nokogiri 1.8.5 → 1.13.9

data/lib/nokogiri/xml/node.rb

@@ -1,105 +1,130 @@
-# encoding: UTF-8
-require 'stringio'
-require 'nokogiri/xml/node/save_options'
+# encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "stringio"
 
 module Nokogiri
   module XML
-    ####
-    # Nokogiri::XML::Node is your window to the fun filled world of dealing
-    # with XML and HTML tags.  A Nokogiri::XML::Node may be treated similarly
-    # to a hash with regard to attributes.  For example (from irb):
+    # Nokogiri::XML::Node is the primary API you'll use to interact with your Document.
+    #
+    # == Attributes
+    #
+    # A Nokogiri::XML::Node may be treated similarly to a hash with regard to attributes. For
+    # example:
+    #
+    #   node = Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment.parse("<a href='#foo' id='link'>link</a>").at_css("a")
+    #   node.to_html # => "<a href=\"#foo\" id=\"link\">link</a>"
+    #   node['href'] # => "#foo"
+    #   node.keys # => ["href", "id"]
+    #   node.values # => ["#foo", "link"]
+    #   node['class'] = 'green' # => "green"
+    #   node.to_html # => "<a href=\"#foo\" id=\"link\" class=\"green\">link</a>"
+    #
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Working+With+Node+Attributes for the full set of methods.
+    #
+    # == Navigation
     #
-    #   irb(main):004:0> node
-    #   => <a href="#foo" id="link">link</a>
-    #   irb(main):005:0> node['href']
-    #   => "#foo"
-    #   irb(main):006:0> node.keys
-    #   => ["href", "id"]
-    #   irb(main):007:0> node.values
-    #   => ["#foo", "link"]
-    #   irb(main):008:0> node['class'] = 'green'
-    #   => "green"
-    #   irb(main):009:0> node
-    #   => <a href="#foo" id="link" class="green">link</a>
-    #   irb(main):010:0>
+    # Nokogiri::XML::Node also has methods that let you move around your tree:
     #
-    # See Nokogiri::XML::Node#[] and Nokogiri::XML#[]= for more information.
+    # [#parent, #children, #next, #previous]
+    #   Navigate up, down, or through siblings.
     #
-    # Nokogiri::XML::Node also has methods that let you move around your
-    # tree.  For navigating your tree, see:
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Traversing+Document+Structure for the full set of methods.
     #
-    # * Nokogiri::XML::Node#parent
-    # * Nokogiri::XML::Node#children
-    # * Nokogiri::XML::Node#next
-    # * Nokogiri::XML::Node#previous
+    # == Serialization
     #
+    # When printing or otherwise emitting a document or a node (and its subtree), there are a few
+    # methods you might want to use:
     #
-    # When printing or otherwise emitting a document or a node (and
-    # its subtree), there are a few methods you might want to use:
+    # [#content, #text, #inner_text, #to_str]
+    #   These methods will all **emit plaintext**,
+    #   meaning that entities will be replaced (e.g., +&lt;+ will be replaced with +<+), meaning
+    #   that any sanitizing will likely be un-done in the output.
     #
-    # * content, text, inner_text, to_str: emit plaintext
+    # [#to_s, #to_xml, #to_html, #inner_html]
+    #   These methods will all **emit properly-escaped markup**, meaning that it's suitable for
+    #   consumption by browsers, parsers, etc.
     #
-    #   These methods will all emit the plaintext version of your
-    #   document, meaning that entities will be replaced (e.g., "&lt;"
-    #   will be replaced with "<"), meaning that any sanitizing will
-    #   likely be un-done in the output.
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Serialization+and+Generating+Output for the full set of methods.
     #
-    # * to_s, to_xml, to_html, inner_html: emit well-formed markup
+    # == Searching
     #
-    #   These methods will all emit properly-escaped markup, meaning
-    #   that it's suitable for consumption by browsers, parsers, etc.
+    # You may search this node's subtree using methods like #xpath and #css.
+    #
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Searching+via+XPath+or+CSS+Queries for the full set of methods.
     #
-    # You may search this node's subtree using Searchable#xpath and Searchable#css
     class Node
       include Nokogiri::XML::PP::Node
       include Nokogiri::XML::Searchable
+      include Nokogiri::ClassResolver
       include Enumerable
 
       # Element node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#element?
-      ELEMENT_NODE =       1
+      ELEMENT_NODE = 1
       # Attribute node type
-      ATTRIBUTE_NODE =     2
+      ATTRIBUTE_NODE = 2
       # Text node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#text?
-      TEXT_NODE =          3
+      TEXT_NODE = 3
       # CDATA node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#cdata?
       CDATA_SECTION_NODE = 4
       # Entity reference node type
-      ENTITY_REF_NODE =    5
+      ENTITY_REF_NODE = 5
       # Entity node type
-      ENTITY_NODE =        6
+      ENTITY_NODE = 6
       # PI node type
-      PI_NODE =            7
+      PI_NODE = 7
       # Comment node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#comment?
-      COMMENT_NODE =       8
+      COMMENT_NODE = 8
       # Document node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#xml?
-      DOCUMENT_NODE =      9
+      DOCUMENT_NODE = 9
       # Document type node type
       DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE = 10
       # Document fragment node type
       DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE = 11
       # Notation node type
-      NOTATION_NODE =      12
+      NOTATION_NODE = 12
       # HTML document node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#html?
       HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE = 13
       # DTD node type
-      DTD_NODE =           14
+      DTD_NODE = 14
       # Element declaration type
-      ELEMENT_DECL =       15
+      ELEMENT_DECL = 15
       # Attribute declaration type
-      ATTRIBUTE_DECL =     16
+      ATTRIBUTE_DECL = 16
       # Entity declaration type
-      ENTITY_DECL =        17
+      ENTITY_DECL = 17
       # Namespace declaration type
-      NAMESPACE_DECL =     18
+      NAMESPACE_DECL = 18
       # XInclude start type
-      XINCLUDE_START =     19
+      XINCLUDE_START = 19
       # XInclude end type
-      XINCLUDE_END =       20
+      XINCLUDE_END = 20
       # DOCB document node type
       DOCB_DOCUMENT_NODE = 21
 
-      def initialize name, document # :nodoc:
-        # ... Ya.  This is empty on purpose.
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   new(name, document) -> Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #   new(name, document) { |node| ... } -> Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      # Create a new node with +name+ that belongs to +document+.
+      #
+      # If you intend to add a node to a document tree, it's likely that you will prefer one of the
+      # Nokogiri::XML::Node methods like #add_child, #add_next_sibling, #replace, etc. which will
+      # both create an element (or subtree) and place it in the document tree.
+      #
+      # Another alternative, if you are concerned about performance, is
+      # Nokogiri::XML::Document#create_element which accepts additional arguments for contents or
+      # attributes but (like this method) avoids parsing markup.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +name+ (String)
+      # - +document+ (Nokogiri::XML::Document) The document to which the the returned node will belong.
+      # [Yields] Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      # [Returns] Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      def initialize(name, document)
+        # This is intentionally empty, and sets the method signature for subclasses.
       end
 
