nronn 0.10.1.pre2
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- checksums.yaml +7 -0
- data/AUTHORS +8 -0
- data/CHANGES +230 -0
- data/Gemfile +2 -0
- data/Gemfile.lock +72 -0
- data/INSTALLING.md +92 -0
- data/LICENSE.txt +12 -0
- data/README.md +131 -0
- data/Rakefile +153 -0
- data/bin/ronn +253 -0
- data/completion/bash/ronn +32 -0
- data/completion/zsh/_ronn +24 -0
- data/config.ru +15 -0
- data/lib/ronn/document.rb +530 -0
- data/lib/ronn/index.rb +180 -0
- data/lib/ronn/roff.rb +393 -0
- data/lib/ronn/server.rb +67 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/80c.css +6 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/dark.css +18 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/darktoc.css +17 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/default.html +41 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/man.css +100 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/print.css +5 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/screen.css +105 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template/toc.css +27 -0
- data/lib/ronn/template.rb +173 -0
- data/lib/ronn/utils.rb +57 -0
- data/lib/ronn.rb +47 -0
- data/man/index.html +78 -0
- data/man/index.txt +15 -0
- data/man/ronn-format.7 +145 -0
- data/man/ronn-format.7.ronn +157 -0
- data/man/ronn.1 +227 -0
- data/man/ronn.1.ronn +316 -0
- data/nronn.gemspec +136 -0
- data/test/angle_bracket_syntax.html +27 -0
- data/test/angle_bracket_syntax.roff +24 -0
- data/test/angle_bracket_syntax.ronn +22 -0
- data/test/backticks.html +14 -0
- data/test/backticks.ronn +10 -0
- data/test/basic_document.html +8 -0
- data/test/basic_document.ronn +4 -0
- data/test/circumflexes.ronn +1 -0
- data/test/code_blocks.html +38 -0
- data/test/code_blocks.roff +38 -0
- data/test/code_blocks.ronn +41 -0
- data/test/code_blocks_regression +19 -0
- data/test/code_blocks_regression.html +38 -0
- data/test/code_blocks_regression.ronn +40 -0
- data/test/contest.rb +70 -0
- data/test/custom_title_document.html +6 -0
- data/test/custom_title_document.ronn +5 -0
- data/test/definition_list_syntax.html +25 -0
- data/test/definition_list_syntax.roff +19 -0
- data/test/definition_list_syntax.ronn +18 -0
- data/test/dots_at_line_start_test.roff +19 -0
- data/test/dots_at_line_start_test.ronn +12 -0
- data/test/ellipses.roff +7 -0
- data/test/ellipses.ronn +7 -0
- data/test/entity_encoding_test.html +42 -0
- data/test/entity_encoding_test.roff +51 -0
- data/test/entity_encoding_test.ronn +34 -0
- data/test/index.txt +8 -0
- data/test/markdown_syntax.html +954 -0
- data/test/markdown_syntax.roff +907 -0
- data/test/markdown_syntax.ronn +881 -0
- data/test/middle_paragraph.html +14 -0
- data/test/middle_paragraph.roff +9 -0
- data/test/middle_paragraph.ronn +10 -0
- data/test/missing_spaces.roff +7 -0
- data/test/missing_spaces.ronn +2 -0
- data/test/nested_list.ronn +19 -0
- data/test/nested_list_with_code.html +14 -0
- data/test/nested_list_with_code.roff +11 -0
- data/test/nested_list_with_code.ronn +6 -0
- data/test/ordered_list.html +28 -0
- data/test/ordered_list.roff +25 -0
- data/test/ordered_list.ronn +21 -0
- data/test/page.with.periods.in.name.5.ronn +4 -0
- data/test/pre_block_with_quotes.roff +8 -0
- data/test/pre_block_with_quotes.ronn +6 -0
- data/test/section_reference_links.html +16 -0
- data/test/section_reference_links.roff +7 -0
- data/test/section_reference_links.ronn +12 -0
- data/test/single_quotes.html +11 -0
- data/test/single_quotes.roff +5 -0
- data/test/single_quotes.ronn +9 -0
- data/test/tables.ronn +24 -0
- data/test/test_ronn.rb +124 -0
- data/test/test_ronn_document.rb +186 -0
- data/test/test_ronn_index.rb +73 -0
- data/test/titleless_document.html +9 -0
- data/test/titleless_document.ronn +3 -0
- data/test/underline_spacing_test.roff +13 -0
- data/test/underline_spacing_test.ronn +11 -0
- metadata +309 -0
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markdown(5) -- humane markup syntax
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===================================
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## SYNOPSIS
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# Header 1 #
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## Header 2 ##
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### Header 3 ### (Hashes on right are optional)
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#### Header 4 ####
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##### Header 5 #####
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This is a paragraph, which is text surrounded by whitespace.
