numo-linalg-alt 0.6.0 → 0.7.1

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data/CHANGELOG.md

@@ -1,3 +1,40 @@
+## [[0.7.1](https://github.com/yoshoku/numo-linalg-alt/compare/v0.7.0...v0.7.1)] - 2025-11-19
+
+- set the required version of numo-narray-alt to 0.9.10 or higher.
+- change require statement to explicitly load numo/narray/alt.
+- fix to use require for compatibility with distributions installing extensions separately.
+
+## [[0.7.0](https://github.com/yoshoku/numo-linalg-alt/compare/v0.6.0...v0.7.0)] - 2025-11-11
+
+**Breaking changes**
+
+improve error handling for LAPACK functions:
+
+- add `LapackError` class under `Numo::Linalg` module.
+  - This exception class is raised when invalid arguments are passed to a LAPACK function or
+    when the algorithm does not execute successfully. In previous versions, `StandardError`
+    was raised in these cases.
+    ```ruby
+    > Numo::Linalg.inv(Numo::DFloat[[3, 1], [9, 3]])
+    /numo-linalg-alt/lib/numo/linalg.rb:418:in 'Numo::Linalg.inv': The matrix is singular, and
+    the inverse matrix could not be computed. (Numo::Linalg::LapackError)
+    ```
+- change `solve`, `lu_fact`, `ldl`, and `qz` methods to issue a warning instead of raising an
+  error when the algorithm completes but produces a result that may affect further computations,
+  such as when the resulting matrix is sigular.
+  ```ruby
+  > Numo::Linalg.solve(Numo::DFloat.zeros(2, 2), Numo::DFloat.ones(2))
+  the factorization has been completed, but the factor is singular, so the solution could not be computed.
+  =>
+  Numo::DFloat#shape=[2]
+  [1, 1]
+  ```
+- change `det` method to return zero instead of raising an error when the input matrix is singular.
+  ```ruby
+  Numo::Linalg.det(Numo::DFloat[[1, 2], [2, 4]])
+  => -0.0
+  ```
+
 ## [[0.6.0](https://github.com/yoshoku/numo-linalg-alt/compare/v0.5.0...v0.6.0)] - 2025-11-02
 
 - add `--with-blas` and `--with-lapacke` options for selecting backend libraries.

data/ext/numo/linalg/blas/nrm2.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "nrm2.h"
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fBlasFunc)                 \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fBlasFunc)                 \
   static void _iter_##fBlasFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                         \
     tDType* x = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tRtDType* d = (tRtDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                   \
@@ -52,10 +52,10 @@
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, double, numo_cDFloat, numo_cDFloat, dnrm2)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, float, numo_cSFloat, numo_cSFloat, snrm2)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(dcomplex, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, dznrm2)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(scomplex, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, scnrm2)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, numo_cDFloat, double, numo_cDFloat, dnrm2)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, numo_cSFloat, float, numo_cSFloat, snrm2)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(dcomplex, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, dznrm2)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(scomplex, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, scnrm2)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/extconf.rb

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
 require 'mkmf'
-require 'numo/narray'
+require 'numo/narray/alt'
 require 'open-uri'
 require 'etc'
 require 'fileutils'
@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ on_windows = RUBY_PLATFORM.match?(/mswin|cygwin|mingw/)
 
 if on_windows
   $LOAD_PATH.each do |lp|
-    if File.exist?(File.join(lp, 'numo/libnarray.a'))
-      $LDFLAGS = "-L#{lp}/numo #{$LDFLAGS}"
+    if File.exist?(File.join(lp, 'numo/narray/libnarray.a'))
+      $LDFLAGS = "-L#{lp}/numo/narray #{$LDFLAGS}"
       break
     end
   end

