+  # an instance of PVariantType will return 'Variant'
+  # @return [String] the simple name of this type
+  def self.simple_name
+    @simple_name ||= (
+      n = name
+      n[n.rindex(DOUBLE_COLON) + 3..n.size - 5].freeze
+    )
+  end
+
+  def to_alias_expanded_s
+    TypeFormatter.new.alias_expanded_string(self)
+  end
+
+  def to_s
+    TypeFormatter.string(self)
+  end
+
+  # Returns the name of the type, without parameters
+  # @return [String] the name of the type
+  # @api public
+  def name
+    simple_name
+  end
+
+  def create(*args)
+    Loaders.find_loader(nil).load(:function, 'new').call({}, self, *args)
+  end
+
+  # Create an instance of this type.
+  # The default implementation will just dispatch the call to the class method with the
+  # same name and pass `self` as the first argument.
+  #
+  # @return [Function] the created function
+  # @raises ArgumentError
+  #
+  def new_function
+    self.class.new_function(self)
+  end
+
+  # This default implementation of of a new_function raises an Argument Error.
+  # Types for which creating a new instance is supported, should create and return
+  # a Puppet Function class by using Puppet:Loaders.create_loaded_function(:new, loader)
+  # and return that result.
+  #
+  # @param type [PAnyType] the type to create a new function for
+  # @return [Function] the created function
+  # @raises ArgumentError
+  #
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    raise ArgumentError, "Creation of new instance of type '#{type}' is not supported"
+  end
+
+  # Answers the question if instances of this type can represent themselves as a string that
+  # can then be passed to the create method
+  #
+  # @return [Boolean] whether or not the instance has a canonical string representation
+  def roundtrip_with_string?
+    false
+  end
+
+  # The default instance of this type. Each type in the type system has this constant
+  # declared.
+  #
+  DEFAULT = PAnyType.new
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PAnyType)
+  end
+
+  # Produces the tuple entry at the given index given a tuple type, its from/to constraints on the last
+  # type, and an index.
+  # Produces nil if the index is out of bounds
+  # from must be less than to, and from may not be less than 0
+  #
+  # @api private
+  #
+  def tuple_entry_at(tuple_t, to, index)
+    regular = (tuple_t.types.size - 1)
+    if index < regular
+      tuple_t.types[index]
+    elsif index < regular + to
+      # in the varargs part
+      tuple_t.types[-1]
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Applies a transformation by sending the given _method_ and _method_args_ to each of the types of the given array
+  # and collecting the results in a new array. If all transformation calls returned the type instance itself (i.e. no
+  # transformation took place), then this method will return `self`. If a transformation did occur, then this method
+  # will either return the transformed array or in case a block was given, the result of calling a given block with
+  # the transformed array.
+  #
+  # @param types [Array<PAnyType>] the array of types to transform
+  # @param method [Symbol] The method to call on each type
+  # @param method_args [Object] The arguments to pass to the method, if any
+  # @return [Object] self, the transformed array, or the result of calling a given block with the transformed array
+  # @yieldparam altered_types [Array<PAnyType>] the altered type array
+  # @api private
+  def alter_type_array(types, method, *method_args)
+    modified = false
+    modified_types = types.map do |t|
+      t_mod = t.send(method, *method_args)
+      modified ||= !t.equal?(t_mod)
+      t_mod
+    end
+    if modified
+      block_given? ? yield(modified_types) : modified_types
+    else
+      self
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# @abstract Encapsulates common behavior for a type that contains one type
+# @api public
+class PTypeWithContainedType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    # Abstract type. It doesn't register anything
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :type
+
+  def initialize(type)
+    @type = type
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @type.accept(visitor, guard) unless @type.nil?
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if @type.nil?
+      self.class::DEFAULT
+    else
+      ge_type = @type.generalize
+      @type.equal?(ge_type) ? self : self.class.new(ge_type)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if @type.nil?
+      self.class::DEFAULT
+    else
+      ne_type = @type.normalize(guard)
+      @type.equal?(ne_type) ? self : self.class.new(ne_type)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    self.class.hash ^ @type.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @type == o.type
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    rtype = @type
+    rtype = rtype.resolve(loader) unless rtype.nil?
+    rtype.equal?(@type) ? self : self.class.new(rtype)
+  end
+end
+
+# The type of types.
+# @api public
+#
+class PTypeType < PTypeWithContainedType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new function that produces a Type instance
+  #
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_type, type.loader) do
+      dispatch :from_string do
+        param 'String[1]', :type_string
+      end
+
+      def from_string(type_string)
+        TypeParser.singleton.parse(type_string, loader)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    case o
+    when PAnyType
+      type.nil? || type.assignable?(o, guard)
+    when Module, Puppet::Resource, Puppet::Parser::Resource
+      @type.nil? ? true : assignable?(TypeCalculator.infer(o))
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    case @type
+    when PEnumType
+      true
+    when PIntegerType
+      @type.finite_range?
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    # The types PIntegerType and PEnumType are Iterable
+    case @type
+    when PEnumType
+      # @type describes the element type perfectly since the iteration is made over the
+      # contained choices.
+      PIterableType.new(@type)
+    when PIntegerType
+      # @type describes the element type perfectly since the iteration is made over the
+      # specified range.
+      @type.finite_range? ? PIterableType.new(@type) : nil
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @type == o.type
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PTypeType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return false unless o.is_a?(PTypeType)
+    return true if @type.nil? # wide enough to handle all types
+    return false if o.type.nil? # wider than t
+
+    @type.assignable?(o.type, guard)
+  end
+end
+
+# For backward compatibility
+PType = PTypeType
+
+class PNotUndefType < PTypeWithContainedType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  def initialize(type = nil)
+    super(type.instance_of?(PAnyType) ? nil : type)
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    !(o.nil? || o == :undef) && (@type.nil? || @type.instance?(o, guard))
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    n = super
+    if n.type.nil?
+      n
+    elsif n.type.is_a?(POptionalType)
+      PNotUndefType.new(n.type.type).normalize
+    # No point in having an optional in a NotUndef
+    elsif !n.type.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT)
+      # THe type is NotUndef anyway, so it can be stripped of
+      n.type
+    else
+      n
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_function
+    # If only NotUndef, then use Unit's null converter
+    if type.nil?
+      PUnitType.new_function(self)
+    else
+      type.new_function
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PNotUndefType.new
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PAnyType) && !o.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT, guard) && (@type.nil? || @type.assignable?(o, guard))
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PUndefType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType')
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.nil? || :undef == o
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def callable_args?(callable_t, guard)
+    # if callable_t is Optional (or indeed PUndefType), this means that 'missing callable' is accepted
+    callable_t.assignable?(DEFAULT, guard)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PUndefType.new
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PUndefType)
+  end
+end
+
+# A type private to the type system that describes "ignored type" - i.e. "I am what you are"
+# @api private
+#
+class PUnitType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType')
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  # A "null" implementation - that simply returns the given argument
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_unit, type.loader) do
+      dispatch :from_args do
+        param 'Any', :from
+      end
+
+      def from_args(from)
+        from
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PUnitType.new
+
+  def assignable?(o, guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    true
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PDefaultType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType')
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # Ensure that Symbol.== is called here instead of something unknown
+    # that is implemented on o
+    :default == o
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PDefaultType.new
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PDefaultType)
+  end
+end
+
+# Type that is a Scalar
+# @api public
+#
+class PScalarType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType')
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    if o.is_a?(String) || o.is_a?(Numeric) || o.is_a?(TrueClass) || o.is_a?(FalseClass) || o.is_a?(Regexp)
+      true
+    elsif o.instance_of?(Array) || o.instance_of?(Hash) || o.is_a?(PAnyType) || o.is_a?(NilClass)
+      false
+    else
+      assignable?(TypeCalculator.infer(o))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def roundtrip_with_string?
+    true
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PScalarType.new
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PScalarType) ||
+      PStringType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PIntegerType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PFloatType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PBooleanType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PRegexpType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PSemVerType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PSemVerRangeType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PTimespanType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PTimestampType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard)
+  end
+end
+
+# Like Scalar but limited to Json Data.
+# @api public
+#
+class PScalarDataType < PScalarType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarType')
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.instance_of?(String) || o.is_a?(Integer) || o.is_a?(Float) || o.is_a?(TrueClass) || o.is_a?(FalseClass)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PScalarDataType.new
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PScalarDataType) ||
+      PStringType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PIntegerType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PFloatType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard) ||
+      PBooleanType::DEFAULT.assignable?(o, guard)
+  end
+end
+
+# A string type describing the set of strings having one of the given values
+# @api public
+#
+class PEnumType < PScalarDataType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarDataType',
+                 'values' => PArrayType.new(PStringType::NON_EMPTY),
+                 'case_insensitive' => { 'type' => PBooleanType::DEFAULT, 'value' => false })
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :values, :case_insensitive
+
+  def initialize(values, case_insensitive = false)
+    @values = values.uniq.sort.freeze
+    @case_insensitive = case_insensitive
+  end
+
+  def case_insensitive?
+    @case_insensitive
+  end
+
+  # Returns Enumerator if no block is given, otherwise, calls the given
+  # block with each of the strings for this enum
+  def each(&block)
+    r = Iterable.on(self)
+    block_given? ? r.each(&block) : r
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    # General form of an Enum is a String
+    if @values.empty?
+      PStringType::DEFAULT
+    else
+      range = @values.map(&:size).minmax
+      PStringType.new(PIntegerType.new(range.min, range.max))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    # An instance of an Enum is a String
+    PStringType::ITERABLE_TYPE
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @values.hash ^ @case_insensitive.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @values == o.values && @case_insensitive == o.case_insensitive?
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    if o.is_a?(String)
+      @case_insensitive ? @values.any? { |p| p.casecmp(o) == 0 } : @values.any? { |p| p == o }
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PEnumType.new(EMPTY_ARRAY)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return true if self == o
+
+    svalues = values
+    if svalues.empty?