       ###
@@ -108,24 +133,7 @@ module Nokogiri
         document.decorate(self)
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Search this node's immediate children using CSS selector +selector+
-      def > selector
-        ns = document.root.namespaces
-        xpath CSS.xpath_for(selector, :prefix => "./", :ns => ns).first
-      end
-
-      ###
-      # Get the attribute value for the attribute +name+
-      def [] name
-        get(name.to_s)
-      end
-
-      ###
-      # Set the attribute value for the attribute +name+ to +value+
-      def []= name, value
-        set name.to_s, value.to_s
-      end
+      # :section: Manipulating Document Structure
 
       ###
       # Add +node_or_tags+ as a child of this Node.
@@ -134,12 +142,12 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or string).
       #
       # Also see related method +<<+.
-      def add_child node_or_tags
+      def add_child(node_or_tags)
         node_or_tags = coerce(node_or_tags)
         if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
-          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs n }
+          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(n) }
         else
-          add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs node_or_tags
+          add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(node_or_tags)
         end
         node_or_tags
       end
@@ -151,16 +159,28 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or string).
       #
       # Also see related method +add_child+.
-      def prepend_child node_or_tags
-        if first = children.first
+      def prepend_child(node_or_tags)
+        if (first = children.first)
           # Mimic the error add_child would raise.
-          raise RuntimeError, "Document already has a root node" if document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+          raise "Document already has a root node" if document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+
           first.__send__(:add_sibling, :previous, node_or_tags)
         else
           add_child(node_or_tags)
         end
       end
 
+      ###
+      # Add html around this node
+      #
+      # Returns self
+      def wrap(html)
+        new_parent = document.parse(html).first
+        add_next_sibling(new_parent)
+        new_parent.add_child(self)
+        self
+      end
+
       ###
       # Add +node_or_tags+ as a child of this Node.
       # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a string containing markup.
@@ -168,8 +188,8 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns self, to support chaining of calls (e.g., root << child1 << child2)
       #
       # Also see related method +add_child+.
-      def << node_or_tags
-        add_child node_or_tags
+      def <<(node_or_tags)
+        add_child(node_or_tags)
         self
       end
 
@@ -180,10 +200,11 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or string).
       #
       # Also see related method +before+.
-      def add_previous_sibling node_or_tags
-        raise ArgumentError.new("A document may not have multiple root nodes.") if (parent && parent.document?) && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+      def add_previous_sibling(node_or_tags)
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "A document may not have multiple root nodes." if parent&.document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
 
-        add_sibling :previous, node_or_tags
+        add_sibling(:previous, node_or_tags)
       end
 
       ###
@@ -193,10 +214,11 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or string).
       #
       # Also see related method +after+.
-      def add_next_sibling node_or_tags
-        raise ArgumentError.new("A document may not have multiple root nodes.") if (parent && parent.document?) && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+      def add_next_sibling(node_or_tags)
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "A document may not have multiple root nodes." if parent&.document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
 
-        add_sibling :next, node_or_tags
+        add_sibling(:next, node_or_tags)
       end
 
       ####
@@ -206,8 +228,8 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns self, to support chaining of calls.
       #
       # Also see related method +add_previous_sibling+.
-      def before node_or_tags
-        add_previous_sibling node_or_tags
+      def before(node_or_tags)
+        add_previous_sibling(node_or_tags)
         self
       end
 
@@ -218,8 +240,8 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns self, to support chaining of calls.
       #
       # Also see related method +add_next_sibling+.
-      def after node_or_tags
-        add_next_sibling node_or_tags
+      def after(node_or_tags)
+        add_next_sibling(node_or_tags)
         self
       end
 
@@ -227,30 +249,24 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Set the inner html for this Node to +node_or_tags+
       # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment, or a string containing markup.
       #
-      # Returns self.
-      #
       # Also see related method +children=+
-      def inner_html= node_or_tags
+      def inner_html=(node_or_tags)
         self.children = node_or_tags
-        self
       end
 
       ####
       # Set the inner html for this Node +node_or_tags+
       # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment, or a string containing markup.
       #
-      # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or string).
-      #
       # Also see related method +inner_html=+
-      def children= node_or_tags
+      def children=(node_or_tags)
         node_or_tags = coerce(node_or_tags)
         children.unlink
         if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
-          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs n }
+          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(n) }
         else
-          add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs node_or_tags
+          add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(node_or_tags)
         end
-        node_or_tags
       end
 
       ####
@@ -260,25 +276,27 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or string).
       #
       # Also see related method +swap+.
-      def replace node_or_tags
+      def replace(node_or_tags)
+        raise("Cannot replace a node with no parent") unless parent
+
         # We cannot replace a text node directly, otherwise libxml will return
         # an internal error at parser.c:13031, I don't know exactly why
         # libxml is trying to find a parent node that is an element or document
         # so I can't tell if this is bug in libxml or not. issue #775.
         if text?
-          replacee = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new 'dummy', document
-          add_previous_sibling_node replacee
+          replacee = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new("dummy", document)
+          add_previous_sibling_node(replacee)
           unlink
-          return replacee.replace node_or_tags
+          return replacee.replace(node_or_tags)
         end
 
-        node_or_tags = coerce(node_or_tags)
+        node_or_tags = parent.coerce(node_or_tags)
 
         if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
-          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_previous_sibling n }
+          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_previous_sibling(n) }
           unlink
         else
-          replace_node node_or_tags
+          replace_node(node_or_tags)
         end
         node_or_tags
       end
@@ -290,44 +308,215 @@ module Nokogiri
       # Returns self, to support chaining of calls.
       #
       # Also see related method +replace+.
-      def swap node_or_tags
-        replace node_or_tags
+      def swap(node_or_tags)
+        replace(node_or_tags)
         self
       end
 