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/gebal.c

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ char _get_job(VALUE val) {
   return job;
 }
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     int* ilo = (int*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                           \
@@ -72,10 +72,10 @@ char _get_job(VALUE val) {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, double, numo_cDFloat, numo_cDFloat, dgebal)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, float, numo_cSFloat, numo_cSFloat, sgebal)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zgebal)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cgebal)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, numo_cDFloat, double, numo_cDFloat, dgebal)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, numo_cSFloat, float, numo_cSFloat, sgebal)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zgebal)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cgebal)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/gelsd.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ struct _gelsd_option {
   double rcond;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tDType* b = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                       \
@@ -88,10 +88,10 @@ struct _gelsd_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, double, numo_cDFloat, numo_cDFloat, dgelsd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, float, numo_cSFloat, numo_cSFloat, sgelsd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zgelsd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cgelsd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, numo_cDFloat, double, numo_cDFloat, dgelsd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, numo_cSFloat, float, numo_cSFloat, sgelsd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zgelsd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cgelsd)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/gesdd.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ struct _gesdd_option {
   char jobz;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tRtDType* s = (tRtDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                   \
@@ -103,10 +103,10 @@ struct _gesdd_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, double, numo_cDFloat, numo_cDFloat, dgesdd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, float, numo_cSFloat, numo_cSFloat, sgesdd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zgesdd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cgesdd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, numo_cDFloat, double, numo_cDFloat, dgesdd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, numo_cSFloat, float, numo_cSFloat, sgesdd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zgesdd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cgesdd)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/gesvd.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ struct _gesvd_option {
   char jobvt;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tRtDType* s = (tRtDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                   \
@@ -148,10 +148,10 @@ struct _gesvd_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, double, numo_cDFloat, numo_cDFloat, dgesvd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, float, numo_cSFloat, numo_cSFloat, sgesvd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zgesvd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cgesvd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, numo_cDFloat, double, numo_cDFloat, dgesvd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, numo_cSFloat, float, numo_cSFloat, sgesvd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zgesvd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cgesvd)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/heev.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ struct _heev_option {
   char uplo;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tRtDType* w = (tRtDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                   \
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ struct _heev_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zheev)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cheev)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zheev)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cheev)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/heevd.c

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ struct _heevd_option {
   char uplo;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tRtDType* w = (tRtDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                   \
@@ -62,8 +62,8 @@ struct _heevd_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zheevd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cheevd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zheevd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cheevd)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/heevr.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "heevr.h"
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   struct _heevr_option_##tRtDType {                                                            \
     int matrix_layout;                                                                         \
     char jobz;                                                                                 \
@@ -111,8 +111,8 @@
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zheevr)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, cheevr)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zheevr)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, cheevr)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/hegv.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ struct _hegv_option {
   char uplo;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tDType* b = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                       \
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ struct _hegv_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zhegv)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, chegv)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zhegv)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, chegv)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/hegvd.c

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ struct _hegvd_option {
   char uplo;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tDType* b = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                       \
@@ -86,8 +86,8 @@ struct _hegvd_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zhegvd)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, chegvd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zhegvd)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, chegvd)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/hegvx.c

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #include "hegvx.h"
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   struct _hegvx_option_##tRtDType {                                                            \
     int matrix_layout;                                                                         \
     lapack_int itype;                                                                          \
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zhegvx)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, chegvx)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zhegvx)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, chegvx)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/ext/numo/linalg/lapack/lange.c

@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ struct _lange_option {
   char norm;
 };
 
-#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tRtDType, tNAryClass, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
+#define DEF_LINALG_FUNC(tDType, tNAryClass, tRtDType, tRtNAryClass, fLapackFunc)               \
   static void _iter_##fLapackFunc(na_loop_t* const lp) {                                       \
     tDType* a = (tDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 0);                                                       \
     tRtDType* d = (tRtDType*)NDL_PTR(lp, 1);                                                   \
@@ -51,10 +51,10 @@ struct _lange_option {
     return ret;                                                                                \
   }
 
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, double, numo_cDFloat, numo_cDFloat, dlange)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, float, numo_cSFloat, numo_cSFloat, slange)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, double, numo_cDComplex, numo_cDFloat, zlange)
-DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, float, numo_cSComplex, numo_cSFloat, clange)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(double, numo_cDFloat, double, numo_cDFloat, dlange)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(float, numo_cSFloat, float, numo_cSFloat, slange)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_double, numo_cDComplex, double, numo_cDFloat, zlange)
+DEF_LINALG_FUNC(lapack_complex_float, numo_cSComplex, float, numo_cSFloat, clange)
 
