nokogiri 1.18.0.rc1-aarch64-linux-gnu

data/lib/nokogiri/xml/node.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1650 @@
+# encoding: utf-8
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+require "stringio"
+
+module Nokogiri
+  module XML
+    # Nokogiri::XML::Node is the primary API you'll use to interact with your Document.
+    #
+    # == Attributes
+    #
+    # A Nokogiri::XML::Node may be treated similarly to a hash with regard to attributes. For
+    # example:
+    #
+    #   node = Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment.parse("<a href='#foo' id='link'>link</a>").at_css("a")
+    #   node.to_html # => "<a href=\"#foo\" id=\"link\">link</a>"
+    #   node['href'] # => "#foo"
+    #   node.keys # => ["href", "id"]
+    #   node.values # => ["#foo", "link"]
+    #   node['class'] = 'green' # => "green"
+    #   node.to_html # => "<a href=\"#foo\" id=\"link\" class=\"green\">link</a>"
+    #
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Working+With+Node+Attributes for the full set of methods.
+    #
+    # == Navigation
+    #
+    # Nokogiri::XML::Node also has methods that let you move around your tree:
+    #
+    # [#parent, #children, #next, #previous]
+    #   Navigate up, down, or through siblings.
+    #
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Traversing+Document+Structure for the full set of methods.
+    #
+    # == Serialization
+    #
+    # When printing or otherwise emitting a document or a node (and its subtree), there are a few
+    # methods you might want to use:
+    #
+    # [#content, #text, #inner_text, #to_str]
+    #   These methods will all **emit plaintext**,
+    #   meaning that entities will be replaced (e.g., +&lt;+ will be replaced with +<+), meaning
+    #   that any sanitizing will likely be un-done in the output.
+    #
+    # [#to_s, #to_xml, #to_html, #inner_html]
+    #   These methods will all **emit properly-escaped markup**, meaning that it's suitable for
+    #   consumption by browsers, parsers, etc.
+    #
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Serialization+and+Generating+Output for the full set of methods.
+    #
+    # == Searching
+    #
+    # You may search this node's subtree using methods like #xpath and #css.
+    #
+    # See the method group entitled Node@Searching+via+XPath+or+CSS+Queries for the full set of methods.
+    #
+    class Node
+      include Nokogiri::XML::PP::Node
+      include Nokogiri::XML::Searchable
+      include Nokogiri::ClassResolver
+      include Enumerable
+
+      # Element node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#element?
+      ELEMENT_NODE = 1
+      # Attribute node type
+      ATTRIBUTE_NODE = 2
+      # Text node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#text?
+      TEXT_NODE = 3
+      # CDATA node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#cdata?
+      CDATA_SECTION_NODE = 4
+      # Entity reference node type
+      ENTITY_REF_NODE = 5
+      # Entity node type
+      ENTITY_NODE = 6
+      # PI node type
+      PI_NODE = 7
+      # Comment node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#comment?
+      COMMENT_NODE = 8
+      # Document node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#xml?
+      DOCUMENT_NODE = 9
+      # Document type node type
+      DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE = 10
+      # Document fragment node type
+      DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE = 11
+      # Notation node type
+      NOTATION_NODE = 12
+      # HTML document node type, see Nokogiri::XML::Node#html?
+      HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE = 13
+      # DTD node type
+      DTD_NODE = 14
+      # Element declaration type
+      ELEMENT_DECL = 15
+      # Attribute declaration type
+      ATTRIBUTE_DECL = 16
+      # Entity declaration type
+      ENTITY_DECL = 17
+      # Namespace declaration type
+      NAMESPACE_DECL = 18
+      # XInclude start type
+      XINCLUDE_START = 19
+      # XInclude end type
+      XINCLUDE_END = 20
+      # DOCB document node type
+      DOCB_DOCUMENT_NODE = 21
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   new(name, document) -> Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #   new(name, document) { |node| ... } -> Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      # Create a new node with +name+ that belongs to +document+.
+      #
+      # If you intend to add a node to a document tree, it's likely that you will prefer one of the
+      # Nokogiri::XML::Node methods like #add_child, #add_next_sibling, #replace, etc. which will
+      # both create an element (or subtree) and place it in the document tree.
+      #
+      # Another alternative, if you are concerned about performance, is
+      # Nokogiri::XML::Document#create_element which accepts additional arguments for contents or
+      # attributes but (like this method) avoids parsing markup.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +name+ (String)
+      # - +document+ (Nokogiri::XML::Document) The document to which the the returned node will belong.
+      # [Yields] Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      # [Returns] Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      def initialize(name, document)
+        # This is intentionally empty, and sets the method signature for subclasses.
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   dup → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #   dup(level) → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #   dup(level, new_parent_doc) → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      # Duplicate this node.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +level+ (optional Integer). 0 is a shallow copy, 1 (the default) is a deep copy.
+      # - +new_parent_doc+ (optional Nokogiri::XML::Document)
+      #   The new node's parent Document. Defaults to the the Document of the current node.
+      # [Returns] The new Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      def dup(level = 1, new_parent_doc = document)
+        super().initialize_copy_with_args(self, level, new_parent_doc)
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   clone → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #   clone(level) → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #   clone(level, new_parent_doc) → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      # Clone this node.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +level+ (optional Integer). 0 is a shallow copy, 1 (the default) is a deep copy.
+      # - +new_parent_doc+
+      #   The new node's parent Document. Defaults to the the Document of the current node.
+      # [Returns] The new Nokogiri::XML::Node
+      #
+      def clone(level = 1, new_parent_doc = document)
+        super().initialize_copy_with_args(self, level, new_parent_doc)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Decorate this node with the decorators set up in this node's Document
+      def decorate!