-      alias :next           :next_sibling
-      alias :previous       :previous_sibling
-
-      # :stopdoc:
-      # HACK: This is to work around an RDoc bug
-      alias :next=          :add_next_sibling
-      # :startdoc:
-
-      alias :previous=      :add_previous_sibling
-      alias :remove         :unlink
-      alias :get_attribute  :[]
-      alias :attr           :[]
-      alias :set_attribute  :[]=
-      alias :text           :content
-      alias :inner_text     :content
-      alias :has_attribute? :key?
-      alias :name           :node_name
-      alias :name=          :node_name=
-      alias :type           :node_type
-      alias :to_str         :text
-      alias :clone          :dup
-      alias :elements       :element_children
-
       ####
-      # Returns a hash containing the node's attributes.  The key is
-      # the attribute name without any namespace, the value is a Nokogiri::XML::Attr
-      # representing the attribute.
-      # If you need to distinguish attributes with the same name, with different namespaces
-      # use #attribute_nodes instead.
+      # Set the Node's content to a Text node containing +string+. The string gets XML escaped, not interpreted as markup.
+      def content=(string)
+        self.native_content = encode_special_chars(string.to_s)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Set the parent Node for this Node
+      def parent=(parent_node)
+        parent_node.add_child(self)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Adds a default namespace supplied as a string +url+ href, to self.
+      # The consequence is as an xmlns attribute with supplied argument were
+      # present in parsed XML.  A default namespace set with this method will
+      # now show up in #attributes, but when this node is serialized to XML an
+      # "xmlns" attribute will appear. See also #namespace and #namespace=
+      def default_namespace=(url)
+        add_namespace_definition(nil, url)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Set the default namespace on this node (as would be defined with an
+      # "xmlns=" attribute in XML source), as a Namespace object +ns+. Note that
+      # a Namespace added this way will NOT be serialized as an xmlns attribute
+      # for this node. You probably want #default_namespace= instead, or perhaps
+      # #add_namespace_definition with a nil prefix argument.
+      def namespace=(ns)
+        return set_namespace(ns) unless ns
+
+        unless Nokogiri::XML::Namespace === ns
+          raise TypeError, "#{ns.class} can't be coerced into Nokogiri::XML::Namespace"
+        end
+        if ns.document != document
+          raise ArgumentError, "namespace must be declared on the same document"
+        end
+
+        set_namespace(ns)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Do xinclude substitution on the subtree below node. If given a block, a
+      # Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions object initialized from +options+, will be
+      # passed to it, allowing more convenient modification of the parser options.
+      def do_xinclude(options = XML::ParseOptions::DEFAULT_XML)
+        options = Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions.new(options) if Integer === options
+        yield options if block_given?
+
+        # call c extension
+        process_xincludes(options.to_i)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :next, :next_sibling
+      alias_method :previous, :previous_sibling
+      alias_method :next=, :add_next_sibling
+      alias_method :previous=, :add_previous_sibling
+      alias_method :remove, :unlink
+      alias_method :name=, :node_name=
+      alias_method :add_namespace, :add_namespace_definition
+
+      # :section:
+
+      alias_method :inner_text, :content
+      alias_method :text, :content
+      alias_method :to_str, :content
+      alias_method :name, :node_name
+      alias_method :type, :node_type
+      alias_method :clone, :dup
+      alias_method :elements, :element_children
+
+      # :section: Working With Node Attributes
+
+      # :call-seq: [](name) → (String, nil)
+      #
+      # Fetch an attribute from this node.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note that attributes with namespaces cannot be accessed with this method. To access
+      # namespaced attributes, use #attribute_with_ns.
+      #
+      # [Returns] (String, nil) value of the attribute +name+, or +nil+ if no matching attribute exists
+      #
+      # *Example*
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child size='large' class='big wide tall'/></root>")
+      #   child = doc.at_css("child")
+      #   child["size"] # => "large"
+      #   child["class"] # => "big wide tall"
+      #
+      # *Example:* Namespaced attributes will not be returned.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note namespaced attributes may be accessed with #attribute or #attribute_with_ns
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'>
+      #       <child width:size='broad'/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   doc.at_css("child")["size"] # => nil
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attribute("size").value # => "broad"
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attribute_with_ns("size", "http://example.com/widths").value
+      #   # => "broad"
+      #
+      def [](name)
+        get(name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq: []=(name, value) → value
+      #
+      # Update the attribute +name+ to +value+, or create the attribute if it does not exist.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note that attributes with namespaces cannot be accessed with this method. To access
+      # namespaced attributes for update, use #attribute_with_ns. To add a namespaced attribute,
+      # see the example below.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +value+
+      #
+      # *Example*
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child/></root>")
+      #   child = doc.at_css("child")
+      #   child["size"] = "broad"
+      #   child.to_html
+      #   # => "<child size=\"broad\"></child>"
+      #
+      # *Example:* Add a namespaced attribute.
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'>
+      #       <child/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   child = doc.at_css("child")
+      #   child["size"] = "broad"
+      #   ns = doc.root.namespace_definitions.find { |ns| ns.prefix == "width" }
+      #   child.attribute("size").namespace = ns
+      #   doc.to_html
+      #   # => "<root xmlns:width=\"http://example.com/widths\">\n" +
+      #   #    "  <child width:size=\"broad\"></child>\n" +
+      #   #    "</root>\n"
+      #
+      def []=(name, value)
+        set(name.to_s, value.to_s)
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: attributes() → Hash<String ⇒ Nokogiri::XML::Attr>
+      #
+      # Fetch this node's attributes.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Because the keys do not include any namespace information for the attribute, in case of a
+      # simple name collision, not all attributes will be returned. In this case, you will need to
+      # use #attribute_nodes.
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   Hash containing attributes belonging to +self+. The hash keys are String attribute
+      #   names (without the namespace), and the hash values are Nokogiri::XML::Attr.
+      #
+      # *Example* with no namespaces:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child size='large' class='big wide tall'/></root>")
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attributes
+      #   # => {"size"=>#(Attr:0x550 { name = "size", value = "large" }),
+      #   #     "class"=>#(Attr:0x564 { name = "class", value = "big wide tall" })}
+      #
+      # *Example* with a namespace:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root xmlns:desc='http://example.com/sizes'><child desc:size='large'/></root>")
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attributes
+      #   # => {"size"=>
+      #   #      #(Attr:0x550 {
+      #   #        name = "size",
+      #   #        namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+      #   #          prefix = "desc",
+      #   #          href = "http://example.com/sizes"
+      #   #          }),
+      #   #        value = "large"
+      #   #        })}
+      #
+      # *Example* with an attribute name collision:
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note that only one of the attributes is returned in the Hash.
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'
+      #           xmlns:height='http://example.com/heights'>
+      #       <child width:size='broad' height:size='tall'/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attributes
+      #   # => {"size"=>
+      #   #      #(Attr:0x550 {
+      #   #        name = "size",
+      #   #        namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+      #   #          prefix = "height",
+      #   #          href = "http://example.com/heights"
+      #   #          }),
+      #   #        value = "tall"
+      #   #        })}
+      #
       def attributes
-        Hash[attribute_nodes.map { |node|
-          [node.node_name, node]
-        }]
+        attribute_nodes.each_with_object({}) do |node, hash|
+          hash[node.node_name] = node
+        end
       end
 