+      return true if o.is_a?(PStringType) || o.is_a?(PEnumType) || o.is_a?(PPatternType)
+    end
+    case o
+    when PStringType
+      # if the contained string is found in the set of enums
+      instance?(o.value, guard)
+    when PEnumType
+      !o.values.empty? && (case_insensitive? || !o.case_insensitive?) && o.values.all? { |s| instance?(s, guard) }
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+INTEGER_HEX = '(?:0[xX][0-9A-Fa-f]+)'
+INTEGER_OCT = '(?:0[0-7]+)'
+INTEGER_BIN = '(?:0[bB][01]+)'
+INTEGER_DEC = '(?:0|[1-9]\d*)'
+INTEGER_DEC_OR_OCT = '(?:\d+)'
+SIGN_PREFIX = '[+-]?\s*'
+
+OPTIONAL_FRACTION = '(?:\.\d+)?'
+OPTIONAL_EXPONENT = '(?:[eE]-?\d+)?'
+FLOAT_DEC = '(?:' + INTEGER_DEC + OPTIONAL_FRACTION + OPTIONAL_EXPONENT + ')'
+
+INTEGER_PATTERN = '\A' + SIGN_PREFIX + '(?:' + INTEGER_DEC + '|' + INTEGER_HEX + '|' + INTEGER_OCT + '|' + INTEGER_BIN + ')\z'
+INTEGER_PATTERN_LENIENT = '\A' + SIGN_PREFIX + '(?:' + INTEGER_DEC_OR_OCT + '|' + INTEGER_HEX + '|' + INTEGER_BIN + ')\z'
+FLOAT_PATTERN = '\A' + SIGN_PREFIX + '(?:' + FLOAT_DEC + '|' + INTEGER_HEX + '|' + INTEGER_OCT + '|' + INTEGER_BIN + ')\z'
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PNumericType < PScalarDataType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarDataType',
+                 'from' => { KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PNumericType::DEFAULT), KEY_VALUE => nil },
+                 'to' => { KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PNumericType::DEFAULT), KEY_VALUE => nil })
+  end
+
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_numeric, type.loader) do
+      local_types do
+        type "Convertible = Variant[Integer, Float, Boolean, Pattern[/#{FLOAT_PATTERN}/], Timespan, Timestamp]"
+        type 'NamedArgs   = Struct[{from => Convertible, Optional[abs] => Boolean}]'
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_args do
+        param          'Convertible',  :from
+        optional_param 'Boolean',      :abs
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_hash do
+        param          'NamedArgs', :hash_args
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error do
+        param          'Any',     :from
+        optional_param 'Boolean', :abs
+      end
+
+      def from_args(from, abs = false)
+        result = from_convertible(from)
+        abs ? result.abs : result
+      end
+
+      def from_hash(args_hash)
+        from_args(args_hash['from'], args_hash['abs'] || false)
+      end
+
+      def from_convertible(from)
+        case from
+        when Float
+          from
+        when Integer
+          from
+        when Time::TimeData
+          from.to_f
+        when TrueClass
+          1
+        when FalseClass
+          0
+        else
+          begin
+            if from[0] == '0'
+              second_char = (from[1] || '').downcase
+              if second_char == 'b' || second_char == 'x'
+                # use built in conversion
+                return Integer(from)
+              end
+            end
+
+            Puppet::Pops::Utils.to_n(from)
+          rescue TypeError => e
+            raise TypeConversionError, e.message
+          rescue ArgumentError => e
+            raise TypeConversionError, e.message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def on_error(from, abs = false)
+        if from.is_a?(String)
+          _("The string '%{str}' cannot be converted to Numeric") % { str: from }
+        else
+          t = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(from).generalize
+          _("Value of type %{type} cannot be converted to Numeric") % { type: t }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def initialize(from, to = Float::INFINITY)
+    from = -Float::INFINITY if from.nil? || from == :default
+    to = Float::INFINITY if to.nil? || to == :default
+    raise ArgumentError, "'from' must be less or equal to 'to'. Got (#{from}, #{to}" if from > to
+
+    @from = from
+    @to = to
+  end
+
+  # Checks if this numeric range intersects with another
+  #
+  # @param o [PNumericType] the range to compare with
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if this range intersects with the other range
+  # @api public
+  def intersect?(o)
+    instance_of?(o.class) && !(@to < o.numeric_from || o.numeric_to < @from)
+  end
+
+  # Returns the lower bound of the numeric range or `nil` if no lower bound is set.
+  # @return [Float,Integer]
+  def from
+    @from == -Float::INFINITY ? nil : @from
+  end
+
+  # Returns the upper bound of the numeric range or `nil` if no upper bound is set.
+  # @return [Float,Integer]
+  def to
+    @to == Float::INFINITY ? nil : @to
+  end
+
+  # Same as #from but will return `-Float::Infinity` instead of `nil` if no lower bound is set.
+  # @return [Float,Integer]
+  def numeric_from
+    @from
+  end
+
+  # Same as #to but will return `Float::Infinity` instead of `nil` if no lower bound is set.
+  # @return [Float,Integer]
+  def numeric_to
+    @to
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @from.hash ^ @to.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @from == o.numeric_from && @to == o.numeric_to
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    (o.is_a?(Float) || o.is_a?(Integer)) && o >= @from && o <= @to
+  end
+
+  def unbounded?
+    @from == -Float::INFINITY && @to == Float::INFINITY
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api_private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return false unless o.is_a?(self.class)
+
+    # If o min and max are within the range of t
+    @from <= o.numeric_from && @to >= o.numeric_to
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PNumericType.new(-Float::INFINITY)
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PIntegerType < PNumericType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'NumericType')
+  end
+
+  # Will respond `true` for any range that is bounded at both ends.
+  #
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if the type describes a finite range.
+  def finite_range?
+    @from != -Float::INFINITY && @to != Float::INFINITY
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.is_a?(Integer) && o >= numeric_from && o <= numeric_to
+  end
+
+  # Checks if this range is adjacent to the given range
+  #
+  # @param o [PIntegerType] the range to compare with
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if this range is adjacent to the other range
+  # @api public
+  def adjacent?(o)
+    o.is_a?(PIntegerType) && (@to + 1 == o.from || o.to + 1 == @from)
+  end
+
+  # Concatenates this range with another range provided that the ranges intersect or
+  # are adjacent. When that's not the case, this method will return `nil`
+  #
+  # @param o [PIntegerType] the range to concatenate with this range
+  # @return [PIntegerType,nil] the concatenated range or `nil` when the ranges were apart
+  # @api public
+  def merge(o)
+    if intersect?(o) || adjacent?(o)
+      min = @from <= o.numeric_from ? @from : o.numeric_from
+      max = @to >= o.numeric_to ? @to : o.numeric_to
+      PIntegerType.new(min, max)
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    # It's unknown if the iterable will be a range (min, max) or a "times" (0, max)
+    PIterableType.new(PIntegerType::DEFAULT)
+  end
+
+  # Returns Float.Infinity if one end of the range is unbound
+  def size
+    return Float::INFINITY if @from == -Float::INFINITY || @to == Float::INFINITY
+
+    1 + (to - from).abs
+  end
+
+  # Returns the range as an array ordered so the smaller number is always first.
+  # The number may be Infinity or -Infinity.
+  def range
+    [@from, @to]
+  end
+
+  # Returns Enumerator if no block is given
+  # Returns nil if size is infinity (does not yield)
+  def each(&block)
+    r = Iterable.on(self)
+    block_given? ? r.each(&block) : r
+  end
+
+  # Returns a range where both to and from are positive numbers. Negative
+  # numbers are converted to zero
+  # @return [PIntegerType] a positive range
+  def to_size
+    if @from >= 0
+      self
+    else
+      PIntegerType.new(0, @to < 0 ? 0 : @to)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_function
+    @@new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new, loader) do
+      local_types do
+        type 'Radix       = Variant[Default, Integer[2,2], Integer[8,8], Integer[10,10], Integer[16,16]]'
+        type "Convertible = Variant[Numeric, Boolean, Pattern[/#{INTEGER_PATTERN_LENIENT}/], Timespan, Timestamp]"
+        type 'NamedArgs   = Struct[{from => Convertible, Optional[radix] => Radix, Optional[abs] => Boolean}]'
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_args do
+        param          'Convertible', :from
+        optional_param 'Radix',   :radix
+        optional_param 'Boolean', :abs
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_hash do
+        param          'NamedArgs', :hash_args
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error_hash do
+        param          'Hash', :hash_args
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error do
+        param          'Any',     :from
+        optional_param 'Integer', :radix
+        optional_param 'Boolean', :abs
+      end
+
+      def from_args(from, radix = :default, abs = false)
+        result = from_convertible(from, radix)
+        abs ? result.abs : result
+      end
+
+      def from_hash(args_hash)
+        from_args(args_hash['from'], args_hash['radix'] || :default, args_hash['abs'] || false)
+      end
+
+      def from_convertible(from, radix)
+        case from
+        when Float, Time::TimeData
+          from.to_i
+        when Integer
+          from
+        when TrueClass
+          1
+        when FalseClass
+          0
+        else
+          begin
+            radix == :default ? Integer(from) : Integer(from, radix)
+          rescue TypeError => e
+            raise TypeConversionError, e.message
+          rescue ArgumentError => e
+            # Test for special case where there is whitespace between sign and number
+            match = Patterns::WS_BETWEEN_SIGN_AND_NUMBER.match(from)
+            if match
+              begin
+                # Try again, this time with whitespace removed
+                return from_args(match[1] + match[2], radix)
+              rescue TypeConversionError
+                # Ignored to retain original error
+              end
+            end
+            raise TypeConversionError, e.message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def on_error_hash(args_hash)
+        if args_hash.include?('from')
+          from = args_hash['from']
+          return on_error(from) unless loader.load(:type, 'convertible').instance?(from)
+        end
+        radix = args_hash['radix']
+        assert_radix(radix) unless radix.nil? || radix == :default
+        TypeAsserter.assert_instance_of('Integer.new', loader.load(:type, 'namedargs'), args_hash)
+      end
+
+      def on_error(from, radix = :default, abs = nil)
+        assert_radix(radix) unless radix == :default
+        if from.is_a?(String)
+          _("The string '%{str}' cannot be converted to Integer") % { str: from }
+        else
+          t = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(from).generalize
+          _("Value of type %{type} cannot be converted to Integer") % { type: t }
+        end
+      end
+
+      def assert_radix(radix)
+        case radix
+        when 2, 8, 10, 16
+          # do nothing
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, _("Illegal radix: %{radix}, expected 2, 8, 10, 16, or default") % { radix: radix }
+        end
+        radix
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PIntegerType.new(-Float::INFINITY)
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PFloatType < PNumericType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'NumericType')
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.is_a?(Float) && o >= numeric_from && o <= numeric_to
+  end
+
+  # Concatenates this range with another range provided that the ranges intersect. When that's not the case, this
+  # method will return `nil`
+  #
+  # @param o [PFloatType] the range to concatenate with this range
+  # @return [PFloatType,nil] the concatenated range or `nil` when the ranges were apart
+  # @api public
+  def merge(o)
+    if intersect?(o)
+      min = @from <= o.from ? @from : o.from
+      max = @to >= o.to ? @to : o.to
+      PFloatType.new(min, max)
+    else
+      nil
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new function that produces a Float value
+  #
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_float, type.loader) do
+      local_types do
+        type "Convertible = Variant[Numeric, Boolean, Pattern[/#{FLOAT_PATTERN}/], Timespan, Timestamp]"
+        type 'NamedArgs   = Struct[{from => Convertible, Optional[abs] => Boolean}]'
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_args do
+        param          'Convertible',  :from
+        optional_param 'Boolean',      :abs
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_hash do
+        param          'NamedArgs', :hash_args
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error do
+        param          'Any',     :from
+        optional_param 'Boolean', :abs
+      end
+
+      def from_args(from, abs = false)
+        result = from_convertible(from)
+        abs ? result.abs : result
+      end
+
+      def from_hash(args_hash)
+        from_args(args_hash['from'], args_hash['abs'] || false)
+      end
+
+      def from_convertible(from)
+        case from
+        when Float
+          from
+        when Integer
+          Float(from)
+        when Time::TimeData
+          from.to_f
+        when TrueClass
+          1.0
+        when FalseClass
+          0.0
+        else
+          begin
+            # support a binary as float
+            if from[0] == '0' && from[1].casecmp('b').zero?