+        document.decorate(self)
+      end
+
+      # :section: Manipulating Document Structure
+
+      ###
+      # Add +node_or_tags+ as a child of this Node.
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is
+      # a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or String).
+      #
+      # Also see related method +<<+.
+      def add_child(node_or_tags)
+        node_or_tags = coerce(node_or_tags)
+        if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
+          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(n) }
+        else
+          add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(node_or_tags)
+        end
+        node_or_tags
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Add +node_or_tags+ as the first child of this Node.
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is
+      # a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or String).
+      #
+      # Also see related method +add_child+.
+      def prepend_child(node_or_tags)
+        if (first = children.first)
+          # Mimic the error add_child would raise.
+          raise "Document already has a root node" if document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+
+          first.__send__(:add_sibling, :previous, node_or_tags)
+        else
+          add_child(node_or_tags)
+        end
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   wrap(markup) -> self
+      #   wrap(node) -> self
+      #
+      # Wrap this Node with the node parsed from +markup+ or a dup of the +node+.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - *markup* (String)
+      #   Markup that is parsed and used as the wrapper. This node's parent, if it exists, is used
+      #   as the context node for parsing; otherwise the associated document is used. If the parsed
+      #   fragment has multiple roots, the first root node is used as the wrapper.
+      # - *node* (Nokogiri::XML::Node)
+      #   An element that is `#dup`ed and used as the wrapper.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+, to support chaining.
+      #
+      # Also see NodeSet#wrap
+      #
+      # *Example* with a +String+ argument:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::HTML5(<<~HTML)
+      #     <html><body>
+      #       <a>asdf</a>
+      #     </body></html>
+      #   HTML
+      #   doc.at_css("a").wrap("<div></div>")
+      #   doc.to_html
+      #   # => <html><head></head><body>
+      #   #      <div><a>asdf</a></div>
+      #   #    </body></html>
+      #
+      # *Example* with a +Node+ argument:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::HTML5(<<~HTML)
+      #     <html><body>
+      #       <a>asdf</a>
+      #     </body></html>
+      #   HTML
+      #   doc.at_css("a").wrap(doc.create_element("div"))
+      #   doc.to_html
+      #   # <html><head></head><body>
+      #   #   <div><a>asdf</a></div>
+      #   # </body></html>
+      #
+      def wrap(node_or_tags)
+        case node_or_tags
+        when String
+          context_node = parent || document
+          new_parent = context_node.coerce(node_or_tags).first
+          if new_parent.nil?
+            raise "Failed to parse '#{node_or_tags}' in the context of a '#{context_node.name}' element"
+          end
+        when Node
+          new_parent = node_or_tags.dup
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Requires a String or Node argument, and cannot accept a #{node_or_tags.class}"
+        end
+
+        if parent
+          add_next_sibling(new_parent)
+        else
+          new_parent.unlink
+        end
+        new_parent.add_child(self)
+
+        self
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Add +node_or_tags+ as a child of this Node.
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns +self+, to support chaining of calls (e.g., root << child1 << child2)
+      #
+      # Also see related method +add_child+.
+      def <<(node_or_tags)
+        add_child(node_or_tags)
+        self
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Insert +node_or_tags+ before this Node (as a sibling).
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is
+      # a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or String).
+      #
+      # Also see related method +before+.
+      def add_previous_sibling(node_or_tags)
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "A document may not have multiple root nodes." if parent&.document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+
+        add_sibling(:previous, node_or_tags)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Insert +node_or_tags+ after this Node (as a sibling).
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is
+      # a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or String).
+      #
+      # Also see related method +after+.
+      def add_next_sibling(node_or_tags)
+        raise ArgumentError,
+          "A document may not have multiple root nodes." if parent&.document? && !(node_or_tags.comment? || node_or_tags.processing_instruction?)
+
+        add_sibling(:next, node_or_tags)
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Insert +node_or_tags+ before this node (as a sibling).
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns +self+, to support chaining of calls.
+      #
+      # Also see related method +add_previous_sibling+.
+      def before(node_or_tags)
+        add_previous_sibling(node_or_tags)
+        self
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Insert +node_or_tags+ after this node (as a sibling).
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns +self+, to support chaining of calls.
+      #
+      # Also see related method +add_next_sibling+.
+      def after(node_or_tags)
+        add_next_sibling(node_or_tags)
+        self
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Set the content for this Node to +node_or_tags+.
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Please note that despite the name, this method will *not* always parse a String argument
+      # as HTML. A String argument will be parsed with the +DocumentFragment+ parser related to this
+      # node's document.
+      #
+      # For example, if the document is an HTML4::Document then the string will be parsed as HTML4
+      # using HTML4::DocumentFragment; but if the document is an XML::Document then it will
+      # parse the string as XML using XML::DocumentFragment.
+      #
+      # Also see related method +children=+
+      def inner_html=(node_or_tags)
+        self.children = node_or_tags
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Set the content for this Node +node_or_tags+
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Also see related method +inner_html=+
+      def children=(node_or_tags)
+        node_or_tags = coerce(node_or_tags)
+        children.unlink
+        if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
+          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(n) }
+        else
+          add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(node_or_tags)
+        end
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Replace this Node with +node_or_tags+.
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns the reparented node (if +node_or_tags+ is a Node), or NodeSet (if +node_or_tags+ is
+      # a DocumentFragment, NodeSet, or String).
+      #
+      # Also see related method +swap+.