       ###
@@ -336,6 +525,12 @@ module Nokogiri
         attribute_nodes.map(&:value)
       end
 
+      ###
+      # Does this Node's attributes include <value>
+      def value?(value)
+        values.include?(value)
+      end
+
       ###
       # Get the attribute names for this Node.
       def keys
@@ -345,97 +540,401 @@ module Nokogiri
       ###
       # Iterate over each attribute name and value pair for this Node.
       def each
-        attribute_nodes.each { |node|
+        attribute_nodes.each do |node|
           yield [node.node_name, node.value]
-        }
+        end
       end
 
       ###
-      # Get the list of class names of this Node, without
-      # deduplication or sorting.
+      # Remove the attribute named +name+
+      def remove_attribute(name)
+        attr = attributes[name].remove if key?(name)
+        clear_xpath_context if Nokogiri.jruby?
+        attr
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: classes() → Array<String>
+      #
+      # Fetch CSS class names of a Node.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_values("class")
+      #
+      # See related: #kwattr_values, #add_class, #append_class, #remove_class
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   The CSS classes (Array of String) present in the Node's "class" attribute. If the
+      #   attribute is empty or non-existent, the return value is an empty array.
+      #
+      # *Example*
+      #
+      #   node         # => <div class="section title header"></div>
+      #   node.classes # => ["section", "title", "header"]
+      #
       def classes
-        self['class'].to_s.scan(/\S+/)
+        kwattr_values("class")
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Add +name+ to the "class" attribute value of this Node and
-      # return self.  If the value is already in the current value, it
-      # is not added.  If no "class" attribute exists yet, one is
-      # created with the given value.
       #
-      # More than one class may be added at a time, separated by a
-      # space.
-      def add_class name
-        names = classes
-        self['class'] = (names + (name.scan(/\S+/) - names)).join(' ')
+      # :call-seq: add_class(names) → self
+      #
+      # Ensure HTML CSS classes are present on +self+. Any CSS classes in +names+ that already exist
+      # in the "class" attribute are _not_ added. Note that any existing duplicates in the
+      # "class" attribute are not removed. Compare with #append_class.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_add("class", names)
+      #
+      # See related: #kwattr_add, #classes, #append_class, #remove_class
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +names+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #
+      #   CSS class names to be added to the Node's "class" attribute. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited names, or an Array of String names. Any class names already present
+      #   will not be added. Any class names not present will be added. If no "class" attribute
+      #   exists, one is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that the node has CSS class "section"
+      #
+      #   node                      # => <div></div>
+      #   node.add_class("section") # => <div class="section"></div>
+      #   node.add_class("section") # => <div class="section"></div> # duplicate not added
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that the node has CSS classes "section" and "header", via a String argument
+      #
+      # Note that the CSS class "section" is not added because it is already present.
+      # Note also that the pre-existing duplicate CSS class "section" is not removed.
+      #
+      #   node                             # => <div class="section section"></div>
+      #   node.add_class("section header") # => <div class="section section header"></div>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that the node has CSS classes "section" and "header", via an Array argument
+      #
+      #   node                                  # => <div></div>
+      #   node.add_class(["section", "header"]) # => <div class="section header"></div>
+      #
+      def add_class(names)
+        kwattr_add("class", names)
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: append_class(names) → self
+      #
+      # Add HTML CSS classes to +self+, regardless of duplication. Compare with #add_class.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_append("class", names)
+      #
+      # See related: #kwattr_append, #classes, #add_class, #remove_class
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +names+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #
+      #   CSS class names to be appended to the Node's "class" attribute. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited names, or an Array of String names. All class names passed in will be
+      #   appended to the "class" attribute even if they are already present in the attribute
+      #   value. If no "class" attribute exists, one is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "section" to the node's CSS "class" attribute
+      #
+      #   node                         # => <div></div>
+      #   node.append_class("section") # => <div class="section"></div>
+      #   node.append_class("section") # => <div class="section section"></div> # duplicate added!
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "section" and "header" to the noded's CSS "class" attribute, via a String argument
+      #
+      # Note that the CSS class "section" is appended even though it is already present
+      #
+      #   node                                # => <div class="section section"></div>
+      #   node.append_class("section header") # => <div class="section section section header"></div>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "section" and "header" to the node's CSS "class" attribute, via an Array argument
+      #
+      #   node                                     # => <div></div>
+      #   node.append_class(["section", "header"]) # => <div class="section header"></div>
+      #   node.append_class(["section", "header"]) # => <div class="section header section header"></div>
+      #
+      def append_class(names)
+        kwattr_append("class", names)
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   remove_class(css_classes) → self
+      #
+      # Remove HTML CSS classes from this node. Any CSS class names in +css_classes+ that exist in
+      # this node's "class" attribute are removed, including any multiple entries.
+      #
+      # If no CSS classes remain after this operation, or if +css_classes+ is +nil+, the "class"
+      # attribute is deleted from the node.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_remove("class", css_classes)
+      #
+      # Also see #kwattr_remove, #classes, #add_class, #append_class
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +css_classes+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #
+      #   CSS class names to be removed from the Node's
+      #   "class" attribute. May be a string containing whitespace-delimited names, or an Array of
+      #   String names. Any class names already present will be removed. If no CSS classes remain,
+      #   the "class" attribute is deleted.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Nokogiri::XML::Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example*: Deleting a CSS class
+      #
+      # Note that all instances of the class "section" are removed from the "class" attribute.
+      #
+      #   node                         # => <div class="section header section"></div>
+      #   node.remove_class("section") # => <div class="header"></div>
+      #
+      # *Example*: Deleting the only remaining CSS class
+      #
+      # Note that the attribute is removed once there are no remaining classes.
+      #
+      #   node                         # => <div class="section"></div>
+      #   node.remove_class("section") # => <div></div>
+      #
+      # *Example*: Deleting multiple CSS classes
+      #
+      # Note that the "class" attribute is deleted once it's empty.
+      #
+      #   node                                    # => <div class="section header float"></div>
+      #   node.remove_class(["section", "float"]) # => <div class="header"></div>
+      #
+      def remove_class(names = nil)
+        kwattr_remove("class", names)
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_values(attribute_name) → Array<String>
+      #
+      # Fetch values from a keyword attribute of a Node.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #classes, #kwattr_add, #kwattr_append, #kwattr_remove
