open4 0.4.0 → 0.5.0

data/README

@@ -5,10 +5,45 @@ URIS
 
 SYNOPSIS
 
-  open child process with handles on pid, stdin, stdout, and stderr
+  open child process with handles on pid, stdin, stdout, and stderr: manage
+  child processes and their io handles easily.
 
 HISTORY
 
+  0.5.0:
+    - on the suggestion of tim pease (thanks tim!), i added timeout features
+      to open4.  the command run may have an overall timeout and individual
+      timeouts set for each of the io handles.  for example
+
+        cmd = 'command_that_produce_out_at_one_second_intervals'
+
+        open4.spawn cmd, :stdout_timeout => 2 
+
+      or 
+
+        cmd = 'command_that_should_complete_in_about_one_minute'
+
+        open4.spawn cmd, :timeout => 60
+
+      or
+
+        cmd = 'consumes_input_at_one_line_per_second_rate'
+
+        input = %w( 42 forty-two 42.0 )
+
+        open4.spawn cmd, :stdin=>input, :stdin_timeout=>1
+
+    - added 'open4' alias so one can write
+
+        open4.spawn  vs Open4.spawn
+
+      or even
+
+        open4(cmd) do |pid,i,o,e|
+        end
+
+    - added signal info to SpawnError
+
   0.4.0:
     - improved error handling contributed by jordan breeding.
     - introduction of background/bg method
@@ -185,6 +220,32 @@ SAMPLES
     ---
     stdout: "42\n"
 
+  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+  the timeout methods can be used to ensure execution is preceding at the
+  desired interval.  note also how to setup a 'pipeline'
+  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+    harp: > cat sample/stdin_timeout.rb
+    require 'open4'
+
+    producer = 'ruby -e" STDOUT.sync = true; loop{sleep(rand+rand) and puts 42} "'
+
+    consumer = 'ruby -e" STDOUT.sync = true; STDIN.each{|line| puts line} "'
+
+    open4(producer) do |pid, i, o, e|
+
+      open4.spawn consumer, :stdin=>o, :stdout=>STDOUT, :stdin_timeout => 1.4
+
+    end
+
+
+    harp: > ruby sample/stdin_timeout.rb
+    42
+    42
+    42
+    42
+    42
+    /dmsp/reference/ruby-1.8.1//lib/ruby/1.8/timeout.rb:42:in `relay': execution expired (Timeout::Error)
 