+      def replace(node_or_tags)
+        raise("Cannot replace a node with no parent") unless parent
+
+        # We cannot replace a text node directly, otherwise libxml will return
+        # an internal error at parser.c:13031, I don't know exactly why
+        # libxml is trying to find a parent node that is an element or document
+        # so I can't tell if this is bug in libxml or not. issue #775.
+        if text?
+          replacee = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new("dummy", document)
+          add_previous_sibling_node(replacee)
+          unlink
+          return replacee.replace(node_or_tags)
+        end
+
+        node_or_tags = parent.coerce(node_or_tags)
+
+        if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
+          node_or_tags.each { |n| add_previous_sibling(n) }
+          unlink
+        else
+          replace_node(node_or_tags)
+        end
+        node_or_tags
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Swap this Node for +node_or_tags+
+      #
+      # +node_or_tags+ can be a Nokogiri::XML::Node, a ::DocumentFragment, a ::NodeSet, or a String
+      # Containing markup.
+      #
+      # Returns self, to support chaining of calls.
+      #
+      # Also see related method +replace+.
+      def swap(node_or_tags)
+        replace(node_or_tags)
+        self
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # call-seq:
+      #   content=(input)
+      #
+      # Set the content of this node to +input+.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +input+ (String) The new content for this node. Input is considered to be raw content, and
+      #   so will be entity-escaped in the final DOM string.
+      #
+      # [Example]
+      # Note how entities are handled:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::HTML::Document.parse(<<~HTML)
+      #     <html>
+      #       <body>
+      #         <div id="first">asdf</div>
+      #         <div id="second">asdf</div>
+      #   HTML
+      #
+      #   text_node = doc.at_css("div#first").children.first
+      #   div_node = doc.at_css("div#second")
+      #
+      #   value = "You &amp; Me"
+      #
+      #   text_node.content = value
+      #   div_node.content = value
+      #
+      #   doc.css("div").to_html
+      #   # => "<div id=\"first\">You &amp;amp; Me</div>
+      #   #     <div id=\"second\">You &amp;amp; Me</div>"
+      #
+      # For content that is already entity-escaped, use CGI::unescapeHTML to decode it:
+      #
+      #   text_node.content = CGI::unescapeHTML(value)
+      #   div_node.content = CGI::unescapeHTML(value)
+      #
+      #   doc.css("div").to_html
+      #   # => "<div id=\"first\">You &amp; Me</div>
+      #   #     <div id=\"second\">You &amp; Me</div>"
+      #
+      # See also: #native_content=
+      #
+      def content=(string)
+        self.native_content = encode_special_chars(string.to_s)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Set the parent Node for this Node
+      def parent=(parent_node)
+        parent_node.add_child(self)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Adds a default namespace supplied as a string +url+ href, to self.
+      # The consequence is as an xmlns attribute with supplied argument were
+      # present in parsed XML.  A default namespace set with this method will
+      # now show up in #attributes, but when this node is serialized to XML an
+      # "xmlns" attribute will appear. See also #namespace and #namespace=
+      def default_namespace=(url)
+        add_namespace_definition(nil, url)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Set the default namespace on this node (as would be defined with an
+      # "xmlns=" attribute in XML source), as a Namespace object +ns+. Note that
+      # a Namespace added this way will NOT be serialized as an xmlns attribute
+      # for this node. You probably want #default_namespace= instead, or perhaps
+      # #add_namespace_definition with a nil prefix argument.
+      def namespace=(ns)
+        return set_namespace(ns) unless ns
+
+        unless Nokogiri::XML::Namespace === ns
+          raise TypeError, "#{ns.class} can't be coerced into Nokogiri::XML::Namespace"
+        end
+        if ns.document != document
+          raise ArgumentError, "namespace must be declared on the same document"
+        end
+
+        set_namespace(ns)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Do xinclude substitution on the subtree below node. If given a block, a
+      # Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions object initialized from +options+, will be
+      # passed to it, allowing more convenient modification of the parser options.
+      def do_xinclude(options = XML::ParseOptions::DEFAULT_XML)
+        options = Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions.new(options) if Integer === options
+        yield options if block_given?
+
+        # call c extension
+        process_xincludes(options.to_i)
+      end
+
+      alias_method :next, :next_sibling
+      alias_method :previous, :previous_sibling
+      alias_method :next=, :add_next_sibling
+      alias_method :previous=, :add_previous_sibling
+      alias_method :remove, :unlink
+      alias_method :name=, :node_name=
+      alias_method :add_namespace, :add_namespace_definition
+
+      # :section:
+
+      alias_method :inner_text, :content
+      alias_method :text, :content
+      alias_method :to_str, :content
+      alias_method :name, :node_name
+      alias_method :type, :node_type
+      alias_method :elements, :element_children
+
+      # :section: Working With Node Attributes
+
+      # :call-seq: [](name) → (String, nil)
+      #
+      # Fetch an attribute from this node.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note that attributes with namespaces cannot be accessed with this method. To access
+      # namespaced attributes, use #attribute_with_ns.