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be inspected.
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   (Array<String>) The values present in the Node's +attribute_name+ attribute. If the
+      #   attribute is empty or non-existent, the return value is an empty array.
+      #
+      # *Example:*
+      #
+      #   node                      # => <a rel="nofollow noopener external">link</a>
+      #   node.kwattr_values("rel") # => ["nofollow", "noopener", "external"]
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        keywordify(get_attribute(attribute_name) || [])
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_add(attribute_name, keywords) → self
+      #
+      # Ensure that values are present in a keyword attribute.
+      #
+      # Any values in +keywords+ that already exist in the Node's attribute values are _not_
+      # added. Note that any existing duplicates in the attribute values are not removed. Compare
+      # with #kwattr_append.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #add_class, #kwattr_values, #kwattr_append, #kwattr_remove
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be modified.
+      # - +keywords+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #   Keywords to be added to the attribute named +attribute_name+. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited values, or an Array of String values. Any values already present will
+      #   not be added. Any values not present will be added. If the named attribute does not exist,
+      #   it is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Nokogiri::XML::Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that a +Node+ has "nofollow" in its +rel+ attribute.
+      #
+      # Note that duplicates are not added.
+      #
+      #   node                               # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that a +Node+ has "nofollow" and "noreferrer" in its +rel+ attribute, via a
+      # String argument.
+      #
+      #  Note that "nofollow" is not added because it is already present. Note also that the
+      #  pre-existing duplicate "nofollow" is not removed.
+      #
+      #   node                                          # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", "nofollow noreferrer") # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that a +Node+ has "nofollow" and "noreferrer" in its +rel+ attribute, via
+      # an Array argument.
+      #
+      #   node                                               # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", ["nofollow", "noreferrer"]) # => <a rel="nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_add(attribute_name, keywords)
+        keywords = keywordify(keywords)
+        current_kws = kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        new_kws = (current_kws + (keywords - current_kws)).join(" ")
+        set_attribute(attribute_name, new_kws)
         self
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Append +name+ to the "class" attribute value of this Node and
-      # return self.  The value is simply appended without checking if
-      # it is already in the current value.  If no "class" attribute
-      # exists yet, one is created with the given value.
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_append(attribute_name, keywords) → self
+      #
+      # Add keywords to a Node's keyword attribute, regardless of duplication. Compare with
+      # #kwattr_add.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #append_class, #kwattr_values, #kwattr_add, #kwattr_remove
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be modified.
+      # - +keywords+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #   Keywords to be added to the attribute named +attribute_name+. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited values, or an Array of String values. All values passed in will be
+      #   appended to the named attribute even if they are already present in the attribute. If the
+      #   named attribute does not exist, it is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
       #
-      # More than one class may be appended at a time, separated by a
-      # space.
-      def append_class name
-        self['class'] = (classes + name.scan(/\S+/)).join(' ')
+      # *Example:* Append "nofollow" to the +rel+ attribute.
+      #
+      # Note that duplicates are added.
+      #
+      #   node                                  # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow"></a>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "nofollow" and "noreferrer" to the +rel+ attribute, via a String argument.
+      #
+      # Note that "nofollow" is appended even though it is already present.
+      #
+      #   node                                             # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", "nofollow noreferrer") # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "nofollow" and "noreferrer" to the +rel+ attribute, via an Array argument.
+      #
+      #   node                                                  # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", ["nofollow", "noreferrer"]) # => <a rel="nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_append(attribute_name, keywords)
+        keywords = keywordify(keywords)
+        current_kws = kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        new_kws = (current_kws + keywords).join(" ")
+        set_attribute(attribute_name, new_kws)
         self
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Remove +name+ from the "class" attribute value of this Node
-      # and return self.  If there are many occurrences of the name,
-      # they are all removed.
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_remove(attribute_name, keywords) → self
       #
-      # More than one class may be removed at a time, separated by a
-      # space.
+      # Remove keywords from a keyword attribute. Any matching keywords that exist in the named
+      # attribute are removed, including any multiple entries.
       #
-      # If no class name is left after removal, or when +name+ is nil,
-      # the "class" attribute is removed from this Node.
-      def remove_class name = nil
-        if name
-          names = classes - name.scan(/\S+/)
-          if names.empty?
-            delete 'class'
-          else
-            self['class'] = names.join(' ')
-          end
+      # If no keywords remain after this operation, or if +keywords+ is +nil+, the attribute is
+      # deleted from the node.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #remove_class, #kwattr_values, #kwattr_add, #kwattr_append
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be modified.
+      # - +keywords+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #   Keywords to be removed from the attribute named +attribute_name+. May be a string
+      #   containing whitespace-delimited values, or an Array of String values. Any keywords present
+      #   in the named attribute will be removed. If no keywords remain, or if +keywords+ is nil,
+      #   the attribute is deleted.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:*
+      #
+      # Note that the +rel+ attribute is deleted when empty.
+      #
+      #   node                                    # => <a rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>
+      #   node.kwattr_remove("rel", "nofollow")   # => <a rel="noreferrer">link</a>
+      #   node.kwattr_remove("rel", "noreferrer") # => <a>link</a>
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_remove(attribute_name, keywords)
+        if keywords.nil?
+          remove_attribute(attribute_name)
+          return self
+        end
+
+        keywords = keywordify(keywords)
+        current_kws = kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        new_kws = current_kws - keywords
+        if new_kws.empty?
+          remove_attribute(attribute_name)
         else
-          delete "class"
+          set_attribute(attribute_name, new_kws.join(" "))
         end
         self
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Remove the attribute named +name+
-      def remove_attribute name
-        attr = attributes[name].remove if key? name
-        clear_xpath_context if Nokogiri.jruby?
-        attr
-      end
-      alias :delete :remove_attribute
+      alias_method :delete, :remove_attribute
+      alias_method :get_attribute, :[]
+      alias_method :attr, :[]
+      alias_method :set_attribute, :[]=
+      alias_method :has_attribute?, :key?
+
+      # :section:
 