 #undef DEF_LINALG_FUNC
 

data/lib/numo/linalg/version.rb

@@ -5,6 +5,6 @@ module Numo
   # Numo::Linalg Alternative (numo-linalg-alt) is an alternative to Numo::Linalg.
   module Linalg
     # The version of numo-linalg-alt you install.
-    VERSION = '0.6.0'
+    VERSION = '0.7.1'
   end
 end

data/lib/numo/linalg.rb

@@ -1,13 +1,19 @@
 # frozen_string_literal: true
 
-require 'numo/narray'
+require 'numo/narray/alt'
+
+# On distributions like Rocky Linux, native extensions are installed in a separate
+# directory from Ruby code, so use require to load them.
+require 'numo/linalg/linalg'
 require_relative 'linalg/version'
-require_relative 'linalg/linalg'
 
 # Ruby/Numo (NUmerical MOdules)
 module Numo
   # Numo::Linalg Alternative (numo-linalg-alt) is an alternative to Numo::Linalg.
   module Linalg # rubocop:disable Metrics/ModuleLength
+    # Exception class for errors occurred in LAPACK functions.
+    class LapackError < StandardError; end
+
     module_function
 
     # Computes the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a symmetric / Hermitian matrix
@@ -341,7 +347,7 @@ module Numo
 
       fnc = :"#{bchr}potrs"
       x, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a, b.dup, uplo: uplo)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of potrs had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of potrs had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       x
     end
@@ -366,8 +372,12 @@ module Numo
 
       getrf = :"#{bchr}getrf"
       lu, piv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(getrf, a.dup)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the factor U is singular, and the inverse matrix could not be computed.' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
+
+      # info > 0 means the factor U has a zero diagonal element and is singular.
+      # In this case, the determinant is zero. The method should simply return 0.0.
+      # Therefore, the error is not raised here.
+      # raise 'the factor U is singular, ...' if info.positive?
 
       det_l = 1
       det_u = lu.diagonal.prod
@@ -405,12 +415,11 @@ module Numo
       getri = :"#{bchr}getri"
 
       lu, piv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(getrf, a.dup)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the factor U is singular, and the inverse matrix could not be computed.' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       a_inv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(getri, lu, piv)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the factor U is singular, and the inverse matrix could not be computed.' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'The matrix is singular, and the inverse matrix could not be computed.' if info.positive?
 
       a_inv
     end
@@ -611,7 +620,7 @@ module Numo
 
       fnc = :"#{bchr}gerqf"
       rq, tau, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       m, n = rq.shape
       r = rq.triu(n - m).dup
@@ -629,7 +638,7 @@ module Numo
             end
 
       q, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, tmp, tau)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       [r, q]
     end
@@ -674,8 +683,21 @@ module Numo
         aa, bb, _alpha, _beta, q, z, _sdim, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup, b.dup)
       end
 
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the QZ algorithm failed.' if info.positive?
+      n = a.shape[0]
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'something other than QZ iteration failed.' if info == n + 1
+      raise LapackError, "reordering failed in #{bchr}tgsen" if info == n + 3
+
+      if info == n + 2
+        raise LapackError, 'after reordering, roundoff changed values of some eigenvalues ' \
+                           'so that leading eigenvalues in the Generalized Schur form no ' \
+                           'longer satisfy the sorting condition.'
+      end
+
+      if info.positive? && info <= n
+        warn('the QZ iteration failed. (a, b) are not in Schur form, ' \
+             "but alpha[i] and beta[i] for i = #{info},...,n are correct.")
+      end
 