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Paragraphs can be on one line (or many), and can drone on for
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hours.
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[Reference style links][1] and [inline links](http://example.com)
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[1]: http://example.com "Title is optional"
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Inline markup like _italics_, **bold**, and `code()`.
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![picture alt](/images/photo.jpeg "Title is optional")
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> Blockquotes are like quoted text in email replies
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>> And, they can be nested
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code blocks are for preformatted
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text and must be indented with four spaces
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* Bullet lists are easy too
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* You can
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* even
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* nest them
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- Another one
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+ Another one
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## DESCRIPTION
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### Philosophy
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Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.
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Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted
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document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking
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like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While
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Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML
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filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4],
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[Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of
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inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.
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[1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html
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[2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/
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[3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/
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[4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
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[5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html
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[6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/
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To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation
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characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so
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as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually
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look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even
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blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever
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used email.
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### Inline HTML
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Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a
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format for *writing* for the web.
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Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its
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syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of
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HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier
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to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to
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insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and
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edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing*
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format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that
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can be conveyed in plain text.
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For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply
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use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to
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indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use
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the tags.
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The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `<div>`,
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`<table>`, `<pre>`, `<p>`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding
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content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should
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not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not
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to add extra (unwanted) `<p>` tags around HTML block-level tags.
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For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article:
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This is a regular paragraph.
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<table>
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<tr>
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<td>Foo</td>
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</tr>
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</table>
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This is another regular paragraph.
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Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level
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HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an
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HTML block.
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Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. `<span>`, `<cite>`, or `<del>` -- can be
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used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you
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want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if
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you'd prefer to use HTML `<a>` or `<img>` tags instead of Markdown's
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link or image syntax, go right ahead.
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Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within
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span-level tags.
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### Automatic Escaping for Special Characters
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In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<`
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and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are
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used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal
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characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `<`, and
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`&`.
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Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to
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write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&T`'. You even need to
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escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to:
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http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
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you need to encode the URL as:
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http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
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in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to
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forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation
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errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites.
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Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of
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all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of
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an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated
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into `&`.
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So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write:
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©
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and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write:
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AT&T
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Markdown will translate it to:
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AT&T
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Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use
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angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as
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such. But if you write:
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4 < 5
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Markdown will translate it to:
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4 < 5
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However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and
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ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use
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Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a
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terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<`
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and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.)
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## BLOCK ELEMENTS
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### Paragraphs and Line Breaks
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A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated
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by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a
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blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered
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blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be indented with spaces or tabs.
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The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is
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that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs
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significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable
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Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break
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character in a paragraph into a `<br />` tag.
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When you *do* want to insert a `<br />` break tag using Markdown, you
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end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.
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Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `<br />`, but a simplistic
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"every line break is a `<br />`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown.
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Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l]
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work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks.
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[bq]: #blockquote
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[l]: #list
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### Headers
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Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].
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Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level
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headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example:
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This is an H1
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=============
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This is an H2
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-------------
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Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work.
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Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line,
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corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example:
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# This is an H1
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## This is an H2
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###### This is an H6
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Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely
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cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The
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closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes
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used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes
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determines the header level.) :
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# This is an H1 #
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## This is an H2 ##
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### This is an H3 ######
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### Blockquotes
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Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're
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familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you
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know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard
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wrap the text and put a `>` before every line:
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> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
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> consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
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> Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
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>
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> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
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> id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
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Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first
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line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:
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> This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
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consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
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Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
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> Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
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id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
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Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by
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adding additional levels of `>`:
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> This is the first level of quoting.
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>
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> > This is nested blockquote.
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>
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> Back to the first level.
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Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists,
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and code blocks:
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> ## This is a header.
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>
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> 1. This is the first list item.
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> 2. This is the second list item.
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>
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> Here's some example code:
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>
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> return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");
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Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For
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example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase
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Quote Level from the Text menu.
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### Lists
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Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.