+      #
+      # [Returns] (String, nil) value of the attribute +name+, or +nil+ if no matching attribute exists
+      #
+      # *Example*
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child size='large' class='big wide tall'/></root>")
+      #   child = doc.at_css("child")
+      #   child["size"] # => "large"
+      #   child["class"] # => "big wide tall"
+      #
+      # *Example:* Namespaced attributes will not be returned.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note namespaced attributes may be accessed with #attribute or #attribute_with_ns
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'>
+      #       <child width:size='broad'/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   doc.at_css("child")["size"] # => nil
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attribute("size").value # => "broad"
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attribute_with_ns("size", "http://example.com/widths").value
+      #   # => "broad"
+      #
+      def [](name)
+        get(name.to_s)
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq: []=(name, value) → value
+      #
+      # Update the attribute +name+ to +value+, or create the attribute if it does not exist.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note that attributes with namespaces cannot be accessed with this method. To access
+      # namespaced attributes for update, use #attribute_with_ns. To add a namespaced attribute,
+      # see the example below.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +value+
+      #
+      # *Example*
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child/></root>")
+      #   child = doc.at_css("child")
+      #   child["size"] = "broad"
+      #   child.to_html
+      #   # => "<child size=\"broad\"></child>"
+      #
+      # *Example:* Add a namespaced attribute.
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'>
+      #       <child/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   child = doc.at_css("child")
+      #   child["size"] = "broad"
+      #   ns = doc.root.namespace_definitions.find { |ns| ns.prefix == "width" }
+      #   child.attribute("size").namespace = ns
+      #   doc.to_html
+      #   # => "<root xmlns:width=\"http://example.com/widths\">\n" +
+      #   #    "  <child width:size=\"broad\"></child>\n" +
+      #   #    "</root>\n"
+      #
+      def []=(name, value)
+        set(name.to_s, value.to_s)
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: attributes() → Hash<String ⇒ Nokogiri::XML::Attr>
+      #
+      # Fetch this node's attributes.
+      #
+      # ⚠ Because the keys do not include any namespace information for the attribute, in case of a
+      # simple name collision, not all attributes will be returned. In this case, you will need to
+      # use #attribute_nodes.
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   Hash containing attributes belonging to +self+. The hash keys are String attribute
+      #   names (without the namespace), and the hash values are Nokogiri::XML::Attr.
+      #
+      # *Example* with no namespaces:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child size='large' class='big wide tall'/></root>")
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attributes
+      #   # => {"size"=>#(Attr:0x550 { name = "size", value = "large" }),
+      #   #     "class"=>#(Attr:0x564 { name = "class", value = "big wide tall" })}
+      #
+      # *Example* with a namespace:
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root xmlns:desc='http://example.com/sizes'><child desc:size='large'/></root>")
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attributes
+      #   # => {"size"=>
+      #   #      #(Attr:0x550 {
+      #   #        name = "size",
+      #   #        namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+      #   #          prefix = "desc",
+      #   #          href = "http://example.com/sizes"
+      #   #          }),
+      #   #        value = "large"
+      #   #        })}
+      #
+      # *Example* with an attribute name collision:
+      #
+      # ⚠ Note that only one of the attributes is returned in the Hash.
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'
+      #           xmlns:height='http://example.com/heights'>
+      #       <child width:size='broad' height:size='tall'/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   doc.at_css("child").attributes
+      #   # => {"size"=>
+      #   #      #(Attr:0x550 {
+      #   #        name = "size",
+      #   #        namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+      #   #          prefix = "height",
+      #   #          href = "http://example.com/heights"
+      #   #          }),
+      #   #        value = "tall"
+      #   #        })}
+      #
+      def attributes
+        attribute_nodes.each_with_object({}) do |node, hash|
+          hash[node.node_name] = node
+        end
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Get the attribute values for this Node.
+      def values
+        attribute_nodes.map(&:value)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Does this Node's attributes include <value>
+      def value?(value)
+        values.include?(value)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Get the attribute names for this Node.
+      def keys
+        attribute_nodes.map(&:node_name)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Iterate over each attribute name and value pair for this Node.
+      def each
+        attribute_nodes.each do |node|
+          yield [node.node_name, node.value]
+        end
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Remove the attribute named +name+
+      def remove_attribute(name)
+        attr = attributes[name].remove if key?(name)
+        clear_xpath_context if Nokogiri.jruby?
+        attr
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: classes() → Array<String>
+      #
+      # Fetch CSS class names of a Node.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_values("class")
+      #
+      # See related: #kwattr_values, #add_class, #append_class, #remove_class
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   The CSS classes (Array of String) present in the Node's "class" attribute. If the
+      #   attribute is empty or non-existent, the return value is an empty array.
+      #
+      # *Example*
+      #
+      #   node         # => <div class="section title header"></div>
+      #   node.classes # => ["section", "title", "header"]
+      #
+      def classes
+        kwattr_values("class")
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: add_class(names) → self
+      #
+      # Ensure HTML CSS classes are present on +self+. Any CSS classes in +names+ that already exist
+      # in the "class" attribute are _not_ added. Note that any existing duplicates in the
+      # "class" attribute are not removed. Compare with #append_class.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_add("class", names)
+      #
+      # See related: #kwattr_add, #classes, #append_class, #remove_class
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +names+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #
+      #   CSS class names to be added to the Node's "class" attribute. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited names, or an Array of String names. Any class names already present
+      #   will not be added. Any class names not present will be added. If no "class" attribute
+      #   exists, one is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that the node has CSS class "section"
+      #
+      #   node                      # => <div></div>
+      #   node.add_class("section") # => <div class="section"></div>
+      #   node.add_class("section") # => <div class="section"></div> # duplicate not added
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that the node has CSS classes "section" and "header", via a String argument
+      #
+      # Note that the CSS class "section" is not added because it is already present.
+      # Note also that the pre-existing duplicate CSS class "section" is not removed.