+              from = Integer(from)
+            end
+            Float(from)
+          rescue TypeError => e
+            raise TypeConversionError, e.message
+          rescue ArgumentError => e
+            # Test for special case where there is whitespace between sign and number
+            match = Patterns::WS_BETWEEN_SIGN_AND_NUMBER.match(from)
+            if match
+              begin
+                # Try again, this time with whitespace removed
+                return from_args(match[1] + match[2])
+              rescue TypeConversionError
+                # Ignored to retain original error
+              end
+            end
+            raise TypeConversionError, e.message
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def on_error(from, _ = false)
+        if from.is_a?(String)
+          _("The string '%{str}' cannot be converted to Float") % { str: from }
+        else
+          t = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(from).generalize
+          _("Value of type %{type} cannot be converted to Float") % { type: t }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PFloatType.new(-Float::INFINITY)
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PCollectionType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'size_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType.new(PIntegerType::DEFAULT)),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :size_type
+
+  def initialize(size_type)
+    @size_type = size_type.nil? ? nil : size_type.to_size
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @size_type.accept(visitor, guard) unless @size_type.nil?
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # The inferred type of a class derived from Array or Hash is either Runtime or Object. It's not assignable to the Collection type.
+    if o.instance_of?(Array) || o.instance_of?(Hash)
+      @size_type.nil? || @size_type.instance?(o.size)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns an array with from (min) size to (max) size
+  def size_range
+    (@size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE).range
+  end
+
+  def has_empty_range?
+    from, to = size_range
+    from == 0 && to == 0
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @size_type.hash
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @size_type == o.size_type
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT_SIZE = PIntegerType.new(0)
+  ZERO_SIZE = PIntegerType.new(0, 0)
+  NOT_EMPTY_SIZE = PIntegerType.new(1)
+  DEFAULT = PCollectionType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  #
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    case o
+    when PCollectionType
+      (@size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE).assignable?(o.size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE, guard)
+    when PTupleType
+      # compute the tuple's min/max size, and check if that size matches
+      size_s = size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE
+      size_o = o.size_type
+      if size_o.nil?
+        type_count = o.types.size
+        size_o = PIntegerType.new(type_count, type_count)
+      end
+      size_s.assignable?(size_o)
+    when PStructType
+      from = to = o.elements.size
+      (@size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE).assignable?(PIntegerType.new(from, to), guard)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class PIterableType < PTypeWithContainedType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  def element_type
+    @type
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    if @type.nil? || @type.assignable?(PAnyType::DEFAULT, guard)
+      # Any element_type will do
+      case o
+      when Iterable, String, Hash, Array, Range, PEnumType
+        true
+      when Integer
+        o >= 0
+      when PIntegerType
+        o.finite_range?
+      when PTypeAliasType
+        instance?(o.resolved_type, guard)
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    else
+      assignable?(TypeCalculator.infer(o), guard)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    self
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PIterableType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    if @type.nil? || @type.assignable?(PAnyType::DEFAULT, guard)
+      # Don't request the iterable_type. Since this Iterable accepts Any element, it is enough that o is iterable.
+      o.iterable?
+    else
+      o = o.iterable_type
+      o.nil? || o.element_type.nil? ? false : @type.assignable?(o.element_type, guard)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PIteratorType < PTypeWithContainedType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  def element_type
+    @type
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.is_a?(Iterable) && (@type.nil? || @type.assignable?(o.element_type, guard))
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    @type.nil? ? PIterableType::DEFAULT : PIterableType.new(@type)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PIteratorType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PIteratorType) && (@type.nil? || @type.assignable?(o.element_type, guard))
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PStringType < PScalarDataType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarDataType',
+                 'size_type_or_value' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PVariantType.new([PStringType::DEFAULT, PTypeType.new(PIntegerType::DEFAULT)])),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :size_type_or_value
+
+  def initialize(size_type_or_value, deprecated_multi_args = EMPTY_ARRAY)
+    unless deprecated_multi_args.empty?
+      if Puppet[:strict] != :off
+        # TRANSLATORS 'PStringType#initialize' is a class and method name and should not be translated
+        Puppet.warn_once('deprecations', "PStringType#initialize_multi_args",
+                         _("Passing more than one argument to PStringType#initialize is deprecated"))
+      end
+      size_type_or_value = deprecated_multi_args[0]
+    end
+    @size_type_or_value = size_type_or_value.is_a?(PIntegerType) ? size_type_or_value.to_size : size_type_or_value
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @size_type_or_value.accept(visitor, guard) if @size_type_or_value.is_a?(PIntegerType)
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @size_type_or_value.hash
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    ITERABLE_TYPE
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @size_type_or_value == o.size_type_or_value
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # true if size compliant
+    if o.is_a?(String)
+      if @size_type_or_value.is_a?(PIntegerType)
+        @size_type_or_value.instance?(o.size, guard)
+      else
+        @size_type_or_value.nil? ? true : o == value
+      end
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def value
+    @size_type_or_value.is_a?(PIntegerType) ? nil : @size_type_or_value
+  end
+
+  # @deprecated
+  # @api private
+  def values
+    if Puppet[:strict] != :off
+      # TRANSLATORS 'PStringType#values' and '#value' are classes and method names and should not be translated
+      Puppet.warn_once('deprecations', "PStringType#values", _("Method PStringType#values is deprecated. Use #value instead"))
+    end
+    @value.is_a?(String) ? [@value] : EMPTY_ARRAY
+  end
+
+  def size_type
+    @size_type_or_value.is_a?(PIntegerType) ? @size_type_or_value : nil
+  end
+
+  def derived_size_type
+    case @size_type_or_value
+    when PIntegerType
+      @size_type_or_value
+    when String
+      sz = @size_type_or_value.size
+      PIntegerType.new(sz, sz)
+    else
+      PCollectionType::DEFAULT_SIZE
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_string, type.loader) do
+      local_types do
+        type "Format = Pattern[/#{StringConverter::Format::FMT_PATTERN_STR}/]"
+        type 'ContainerFormat = Struct[{
+          Optional[format]         => Format,
+          Optional[separator]      => String,
+          Optional[separator2]     => String,
+          Optional[string_formats] => Hash[Type, Format]
+        }]'
+        type 'TypeMap = Hash[Type, Variant[Format, ContainerFormat]]'
+        type 'Convertible = Any'
+        type 'Formats = Variant[Default, String[1], TypeMap]'
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_args do
+        param           'Convertible',  :from
+        optional_param  'Formats',      :string_formats
+      end
+
+      def from_args(from, formats = :default)
+        StringConverter.singleton.convert(from, formats)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PStringType.new(nil)
+  NON_EMPTY = PStringType.new(PCollectionType::NOT_EMPTY_SIZE)
+
+  # Iterates over each character of the string
+  ITERABLE_TYPE = PIterableType.new(PStringType.new(PIntegerType.new(1, 1)))
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    if @size_type_or_value.is_a?(PIntegerType)
+      # A general string is assignable by any other string or pattern restricted string
+      # if the string has a size constraint it does not match since there is no reasonable way
+      # to compute the min/max length a pattern will match. For enum, it is possible to test that
+      # each enumerator value is within range
+      case o
+      when PStringType
+        @size_type_or_value.assignable?(o.derived_size_type, guard)
+
+      when PEnumType
+        if o.values.empty?
+          # enum represents all enums, and thus all strings, a sized constrained string can thus not
+          # be assigned any enum (unless it is max size).
+          @size_type_or_value.assignable?(PCollectionType::DEFAULT_SIZE, guard)
+        else
+          # true if all enum values are within range
+          orange = o.values.map(&:size).minmax
+          srange = @size_type_or_value.range
+          # If o min and max are within the range of t
+          srange[0] <= orange[0] && srange[1] >= orange[1]
+        end
+
+      when PPatternType
+        # true if size constraint is at least 0 to +Infinity (which is the same as the default)
+        @size_type_or_value.assignable?(PCollectionType::DEFAULT_SIZE, guard)
+      else
+        # no other type matches string
+        false
+      end
+    else
+      case o
+      when PStringType
+        # Must match exactly when value is a string
+        @size_type_or_value.nil? || @size_type_or_value == o.size_type_or_value
+      when PEnumType
+        @size_type_or_value.nil? ? true : o.values.size == 1 && !o.case_insensitive? && o.values[0]
+      when PPatternType
+        @size_type_or_value.nil?