 AUTHOR
 

data/lib/open4-0.5.0.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+require 'fcntl'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'thread'
+
+module Open4
+#--{{{
+  VERSION = '0.5.0'
+  def self.version() VERSION end
+
+  class Error < ::StandardError; end
+
+  def popen4(*cmd, &b)
+#--{{{
+    pw, pr, pe, ps = IO.pipe, IO.pipe, IO.pipe, IO.pipe
+
+    verbose = $VERBOSE
+    begin
+      $VERBOSE = nil
+      ps.last.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
+
+      cid = fork {
+        pw.last.close
+        STDIN.reopen pw.first
+        pw.first.close
+
+        pr.first.close
+        STDOUT.reopen pr.last
+        pr.last.close
+
+        pe.first.close
+        STDERR.reopen pe.last
+        pe.last.close
+
+        STDOUT.sync = STDERR.sync = true
+
+        begin
+          exec(*cmd)
+          raise 'forty-two' 
+        rescue Exception => e
+          Marshal.dump(e, ps.last)
+          ps.last.flush
+        end
+        ps.last.close unless (ps.last.closed?)
+        exit!
+      }
+    ensure
+      $VERBOSE = verbose
+    end
+
+    [pw.first, pr.last, pe.last, ps.last].each{|fd| fd.close}
+
+    begin
+      e = Marshal.load ps.first
+      raise(Exception === e ? e : "unknown failure!")
+    rescue EOFError # If we get an EOF error, then the exec was successful
+      42
+    end
+
+    pw.last.sync = true
+
+    pi = [pw.last, pr.first, pe.first]
+
+    if b 
+      begin
+        b[cid, *pi]
+        Process.waitpid2(cid).last
+      ensure
+        pi.each{|fd| fd.close unless fd.closed?}
+      end
+    else
+      [cid, pw.last, pr.first, pe.first]
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  alias open4 popen4
+  module_function :popen4
+  module_function :open4
+
+
+
+  class SpawnError < Error
+#--{{{
+    attr 'cmd'
+    attr 'status'
+    attr 'signals'
+    def exitstatus
+      @status.exitstatus
+    end
+    def initialize cmd, status
+      @cmd, @status = cmd, status
+      @signals = {} 
+      if status.signaled?
+        @signals['termsig'] = status.termsig
+        @signals['stopsig'] = status.stopsig
+      end
+      sigs = @signals.map{|k,v| "#{ k }:#{ v.inspect }"}.join(' ')
+      super "cmd <#{ cmd }> failed with status <#{ exitstatus.inspect }> signals <#{ sigs }>"
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+
+  class ThreadEnsemble
+#--{{{
+    def initialize
+      @group = ThreadGroup.new
+      @kill = Queue.new
+      @killer = Thread.new{ k = @kill.pop and others.map{|t| t.kill unless t == k rescue next}}
+      @running = false
+    end
+
+    def add_thread *a, &b
+      raise if @running
+      @group.add(Thread.new(*a) do |*a|
+        Thread.stop
+        begin
+          b[*a]
+        ensure
+          kill if $!
+        end
+      end)
+    end
+
+    def kill
+      @kill.push Thread.current
+    end
+
+    def others
+      threads - [Thread.current]
+    end
+
+    def threads
+      @group.list
+    end
+
+    def value
+      others.map{|t| t.value}
+    end
+
+    def run
+      @running = true
+      others.map{|t| t.wakeup}
+      value
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+
+  def to timeout = nil
+#--{{{
+    Timeout.timeout(timeout){ yield }
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :to
+
+  def new_thread *a, &b
+#--{{{
+    cur = Thread.current
+    Thread.new(*a) do |*a|
+      begin
+        b[*a]
+      rescue Exception => e
+        cur.raise e
+      end
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :new_thread
+
+  def getopts opts = {}
+#--{{{
+    lambda do |*args|
+      keys, default, ignored = args
+      catch('opt') do