+      #
+      #   node                             # => <div class="section section"></div>
+      #   node.add_class("section header") # => <div class="section section header"></div>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that the node has CSS classes "section" and "header", via an Array argument
+      #
+      #   node                                  # => <div></div>
+      #   node.add_class(["section", "header"]) # => <div class="section header"></div>
+      #
+      def add_class(names)
+        kwattr_add("class", names)
+      end
+
+      #
+      # :call-seq: append_class(names) → self
+      #
+      # Add HTML CSS classes to +self+, regardless of duplication. Compare with #add_class.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_append("class", names)
+      #
+      # See related: #kwattr_append, #classes, #add_class, #remove_class
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +names+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #
+      #   CSS class names to be appended to the Node's "class" attribute. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited names, or an Array of String names. All class names passed in will be
+      #   appended to the "class" attribute even if they are already present in the attribute
+      #   value. If no "class" attribute exists, one is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "section" to the node's CSS "class" attribute
+      #
+      #   node                         # => <div></div>
+      #   node.append_class("section") # => <div class="section"></div>
+      #   node.append_class("section") # => <div class="section section"></div> # duplicate added!
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "section" and "header" to the noded's CSS "class" attribute, via a String argument
+      #
+      # Note that the CSS class "section" is appended even though it is already present
+      #
+      #   node                                # => <div class="section section"></div>
+      #   node.append_class("section header") # => <div class="section section section header"></div>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "section" and "header" to the node's CSS "class" attribute, via an Array argument
+      #
+      #   node                                     # => <div></div>
+      #   node.append_class(["section", "header"]) # => <div class="section header"></div>
+      #   node.append_class(["section", "header"]) # => <div class="section header section header"></div>
+      #
+      def append_class(names)
+        kwattr_append("class", names)
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   remove_class(css_classes) → self
+      #
+      # Remove HTML CSS classes from this node. Any CSS class names in +css_classes+ that exist in
+      # this node's "class" attribute are removed, including any multiple entries.
+      #
+      # If no CSS classes remain after this operation, or if +css_classes+ is +nil+, the "class"
+      # attribute is deleted from the node.
+      #
+      # This is a convenience function and is equivalent to:
+      #
+      #   node.kwattr_remove("class", css_classes)
+      #
+      # Also see #kwattr_remove, #classes, #add_class, #append_class
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +css_classes+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #
+      #   CSS class names to be removed from the Node's
+      #   "class" attribute. May be a string containing whitespace-delimited names, or an Array of
+      #   String names. Any class names already present will be removed. If no CSS classes remain,
+      #   the "class" attribute is deleted.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Nokogiri::XML::Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example*: Deleting a CSS class
+      #
+      # Note that all instances of the class "section" are removed from the "class" attribute.
+      #
+      #   node                         # => <div class="section header section"></div>
+      #   node.remove_class("section") # => <div class="header"></div>
+      #
+      # *Example*: Deleting the only remaining CSS class
+      #
+      # Note that the attribute is removed once there are no remaining classes.
+      #
+      #   node                         # => <div class="section"></div>
+      #   node.remove_class("section") # => <div></div>
+      #
+      # *Example*: Deleting multiple CSS classes
+      #
+      # Note that the "class" attribute is deleted once it's empty.
+      #
+      #   node                                    # => <div class="section header float"></div>
+      #   node.remove_class(["section", "float"]) # => <div class="header"></div>
+      #
+      def remove_class(names = nil)
+        kwattr_remove("class", names)
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_values(attribute_name) → Array<String>
+      #
+      # Fetch values from a keyword attribute of a Node.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #classes, #kwattr_add, #kwattr_append, #kwattr_remove
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be inspected.
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   (Array<String>) The values present in the Node's +attribute_name+ attribute. If the
+      #   attribute is empty or non-existent, the return value is an empty array.
+      #
+      # *Example:*
+      #
+      #   node                      # => <a rel="nofollow noopener external">link</a>
+      #   node.kwattr_values("rel") # => ["nofollow", "noopener", "external"]
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        keywordify(get_attribute(attribute_name) || [])
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_add(attribute_name, keywords) → self
+      #
+      # Ensure that values are present in a keyword attribute.
+      #
+      # Any values in +keywords+ that already exist in the Node's attribute values are _not_
+      # added. Note that any existing duplicates in the attribute values are not removed. Compare
+      # with #kwattr_append.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #add_class, #kwattr_values, #kwattr_append, #kwattr_remove
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be modified.
+      # - +keywords+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #   Keywords to be added to the attribute named +attribute_name+. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited values, or an Array of String values. Any values already present will
+      #   not be added. Any values not present will be added. If the named attribute does not exist,
+      #   it is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Nokogiri::XML::Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that a +Node+ has "nofollow" in its +rel+ attribute.
+      #
+      # Note that duplicates are not added.
+      #
+      #   node                               # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that a +Node+ has "nofollow" and "noreferrer" in its +rel+ attribute, via a
+      # String argument.
+      #
+      #  Note that "nofollow" is not added because it is already present. Note also that the
+      #  pre-existing duplicate "nofollow" is not removed.
+      #
+      #   node                                          # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", "nofollow noreferrer") # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Ensure that a +Node+ has "nofollow" and "noreferrer" in its +rel+ attribute, via
+      # an Array argument.
+      #
+      #   node                                               # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_add("rel", ["nofollow", "noreferrer"]) # => <a rel="nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_add(attribute_name, keywords)
+        keywords = keywordify(keywords)
+        current_kws = kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        new_kws = (current_kws + (keywords - current_kws)).join(" ")
+        set_attribute(attribute_name, new_kws)
+        self
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_append(attribute_name, keywords) → self
+      #
+      # Add keywords to a Node's keyword attribute, regardless of duplication. Compare with
+      # #kwattr_add.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #append_class, #kwattr_values, #kwattr_add, #kwattr_remove
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be modified.