+      else
+        # All others are false, since no other type describes the same set of specific strings
+        false
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PRegexpType < PScalarType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarType',
+                 'pattern' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => PVariantType.new([PUndefType::DEFAULT, PStringType::DEFAULT, PRegexpType::DEFAULT]),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new function that produces a Regexp instance
+  #
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_float, type.loader) do
+      dispatch :from_string do
+        param 'String', :pattern
+        optional_param 'Boolean', :escape
+      end
+
+      def from_string(pattern, escape = false)
+        Regexp.new(escape ? Regexp.escape(pattern) : pattern)
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :pattern
+
+  # @param regexp [Regexp] the regular expression
+  # @return [String] the Regexp as a slash delimited string with slashes escaped
+  def self.regexp_to_s_with_delimiters(regexp)
+    regexp.options == 0 ? regexp.inspect : "/#{regexp}/"
+  end
+
+  # @param regexp [Regexp] the regular expression
+  # @return [String] the Regexp as a string without escaped slash
+  def self.regexp_to_s(regexp)
+    append_flags_group(regexp.source, regexp.options)
+  end
+
+  def self.append_flags_group(rx_string, options)
+    if options == 0
+      rx_string
+    else
+      bld = '(?'.dup
+      bld << 'i' if (options & Regexp::IGNORECASE) != 0
+      bld << 'm' if (options & Regexp::MULTILINE) != 0
+      bld << 'x' if (options & Regexp::EXTENDED) != 0
+      unless options == (Regexp::IGNORECASE | Regexp::MULTILINE | Regexp::EXTENDED)
+        bld << '-'
+        bld << 'i' if (options & Regexp::IGNORECASE) == 0
+        bld << 'm' if (options & Regexp::MULTILINE) == 0
+        bld << 'x' if (options & Regexp::EXTENDED) == 0
+      end
+      bld << ':' << rx_string << ')'
+      bld.freeze
+    end
+  end
+
+  def initialize(pattern)
+    if pattern.is_a?(Regexp)
+      @regexp = pattern
+      @pattern = PRegexpType.regexp_to_s(pattern)
+    else
+      @pattern = pattern
+    end
+  end
+
+  def regexp
+    @regexp ||= Regexp.new(@pattern || '')
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @pattern.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @pattern == o.pattern
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.is_a?(Regexp) && @pattern.nil? || regexp == o
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PRegexpType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  #
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PRegexpType) && (@pattern.nil? || @pattern == o.pattern)
+  end
+end
+
+# Represents a subtype of String that narrows the string to those matching the patterns
+# If specified without a pattern it is basically the same as the String type.
+#
+# @api public
+#
+class PPatternType < PScalarDataType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarDataType', 'patterns' => PArrayType.new(PRegexpType::DEFAULT))
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :patterns
+
+  def initialize(patterns)
+    @patterns = patterns.freeze
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @patterns.each { |p| p.accept(visitor, guard) }
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @patterns.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @patterns.size == o.patterns.size && (@patterns - o.patterns).empty?
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    o.is_a?(String) && (@patterns.empty? || @patterns.any? { |p| p.regexp.match(o) })
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PPatternType.new(EMPTY_ARRAY)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  #
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return true if self == o
+
+    case o
+    when PStringType
+      v = o.value
+      if v.nil?
+        # Strings cannot all match a pattern, but if there is no pattern it is ok
+        # (There should really always be a pattern, but better safe than sorry).
+        @patterns.empty?
+      else
+        # the string in String type must match one of the patterns in Pattern type,
+        # or Pattern represents all Patterns == all Strings
+        regexps = @patterns.map(&:regexp)
+        regexps.empty? || regexps.any? { |re| re.match(v) }
+      end
+    when PEnumType
+      if o.values.empty?
+        # Enums (unknown which ones) cannot all match a pattern, but if there is no pattern it is ok
+        # (There should really always be a pattern, but better safe than sorry).
+        @patterns.empty?
+      else
+        # all strings in String/Enum type must match one of the patterns in Pattern type,
+        # or Pattern represents all Patterns == all Strings
+        regexps = @patterns.map(&:regexp)
+        regexps.empty? || o.values.all? { |s| regexps.any? { |re| re.match(s) } }
+      end
+    when PPatternType
+      @patterns.empty?
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PBooleanType < PScalarDataType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'ScalarDataType')
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :value
+
+  def initialize(value = nil)
+    @value = value
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    o.is_a?(PBooleanType) && @value == o.value
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    PBooleanType::DEFAULT
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    31 ^ @value.hash
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    (o == true || o == false) && (@value.nil? || value == o)
+  end
+
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_boolean, type.loader) do
+      dispatch :from_args do
+        param "Variant[Integer, Float, Boolean, Enum['false','true','yes','no','y','n',true]]", :from
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error do
+        param  'Any', :from
+      end
+
+      def from_args(from)
+        from = from.downcase if from.is_a?(String)
+        case from
+        when Float, Integer
+          !from.zero?
+        when false, 'false', 'no', 'n'
+          false
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+
+      def on_error(from)
+        if from.is_a?(String)
+          _("The string '%{str}' cannot be converted to Boolean") % { str: from }
+        else
+          t = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(from).generalize
+          _("Value of type %{type} cannot be converted to Boolean") % { type: t }
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PBooleanType.new
+  TRUE = PBooleanType.new(true)
+  FALSE = PBooleanType.new(false)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  #
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PBooleanType) && (@value.nil? || @value == o.value)
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+# @api public
+#
+class PStructElement < TypedModelObject
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    @type = Pcore.create_object_type(loader, ir, self, 'Pcore::StructElement', nil,
+                                     'key_type' => PTypeType::DEFAULT,
+                                     'value_type' => PTypeType::DEFAULT)
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :key_type, :value_type
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    @key_type.accept(visitor, guard)
+    @value_type.accept(visitor, guard)
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    value_type.hash ^ key_type.hash
+  end
+
+  def name
+    k = key_type
+    k = k.optional_type if k.is_a?(POptionalType)
+    k.value
+  end
+
+  def initialize(key_type, value_type)
+    @key_type = key_type
+    @value_type = value_type
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    gv_type = @value_type.generalize
+    @value_type.equal?(gv_type) ? self : PStructElement.new(@key_type, gv_type)
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    nv_type = @value_type.normalize(guard)
+    @value_type.equal?(nv_type) ? self : PStructElement.new(@key_type, nv_type)
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    rkey_type = @key_type.resolve(loader)
+    rvalue_type = @value_type.resolve(loader)
+    rkey_type.equal?(@key_type) && rvalue_type.equal?(@value_type) ? self : self.class.new(rkey_type, rvalue_type)
+  end
+
+  def <=>(o)
+    name <=> o.name
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self == o
+  end
+
+  def ==(o)
+    self.class == o.class && value_type == o.value_type && key_type == o.key_type
+  end
+
+  # Special boostrap method to overcome the hen and egg problem with the Object initializer that contains
+  # types that are derived from Object (such as Annotation)
+  #
+  # @api private
+  def replace_value_type(new_type)
+    @value_type = new_type
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PStructType < PAnyType
+  include Enumerable
+
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType', 'elements' => PArrayType.new(PTypeReferenceType.new('Pcore::StructElement')))
+  end
+
+  def initialize(elements)
+    @elements = elements.freeze
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @elements.each { |elem| elem.accept(visitor, guard) }
+  end
+
+  def each
+    if block_given?
+      elements.each { |elem| yield elem }
+    else
+      elements.to_enum
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if @elements.empty?
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      alter_type_array(@elements, :generalize) { |altered| PStructType.new(altered) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if @elements.empty?
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      alter_type_array(@elements, :normalize, guard) { |altered| PStructType.new(altered) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  # rubocop:disable Naming/MemoizedInstanceVariableName
+  def hashed_elements
+    @hashed ||= @elements.each_with_object({}) { |e, memo| memo[e.name] = e; }
+  end
+  # rubocop:enable Naming/MemoizedInstanceVariableName
+
+  def hash
+    @elements.hash
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    if self == DEFAULT
+      PIterableType.new(PHashType::DEFAULT_KEY_PAIR_TUPLE)
+    else
+      PIterableType.new(
+        PTupleType.new([
+                         PVariantType.maybe_create(@elements.map(&:key_type)),
+                         PVariantType.maybe_create(@elements.map(&:value_type))
+                       ],
+                       PHashType::KEY_PAIR_TUPLE_SIZE)
+      )
+    end
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    changed = false
+    relements = @elements.map do |elem|
+      relem = elem.resolve(loader)
+      changed ||= !relem.equal?(elem)
+      relem
+    end
+    changed ? self.class.new(relements) : self
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @elements == o.elements
+  end
+
+  def elements
+    @elements
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # The inferred type of a class derived from Hash is either Runtime or Object. It's not assignable to the Struct type.
+    return false unless o.instance_of?(Hash)
+
+    matched = 0
+    @elements.all? do |e|
+      key = e.name
+      v = o[key]
+      if v.nil? && !o.include?(key)
+        # Entry is missing. Only OK when key is optional
+        e.key_type.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT, guard)
+      else
+        matched += 1
+        e.value_type.instance?(v, guard)
+      end
+    end && matched == o.size
+  end
+
+  def new_function
+    # Simply delegate to Hash type and let the higher level assertion deal with
+    # compliance with the Struct type regarding the produced result.
+    PHashType.new_function(self)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PStructType.new(EMPTY_ARRAY)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    case o
+    when Types::PStructType
+      h2 = o.hashed_elements
+      matched = 0
+      elements.all? do |e1|
+        e2 = h2[e1.name]
+        if e2.nil?