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Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably
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-- as list markers:
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* Red
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* Green
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* Blue
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is equivalent to:
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+ Red
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+ Green
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+ Blue
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and:
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- Red
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- Green
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- Blue
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Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:
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1. Bird
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2. McHale
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3. Parish
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It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the
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list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML
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Markdown produces from the above list is:
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+
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<ol>
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<li>Bird</li>
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<li>McHale</li>
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<li>Parish</li>
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</ol>
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+
|
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If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:
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+
|
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1. Bird
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1. McHale
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1. Parish
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or even:
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3. Bird
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1. McHale
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8. Parish
|
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+
|
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you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to,
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you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that
|
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the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML.
|
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+
But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.
|
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+
|
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If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the
|
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|
+
list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support
|
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|
+
starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number.
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by
|
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+
up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces
|
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|
+
or a tab.
|
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+
|
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To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:
|
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+
|
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|
+
* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
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|
+
Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
|
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+
viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
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+
* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
|
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|
+
Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
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|
+
|
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+
But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:
|
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+
|
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+
* Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
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|
+
Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
|
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|
+
viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
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|
+
* Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
|
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|
+
Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the
|
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|
+
items in `<p>` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input:
|
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|
+
|
363
|
+
* Bird
|
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|
+
* Magic
|
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|
+
|
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|
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will turn into:
|
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+
|
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|
+
<ul>
|
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|
+
<li>Bird</li>
|
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|
+
<li>Magic</li>
|
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|
+
</ul>
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
But this:
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
* Bird
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
* Magic
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
will turn into:
|
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|
+
|
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|
+
<ul>
|
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|
+
<li><p>Bird</p></li>
|
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|
+
<li><p>Magic</p></li>
|
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|
+
</ul>
|
385
|
+
|
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|
+
List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
|
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|
+
paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces
|
388
|
+
or one tab:
|
389
|
+
|
390
|
+
1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
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|
+
sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit
|
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|
+
mi posuere lectus.
|
393
|
+
|
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|
+
Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet
|
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|
+
vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum
|
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|
+
sit amet velit.
|
397
|
+
|
398
|
+
2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
399
|
+
|
400
|
+
It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent
|
401
|
+
paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be
|
402
|
+
lazy:
|
403
|
+
|
404
|
+
* This is a list item with two paragraphs.
|
405
|
+
|
406
|
+
This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're
|
407
|
+
only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
408
|
+
sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
409
|
+
|
410
|
+
* Another item in the same list.
|
411
|
+
|
412
|
+
To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
|
413
|
+
delimiters need to be indented:
|
414
|
+
|
415
|
+
* A list item with a blockquote:
|
416
|
+
|
417
|
+
> This is a blockquote
|
418
|
+
> inside a list item.
|
419
|
+
|
420
|
+
To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs
|
421
|
+
to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs:
|
422
|
+
|
423
|
+
* A list item with a code block:
|
424
|
+
|
425
|
+
<code goes here>
|
426
|
+
|
427
|
+
|
428
|
+
It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by
|
429
|
+
accident, by writing something like this:
|
430
|
+
|
431
|
+
1986. What a great season.
|
432
|
+
|
433
|
+
In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a
|
434
|
+
line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period:
|
435
|
+
|
436
|
+
1986\. What a great season.
|
437
|
+
|
438
|
+
### Code Blocks
|
439
|
+
|
440
|
+
Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or
|
441
|
+
markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines
|
442
|
+
of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block
|
443
|
+
in both `<pre>` and `<code>` tags.
|
444
|
+
|
445
|
+
To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
|
446
|
+
block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
|
447
|
+
|
448
|
+
This is a normal paragraph:
|
449
|
+
|
450
|
+
This is a code block.
|
451
|
+
|
452
|
+
Markdown will generate:
|
453
|
+
|
454
|
+
<p>This is a normal paragraph:</p>
|
455
|
+
|
456
|
+
<pre><code>This is a code block.
|
457
|
+
</code></pre>
|
458
|
+
|
459
|
+
One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each
|
460
|
+
line of the code block. For example, this:
|
461
|
+
|
462
|
+
Here is an example of AppleScript:
|
463
|
+
|
464
|
+
tell application "Foo"
|
465
|
+
beep
|
466
|
+
end tell
|
467
|
+
|
468
|
+
will turn into:
|
469
|
+
|
470
|
+
<p>Here is an example of AppleScript:</p>
|
471
|
+
|
472
|
+
<pre><code>tell application "Foo"
|
473
|
+
beep
|
474
|
+
end tell
|
475
|
+
</code></pre>
|
476
|
+
|
477
|
+
A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented
|
478
|
+
(or the end of the article).