+      # - +keywords+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #   Keywords to be added to the attribute named +attribute_name+. May be a string containing
+      #   whitespace-delimited values, or an Array of String values. All values passed in will be
+      #   appended to the named attribute even if they are already present in the attribute. If the
+      #   named attribute does not exist, it is created.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "nofollow" to the +rel+ attribute.
+      #
+      # Note that duplicates are added.
+      #
+      #   node                                  # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", "nofollow") # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow"></a>
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "nofollow" and "noreferrer" to the +rel+ attribute, via a String argument.
+      #
+      # Note that "nofollow" is appended even though it is already present.
+      #
+      #   node                                             # => <a rel="nofollow"></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", "nofollow noreferrer") # => <a rel="nofollow nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      #
+      # *Example:* Append "nofollow" and "noreferrer" to the +rel+ attribute, via an Array argument.
+      #
+      #   node                                                  # => <a></a>
+      #   node.kwattr_append("rel", ["nofollow", "noreferrer"]) # => <a rel="nofollow noreferrer"></a>
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_append(attribute_name, keywords)
+        keywords = keywordify(keywords)
+        current_kws = kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        new_kws = (current_kws + keywords).join(" ")
+        set_attribute(attribute_name, new_kws)
+        self
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   kwattr_remove(attribute_name, keywords) → self
+      #
+      # Remove keywords from a keyword attribute. Any matching keywords that exist in the named
+      # attribute are removed, including any multiple entries.
+      #
+      # If no keywords remain after this operation, or if +keywords+ is +nil+, the attribute is
+      # deleted from the node.
+      #
+      # A "keyword attribute" is a node attribute that contains a set of space-delimited
+      # values. Perhaps the most familiar example of this is the HTML "class" attribute used to
+      # contain CSS classes. But other keyword attributes exist, for instance
+      # {the "rel" attribute}[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes/rel].
+      #
+      # See also #remove_class, #kwattr_values, #kwattr_add, #kwattr_append
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +attribute_name+ (String) The name of the keyword attribute to be modified.
+      # - +keywords+ (String, Array<String>)
+      #   Keywords to be removed from the attribute named +attribute_name+. May be a string
+      #   containing whitespace-delimited values, or an Array of String values. Any keywords present
+      #   in the named attribute will be removed. If no keywords remain, or if +keywords+ is nil,
+      #   the attribute is deleted.
+      #
+      # [Returns] +self+ (Node) for ease of chaining method calls.
+      #
+      # *Example:*
+      #
+      # Note that the +rel+ attribute is deleted when empty.
+      #
+      #   node                                    # => <a rel="nofollow noreferrer">link</a>
+      #   node.kwattr_remove("rel", "nofollow")   # => <a rel="noreferrer">link</a>
+      #   node.kwattr_remove("rel", "noreferrer") # => <a>link</a>
+      #
+      # Since v1.11.0
+      def kwattr_remove(attribute_name, keywords)
+        if keywords.nil?
+          remove_attribute(attribute_name)
+          return self
+        end
+
+        keywords = keywordify(keywords)
+        current_kws = kwattr_values(attribute_name)
+        new_kws = current_kws - keywords
+        if new_kws.empty?
+          remove_attribute(attribute_name)
+        else
+          set_attribute(attribute_name, new_kws.join(" "))
+        end
+        self
+      end
+
+      alias_method :delete, :remove_attribute
+      alias_method :get_attribute, :[]
+      alias_method :attr, :[]
+      alias_method :set_attribute, :[]=
+      alias_method :has_attribute?, :key?
+
+      # :section:
+
+      ###
+      # Returns true if this Node matches +selector+
+      def matches?(selector)
+        ancestors.last.search(selector).include?(self)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Create a DocumentFragment containing +tags+ that is relative to _this_
+      # context node.
+      def fragment(tags)
+        document.related_class("DocumentFragment").new(document, tags, self)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Parse +string_or_io+ as a document fragment within the context of
+      # *this* node.  Returns a XML::NodeSet containing the nodes parsed from
+      # +string_or_io+.
+      def parse(string_or_io, options = nil)
+        ##
+        # When the current node is unparented and not an element node, use the
+        # document as the parsing context instead. Otherwise, the in-context
+        # parser cannot find an element or a document node.
+        # Document Fragments are also not usable by the in-context parser.
+        if !element? && !document? && (!parent || parent.fragment?)
+          return document.parse(string_or_io, options)
+        end
+
+        options ||= (document.html? ? ParseOptions::DEFAULT_HTML : ParseOptions::DEFAULT_XML)
+        options = Nokogiri::XML::ParseOptions.new(options) if Integer === options
+        yield options if block_given?
+
+        contents = if string_or_io.respond_to?(:read)
+          string_or_io.read
+        else
+          string_or_io
+        end
+
+        return Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet.new(document) if contents.empty?
+
+        error_count = document.errors.length
+        node_set = in_context(contents, options.to_i)
+
+        if document.errors.length > error_count
+          raise document.errors[error_count] unless options.recover?
+
+          # TODO: remove this block when libxml2 < 2.13 is no longer supported
+          if node_set.empty?
+            # libxml2 < 2.13 does not obey the +recover+ option after encountering errors during
+            # +in_context+ parsing, and so this horrible hack is here to try to emulate recovery
+            # behavior.
+            #
+            # (Note that HTML4 fragment parsing seems to have been fixed in abd74186, and XML
+            # fragment parsing is fixed in 1c106edf. Both are in 2.13.)