       ###
       # Returns true if this Node matches +selector+
-      def matches? selector
+      def matches?(selector)
         ancestors.last.search(selector).include?(self)
       end
 
       ###
       # Create a DocumentFragment containing +tags+ that is relative to _this_
       # context node.
-      def fragment tags
-        type = document.html? ? Nokogiri::HTML : Nokogiri::XML
-        type::DocumentFragment.new(document, tags, self)
+      def fragment(tags)
+        document.related_class("DocumentFragment").new(document, tags, self)
       end
 
       ###
       # Parse +string_or_io+ as a document fragment within the context of
       # *this* node.  Returns a XML::NodeSet containing the nodes parsed from
       # +string_or_io+.
-      def parse string_or_io, options = nil
+      def parse(string_or_io, options = nil)
         ##
         # When the current node is unparented and not an element node, use the
         # document as the parsing context instead. Otherwise, the in-context
@@ -446,61 +945,87 @@ module Nokogiri
         end
 
         options ||= (document.html? ? ParseOptions::DEFAULT_HTML : ParseOptions::DEFAULT_XML)
-        if Integer === options
-          options = Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions.new(options)
-        end
-        # Give the options to the user
+        options = Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions.new(options) if Integer === options
         yield options if block_given?
 
-        contents = string_or_io.respond_to?(:read) ?
-          string_or_io.read :
+        contents = if string_or_io.respond_to?(:read)
+          string_or_io.read
+        else
           string_or_io
+        end
 
         return Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet.new(document) if contents.empty?
 
-        ##
-        # This is a horrible hack, but I don't care. See #313 for background.
+        # libxml2 does not obey the +recover+ option after encountering errors during +in_context+
+        # parsing, and so this horrible hack is here to try to emulate recovery behavior.
+        #
+        # Unfortunately, this means we're no longer parsing "in context" and so namespaces that
+        # would have been inherited from the context node won't be handled correctly. This hack was
+        # written in 2010, and I regret it, because it's silently degrading functionality in a way
+        # that's not easily prevented (or even detected).
+        #
+        # I think preferable behavior would be to either:
+        #
+        # a. add an error noting that we "fell back" and pointing the user to turning off the +recover+ option
+        # b. don't recover, but raise a sensible exception
+        #
+        # For context and background: https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/313
+        # FIXME bug report: https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/2092
         error_count = document.errors.length
         node_set = in_context(contents, options.to_i)
-        if node_set.empty? and document.errors.length > error_count and options.recover?
-          fragment = Nokogiri::HTML::DocumentFragment.parse contents
-          node_set = fragment.children
+        if node_set.empty? && (document.errors.length > error_count)
+          if options.recover?
+            fragment = document.related_class("DocumentFragment").parse(contents)
+            node_set = fragment.children
+          else
+            raise document.errors[error_count]
+          end
         end
         node_set
       end
 
-      ####
-      # Set the Node's content to a Text node containing +string+. The string gets XML escaped, not interpreted as markup.
-      def content= string
-        self.native_content = encode_special_chars(string.to_s)
-      end
-
-      ###
-      # Set the parent Node for this Node
-      def parent= parent_node
-        parent_node.add_child(self)
-        parent_node
-      end
-
-      ###
-      # Returns a Hash of {prefix => value} for all namespaces on this
-      # node and its ancestors.
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   namespaces() → Hash<String(Namespace#prefix) ⇒ String(Namespace#href)>
+      #
+      # Fetch all the namespaces on this node and its ancestors.
+      #
+      # Note that the keys in this hash XML attributes that would be used to define this namespace,
+      # such as "xmlns:prefix", not just the prefix.
       #
-      # This method returns the same namespaces as #namespace_scopes.
+      # The default namespace for this node will be included with key "xmlns".
+      #
+      # See also #namespace_scopes
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   Hash containing all the namespaces on this node and its ancestors. The hash keys are the
+      #   namespace prefix, and the hash value for each key is the namespace URI.
+      #
+      # *Example:*
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns="http://example.com/root" xmlns:in_scope="http://example.com/in_scope">
+      #       <first/>
+      #       <second xmlns="http://example.com/child"/>
+      #       <third xmlns:foo="http://example.com/foo"/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   doc.at_xpath("//root:first", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespaces
+      #   # => {"xmlns"=>"http://example.com/root",
+      #   #     "xmlns:in_scope"=>"http://example.com/in_scope"}
+      #   doc.at_xpath("//child:second", "child" => "http://example.com/child").namespaces
+      #   # => {"xmlns"=>"http://example.com/child",
+      #   #     "xmlns:in_scope"=>"http://example.com/in_scope"}
+      #   doc.at_xpath("//root:third", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespaces
+      #   # => {"xmlns:foo"=>"http://example.com/foo",
+      #   #     "xmlns"=>"http://example.com/root",
+      #   #     "xmlns:in_scope"=>"http://example.com/in_scope"}
       #
-      # Returns namespaces in scope for self -- those defined on self
-      # element directly or any ancestor node -- as a Hash of
-      # attribute-name/value pairs. Note that the keys in this hash
-      # XML attributes that would be used to define this namespace,
-      # such as "xmlns:prefix", not just the prefix. Default namespace
-      # set on self will be included with key "xmlns". However,
-      # default namespaces set on ancestor will NOT be, even if self
-      # has no explicit default namespace.
       def namespaces
-        Hash[namespace_scopes.map { |nd|
-          key = ['xmlns', nd.prefix].compact.join(':')
-          [key, nd.href]
-        }]
+        namespace_scopes.each_with_object({}) do |ns, hash|
+          prefix = ns.prefix
+          key = prefix ? "xmlns:#{prefix}" : "xmlns"
+          hash[key] = ns.href
+        end
       end
 
       # Returns true if this is a Comment
@@ -518,14 +1043,14 @@ module Nokogiri
         type == DOCUMENT_NODE
       end
 
-      # Returns true if this is an HTML::Document node
+      # Returns true if this is an HTML4::Document or HTML5::Document node
       def html?
         type == HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE
       end
 
       # Returns true if this is a Document
       def document?
-        is_a? XML::Document
+        is_a?(XML::Document)
       end
 
       # Returns true if this is a ProcessingInstruction node
@@ -544,11 +1069,12 @@ module Nokogiri
       end
 
       ###
-      # Fetch the Nokogiri::HTML::ElementDescription for this node.  Returns
+      # Fetch the Nokogiri::HTML4::ElementDescription for this node.  Returns
       # nil on XML documents and on unknown tags.
       def description
         return nil if document.xml?
-        Nokogiri::HTML::ElementDescription[name]
+
+        Nokogiri::HTML4::ElementDescription[name]
       end
 
       ###
@@ -562,7 +1088,8 @@ module Nokogiri
       def element?
         type == ELEMENT_NODE
       end
-      alias :elem? :element?
+
+      alias_method :elem?, :element?
 