+          e1.key_type.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT, guard)
+        else
+          matched += 1
+          e1.key_type.assignable?(e2.key_type, guard) && e1.value_type.assignable?(e2.value_type, guard)
+        end
+      end && matched == h2.size
+    when Types::PHashType
+      required = 0
+      required_elements_assignable = elements.all? do |e|
+        key_type = e.key_type
+        if key_type.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT)
+          # Element is optional so Hash does not need to provide it
+          true
+        else
+          required += 1
+          if e.value_type.assignable?(o.value_type, guard)
+            # Hash must have something that is assignable. We don't care about the name or size of the key though
+            # because we have no instance of a hash to compare against.
+            key_type.generalize.assignable?(o.key_type)
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      if required_elements_assignable
+        size_o = o.size_type || PCollectionType::DEFAULT_SIZE
+        PIntegerType.new(required, elements.size).assignable?(size_o, guard)
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PTupleType < PAnyType
+  include Enumerable
+
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'types' => PArrayType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                 'size_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType.new(PIntegerType::DEFAULT)),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  # If set, describes min and max required of the given types - if max > size of
+  # types, the last type entry repeats
+  #
+  attr_reader :size_type
+
+  attr_reader :types
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @size_type.accept(visitor, guard) unless @size_type.nil?
+    @types.each { |elem| elem.accept(visitor, guard) }
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def callable_args?(callable_t, guard)
+    unless size_type.nil?
+      raise ArgumentError, 'Callable tuple may not have a size constraint when used as args'
+    end
+
+    params_tuple = callable_t.param_types
+    param_block_t = callable_t.block_type
+    arg_types = @types
+    arg_block_t = arg_types.last
+    if arg_block_t.kind_of_callable?(true, guard)
+      # Can't pass a block to a callable that doesn't accept one
+      return false if param_block_t.nil?
+
+      # Check that the block is of the right tyṕe
+      return false unless param_block_t.assignable?(arg_block_t, guard)
+
+      # Check other arguments
+      arg_count = arg_types.size - 1
+      params_size_t = params_tuple.size_type || PIntegerType.new(*params_tuple.size_range)
+      return false unless params_size_t.assignable?(PIntegerType.new(arg_count, arg_count), guard)
+
+      ctypes = params_tuple.types
+      arg_count.times do |index|
+        return false unless (ctypes[index] || ctypes[-1]).assignable?(arg_types[index], guard)
+      end
+      return true
+    end
+
+    # Check that tuple is assignable and that the block (if declared) is optional
+    params_tuple.assignable?(self, guard) && (param_block_t.nil? || param_block_t.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT, guard))
+  end
+
+  def initialize(types, size_type = nil)
+    @types = types
+    @size_type = size_type.nil? ? nil : size_type.to_size
+  end
+
+  # Returns Enumerator for the types if no block is given, otherwise, calls the given
+  # block with each of the types in this tuple
+  def each
+    if block_given?
+      types.each { |x| yield x }
+    else
+      types.to_enum
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if self == DEFAULT
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      alter_type_array(@types, :generalize) { |altered_types| PTupleType.new(altered_types, @size_type) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if self == DEFAULT
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      alter_type_array(@types, :normalize, guard) { |altered_types| PTupleType.new(altered_types, @size_type) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    changed = false
+    rtypes = @types.map do |type|
+      rtype = type.resolve(loader)
+      changed ||= !rtype.equal?(type)
+      rtype
+    end
+    changed ? self.class.new(rtypes, @size_type) : self
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # The inferred type of a class derived from Array is either Runtime or Object. It's not assignable to the Tuple type.
+    return false unless o.instance_of?(Array)
+
+    if @size_type
+      return false unless @size_type.instance?(o.size, guard)
+    else
+      return false unless @types.empty? || @types.size == o.size
+    end
+    index = -1
+    @types.empty? || o.all? do |element|
+      @types.fetch(index += 1) { @types.last }.instance?(element, guard)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    PIterableType.new(PVariantType.maybe_create(types))
+  end
+
+  # Returns the number of elements accepted [min, max] in the tuple
+  def size_range
+    if @size_type.nil?
+      types_size = @types.size
+      types_size == 0 ? [0, Float::INFINITY] : [types_size, types_size]
+    else
+      @size_type.range
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns the number of accepted occurrences [min, max] of the last type in the tuple
+  # The defaults is [1,1]
+  #
+  def repeat_last_range
+    if @size_type.nil?
+      return [1, 1]
+    end
+
+    types_size = @types.size
+    from, to = @size_type.range
+    min = from - (types_size - 1)
+    min = min <= 0 ? 0 : min
+    max = to - (types_size - 1)
+    [min, max]
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @size_type.hash ^ @types.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @types == o.types && @size_type == o.size_type
+  end
+
+  def new_function
+    # Simply delegate to Array type and let the higher level assertion deal with
+    # compliance with the Tuple type regarding the produced result.
+    PArrayType.new_function(self)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PTupleType.new(EMPTY_ARRAY)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return true if self == o
+    return false unless o.is_a?(PTupleType) || o.is_a?(PArrayType)
+
+    s_types = types
+    size_s = size_type || PIntegerType.new(*size_range)
+
+    if o.is_a?(PTupleType)
+      size_o = o.size_type || PIntegerType.new(*o.size_range)
+      return false unless size_s.assignable?(size_o, guard)
+
+      unless s_types.empty?
+        o_types = o.types
+        return size_s.numeric_from == 0 if o_types.empty?
+
+        o_types.size.times do |index|
+          return false unless (s_types[index] || s_types[-1]).assignable?(o_types[index], guard)
+        end
+      end
+    else
+      size_o = o.size_type || PCollectionType::DEFAULT_SIZE
+      return false unless size_s.assignable?(size_o, guard)
+
+      unless s_types.empty?
+        o_entry = o.element_type
+        # Array of anything can not be assigned (unless tuple is tuple of anything) - this case
+        # was handled at the top of this method.
+        #
+        return false if o_entry.nil?
+
+        [s_types.size, size_o.range[1]].min.times { |index| return false unless (s_types[index] || s_types[-1]).assignable?(o_entry, guard) }
+      end
+    end
+    true
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PCallableType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'param_types' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType.new(PTupleType::DEFAULT)),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 },
+                 'block_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType.new(PCallableType::DEFAULT)),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 },
+                 'return_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => PAnyType::DEFAULT
+                 })
+  end
+
+  # @return [PAnyType] The type for the values returned by this callable. Returns `nil` if return value is unconstrained
+  attr_reader :return_type
+
+  # Types of parameters as a Tuple with required/optional count, or an Integer with min (required), max count
+  # @return [PTupleType] the tuple representing the parameter types
+  attr_reader :param_types
+
+  # Although being an abstract type reference, only Callable, or all Callables wrapped in
+  # Optional or Variant are supported
+  # If not set, the meaning is that block is not supported.
+  # @return [PAnyType|nil] the block type
+  attr_reader :block_type
+
+  # @param param_types [PTupleType]
+  # @param block_type [PAnyType]
+  # @param return_type [PAnyType]
+  def initialize(param_types, block_type = nil, return_type = nil)
+    @param_types = param_types
+    @block_type = block_type
+    @return_type = return_type == PAnyType::DEFAULT ? nil : return_type
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @param_types.accept(visitor, guard) unless @param_types.nil?
+    @block_type.accept(visitor, guard) unless @block_type.nil?
+    @return_type.accept(visitor, guard) unless @return_type.nil?
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if self == DEFAULT
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      params_t = @param_types.nil? ? nil : @param_types.generalize
+      block_t = @block_type.nil? ? nil : @block_type.generalize
+      return_t = @return_type.nil? ? nil : @return_type.generalize
+      @param_types.equal?(params_t) && @block_type.equal?(block_t) && @return_type.equal?(return_t) ? self : PCallableType.new(params_t, block_t, return_t)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if self == DEFAULT
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      params_t = @param_types.nil? ? nil : @param_types.normalize(guard)
+      block_t = @block_type.nil? ? nil : @block_type.normalize(guard)
+      return_t = @return_type.nil? ? nil : @return_type.normalize(guard)
+      @param_types.equal?(params_t) && @block_type.equal?(block_t) && @return_type.equal?(return_t) ? self : PCallableType.new(params_t, block_t, return_t)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    (o.is_a?(Proc) || o.is_a?(Evaluator::Closure) || o.is_a?(Functions::Function)) && assignable?(TypeCalculator.infer(o), guard)
+  end
+
+  # Returns `true` if this instance is a callable that accepts the given _args_
+  #
+  # @param args [Array] the arguments to test
+  # @return [Boolean] `true` if this instance is a callable that accepts the given _args_
+  def callable_with?(args, block = nil)
+    # nil param_types and compatible return type means other Callable is assignable
+    return true if @param_types.nil?
+    return false unless @param_types.instance?(args)
+
+    if @block_type.nil?
+      block.nil?
+    else
+      @block_type.instance?(block)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def callable_args?(required_callable_t, guard)
+    # If the required callable is equal or more specific than self, self is acceptable arguments
+    required_callable_t.assignable?(self, guard)
+  end
+
+  def kind_of_callable?(optional = true, guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  # Returns the number of accepted arguments [min, max]
+  def size_range
+    @param_types.nil? ? nil : @param_types.size_range
+  end
+
+  # Returns the number of accepted arguments for the last parameter type [min, max]
+  #
+  def last_range
+    @param_types.nil? ? nil : @param_types.repeat_last_range
+  end
+
+  # Range [0,0], [0,1], or [1,1] for the block
+  #
+  def block_range
+    case block_type
+    when POptionalType
+      [0, 1]
+    when PVariantType, PCallableType
+      [1, 1]
+    else
+      [0, 0]
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    [@param_types, @block_type, @return_type].hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @param_types == o.param_types && @block_type == o.block_type && @return_type == o.return_type
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    params_t = @param_types.nil? ? nil : @param_types.resolve(loader)
+    block_t = @block_type.nil? ? nil : @block_type.resolve(loader)
+    return_t = @return_type.nil? ? nil : @return_type.resolve(loader)
+    @param_types.equal?(params_t) && @block_type.equal?(block_t) && @return_type.equal?(return_t) ? self : self.class.new(params_t, block_t, return_t)
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PCallableType.new(nil, nil, nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return false unless o.is_a?(PCallableType)
+    return false unless @return_type.nil? || @return_type.assignable?(o.return_type || PAnyType::DEFAULT, guard)
+
+    # nil param_types and compatible return type means other Callable is assignable
+    return true if @param_types.nil?