       [aa, bb, q, z]
     end
@@ -731,10 +753,15 @@ module Numo
       end
 
       n = a.shape[0]
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the QR algorithm failed to compute all the eigenvalues.' if info.positive? && info <= n
-      raise 'the eigenvalues could not be reordered.' if info == n + 1
-      raise 'after reordering, roundoff changed values of some complex eigenvalues.' if info == n + 2
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the QR algorithm failed to compute all the eigenvalues.' if info.positive? && info <= n
+      raise LapackError, 'the eigenvalues could not be reordered.' if info == n + 1
+
+      if info == n + 2
+        raise LapackError, 'after reordering, roundoff changed values of some eigenvalues ' \
+                           'so that leading eigenvalues in the Schur form no longer satisfy ' \
+                           'the sorting condition.'
+      end
 
       [b, v, sdim]
     end
@@ -778,12 +805,12 @@ module Numo
       func = :"#{bchr}gebal"
       b, ilo, ihi, _, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(func, a.dup)
 
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{func} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{func} had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       func = :"#{bchr}gehrd"
       hq, tau, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(func, b, ilo: ilo, ihi: ihi)
 
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{func} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{func} had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       h = hq.triu(-1)
       return h unless calc_q
@@ -791,7 +818,7 @@ module Numo
       func = %w[d s].include?(bchr) ? :"#{bchr}orghr" : :"#{bchr}unghr"
       q, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(func, hq, tau, ilo: ilo, ihi: ihi)
 
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{func} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{func} had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       [h, q]
     end
@@ -830,8 +857,12 @@ module Numo
 
       gesv = :"#{bchr}gesv"
       _lu, x, _ipiv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(gesv, a.dup, b.dup)
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the factor U is singular, and the solution could not be computed.' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
+
+      if info.positive?
+        warn('the factorization has been completed, but the factor is singular, ' \
+             'so the solution could not be computed.')
+      end
 
       x
     end
@@ -870,7 +901,7 @@ module Numo
       trtrs = :"#{bchr}trtrs"
       uplo = lower ? 'L' : 'U'
       x, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(trtrs, a, b.dup, uplo: uplo)
-      raise "wrong value is given to the #{info}-th argument of #{trtrs} used internally" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "wrong value is given to the #{info}-th argument of #{trtrs} used internally" if info.negative?
 
       x
     end
@@ -926,9 +957,9 @@ module Numo
         raise ArgumentError, "invalid driver: #{driver}"
       end
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'input array has a NAN entry' if info == -4
-      raise 'svd did not converge' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the input array has a NAN entry' if info == -4
+      raise LapackError, 'the did not converge' if info.positive?
 
       [s, u, vt]
     end
@@ -1015,9 +1046,9 @@ module Numo
         raise ArgumentError, "invalid driver: #{driver}"
       end
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'input array has a NAN entry' if info == -4
-      raise 'svd did not converge' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the input array has a NAN entry' if info == -4
+      raise LapackError, 'the decomposition did not converge' if info.positive?
 
       s
     end
@@ -1143,8 +1174,12 @@ module Numo
       getrf = :"#{bchr}getrf"
       lu, piv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(getrf, a.dup)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise "the U(#{info}, #{info}) is exactly zero. The factorization has been completed." if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of getrf had illegal value" if info.negative?
+
+      if info.positive?
+        warn("the factorization has been completed, but the factor U[#{info - 1}, #{info - 1}] is " \
+             'exactly zero, indicating that the matrix is singular.')
+      end
 
       [lu, piv]
     end
@@ -1182,7 +1217,7 @@ module Numo
       getrs = :"#{bchr}getrs"
       x, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(getrs, lu, ipiv, b.dup)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of getrs had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of getrs had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       x
     end
@@ -1203,8 +1238,12 @@ module Numo
       fnc = :"#{bchr}potrf"
       c, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup, uplo: uplo)
 
-      raise "the #{info}-th leading minor of the array is not positive definite, and the factorization could not be completed." if info.positive?
-      raise "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{-info}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+
+      if info.positive?
+        raise LapackError, "the leading principal minor of order #{info} is not positive, " \
+                           'and the factorization could not be completed.'
+      end
 
       c
     end
@@ -1300,7 +1339,7 @@ module Numo
       fnc = :"#{bchr}gebal"
       b, lo, hi, prm_scl, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup, job: job)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
 