+        [keys].flatten.each do |key|
+          [key, key.to_s, key.to_s.intern].each do |key|
+            throw 'opt', opts[key] if opts.has_key?(key)
+          end
+        end
+        default
+      end
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :getopts
+
+  def relay src, dst = nil, t = nil
+#--{{{
+    if src.respond_to? :gets
+      while buf = to(t){ src.gets }
+        dst << buf if dst
+      end
+
+    elsif src.respond_to? :each
+      q = Queue.new
+      th = nil
+
+      timer_set = lambda do |t|
+        th = new_thread{ to(t){ q.pop } }
+      end
+
+      timer_cancel = lambda do |t|
+        th.kill if th rescue nil
+      end
+
+      timer_set[t]
+      begin
+        src.each do |buf|
+          timer_cancel[t]
+          dst << buf if dst
+          timer_set[t]
+        end
+      ensure
+        timer_cancel[t]
+      end
+
+    elsif src.respond_to? :read
+      buf = to(t){ src.read }
+      dst << buf if dst 
+
+    else
+      buf = to(t){ src.to_s }
+      dst << buf if dst 
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :relay
+
+  def spawn cmd, opts = {} 
+#--{{{
+    getopt = getopts opts
+
+    ignore_exit_failure = getopt[ 'ignore_exit_failure', getopt['quiet', false] ]
+    ignore_exec_failure = getopt[ 'ignore_exec_failure', !getopt['raise', true] ]
+    exitstatus = getopt[ %w( exitstatus exit_status status ), 0 ]
+    stdin = getopt[ %w( stdin in i 0 ) << 0 ]
+    stdout = getopt[ %w( stdout out o 1 ) << 1 ]
+    stderr = getopt[ %w( stderr err e 2 ) << 2 ]
+    pid = getopt[ 'pid' ]
+    timeout = getopt[ %w( timeout spawn_timeout ) ]
+    stdin_timeout = getopt[ %w( stdin_timeout ) ]
+    stdout_timeout = getopt[ %w( stdout_timeout io_timeout ) ]
+    stderr_timeout = getopt[ %w( stderr_timeout ) ]
+
+    stdin ||= '' if stdin_timeout
+    stdout ||= '' if stdout_timeout
+    stderr ||= '' if stderr_timeout
+
+    started = false
+
+    status =
+      begin
+        Timeout::timeout(timeout) do
+          popen4(cmd) do |c, i, o, e|
+            started = true
+
+            %w( pid= << push update ).each do |msg|
+              break(pid.send(msg, c)) if pid.respond_to? msg 
+            end
+
+              te = ThreadEnsemble.new
+
+              te.add_thread(i, stdin) do |i, stdin|
+                relay stdin, i, stdin_timeout if stdin
+                i.close rescue nil
+              end
+
+              te.add_thread(o, stdout) do |o, stdout|
+                relay o, stdout, stdout_timeout if stdout
+              end
+
+              te.add_thread(e, stderr) do |o, stderr|
+                relay e, stderr, stderr_timeout if stderr
+              end
+
+              te.run
+          end
+        end
+      rescue
+        raise unless(not started and ignore_exec_failure)
+      end
+
+    raise SpawnError.new(cmd, status) unless
+      (ignore_exit_failure or (status.nil? and ignore_exec_failure) or (status.exitstatus == exitstatus))
+
+    status
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :spawn
+
+  def background cmd, opts = {}
+#--{{{
+    require 'thread'
+    q = Queue.new
+    opts['pid'] = opts[:pid] = q
+    thread = Thread.new(cmd, opts){|cmd, opts| spawn cmd, opts}
+    pid = q.pop
+    sc = class << thread; self; end
+    sc.module_eval {
+      define_method(:pid){ pid }
+      define_method(:spawn_status){ @spawn_status ||= value }
+      define_method(:exitstatus){ spawn_status.exitstatus }
+    }
+    thread
+#--}}}
+  end
+  alias bg background
+  module_function :background
+  module_function :bg
+#--}}}
+end
+
+def open4(*cmd, &b) cmd.size == 0 ? Open4 : Open4::popen4(*cmd, &b) end