|
479
|
+
|
480
|
+
Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`)
|
481
|
+
are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very
|
482
|
+
easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste
|
483
|
+
it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the
|
484
|
+
ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:
|
485
|
+
|
486
|
+
<div class="footer">
|
487
|
+
© 2004 Foo Corporation
|
488
|
+
</div>
|
489
|
+
|
490
|
+
will turn into:
|
491
|
+
|
492
|
+
<pre><code><div class="footer">
|
493
|
+
&copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
|
494
|
+
</div>
|
495
|
+
</code></pre>
|
496
|
+
|
497
|
+
Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g.,
|
498
|
+
asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means
|
499
|
+
it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.
|
500
|
+
|
501
|
+
|
502
|
+
|
503
|
+
### Horizontal Rules
|
504
|
+
|
505
|
+
You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`<hr />`) by placing three or
|
506
|
+
more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you
|
507
|
+
wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the
|
508
|
+
following lines will produce a horizontal rule:
|
509
|
+
|
510
|
+
* * *
|
511
|
+
|
512
|
+
***
|
513
|
+
|
514
|
+
*****
|
515
|
+
|
516
|
+
- - -
|
517
|
+
|
518
|
+
---------------------------------------
|
519
|
+
|
520
|
+
|
521
|
+
## SPAN ELEMENTS
|
522
|
+
|
523
|
+
### Links
|
524
|
+
|
525
|
+
Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*.
|
526
|
+
|
527
|
+
In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].
|
528
|
+
|
529
|
+
To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately
|
530
|
+
after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses,
|
531
|
+
put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional*
|
532
|
+
title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:
|
533
|
+
|
534
|
+
This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link.
|
535
|
+
|
536
|
+
[This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute.
|
537
|
+
|
538
|
+
Will produce:
|
539
|
+
|
540
|
+
<p>This is <a href="http://example.com/" title="Title">
|
541
|
+
an example</a> inline link.</p>
|
542
|
+
|
543
|
+
<p><a href="http://example.net/">This link</a> has no
|
544
|
+
title attribute.</p>
|
545
|
+
|
546
|
+
If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can
|
547
|
+
use relative paths:
|
548
|
+
|
549
|
+
See my [About](/about/) page for details.
|
550
|
+
|
551
|
+
Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside
|
552
|
+
which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link:
|
553
|
+
|
554
|
+
This is [an example][id] reference-style link.
|
555
|
+
|
556
|
+
You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets:
|
557
|
+
|
558
|
+
This is [an example] [id] reference-style link.
|
559
|
+
|
560
|
+
Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this,
|
561
|
+
on a line by itself:
|
562
|
+
|
563
|
+
[id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
564
|
+
|
565
|
+
That is:
|
566
|
+
|
567
|
+
* Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally
|
568
|
+
indented from the left margin using up to three spaces);
|
569
|
+
* followed by a colon;
|
570
|
+
* followed by one or more spaces (or tabs);
|
571
|
+
* followed by the URL for the link;
|
572
|
+
* optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed
|
573
|
+
in double or single quotes, or enclosed in parentheses.
|
574
|
+
|
575
|
+
The following three link definitions are equivalent:
|
576
|
+
|
577
|
+
[foo]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
578
|
+
[foo]: http://example.com/ 'Optional Title Here'
|
579
|
+
[foo]: http://example.com/ (Optional Title Here)
|
580
|
+
|
581
|
+
**Note:** There is a known bug in Markdown.pl 1.0.1 which prevents
|
582
|
+
single quotes from being used to delimit link titles.
|
583
|
+
|
584
|
+
The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets:
|
585
|
+
|
586
|
+
[id]: <http://example.com/> "Optional Title Here"
|
587
|
+
|
588
|
+
You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces
|
589
|
+
or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs:
|
590
|
+
|
591
|
+
[id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here
|
592
|
+
"Optional Title Here"
|
593
|
+
|
594
|
+
Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown
|
595
|
+
processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output.
|
596
|
+
|
597
|
+
Link definition names may consist of letters, numbers, spaces, and
|
598
|
+
punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two
|
599
|
+
links:
|
600
|
+
|
601
|
+
[link text][a]
|
602
|
+
[link text][A]
|
603
|
+
|
604
|
+
are equivalent.
|
605
|
+
|
606
|
+
The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the
|
607
|
+
link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name.