       # convert from Fortran style index to Ruby style index.
       lo -= 1
@@ -1377,8 +1416,8 @@ module Numo
         wr, wi, vl, vr, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup, jobvl: jobvl, jobvr: jobvr)
       end
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the QR algorithm failed to compute all the eigenvalues.' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the QR algorithm failed to compute all the eigenvalues.' if info.positive?
 
       if %w[d s].include?(bchr)
         w = wr + (wi * 1.0i)
@@ -1422,8 +1461,8 @@ module Numo
         w = wr + (wi * 1.0i)
       end
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the QR algorithm failed to compute all the eigenvalues.' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the QR algorithm failed to compute all the eigenvalues.' if info.positive?
 
       w
     end
@@ -1473,8 +1512,12 @@ module Numo
       lud = a.dup
       ipiv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, lud, uplo: uplo)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the factorization has been completed' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+
+      if info.positive?
+        warn("the factorization has been completed, but the D[#{info - 1}, #{info - 1}] is " \
+             'exactly zero, indicating that the block diagonal matrix is singular.')
+      end
 
       _lud_permutation(lud, ipiv, uplo: uplo, hermitian: hermitian)
     end
@@ -1562,8 +1605,8 @@ module Numo
       fnc = :"#{bchr}gelsd"
       s, rank, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup, x, rcond: rcond)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the algorithm for computing the SVD failed to converge' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the algorithm for computing the SVD failed to converge' if info.positive?
 
       resids = x.class[]
       if m > n
@@ -1765,8 +1808,8 @@ module Numo
       fnc = :"#{bchr}getri"
       inv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, lu.dup, ipiv)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise 'the matrix is singular and its inverse could not be computed' if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+      raise LapackError, 'the matrix is singular and its inverse could not be computed' if info.positive?
 
       inv
     end
@@ -1796,8 +1839,12 @@ module Numo
       fnc = :"#{bchr}potri"
       inv, info = Numo::Linalg::Lapack.send(fnc, a.dup, uplo: uplo)
 
-      raise "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
-      raise "the (#{info}, #info)-th element of the factor U or L is zero, and the inverse could not be computed." if info.positive?
+      raise LapackError, "the #{info.abs}-th argument of #{fnc} had illegal value" if info.negative?
+
+      if info.positive?
+        raise LapackError, "the (#{info - 1}, #{info - 1})-th element of the factor U or L is zero, " \
+                           'and the inverse could not be computed.'
+      end
 
       inv
     end

metadata

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: numo-linalg-alt
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.6.0
+  version: 0.7.1
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - yoshoku
@@ -15,14 +15,14 @@ dependencies:
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.9.3
+        version: 0.9.10
   type: :runtime
   prerelease: false
   version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     requirements:
     - - "~>"
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-        version: 0.9.3
+        version: 0.9.10
 description: |
   Numo::Linalg Alternative (numo-linalg-alt) is an alternative to Numo::Linalg.
   Unlike Numo::Linalg, numo-linalg-alt depends on Numo::NArray Alternative (numo-narray-alt).
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ metadata:
   homepage_uri: https://github.com/yoshoku/numo-linalg-alt
   source_code_uri: https://github.com/yoshoku/numo-linalg-alt
   changelog_uri: https://github.com/yoshoku/numo-linalg-alt/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md
-  documentation_uri: https://gemdocs.org/gems/numo-linalg-alt/0.6.0/
+  documentation_uri: https://gemdocs.org/gems/numo-linalg-alt/0.7.1/
   rubygems_mfa_required: 'true'
 rdoc_options: []
 require_paths:
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
       version: '0'
 requirements: []
-rubygems_version: 3.6.9
+rubygems_version: 3.7.2
 specification_version: 4
 summary: Numo::Linalg Alternative (numo-linalg-alt) is an alternative to Numo::Linalg.
 test_files: []