+            #
+            # Unfortunately, this means we're no longer parsing "in context" and so namespaces that
+            # would have been inherited from the context node won't be handled correctly. This hack
+            # was written in 2010, and I regret it, because it's silently degrading functionality in
+            # a way that's not easily prevented (or even detected).
+            #
+            # I think preferable behavior would be to either:
+            #
+            # a. add an error noting that we "fell back" and pointing the user to turning off the
+            #    +recover+ option
+            # b. don't recover, but raise a sensible exception
+            #
+            # For context and background:
+            # - https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/313
+            # - https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/2092
+            fragment = document.related_class("DocumentFragment").parse(contents)
+            node_set = fragment.children
+          end
+        end
+
+        node_set
+      end
+
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   namespaces() → Hash<String(Namespace#prefix) ⇒ String(Namespace#href)>
+      #
+      # Fetch all the namespaces on this node and its ancestors.
+      #
+      # Note that the keys in this hash XML attributes that would be used to define this namespace,
+      # such as "xmlns:prefix", not just the prefix.
+      #
+      # The default namespace for this node will be included with key "xmlns".
+      #
+      # See also #namespace_scopes
+      #
+      # [Returns]
+      #   Hash containing all the namespaces on this node and its ancestors. The hash keys are the
+      #   namespace prefix, and the hash value for each key is the namespace URI.
+      #
+      # *Example:*
+      #
+      #   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+      #     <root xmlns="http://example.com/root" xmlns:in_scope="http://example.com/in_scope">
+      #       <first/>
+      #       <second xmlns="http://example.com/child"/>
+      #       <third xmlns:foo="http://example.com/foo"/>
+      #     </root>
+      #   EOF
+      #   doc.at_xpath("//root:first", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespaces
+      #   # => {"xmlns"=>"http://example.com/root",
+      #   #     "xmlns:in_scope"=>"http://example.com/in_scope"}
+      #   doc.at_xpath("//child:second", "child" => "http://example.com/child").namespaces
+      #   # => {"xmlns"=>"http://example.com/child",
+      #   #     "xmlns:in_scope"=>"http://example.com/in_scope"}
+      #   doc.at_xpath("//root:third", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespaces
+      #   # => {"xmlns:foo"=>"http://example.com/foo",
+      #   #     "xmlns"=>"http://example.com/root",
+      #   #     "xmlns:in_scope"=>"http://example.com/in_scope"}
+      #
+      def namespaces
+        namespace_scopes.each_with_object({}) do |ns, hash|
+          prefix = ns.prefix
+          key = prefix ? "xmlns:#{prefix}" : "xmlns"
+          hash[key] = ns.href
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is a Comment
+      def comment?
+        type == COMMENT_NODE
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is a CDATA
+      def cdata?
+        type == CDATA_SECTION_NODE
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is an XML::Document node
+      def xml?
+        type == DOCUMENT_NODE
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is an HTML4::Document or HTML5::Document node
+      def html?
+        type == HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is a Document
+      def document?
+        is_a?(XML::Document)
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is a ProcessingInstruction node
+      def processing_instruction?
+        type == PI_NODE
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is a Text node
+      def text?
+        type == TEXT_NODE
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is a DocumentFragment
+      def fragment?
+        type == DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Fetch the Nokogiri::HTML4::ElementDescription for this node.  Returns
+      # nil on XML documents and on unknown tags.
+      def description
+        return if document.xml?
+
+        Nokogiri::HTML4::ElementDescription[name]
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Is this a read only node?
+      def read_only?
+        # According to gdome2, these are read-only node types
+        [NOTATION_NODE, ENTITY_NODE, ENTITY_DECL].include?(type)
+      end
+
+      # Returns true if this is an Element node
+      def element?
+        type == ELEMENT_NODE
+      end
+
+      alias_method :elem?, :element?
+
+      ###
+      # Turn this node in to a string.  If the document is HTML, this method
+      # returns html.  If the document is XML, this method returns XML.
+      def to_s
+        document.xml? ? to_xml : to_html
+      end
+
+      # Get the inner_html for this node's Node#children
+      def inner_html(*args)
+        children.map { |x| x.to_html(*args) }.join
+      end
+
+      # Get the path to this node as a CSS expression
+      def css_path
+        path.split(%r{/}).filter_map do |part|
+          part.empty? ? nil : part.gsub(/\[(\d+)\]/, ':nth-of-type(\1)')
+        end.join(" > ")
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Get a list of ancestor Node for this Node.  If +selector+ is given,
+      # the ancestors must match +selector+
+      def ancestors(selector = nil)
+        return NodeSet.new(document) unless respond_to?(:parent)
+        return NodeSet.new(document) unless parent
+
+        parents = [parent]
+
+        while parents.last.respond_to?(:parent)
+          break unless (ctx_parent = parents.last.parent)
+
+          parents << ctx_parent
+        end
+
+        return NodeSet.new(document, parents) unless selector
+
+        root = parents.last
+        search_results = root.search(selector)
+
+        NodeSet.new(document, parents.find_all do |parent|
+          search_results.include?(parent)
+        end)
+      end
+
+      ####
+      # Yields self and all children to +block+ recursively.
+      def traverse(&block)
+        children.each { |j| j.traverse(&block) }
+        yield(self)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Accept a visitor.  This method calls "visit" on +visitor+ with self.
+      def accept(visitor)
+        visitor.visit(self)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Test to see if this Node is equal to +other+
+      def ==(other)
+        return false unless other
+        return false unless other.respond_to?(:pointer_id)
+
+        pointer_id == other.pointer_id
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Compare two Node objects with respect to their Document.  Nodes from
+      # different documents cannot be compared.