+
+    # NOTE: these tests are made in reverse as it is calling the callable that is constrained
+    # (it's lower bound), not its upper bound
+    other_param_types = o.param_types
+
+    return false if other_param_types.nil? || !other_param_types.assignable?(@param_types, guard)
+
+    # names are ignored, they are just information
+    # Blocks must be compatible
+    this_block_t = @block_type || PUndefType::DEFAULT
+    that_block_t = o.block_type || PUndefType::DEFAULT
+    that_block_t.assignable?(this_block_t, guard)
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PArrayType < PCollectionType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'CollectionType',
+                 'element_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => PAnyType::DEFAULT
+                 })
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :element_type
+
+  def initialize(element_type, size_type = nil)
+    super(size_type)
+    if !size_type.nil? && size_type.from == 0 && size_type.to == 0
+      @element_type = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+    else
+      @element_type = element_type.nil? ? PAnyType::DEFAULT : element_type
+    end
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @element_type.accept(visitor, guard)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def callable_args?(callable, guard = nil)
+    param_t = callable.param_types
+    block_t = callable.block_type
+    # does not support calling with a block, but have to check that callable is ok with missing block
+    (param_t.nil? || param_t.assignable?(self, guard)) && (block_t.nil? || block_t.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT, guard))
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if PAnyType::DEFAULT.eql?(@element_type)
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      ge_type = @element_type.generalize
+      @size_type.nil? && @element_type.equal?(ge_type) ? self : self.class.new(ge_type, nil)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    super && @element_type == o.element_type
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    super ^ @element_type.hash
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if PAnyType::DEFAULT.eql?(@element_type)
+      DEFAULT
+    else
+      ne_type = @element_type.normalize(guard)
+      @element_type.equal?(ne_type) ? self : self.class.new(ne_type, @size_type)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    relement_type = @element_type.resolve(loader)
+    relement_type.equal?(@element_type) ? self : self.class.new(relement_type, @size_type)
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # The inferred type of a class derived from Array is either Runtime or Object. It's not assignable to the Array type.
+    return false unless o.instance_of?(Array)
+    return false unless o.all? { |element| @element_type.instance?(element, guard) }
+
+    size_t = size_type
+    size_t.nil? || size_t.instance?(o.size, guard)
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    PAnyType::DEFAULT.eql?(@element_type) ? PIterableType::DEFAULT : PIterableType.new(@element_type)
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new function that produces an Array
+  #
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_array, type.loader) do
+      dispatch :to_array do
+        param           'Variant[Array,Hash,Binary,Iterable]', :from
+        optional_param  'Boolean[false]', :wrap
+      end
+
+      dispatch :wrapped do
+        param  'Any',           :from
+        param  'Boolean[true]', :wrap
+      end
+
+      argument_mismatch :on_error do
+        param  'Any',             :from
+        optional_param 'Boolean', :wrap
+      end
+
+      def wrapped(from, _)
+        from.is_a?(Array) ? from : [from]
+      end
+
+      def to_array(from, _ = false)
+        case from
+        when Array
+          from
+        when Hash
+          from.to_a
+        when PBinaryType::Binary
+          # For older rubies, the #bytes method returns an Enumerator that must be rolled out
+          from.binary_buffer.bytes.to_a
+        else
+          Iterable.on(from).to_a
+        end
+      end
+
+      def on_error(from, _ = false)
+        t = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(from).generalize
+        _("Value of type %{type} cannot be converted to Array") % { type: t }
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PArrayType.new(nil)
+  EMPTY = PArrayType.new(PUnitType::DEFAULT, ZERO_SIZE)
+
+  protected
+
+  # Array is assignable if o is an Array and o's element type is assignable, or if o is a Tuple
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    case o
+    when PTupleType
+      o_types = o.types
+      size_s = size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE
+      size_o = o.size_type
+      if size_o.nil?
+        type_count = o_types.size
+        size_o = PIntegerType.new(type_count, type_count)
+      end
+      size_s.assignable?(size_o) && o_types.all? { |ot| @element_type.assignable?(ot, guard) }
+    when PArrayType
+      super && @element_type.assignable?(o.element_type, guard)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# @api public
+#
+class PHashType < PCollectionType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'CollectionType',
+                 'key_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => PAnyType::DEFAULT
+                 },
+                 'value_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => PAnyType::DEFAULT
+                 })
+  end
+
+  attr_accessor :key_type, :value_type
+
+  def initialize(key_type, value_type, size_type = nil)
+    super(size_type)
+    if !size_type.nil? && size_type.from == 0 && size_type.to == 0
+      @key_type = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+      @value_type = PUnitType::DEFAULT
+    else
+      @key_type = key_type.nil? ? PAnyType::DEFAULT : key_type
+      @value_type = value_type.nil? ? PAnyType::DEFAULT : value_type
+    end
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @key_type.accept(visitor, guard)
+    @value_type.accept(visitor, guard)
+  end
+
+  def element_type
+    if Puppet[:strict] != :off
+      # TRANSLATOR 'Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType#element_type' and '#value_type' are class and method names and should not be translated
+      Puppet.warn_once('deprecations', 'Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType#element_type',
+                       _('Puppet::Pops::Types::PHashType#element_type is deprecated, use #value_type instead'))
+    end
+    @value_type
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if self == DEFAULT || self == EMPTY
+      self
+    else
+      key_t = @key_type
+      key_t = key_t.generalize
+      value_t = @value_type
+      value_t = value_t.generalize
+      @size_type.nil? && @key_type.equal?(key_t) && @value_type.equal?(value_t) ? self : PHashType.new(key_t, value_t, nil)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if self == DEFAULT || self == EMPTY
+      self
+    else
+      key_t = @key_type.normalize(guard)
+      value_t = @value_type.normalize(guard)
+      @size_type.nil? && @key_type.equal?(key_t) && @value_type.equal?(value_t) ? self : PHashType.new(key_t, value_t, @size_type)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    super ^ @key_type.hash ^ @value_type.hash
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # The inferred type of a class derived from Hash is either Runtime or Object. It's not assignable to the Hash type.
+    return false unless o.instance_of?(Hash)
+
+    if o.keys.all? { |key| @key_type.instance?(key, guard) } && o.values.all? { |value| @value_type.instance?(value, guard) }
+      size_t = size_type
+      size_t.nil? || size_t.instance?(o.size, guard)
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    true
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    if self == DEFAULT || self == EMPTY
+      PIterableType.new(DEFAULT_KEY_PAIR_TUPLE)
+    else
+      PIterableType.new(PTupleType.new([@key_type, @value_type], KEY_PAIR_TUPLE_SIZE))
+    end
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    super && @key_type == o.key_type && @value_type == o.value_type
+  end
+
+  def is_the_empty_hash?
+    self == EMPTY
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    rkey_type = @key_type.resolve(loader)
+    rvalue_type = @value_type.resolve(loader)
+    rkey_type.equal?(@key_type) && rvalue_type.equal?(@value_type) ? self : self.class.new(rkey_type, rvalue_type, @size_type)
+  end
+
+  def self.array_as_hash(value)
+    return value unless value.is_a?(Array)
+
+    result = {}
+    value.each_with_index { |v, idx| result[idx] = array_as_hash(v) }
+    result
+  end
+
+  # Returns a new function that produces a  Hash
+  #
+  def self.new_function(type)
+    @new_function ||= Puppet::Functions.create_loaded_function(:new_hash, type.loader) do
+      local_types do
+        type 'KeyValueArray = Array[Tuple[Any,Any],1]'
+        type 'TreeArray = Array[Tuple[Array,Any],1]'
+        type 'NewHashOption = Enum[tree, hash_tree]'
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_tree do
+        param           'TreeArray',       :from
+        optional_param  'NewHashOption',   :build_option
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_tuples do
+        param           'KeyValueArray', :from
+      end
+
+      dispatch :from_array do
+        param           'Any', :from
+      end
+
+      def from_tuples(tuple_array)
+        tuple_array.to_h
+      end
+
+      def from_tree(tuple_array, build_option = nil)
+        if build_option.nil?
+          return from_tuples(tuple_array)
+        end
+
+        # only remaining possible options is 'tree' or 'hash_tree'
+
+        all_hashes = build_option == 'hash_tree'
+        result = {}
+        tuple_array.each do |entry|
+          path = entry[0]
+          value = entry[1]
+          if path.empty?
+            # root node (index [] was included - values merge into the result)
+            # An array must be changed to a hash first as this is the root
+            # (Cannot return an array from a Hash.new)
+            if value.is_a?(Array)
+              value.each_with_index { |v, idx| result[idx] = v }
+            else
+              result.merge!(value)
+            end
+          else
+            r = path[0..-2].reduce(result) { |memo, idx| (memo.is_a?(Array) || memo.has_key?(idx)) ? memo[idx] : memo[idx] = {} }
+            r[path[-1]] = (all_hashes ? PHashType.array_as_hash(value) : value)
+          end
+        end
+        result
+      end
+
+      def from_array(from)
+        case from
+        when Array
+          if from.size == 0
+            {}
+          else
+            unless from.size.even?
+              raise TypeConversionError, _('odd number of arguments for Hash')
+            end
+
+            Hash[*from]
+          end
+        when Hash
+          from
+        else
+          if PIterableType::DEFAULT.instance?(from)
+            Hash[*Iterable.on(from).to_a]
+          else
+            t = TypeCalculator.singleton.infer(from).generalize
+            raise TypeConversionError, _("Value of type %{type} cannot be converted to Hash") % { type: t }
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PHashType.new(nil, nil)
+  KEY_PAIR_TUPLE_SIZE = PIntegerType.new(2, 2)
+  DEFAULT_KEY_PAIR_TUPLE = PTupleType.new([PUnitType::DEFAULT, PUnitType::DEFAULT], KEY_PAIR_TUPLE_SIZE)
+  EMPTY = PHashType.new(PUnitType::DEFAULT, PUnitType::DEFAULT, PIntegerType.new(0, 0))
+
+  protected
+
+  # Hash is assignable if o is a Hash and o's key and element types are assignable
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    case o
+    when PHashType
+      size_s = size_type
+      return true if (size_s.nil? || size_s.from == 0) && o.is_the_empty_hash?