       ###
       # Turn this node in to a string.  If the document is HTML, this method
@@ -572,28 +1099,29 @@ module Nokogiri
       end
 
       # Get the inner_html for this node's Node#children
-      def inner_html *args
+      def inner_html(*args)
         children.map { |x| x.to_html(*args) }.join
       end
 
       # Get the path to this node as a CSS expression
       def css_path
-        path.split(/\//).map { |part|
-          part.length == 0 ? nil : part.gsub(/\[(\d+)\]/, ':nth-of-type(\1)')
-        }.compact.join(' > ')
+        path.split(%r{/}).map do |part|
+          part.empty? ? nil : part.gsub(/\[(\d+)\]/, ':nth-of-type(\1)')
+        end.compact.join(" > ")
       end
 
       ###
       # Get a list of ancestor Node for this Node.  If +selector+ is given,
       # the ancestors must match +selector+
-      def ancestors selector = nil
+      def ancestors(selector = nil)
         return NodeSet.new(document) unless respond_to?(:parent)
         return NodeSet.new(document) unless parent
 
         parents = [parent]
 
         while parents.last.respond_to?(:parent)
-          break unless ctx_parent = parents.last.parent
+          break unless (ctx_parent = parents.last.parent)
+
           parents << ctx_parent
         end
 
@@ -602,65 +1130,49 @@ module Nokogiri
         root = parents.last
         search_results = root.search(selector)
 
-        NodeSet.new(document, parents.find_all { |parent|
+        NodeSet.new(document, parents.find_all do |parent|
           search_results.include?(parent)
-        })
-      end
-
-      ###
-      # Adds a default namespace supplied as a string +url+ href, to self.
-      # The consequence is as an xmlns attribute with supplied argument were
-      # present in parsed XML.  A default namespace set with this method will
-      # now show up in #attributes, but when this node is serialized to XML an
-      # "xmlns" attribute will appear. See also #namespace and #namespace=
-      def default_namespace= url
-        add_namespace_definition(nil, url)
-      end
-      alias :add_namespace :add_namespace_definition
-
-      ###
-      # Set the default namespace on this node (as would be defined with an
-      # "xmlns=" attribute in XML source), as a Namespace object +ns+. Note that
-      # a Namespace added this way will NOT be serialized as an xmlns attribute
-      # for this node. You probably want #default_namespace= instead, or perhaps
-      # #add_namespace_definition with a nil prefix argument.
-      def namespace= ns
-        return set_namespace(ns) unless ns
-
-        unless Nokogiri::XML::Namespace === ns
-          raise TypeError, "#{ns.class} can't be coerced into Nokogiri::XML::Namespace"
-        end
-        if ns.document != document
-          raise ArgumentError, 'namespace must be declared on the same document'
-        end
-
-        set_namespace ns
+        end)
       end
 
       ####
       # Yields self and all children to +block+ recursively.
-      def traverse &block
-        children.each{|j| j.traverse(&block) }
-        block.call(self)
+      def traverse(&block)
+        children.each { |j| j.traverse(&block) }
+        yield(self)
       end
 
       ###
       # Accept a visitor.  This method calls "visit" on +visitor+ with self.
-      def accept visitor
+      def accept(visitor)
         visitor.visit(self)
       end
 
       ###
       # Test to see if this Node is equal to +other+
-      def == other
+      def ==(other)
         return false unless other
         return false unless other.respond_to?(:pointer_id)
+
         pointer_id == other.pointer_id
       end
 
       ###
-      # Serialize Node using +options+.  Save options can also be set using a
-      # block. See SaveOptions.
+      # Compare two Node objects with respect to their Document.  Nodes from
+      # different documents cannot be compared.
+      def <=>(other)
+        return nil unless other.is_a?(Nokogiri::XML::Node)
+        return nil unless document == other.document
+
+        compare(other)
+      end
+
+      # :section: Serialization and Generating Output
+
+      ###
+      # Serialize Node using +options+. Save options can also be set using a block.
+      #
+      # See also Nokogiri::XML::Node::SaveOptions and Node@Serialization+and+Generating+Output.
       #
       # These two statements are equivalent:
       #
@@ -672,19 +1184,23 @@ module Nokogiri
       #     config.format.as_xml
       #   end
       #
-      def serialize *args, &block
-        options = args.first.is_a?(Hash) ? args.shift : {
-          :encoding   => args[0],
-          :save_with  => args[1]
-        }
+      def serialize(*args, &block)
+        options = if args.first.is_a?(Hash)
+          args.shift
+        else
+          {
+            encoding: args[0],
+            save_with: args[1],
+          }
+        end
 
         encoding = options[:encoding] || document.encoding
         options[:encoding] = encoding
 
-        outstring = String.new
-        outstring.force_encoding(Encoding.find(encoding || 'utf-8'))
+        outstring = +""
+        outstring.force_encoding(Encoding.find(encoding || "utf-8"))
         io = StringIO.new(outstring)
-        write_to io, options, &block
+        write_to(io, options, &block)
         io.string
       end
 
@@ -695,8 +1211,8 @@ module Nokogiri
       #
       # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+.  For formatted output,
       # use Node#to_xhtml instead.
-      def to_html options = {}
-        to_format SaveOptions::DEFAULT_HTML, options
+      def to_html(options = {})
+        to_format(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_HTML, options)
       end
 
       ###
@@ -705,7 +1221,7 @@ module Nokogiri
       #   doc.to_xml(:indent => 5, :encoding => 'UTF-8')
       #
       # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
-      def to_xml options = {}
+      def to_xml(options = {})
         options[:save_with] ||= SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XML
         serialize(options)
       end
@@ -716,8 +1232,8 @@ module Nokogiri
       #   doc.to_xhtml(:indent => 5, :encoding => 'UTF-8')
       #
       # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
-      def to_xhtml options = {}
-        to_format SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XHTML, options
+      def to_xhtml(options = {})
+        to_format(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XHTML, options)
       end
 
       ###
@@ -737,38 +1253,43 @@ module Nokogiri
       #
       #   node.write_to(io, :indent_text => '-', :indent => 2)
       #
-      def write_to io, *options
-        options       = options.first.is_a?(Hash) ? options.shift : {}
-        encoding      = options[:encoding] || options[0]
+      def write_to(io, *options)
+        options = options.first.is_a?(Hash) ? options.shift : {}
+        encoding = options[:encoding] || options[0]
         if Nokogiri.jruby?
-          save_options  = options[:save_with] || options[1]
-          indent_times  = options[:indent] || 0
+          save_options = options[:save_with] || options[1]
+          indent_times = options[:indent] || 0
         else
-          save_options  = options[:save_with] || options[1] || SaveOptions::FORMAT
-          indent_times  = options[:indent] || 2
+          save_options = options[:save_with] || options[1] || SaveOptions::FORMAT
+          indent_times = options[:indent] || 2
         end
-        indent_text   = options[:indent_text] || ' '
+        indent_text = options[:indent_text] || " "
+
+        # Any string times 0 returns an empty string. Therefore, use the same
+        # string instead of generating a new empty string for every node with
+        # zero indentation.
+        indentation = indent_times.zero? ? "" : (indent_text * indent_times)
 
         config = SaveOptions.new(save_options.to_i)
         yield config if block_given?
 