data/lib/open4.rb

@@ -1,12 +1,15 @@
 require 'fcntl'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'thread'
 
 module Open4
 #--{{{
-  def self.version
-    '0.4.0'
-  end
+  VERSION = '0.5.0'
+  def self.version() VERSION end
+
+  class Error < ::StandardError; end
 
-  def popen4(*cmd)
+  def popen4(*cmd, &b)
 #--{{{
     pw, pr, pe, ps = IO.pipe, IO.pipe, IO.pipe, IO.pipe
 
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ module Open4
 
         begin
           exec(*cmd)
-          raise "exec failed!"
+          raise 'forty-two' 
         rescue Exception => e
           Marshal.dump(e, ps.last)
           ps.last.flush
@@ -57,9 +60,9 @@ module Open4
 
     pi = [pw.last, pr.first, pe.first]
 
-    if defined? yield
+    if b 
       begin
-        yield(cid, *pi)
+        b[cid, *pi]
         Process.waitpid2(cid).last
       ensure
         pi.each{|fd| fd.close unless fd.closed?}
@@ -73,23 +76,98 @@ module Open4
   module_function :popen4
   module_function :open4
 
-  class Error < ::StandardError; end
+
+
   class SpawnError < Error
 #--{{{
     attr 'cmd'
     attr 'status'
+    attr 'signals'
     def exitstatus
       @status.exitstatus
     end
     def initialize cmd, status
       @cmd, @status = cmd, status
-      super "cmd <#{ cmd }> failed with <#{ exitstatus }>"
+      @signals = {} 
+      if status.signaled?
+        @signals['termsig'] = status.termsig
+        @signals['stopsig'] = status.stopsig
+      end
+      sigs = @signals.map{|k,v| "#{ k }:#{ v.inspect }"}.join(' ')
+      super "cmd <#{ cmd }> failed with status <#{ exitstatus.inspect }> signals <#{ sigs }>"
     end
 #--}}}
   end
-  def spawn cmd, opts = {} 
+
+  class ThreadEnsemble
+#--{{{
+    def initialize
+      @group = ThreadGroup.new
+      @kill = Queue.new
+      @killer = Thread.new{ k = @kill.pop and others.map{|t| t.kill unless t == k rescue next}}
+      @running = false
+    end
+
+    def add_thread *a, &b
+      raise if @running
+      @group.add(Thread.new(*a) do |*a|
+        Thread.stop
+        begin
+          b[*a]
+        ensure
+          kill if $!
+        end
+      end)
+    end
+
+    def kill
+      @kill.push Thread.current
+    end
+
+    def others
+      threads - [Thread.current]
+    end
+
+    def threads
+      @group.list
+    end
+
+    def value
+      others.map{|t| t.value}
+    end
+
+    def run
+      @running = true
+      others.map{|t| t.wakeup}
+      value
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+
+  def to timeout = nil
+#--{{{
+    Timeout.timeout(timeout){ yield }
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :to
+
+  def new_thread *a, &b
+#--{{{
+    cur = Thread.current
+    Thread.new(*a) do |*a|
+      begin
+        b[*a]
+      rescue Exception => e
+        cur.raise e
+      end
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :new_thread
+
+  def getopts opts = {}
 #--{{{
-    getopt = lambda do |*args|
+    lambda do |*args|
       keys, default, ignored = args
       catch('opt') do
         [keys].flatten.each do |key|
@@ -100,45 +178,101 @@ module Open4
         default
       end
     end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :getopts
+
+  def relay src, dst = nil, t = nil
+#--{{{
+    if src.respond_to? :gets
+      while buf = to(t){ src.gets }
+        dst << buf if dst
+      end
+
+    elsif src.respond_to? :each
+      q = Queue.new
+      th = nil
+
+      timer_set = lambda do |t|
+        th = new_thread{ to(t){ q.pop } }
+      end
+
+      timer_cancel = lambda do |t|
+        th.kill if th rescue nil
+      end
+
+      timer_set[t]
+      begin
+        src.each do |buf|
+          timer_cancel[t]
+          dst << buf if dst
+          timer_set[t]
+        end
+      ensure
+        timer_cancel[t]
+      end
+
+    elsif src.respond_to? :read
+      buf = to(t){ src.read }
+      dst << buf if dst 
+
+    else
+      buf = to(t){ src.to_s }
+      dst << buf if dst 
+    end
+#--}}}
+  end
+  module_function :relay
+
+  def spawn cmd, opts = {} 
+#--{{{
+    getopt = getopts opts
 
     ignore_exit_failure = getopt[ 'ignore_exit_failure', getopt['quiet', false] ]
     ignore_exec_failure = getopt[ 'ignore_exec_failure', !getopt['raise', true] ]
     exitstatus = getopt[ %w( exitstatus exit_status status ), 0 ]
-    stdin = getopt[ ['stdin', 'in', '0', 0] ]
-    stdout = getopt[ ['stdout', 'out', '1', 1] ]
-    stderr = getopt[ ['stderr', 'err', '2', 2] ]
+    stdin = getopt[ %w( stdin in i 0 ) << 0 ]
+    stdout = getopt[ %w( stdout out o 1 ) << 1 ]
+    stderr = getopt[ %w( stderr err e 2 ) << 2 ]
     pid = getopt[ 'pid' ]
+    timeout = getopt[ %w( timeout spawn_timeout ) ]
+    stdin_timeout = getopt[ %w( stdin_timeout ) ]
+    stdout_timeout = getopt[ %w( stdout_timeout io_timeout ) ]
+    stderr_timeout = getopt[ %w( stderr_timeout ) ]
+
+    stdin ||= '' if stdin_timeout
+    stdout ||= '' if stdout_timeout
+    stderr ||= '' if stderr_timeout
 
     started = false
 
     status =
       begin
-        popen4(cmd) do |c, i, o, e|
-          started = true
+        Timeout::timeout(timeout) do
+          popen4(cmd) do |c, i, o, e|
+            started = true
 
-          if pid.respond_to? '<<'
-            pid << c
-          end
+            %w( pid= << push update ).each do |msg|
+              break(pid.send(msg, c)) if pid.respond_to? msg 
+            end
+
+              te = ThreadEnsemble.new
 
-          it = Thread.new(i,stdin) do |i,stdin|
-            if stdin
-              if stdin.respond_to? :each
-                stdin.each{|buf| i << buf}
-              elsif stdin.respond_to? :read
-                i << stdin.read
-              else
-                i << stdin.to_s
+              te.add_thread(i, stdin) do |i, stdin|
+                relay stdin, i, stdin_timeout if stdin
+                i.close rescue nil
               end
-            end
-            i.close
-          end
 