+      return false unless @key_type.assignable?(o.key_type, guard) && @value_type.assignable?(o.value_type, guard)
+
+      super
+    when PStructType
+      # hash must accept String as key type
+      # hash must accept all value types
+      # hash must accept the size of the struct
+      o_elements = o.elements
+      (size_type || DEFAULT_SIZE).instance?(o_elements.size, guard) &&
+        o_elements.all? { |e| @key_type.instance?(e.name, guard) && @value_type.assignable?(e.value_type, guard) }
+    else
+      false
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+# A flexible type describing an any? of other types
+# @api public
+#
+class PVariantType < PAnyType
+  include Enumerable
+
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType', 'types' => PArrayType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT))
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :types
+
+  # Checks if the number of unique types in the given array is greater than one, and if so
+  # creates a Variant with those types and returns it. If only one unique type is found,
+  # that type is instead returned.
+  #
+  # @param types [Array<PAnyType>] the variants
+  # @return [PAnyType] the resulting type
+  # @api public
+  def self.maybe_create(types)
+    types = flatten_variants(types).uniq
+    types.size == 1 ? types[0] : new(types)
+  end
+
+  # @param types [Array[PAnyType]] the variants
+  def initialize(types)
+    @types = types.freeze
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    super
+    @types.each { |t| t.accept(visitor, guard) }
+  end
+
+  def each
+    if block_given?
+      types.each { |t| yield t }
+    else
+      types.to_enum
+    end
+  end
+
+  def generalize
+    if self == DEFAULT
+      self
+    else
+      alter_type_array(@types, :generalize) { |altered| PVariantType.maybe_create(altered) }
+    end
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    if self == DEFAULT || @types.empty?
+      self
+    else
+      # Normalize all contained types
+      modified = false
+      types = alter_type_array(@types, :normalize, guard)
+      if types == self
+        types = @types
+      else
+        modified = true
+      end
+
+      if types.size == 1
+        types[0]
+      elsif types.any? { |t| t.is_a?(PUndefType) || t.is_a?(POptionalType) }
+        # Undef entry present. Use an OptionalType with a normalized Variant without Undefs and Optional wrappers
+        POptionalType.new(PVariantType.maybe_create(types.reject { |t| t.is_a?(PUndefType) }.map { |t| t.is_a?(POptionalType) ? t.type : t })).normalize
+      else
+        # Merge all variants into this one
+        types = PVariantType.flatten_variants(types)
+        size_before_merge = types.size
+
+        types = swap_not_undefs(types)
+        types = merge_enums(types)
+        types = merge_patterns(types)
+        types = merge_version_ranges(types)
+        types = merge_numbers(PIntegerType, types)
+        types = merge_numbers(PFloatType, types)
+        types = merge_numbers(PTimespanType, types)
+        types = merge_numbers(PTimestampType, types)
+
+        if types.size == 1
+          types[0]
+        else
+          modified || types.size != size_before_merge ? PVariantType.maybe_create(types) : self
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.flatten_variants(types)
+    modified = false
+    types = types.map do |t|
+      if t.is_a?(PVariantType)
+        modified = true
+        t.types
+      else
+        t
+      end
+    end
+    types.flatten! if modified
+    types
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @types.hash
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    # instance of variant if o is instance? of any of variant's types
+    @types.any? { |type| type.instance?(o, guard) }
+  end
+
+  def really_instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    @types.reduce(-1) do |memo, type|
+      ri = type.really_instance?(o, guard)
+      break ri if ri > 0
+
+      ri > memo ? ri : memo
+    end
+  end
+
+  def kind_of_callable?(optional = true, guard = nil)
+    @types.all? { |type| type.kind_of_callable?(optional, guard) }
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @types.size == o.types.size && (@types - o.types).empty?
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PVariantType.new(EMPTY_ARRAY)
+
+  def assignable?(o, guard = nil)
+    # an empty Variant does not match Undef (it is void - not even undef)
+    if o.is_a?(PUndefType) && types.empty?
+      return false
+    end
+
+    return super unless o.is_a?(PVariantType)
+    # If empty, all Variant types match irrespective of the types they hold (including being empty)
+    return true if types.empty?
+
+    # Since this variant is not empty, an empty Variant cannot match, because it matches nothing
+    # otherwise all types in o must be assignable to this
+    !o.types.empty? && o.types.all? { |vt| super(vt, guard) }
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    # A variant is assignable if o is assignable to any of its types
+    types.any? { |option_t| option_t.assignable?(o, guard) }
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def swap_not_undefs(array)
+    if array.size > 1
+      parts = array.partition { |t| t.is_a?(PNotUndefType) }
+      not_undefs = parts[0]
+      if not_undefs.size > 1
+        others = parts[1]
+        others << PNotUndefType.new(PVariantType.maybe_create(not_undefs.map(&:type)).normalize)
+        array = others
+      end
+    end
+    array
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def merge_enums(array)
+    # Merge case sensitive enums and strings
+    if array.size > 1
+      parts = array.partition { |t| t.is_a?(PEnumType) && !t.values.empty? && !t.case_insensitive? || t.is_a?(PStringType) && !t.value.nil? }
+      enums = parts[0]
+      if enums.size > 1
+        others = parts[1]
+        others << PEnumType.new(enums.map { |enum| enum.is_a?(PStringType) ? enum.value : enum.values }.flatten.uniq)
+        array = others
+      end
+    end
+
+    # Merge case insensitive enums
+    if array.size > 1
+      parts = array.partition { |t| t.is_a?(PEnumType) && !t.values.empty? && t.case_insensitive? }
+      enums = parts[0]
+      if enums.size > 1
+        others = parts[1]
+        values = []
+        enums.each { |enum| enum.values.each { |value| values << value.downcase } }
+        values.uniq!
+        others << PEnumType.new(values, true)
+        array = others
+      end
+    end
+    array
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def merge_patterns(array)
+    if array.size > 1
+      parts = array.partition { |t| t.is_a?(PPatternType) }
+      patterns = parts[0]
+      if patterns.size > 1
+        others = parts[1]
+        others << PPatternType.new(patterns.map(&:patterns).flatten.uniq)
+        array = others
+      end
+    end
+    array
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def merge_numbers(clazz, array)
+    if array.size > 1
+      parts = array.partition { |t| t.is_a?(clazz) }
+      ranges = parts[0]
+      array = merge_ranges(ranges) + parts[1] if ranges.size > 1
+    end
+    array
+  end
+
+  def merge_version_ranges(array)
+    if array.size > 1
+      parts = array.partition { |t| t.is_a?(PSemVerType) }
+      ranges = parts[0]
+      array = [PSemVerType.new(ranges.map(&:ranges).flatten)] + parts[1] if ranges.size > 1
+    end
+    array
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def merge_ranges(ranges)
+    result = []
+    until ranges.empty?
+      unmerged = []
+      x = ranges.pop
+      result << ranges.inject(x) do |memo, y|
+        merged = memo.merge(y)
+        if merged.nil?
+          unmerged << y
+        else
+          memo = merged
+        end
+        memo
+      end
+      ranges = unmerged
+    end
+    result
+  end
+end
+
+# Abstract representation of a type that can be placed in a Catalog.
+# @api public
+#
+class PCatalogEntryType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType')
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PCatalogEntryType.new
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    assignable?(TypeCalculator.infer(o), guard)
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PCatalogEntryType)
+  end
+end
+
+# Represents a (host-) class in the Puppet Language.
+# @api public
+#
+class PClassType < PCatalogEntryType
+  attr_reader :class_name
+
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'CatalogEntryType',
+                 'class_name' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PStringType::NON_EMPTY),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  def initialize(class_name)
+    @class_name = class_name
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    11 ^ @class_name.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @class_name == o.class_name
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PClassType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return false unless o.is_a?(PClassType)
+    # Class = Class[name}, Class[name] != Class
+    return true if @class_name.nil?
+
+    # Class[name] = Class[name]
+    @class_name == o.class_name
+  end
+end
+
+# For backward compatibility
+PHostClassType = PClassType
+
+# Represents a Resource Type in the Puppet Language
+# @api public
+#
+class PResourceType < PCatalogEntryType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'CatalogEntryType',
+                 'type_name' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PStringType::NON_EMPTY),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 },
+                 'title' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PStringType::NON_EMPTY),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :type_name, :title, :downcased_name
+
+  def initialize(type_name, title = nil)
+    @type_name = type_name.freeze
+    @title = title.freeze
+    @downcased_name = type_name.nil? ? nil : @type_name.downcase.freeze
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    self.class == o.class && @downcased_name == o.downcased_name && @title == o.title
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @downcased_name.hash ^ @title.hash
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PResourceType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    o.is_a?(PResourceType) && (@downcased_name.nil? || @downcased_name == o.downcased_name && (@title.nil? || @title == o.title))
+  end
+end
+
+# Represents a type that accept PUndefType instead of the type parameter
+# required_type - is a short hand for Variant[T, Undef]
+# @api public
+#
+class POptionalType < PTypeWithContainedType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  def optional_type
+    @type
+  end
+
+  def kind_of_callable?(optional = true, guard = nil)
+    optional && !@type.nil? && @type.kind_of_callable?(optional, guard)
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    PUndefType::DEFAULT.instance?(o, guard) || (!@type.nil? && @type.instance?(o, guard))
+  end
+
+  def normalize(guard = nil)
+    n = super
+    if n.type.nil?
+      n
+    elsif n.type.is_a?(PNotUndefType)
+      POptionalType.new(n.type.type).normalize
+    # No point in having an NotUndef in an Optional
+    elsif n.type.assignable?(PUndefType::DEFAULT)
+      # THe type is Optional anyway, so it can be stripped of
+      n.type
+    else
+      n
+    end
+  end
+
+  def new_function
+    optional_type.new_function
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = POptionalType.new(nil)
+
+  protected
+
+  # @api private
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    return true if o.is_a?(PUndefType)
+    return true if @type.nil?