|
608
|
+
Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word
|
609
|
+
"Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write:
|
610
|
+
|
611
|
+
[Google][]
|
612
|
+
|
613
|
+
And then define the link:
|
614
|
+
|
615
|
+
[Google]: http://google.com/
|
616
|
+
|
617
|
+
Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for
|
618
|
+
multiple words in the link text:
|
619
|
+
|
620
|
+
Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information.
|
621
|
+
|
622
|
+
And then define the link:
|
623
|
+
|
624
|
+
[Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/
|
625
|
+
|
626
|
+
Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I
|
627
|
+
tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're
|
628
|
+
used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your
|
629
|
+
document, sort of like footnotes.
|
630
|
+
|
631
|
+
Here's an example of reference links in action:
|
632
|
+
|
633
|
+
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from
|
634
|
+
[Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3].
|
635
|
+
|
636
|
+
[1]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
637
|
+
[2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
638
|
+
[3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
639
|
+
|
640
|
+
Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write:
|
641
|
+
|
642
|
+
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from
|
643
|
+
[Yahoo][] or [MSN][].
|
644
|
+
|
645
|
+
[google]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
646
|
+
[yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
647
|
+
[msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
648
|
+
|
649
|
+
Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output:
|
650
|
+
|
651
|
+
<p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href="http://google.com/"
|
652
|
+
title="Google">Google</a> than from
|
653
|
+
<a href="http://search.yahoo.com/" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo</a>
|
654
|
+
or <a href="http://search.msn.com/" title="MSN Search">MSN</a>.</p>
|
655
|
+
|
656
|
+
For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using
|
657
|
+
Markdown's inline link style:
|
658
|
+
|
659
|
+
I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google")
|
660
|
+
than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or
|
661
|
+
[MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search").
|
662
|
+
|
663
|
+
The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to
|
664
|
+
write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document
|
665
|
+
source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using
|
666
|
+
reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters
|
667
|
+
long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML,
|
668
|
+
it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there
|
669
|
+
is text.
|
670
|
+
|
671
|
+
With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more
|
672
|
+
closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By
|
673
|
+
allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph,
|
674
|
+
you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your
|
675
|
+
prose.
|
676
|
+
|
677
|
+
### Emphasis
|
678
|
+
|
679
|
+
Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
|
680
|
+
emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an
|
681
|
+
HTML `<em>` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML
|
682
|
+
`<strong>` tag. E.g., this input:
|
683
|
+
|
684
|
+
*single asterisks*
|
685
|
+
|
686
|
+
_single underscores_
|
687
|
+
|
688
|
+
**double asterisks**
|
689
|
+
|
690
|
+
__double underscores__
|
691
|
+
|
692
|
+
will produce:
|
693
|
+
|
694
|
+
<em>single asterisks</em>
|
695
|
+
|
696
|
+
<em>single underscores</em>
|
697
|
+
|
698
|
+
<strong>double asterisks</strong>
|
699
|
+
|
700
|
+
<strong>double underscores</strong>
|
701
|
+
|
702
|
+
You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that
|
703
|
+
the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span.
|
704
|
+
|
705
|
+
Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word:
|
706
|
+
|
707
|
+
un*frigging*believable
|
708
|
+
|
709
|
+
But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a
|
710
|
+
literal asterisk or underscore.
|
711
|
+
|
712
|
+
To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it
|
713
|
+
would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash
|
714
|
+
escape it:
|
715
|
+
|
716
|
+
\*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\*
|
717
|
+
|
718
|
+
|
719
|
+
### Code
|
720
|
+
|
721
|
+
To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``).
|
722
|
+
Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a
|
723
|
+
normal paragraph. For example:
|
724
|
+
|
725
|
+
Use the `printf()` function.
|
726
|
+
|
727
|
+
will produce:
|
728
|
+
|
729
|
+
<p>Use the <code>printf()</code> function.</p>
|
730
|
+
|
731
|
+
To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use
|
732
|
+
multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters:
|
733
|
+
|
734
|
+
``There is a literal backtick (`) here.``
|
735
|
+
|
736
|
+
which will produce this:
|
737
|
+
|
738
|
+
<p><code>There is a literal backtick (`) here.</code></p>
|
739
|
+
|
740
|
+
The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces --
|
741
|
+
one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place
|
742
|
+
literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span:
|
743
|
+
|
744
|
+
A single backtick in a code span: `` ` ``
|
745
|
+
|
746
|
+
A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` ``
|
747
|
+
|
748
|
+
will produce:
|
749
|
+
|
750
|
+
<p>A single backtick in a code span: <code>`</code></p>
|
751
|
+
|
752
|
+
<p>A backtick-delimited string in a code span: <code>`foo`</code></p>
|
753
|
+
|
754
|
+
With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML
|
755
|
+
entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML
|
756
|
+
tags. Markdown will turn this:
|
757
|
+
|
758
|
+
Please don't use any `<blink>` tags.