-          ot = Thread.new(o,stdout){|o,stdout| o.each{|buf| stdout << buf if stdout}}
-          et = Thread.new(e,stderr){|e,stderr| e.each{|buf| stderr << buf if stderr}}
+              te.add_thread(o, stdout) do |o, stdout|
+                relay o, stdout, stdout_timeout if stdout
+              end
 
-          it.join
-          ot.join if ot
-          et.join if et
+              te.add_thread(e, stderr) do |o, stderr|
+                relay e, stderr, stderr_timeout if stderr
+              end
+
+              te.run
+          end
         end
       rescue
         raise unless(not started and ignore_exec_failure)
@@ -173,3 +307,5 @@ module Open4
   module_function :bg
 #--}}}
 end
+
+def open4(*cmd, &b) cmd.size == 0 ? Open4 : Open4::popen4(*cmd, &b) end

data/sample/stdin_timeout.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+require 'open4'
+
+producer = 'ruby -e" STDOUT.sync = true; loop{sleep(rand+rand) and puts 42} " 2>/dev/null'
+
+consumer = 'ruby -e" STDOUT.sync = true; STDIN.each{|line| puts line} "'
+
+open4(producer) do |pid, i, o, e|
+  open4.spawn consumer, 0=>o, 1=>STDOUT, :stdin_timeout => 1.4
+end

data/sample/timeout.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+
+require 'open4'
+
+def show_failure
+  fork{ yield }
+  Process.wait
+  puts
+end
+
+#
+# command timeout
+#
+  show_failure{
+    open4.spawn 'sleep 42', 'timeout' => 1
+  }
+
+#
+# stdin timeout
+#
+  show_failure{
+
+    producer = 'ruby -e" STDOUT.sync = true; loop{sleep(rand+rand) and puts 42} " 2>/dev/null'
+
+    consumer = 'ruby -e" STDOUT.sync = true; STDIN.each{|line| puts line} "'
+
+    open4(producer) do |pid, i, o, e|
+      open4.spawn consumer, 0=>o, 1=>STDOUT, :stdin_timeout => 1.4
+    end
+  }
+
+#
+# stdout timeout (stderr is similar)
+#
+
+  show_failure{
+    open4.spawn 'ruby -e"  sleep 2 and puts 42  "', 'stdout_timeout' => 1
+  }

metadata

@@ -3,8 +3,8 @@ rubygems_version: 0.8.11
 specification_version: 1
 name: open4
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version 
-  version: 0.4.0
-date: 2006-04-26 00:00:00.000000 -06:00
+  version: 0.5.0
+date: 2006-08-07 00:00:00.000000 -06:00
 summary: open4
 require_paths: 
   - lib
@@ -36,14 +36,15 @@ files:
   - build
   - install
   - gemspec.rb
-  - open4-0.4.0.gem
   - sample/block.rb
   - sample/simple.rb
   - sample/exception.rb
   - sample/spawn.rb
   - sample/bg.rb
-  - lib/open4-0.4.0.rb
+  - sample/timeout.rb
+  - sample/stdin_timeout.rb
   - lib/open4.rb
+  - lib/open4-0.5.0.rb
 test_files: []
 rdoc_options: []
 extra_rdoc_files: []