-        native_write_to(io, encoding, indent_text * indent_times, config.options)
+        native_write_to(io, encoding, indentation, config.options)
       end
 
       ###
       # Write Node as HTML to +io+ with +options+
       #
       # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
-      def write_html_to io, options = {}
-        write_format_to SaveOptions::DEFAULT_HTML, io, options
+      def write_html_to(io, options = {})
+        write_format_to(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_HTML, io, options)
       end
 
       ###
       # Write Node as XHTML to +io+ with +options+
       #
       # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
-      def write_xhtml_to io, options = {}
-        write_format_to SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XHTML, io, options
+      def write_xhtml_to(io, options = {})
+        write_format_to(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XHTML, io, options)
       end
 
       ###
@@ -777,110 +1298,105 @@ module Nokogiri
       #   doc.write_xml_to io, :encoding => 'UTF-8'
       #
       # See Node#write_to for a list of options
-      def write_xml_to io, options = {}
+      def write_xml_to(io, options = {})
         options[:save_with] ||= SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XML
-        write_to io, options
+        write_to(io, options)
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Compare two Node objects with respect to their Document.  Nodes from
-      # different documents cannot be compared.
-      def <=> other
-        return nil unless other.is_a?(Nokogiri::XML::Node)
-        return nil unless document == other.document
-        compare other
+      def canonicalize(mode = XML::XML_C14N_1_0, inclusive_namespaces = nil, with_comments = false)
+        c14n_root = self
+        document.canonicalize(mode, inclusive_namespaces, with_comments) do |node, parent|
+          tn = node.is_a?(XML::Node) ? node : parent
+          tn == c14n_root || tn.ancestors.include?(c14n_root)
+        end
       end
 
-      ###
-      # Do xinclude substitution on the subtree below node. If given a block, a
-      # Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions object initialized from +options+, will be
-      # passed to it, allowing more convenient modification of the parser options.
-      def do_xinclude options = XML::ParseOptions::DEFAULT_XML, &block
-        options = Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions.new(options) if Integer === options
+      # :section:
 
-        # give options to user
-        yield options if block_given?
+      protected
 
-        # call c extension
-        process_xincludes(options.to_i)
+      def coerce(data)
+        case data
+        when XML::NodeSet
+          return data
+        when XML::DocumentFragment
+          return data.children
+        when String
+          return fragment(data).children
+        when Document, XML::Attr
+          # unacceptable
+        when XML::Node
+          return data
+        end
+
+        raise ArgumentError, <<~EOERR
+          Requires a Node, NodeSet or String argument, and cannot accept a #{data.class}.
+          (You probably want to select a node from the Document with at() or search(), or create a new Node via Node.new().)
+        EOERR
       end
 
-      def canonicalize(mode=XML::XML_C14N_1_0,inclusive_namespaces=nil,with_comments=false)
-        c14n_root = self
-        document.canonicalize(mode, inclusive_namespaces, with_comments) do |node, parent|
-          tn = node.is_a?(XML::Node) ? node : parent
-          tn == c14n_root || tn.ancestors.include?(c14n_root)
+      private
+
+      def keywordify(keywords)
+        case keywords
+        when Enumerable
+          keywords
+        when String
+          keywords.scan(/\S+/)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "Keyword attributes must be passed as either a String or an Enumerable, but received #{keywords.class}"
         end
       end
 
-      private
+      def add_sibling(next_or_previous, node_or_tags)
+        raise("Cannot add sibling to a node with no parent") unless parent
 
-      def add_sibling next_or_previous, node_or_tags
-        impl = (next_or_previous == :next) ? :add_next_sibling_node : :add_previous_sibling_node
-        iter = (next_or_previous == :next) ? :reverse_each          : :each
+        impl = next_or_previous == :next ? :add_next_sibling_node : :add_previous_sibling_node
+        iter = next_or_previous == :next ? :reverse_each : :each
 
-        node_or_tags = coerce node_or_tags
+        node_or_tags = parent.coerce(node_or_tags)
         if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
           if text?
-            pivot = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new 'dummy', document
-            send impl, pivot
+            pivot = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new("dummy", document)
+            send(impl, pivot)
           else
             pivot = self
           end
-          node_or_tags.send(iter) { |n| pivot.send impl, n }
+          node_or_tags.send(iter) { |n| pivot.send(impl, n) }
           pivot.unlink if text?
         else
-          send impl, node_or_tags
+          send(impl, node_or_tags)
         end
         node_or_tags
       end
 
-      def to_format save_option, options
-        # FIXME: this is a hack around broken libxml versions
-        return dump_html if Nokogiri.uses_libxml? && %w[2 6] === LIBXML_VERSION.split('.')[0..1]
+      USING_LIBXML_WITH_BROKEN_SERIALIZATION = Nokogiri.uses_libxml?("~> 2.6.0").freeze
+      private_constant :USING_LIBXML_WITH_BROKEN_SERIALIZATION
+
+      def to_format(save_option, options)
+        return dump_html if USING_LIBXML_WITH_BROKEN_SERIALIZATION
 
         options[:save_with] = save_option unless options[:save_with]
         serialize(options)
       end
 
-      def write_format_to save_option, io, options
-        # FIXME: this is a hack around broken libxml versions
-        return (io << dump_html) if Nokogiri.uses_libxml? && %w[2 6] === LIBXML_VERSION.split('.')[0..1]
+      def write_format_to(save_option, io, options)
+        return (io << dump_html) if USING_LIBXML_WITH_BROKEN_SERIALIZATION
 
         options[:save_with] ||= save_option
-        write_to io, options
+        write_to(io, options)
       end
 
       def inspect_attributes
         [:name, :namespace, :attribute_nodes, :children]
       end
 
-      def coerce data # :nodoc:
-        case data
-        when XML::NodeSet
-          return data
-        when XML::DocumentFragment
-          return data.children
-        when String
-          return fragment(data).children
-        when Document, XML::Attr
-          # unacceptable
-        when XML::Node
-          return data
-        end
+      IMPLIED_XPATH_CONTEXTS = [".//"].freeze
 
-        raise ArgumentError, <<-EOERR
-Requires a Node, NodeSet or String argument, and cannot accept a #{data.class}.
-(You probably want to select a node from the Document with at() or search(), or create a new Node via Node.new().)
-        EOERR
-      end
-
-      # @private
-      IMPLIED_XPATH_CONTEXTS = [ './/'.freeze ].freeze # :nodoc:
-
-      def add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs node # :nodoc:
-        add_child_node node
-        node.attribute_nodes.find_all { |a| a.name =~ /:/ }.each do |attr_node|
+      def add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(node)
+        add_child_node(node)
+        node.attribute_nodes.find_all { |a| a.name.include?(":") }.each do |attr_node|
           attr_node.remove
           node[attr_node.name] = attr_node.value
         end
@@ -888,3 +1404,5 @@ Requires a Node, NodeSet or String argument, and cannot accept a #{data.class}.
     end
   end
 end
+
+require_relative "node/save_options"