+
+    if o.is_a?(POptionalType)
+      @type.assignable?(o.optional_type, guard)
+    else
+      @type.assignable?(o, guard)
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+class PTypeReferenceType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType', 'type_string' => PStringType::NON_EMPTY)
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :type_string
+
+  def initialize(type_string)
+    @type_string = type_string
+  end
+
+  def callable?(args)
+    false
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    false
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @type_string.hash
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    super && o.type_string == @type_string
+  end
+
+  def resolve(loader)
+    TypeParser.singleton.parse(@type_string, loader)
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    # A type must be assignable to itself or a lot of unit tests will break
+    o == self
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PTypeReferenceType.new('UnresolvedReference')
+end
+
+# Describes a named alias for another Type.
+# The alias is created with a name and an unresolved type expression. The type expression may
+# in turn contain other aliases (including the alias that contains it) which means that an alias
+# might contain self recursion. Whether or not that is the case is computed and remembered when the alias
+# is resolved since guarding against self recursive constructs is relatively expensive.
+#
+# @api public
+class PTypeAliasType < PAnyType
+  def self.register_ptype(loader, ir)
+    create_ptype(loader, ir, 'AnyType',
+                 'name' => PStringType::NON_EMPTY,
+                 'type_expr' => PAnyType::DEFAULT,
+                 'resolved_type' => {
+                   KEY_TYPE => POptionalType.new(PTypeType::DEFAULT),
+                   KEY_VALUE => nil
+                 })
+  end
+
+  attr_reader :loader, :name
+
+  # @param name [String] The name of the type
+  # @param type_expr [Model::PopsObject] The expression that describes the aliased type
+  # @param resolved_type [PAnyType] the resolve type (only used for the DEFAULT initialization)
+  def initialize(name, type_expr, resolved_type = nil)
+    @name = name
+    @type_expr = type_expr
+    @resolved_type = resolved_type
+    @self_recursion = false
+  end
+
+  def assignable?(o, guard = nil)
+    if @self_recursion
+      guard ||= RecursionGuard.new
+      guard.with_this(self) { |state| state == RecursionGuard::SELF_RECURSION_IN_BOTH ? true : super(o, guard) }
+    else
+      super(o, guard)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Returns the resolved type. The type must have been resolved by a call prior to calls to this
+  # method or an error will be raised.
+  #
+  # @return [PAnyType] The resolved type of this alias.
+  # @raise [Puppet::Error] unless the type has been resolved prior to calling this method
+  def resolved_type
+    raise Puppet::Error, "Reference to unresolved type #{@name}" unless @resolved_type
+
+    @resolved_type
+  end
+
+  def callable_args?(callable, guard)
+    guarded_recursion(guard, false) { |g| resolved_type.callable_args?(callable, g) }
+  end
+
+  def check_self_recursion(originator)
+    resolved_type.check_self_recursion(originator) unless originator.equal?(self)
+  end
+
+  def kind_of_callable?(optional = true, guard = nil)
+    guarded_recursion(guard, false) { |g| resolved_type.kind_of_callable?(optional, g) }
+  end
+
+  def instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    really_instance?(o, guard) == 1
+  end
+
+  def iterable?(guard = nil)
+    guarded_recursion(guard, false) { |g| resolved_type.iterable?(g) }
+  end
+
+  def iterable_type(guard = nil)
+    guarded_recursion(guard, nil) { |g| resolved_type.iterable_type(g) }
+  end
+
+  def hash
+    @name.hash
+  end
+
+  # Acceptor used when checking for self recursion and that a type contains
+  # something other than aliases or type references
+  #
+  # @api private
+  class AssertOtherTypeAcceptor
+    def initialize
+      @other_type_detected = false
+    end
+
+    def visit(type, _)
+      unless type.is_a?(PTypeAliasType) || type.is_a?(PVariantType)
+        @other_type_detected = true
+      end
+    end
+
+    def other_type_detected?
+      @other_type_detected
+    end
+  end
+
+  # Acceptor used when re-checking for self recursion after a self recursion has been detected
+  #
+  # @api private
+  class AssertSelfRecursionStatusAcceptor
+    def visit(type, _)
+      type.set_self_recursion_status if type.is_a?(PTypeAliasType)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def set_self_recursion_status
+    return if @self_recursion || @resolved_type.is_a?(PTypeReferenceType)
+
+    @self_recursion = true
+    guard = RecursionGuard.new
+    accept(NoopTypeAcceptor::INSTANCE, guard)
+    @self_recursion = guard.recursive_this?(self)
+    when_self_recursion_detected if @self_recursion # no difference
+  end
+
+  # Called from the TypeParser once it has found a type using the Loader. The TypeParser will
+  # interpret the contained expression and the resolved type is remembered. This method also
+  # checks and remembers if the resolve type contains self recursion.
+  #
+  # @param type_parser [TypeParser] type parser that will interpret the type expression
+  # @param loader [Loader::Loader] loader to use when loading type aliases
+  # @return [PTypeAliasType] the receiver of the call, i.e. `self`
+  # @api private
+  def resolve(loader)
+    @loader = loader
+    if @resolved_type.nil?
+      # resolved to PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT during resolve to avoid endless recursion
+      @resolved_type = PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT
+      @self_recursion = true # assumed while it being found out below
+      begin
+        if @type_expr.is_a?(PTypeReferenceType)
+          @resolved_type = @type_expr.resolve(loader)
+        else
+          @resolved_type = TypeParser.singleton.interpret(@type_expr, loader).normalize
+        end
+
+        # Find out if this type is recursive. A recursive type has performance implications
+        # on several methods and this knowledge is used to avoid that for non-recursive
+        # types.
+        guard = RecursionGuard.new
+        real_type_asserter = AssertOtherTypeAcceptor.new
+        accept(real_type_asserter, guard)
+        unless real_type_asserter.other_type_detected?
+          raise ArgumentError, "Type alias '#{name}' cannot be resolved to a real type"
+        end
+
+        @self_recursion = guard.recursive_this?(self)
+        # All aliases involved must re-check status since this alias is now resolved
+        if @self_recursion
+          accept(AssertSelfRecursionStatusAcceptor.new, RecursionGuard.new)
+          when_self_recursion_detected
+        end
+      rescue
+        @resolved_type = nil
+        raise
+      end
+    else
+      # An alias may appoint an Object type that isn't resolved yet. The default type
+      # reference is used to prevent endless recursion and should not be resolved here.
+      @resolved_type.resolve(loader) unless @resolved_type.equal?(PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT)
+    end
+    self
+  end
+
+  def eql?(o)
+    super && o.name == @name
+  end
+
+  def accept(visitor, guard)
+    guarded_recursion(guard, nil) do |g|
+      super(visitor, g)
+      @resolved_type.accept(visitor, g) unless @resolved_type.nil?
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self_recursion?
+    @self_recursion
+  end
+
+  # Returns the expanded string the form of the alias, e.g. <alias name> = <resolved type>
+  #
+  # @return [String] the expanded form of this alias
+  # @api public
+  def to_s
+    TypeFormatter.singleton.alias_expanded_string(self)
+  end
+
+  # Delegates to resolved type
+  def respond_to_missing?(name, include_private)
+    resolved_type.respond_to?(name, include_private)
+  end
+
+  # Delegates to resolved type
+  def method_missing(name, *arguments, &block)
+    super if @resolved_type.equal?(PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT)
+    resolved_type.send(name, *arguments, &block)
+  end
+
+  # @api private
+  def really_instance?(o, guard = nil)
+    if @self_recursion
+      guard ||= RecursionGuard.new
+      guard.with_that(o) do
+        guard.with_this(self) { |state| state == RecursionGuard::SELF_RECURSION_IN_BOTH ? 0 : resolved_type.really_instance?(o, guard) }
+      end
+    else
+      resolved_type.really_instance?(o, guard)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @return `nil` to prevent serialization of the type_expr used when first initializing this instance
+  # @api private
+  def type_expr
+    nil
+  end
+
+  protected
+
+  def _assignable?(o, guard)
+    resolved_type.assignable?(o, guard)
+  end
+
+  def new_function
+    resolved_type.new_function
+  end
+
+  private
+
+  def guarded_recursion(guard, dflt)
+    if @self_recursion
+      guard ||= RecursionGuard.new
+      guard.with_this(self) { |state| (state & RecursionGuard::SELF_RECURSION_IN_THIS) == 0 ? yield(guard) : dflt }
+    else
+      yield(guard)
+    end
+  end
+
+  def when_self_recursion_detected
+    if @resolved_type.is_a?(PVariantType)
+      # Drop variants that are not real types
+      resolved_types = @resolved_type.types
+      real_types = resolved_types.select do |type|
+        next false if type == self
+
+        real_type_asserter = AssertOtherTypeAcceptor.new
+        type.accept(real_type_asserter, RecursionGuard.new)
+        real_type_asserter.other_type_detected?
+      end
+      if real_types.size != resolved_types.size
+        if real_types.size == 1
+          @resolved_type = real_types[0]
+        else
+          @resolved_type = PVariantType.maybe_create(real_types)
+        end
+        # Drop self recursion status in case it's not self recursive anymore
+        guard = RecursionGuard.new
+        accept(NoopTypeAcceptor::INSTANCE, guard)
+        @self_recursion = guard.recursive_this?(self)
+      end
+    end
+    @resolved_type.check_self_recursion(self) if @self_recursion
+  end
+
+  DEFAULT = PTypeAliasType.new('UnresolvedAlias', nil, PTypeReferenceType::DEFAULT)
+end
+end
+end
+
+require_relative '../../../puppet/pops/pcore'
+
+require_relative 'annotatable'
+require_relative 'p_meta_type'
+require_relative 'p_object_type'
+require_relative 'annotation'
+require_relative 'ruby_method'
+require_relative 'p_runtime_type'
+require_relative 'p_sem_ver_type'
+require_relative 'p_sem_ver_range_type'
+require_relative 'p_sensitive_type'
+require_relative 'p_type_set_type'
+require_relative 'p_timespan_type'
+require_relative 'p_timestamp_type'
+require_relative 'p_binary_type'
+require_relative 'p_init_type'
+require_relative 'p_object_type_extension'
+require_relative 'p_uri_type'
+require_relative 'type_set_reference'
+require_relative 'implementation_registry'
+require_relative 'tree_iterators'