|
759
|
+
|
760
|
+
into:
|
761
|
+
|
762
|
+
<p>Please don't use any <code><blink></code> tags.</p>
|
763
|
+
|
764
|
+
You can write this:
|
765
|
+
|
766
|
+
`—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`.
|
767
|
+
|
768
|
+
to produce:
|
769
|
+
|
770
|
+
<p><code>&#8212;</code> is the decimal-encoded
|
771
|
+
equivalent of <code>&mdash;</code>.</p>
|
772
|
+
|
773
|
+
|
774
|
+
### Images
|
775
|
+
|
776
|
+
Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for
|
777
|
+
placing images into a plain text document format.
|
778
|
+
|
779
|
+
Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax
|
780
|
+
for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*.
|
781
|
+
|
782
|
+
Inline image syntax looks like this:
|
783
|
+
|
784
|
+
![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg)
|
785
|
+
|
786
|
+
![Alt text](/path/to/img.jpg "Optional title")
|
787
|
+
|
788
|
+
That is:
|
789
|
+
|
790
|
+
* An exclamation mark: `!`;
|
791
|
+
* followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt`
|
792
|
+
attribute text for the image;
|
793
|
+
* followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to
|
794
|
+
the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double
|
795
|
+
or single quotes.
|
796
|
+
|
797
|
+
Reference-style image syntax looks like this:
|
798
|
+
|
799
|
+
![Alt text][id]
|
800
|
+
|
801
|
+
Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references
|
802
|
+
are defined using syntax identical to link references:
|
803
|
+
|
804
|
+
[id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute"
|
805
|
+
|
806
|
+
As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the
|
807
|
+
dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply
|
808
|
+
use regular HTML `<img>` tags.
|
809
|
+
|
810
|
+
|
811
|
+
## MISCELLANEOUS
|
812
|
+
|
813
|
+
### Automatic Links
|
814
|
+
|
815
|
+
Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this:
|
816
|
+
|
817
|
+
<http://example.com/>
|
818
|
+
|
819
|
+
Markdown will turn this into:
|
820
|
+
|
821
|
+
<a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
|
822
|
+
|
823
|
+
Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that
|
824
|
+
Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex
|
825
|
+
entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting
|
826
|
+
spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:
|
827
|
+
|
828
|
+
<address@example.com>
|
829
|
+
|
830
|
+
into something like this:
|
831
|
+
|
832
|
+
<a href="mailto:addre
|
833
|
+
ss@example.co
|
834
|
+
m">address@exa
|
835
|
+
mple.com</a>
|
836
|
+
|
837
|
+
which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com".
|
838
|
+
|
839
|
+
(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not
|
840
|
+
most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of
|
841
|
+
them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way
|
842
|
+
will probably eventually start receiving spam.)
|
843
|
+
|
844
|
+
|
845
|
+
### Backslash Escapes
|
846
|
+
|
847
|
+
Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal
|
848
|
+
characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's
|
849
|
+
formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word
|
850
|
+
with literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `<em>` tag), you can use
|
851
|
+
backslashes before the asterisks, like this:
|
852
|
+
|
853
|
+
\*literal asterisks\*
|
854
|
+
|
855
|
+
Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters:
|
856
|
+
|
857
|
+
\ backslash
|
858
|
+
` backtick
|
859
|
+
* asterisk
|
860
|
+
_ underscore
|
861
|
+
{} curly braces
|
862
|
+
[] square brackets
|
863
|
+
() parentheses
|
864
|
+
# hash mark
|
865
|
+
+ plus sign
|
866
|
+
- minus sign (hyphen)
|
867
|
+
. dot
|
868
|
+
! exclamation mark
|
869
|
+
|
870
|
+
## AUTHOR
|
871
|
+
|
872
|
+
Markdown was created by John Gruber.
|
873
|
+
|
874
|
+
Manual page by Ryan Tomayko. It's pretty much a direct copy of the
|
875
|
+
[Markdown Syntax Reference](http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax),
|
876
|
+
also by John Gruber.
|
877
|
+
|
878
|
+
## SEE ALSO
|
879
|
+
|
880
|
+
ronn(5)<br>
|
881
|
+
<http://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/>
|