data/lib/open4-0.4.0.rb

@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-require 'fcntl'
-
-module Open4
-#--{{{
-  def self.version
-    '0.4.0'
-  end
-
-  def popen4(*cmd)
-#--{{{
-    pw, pr, pe, ps = IO.pipe, IO.pipe, IO.pipe, IO.pipe
-
-    verbose = $VERBOSE
-    begin
-      $VERBOSE = nil
-      ps.last.fcntl(Fcntl::F_SETFD, Fcntl::FD_CLOEXEC)
-
-      cid = fork {
-        pw.last.close
-        STDIN.reopen pw.first
-        pw.first.close
-
-        pr.first.close
-        STDOUT.reopen pr.last
-        pr.last.close
-
-        pe.first.close
-        STDERR.reopen pe.last
-        pe.last.close
-
-        STDOUT.sync = STDERR.sync = true
-
-        begin
-          exec(*cmd)
-          raise "exec failed!"
-        rescue Exception => e
-          Marshal.dump(e, ps.last)
-          ps.last.flush
-        end
-        ps.last.close unless (ps.last.closed?)
-        exit!
-      }
-    ensure
-      $VERBOSE = verbose
-    end
-
-    [pw.first, pr.last, pe.last, ps.last].each{|fd| fd.close}
-
-    begin
-      e = Marshal.load ps.first
-      raise(Exception === e ? e : "unknown failure!")
-    rescue EOFError # If we get an EOF error, then the exec was successful
-      42
-    end
-
-    pw.last.sync = true
-
-    pi = [pw.last, pr.first, pe.first]
-
-    if defined? yield
-      begin
-        yield(cid, *pi)
-        Process.waitpid2(cid).last
-      ensure
-        pi.each{|fd| fd.close unless fd.closed?}
-      end
-    else
-      [cid, pw.last, pr.first, pe.first]
-    end
-#--}}}
-  end
-  alias open4 popen4
-  module_function :popen4
-  module_function :open4
-
-  class Error < ::StandardError; end
-  class SpawnError < Error
-#--{{{
-    attr 'cmd'
-    attr 'status'
-    def exitstatus
-      @status.exitstatus
-    end
-    def initialize cmd, status
-      @cmd, @status = cmd, status
-      super "cmd <#{ cmd }> failed with <#{ exitstatus }>"
-    end
-#--}}}
-  end
-  def spawn cmd, opts = {} 
-#--{{{
-    getopt = lambda do |*args|
-      keys, default, ignored = args
-      catch('opt') do
-        [keys].flatten.each do |key|
-          [key, key.to_s, key.to_s.intern].each do |key|
-            throw 'opt', opts[key] if opts.has_key?(key)
-          end
-        end
-        default
-      end
-    end
-
-    ignore_exit_failure = getopt[ 'ignore_exit_failure', getopt['quiet', false] ]
-    ignore_exec_failure = getopt[ 'ignore_exec_failure', !getopt['raise', true] ]
-    exitstatus = getopt[ %w( exitstatus exit_status status ), 0 ]
-    stdin = getopt[ ['stdin', 'in', '0', 0] ]
-    stdout = getopt[ ['stdout', 'out', '1', 1] ]
-    stderr = getopt[ ['stderr', 'err', '2', 2] ]
-    pid = getopt[ 'pid' ]
-
-    started = false
-
-    status =
-      begin
-        popen4(cmd) do |c, i, o, e|
-          started = true
-
-          if pid.respond_to? '<<'
-            pid << c
-          end
-
-          it = Thread.new(i,stdin) do |i,stdin|
-            if stdin
-              if stdin.respond_to? :each
-                stdin.each{|buf| i << buf}
-              elsif stdin.respond_to? :read
-                i << stdin.read
-              else
-                i << stdin.to_s
-              end
-            end
-            i.close
-          end
-
-          ot = Thread.new(o,stdout){|o,stdout| o.each{|buf| stdout << buf if stdout}}
-          et = Thread.new(e,stderr){|e,stderr| e.each{|buf| stderr << buf if stderr}}
-
-          it.join
-          ot.join if ot
-          et.join if et
-        end
-      rescue
-        raise unless(not started and ignore_exec_failure)
-      end
-
-    raise SpawnError.new(cmd, status) unless
-      (ignore_exit_failure or (status.nil? and ignore_exec_failure) or (status.exitstatus == exitstatus))
-
-    status
-#--}}}
-  end
-  module_function :spawn
-
-  def background cmd, opts = {}
-#--{{{
-    require 'thread'
-    q = Queue.new
-    opts['pid'] = opts[:pid] = q
-    thread = Thread.new(cmd, opts){|cmd, opts| spawn cmd, opts}
-    pid = q.pop
-    sc = class << thread; self; end
-    sc.module_eval {
-      define_method(:pid){ pid }
-      define_method(:spawn_status){ @spawn_status ||= value }
-      define_method(:exitstatus){ spawn_status.exitstatus }
-    }
-    thread
-#--}}}
-  end
-  alias bg background
-  module_function :background
-  module_function :bg
-#--}}}
-end