+      def <=>(other)
+        return unless other.is_a?(Nokogiri::XML::Node)
+        return unless document == other.document
+
+        compare(other)
+      end
+
+      # :section: Serialization and Generating Output
+
+      ###
+      # Serialize Node using +options+. Save options can also be set using a block.
+      #
+      # See also Nokogiri::XML::Node::SaveOptions and Node@Serialization+and+Generating+Output.
+      #
+      # These two statements are equivalent:
+      #
+      #   node.serialize(encoding: 'UTF-8', save_with: FORMAT | AS_XML)
+      #
+      # or
+      #
+      #   node.serialize(encoding: 'UTF-8') do |config|
+      #     config.format.as_xml
+      #   end
+      #
+      def serialize(*args, &block)
+        # TODO: deprecate non-hash options, see 46c68ed 2009-06-20 for context
+        options = if args.first.is_a?(Hash)
+          args.shift
+        else
+          {
+            encoding: args[0],
+            save_with: args[1],
+          }
+        end
+
+        options[:encoding] ||= document.encoding
+        encoding = Encoding.find(options[:encoding] || "UTF-8")
+
+        io = StringIO.new(String.new(encoding: encoding))
+
+        write_to(io, options, &block)
+        io.string
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Serialize this Node to HTML
+      #
+      #   doc.to_html
+      #
+      # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+.  For formatted output,
+      # use Node#to_xhtml instead.
+      def to_html(options = {})
+        to_format(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_HTML, options)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Serialize this Node to XML using +options+
+      #
+      #   doc.to_xml(indent: 5, encoding: 'UTF-8')
+      #
+      # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
+      def to_xml(options = {})
+        options[:save_with] ||= SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XML
+        serialize(options)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Serialize this Node to XHTML using +options+
+      #
+      #   doc.to_xhtml(indent: 5, encoding: 'UTF-8')
+      #
+      # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
+      def to_xhtml(options = {})
+        to_format(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XHTML, options)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # :call-seq:
+      #   write_to(io, *options)
+      #
+      # Serialize this node or document to +io+.
+      #
+      # [Parameters]
+      # - +io+ (IO) An IO-like object to which the serialized content will be written.
+      # - +options+ (Hash) See below
+      #
+      # [Options]
+      # * +:encoding+ (String or Encoding) specify the encoding of the output (defaults to document encoding)
+      # * +:indent_text+ (String) the indentation text (defaults to <code>" "</code>)
+      # * +:indent+ (Integer) the number of +:indent_text+ to use (defaults to +2+)
+      # * +:save_with+ (Integer) a combination of SaveOptions constants
+      #
+      # To save with UTF-8 indented twice:
+      #
+      #   node.write_to(io, encoding: 'UTF-8', indent: 2)
+      #
+      # To save indented with two dashes:
+      #
+      #   node.write_to(io, indent_text: '-', indent: 2)
+      #
+      def write_to(io, *options)
+        options = options.first.is_a?(Hash) ? options.shift : {}
+        encoding = options[:encoding] || options[0] || document.encoding
+        if Nokogiri.jruby?
+          save_options = options[:save_with] || options[1]
+          indent_times = options[:indent] || 0
+        else
+          save_options = options[:save_with] || options[1] || SaveOptions::FORMAT
+          indent_times = options[:indent] || 2
+        end
+        indent_text = options[:indent_text] || " "
+
+        # Any string times 0 returns an empty string. Therefore, use the same
+        # string instead of generating a new empty string for every node with
+        # zero indentation.
+        indentation = indent_times.zero? ? "" : (indent_text * indent_times)
+
+        config = SaveOptions.new(save_options.to_i)
+        yield config if block_given?
+
+        encoding = encoding.is_a?(Encoding) ? encoding.name : encoding
+
+        native_write_to(io, encoding, indentation, config.options)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Write Node as HTML to +io+ with +options+
+      #
+      # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
+      def write_html_to(io, options = {})
+        write_format_to(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_HTML, io, options)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Write Node as XHTML to +io+ with +options+
+      #
+      # See Node#write_to for a list of +options+
+      def write_xhtml_to(io, options = {})
+        write_format_to(SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XHTML, io, options)
+      end
+
+      ###
+      # Write Node as XML to +io+ with +options+
+      #
+      #   doc.write_xml_to io, :encoding => 'UTF-8'
+      #
+      # See Node#write_to for a list of options
+      def write_xml_to(io, options = {})
+        options[:save_with] ||= SaveOptions::DEFAULT_XML
+        write_to(io, options)
+      end
+
+      def canonicalize(mode = XML::XML_C14N_1_0, inclusive_namespaces = nil, with_comments = false)
+        c14n_root = self
+        document.canonicalize(mode, inclusive_namespaces, with_comments) do |node, parent|
+          tn = node.is_a?(XML::Node) ? node : parent
+          tn == c14n_root || tn.ancestors.include?(c14n_root)
+        end
+      end
+
+      DECONSTRUCT_KEYS = [:name, :attributes, :children, :namespace, :content, :elements, :inner_html].freeze # :nodoc:
+      DECONSTRUCT_METHODS = { attributes: :attribute_nodes }.freeze # :nodoc:
+
+      #
+      #  :call-seq: deconstruct_keys(array_of_names) → Hash
+      #
+      #  Returns a hash describing the Node, to use in pattern matching.
+      #
+      #  Valid keys and their values:
+      #  - +name+ → (String) The name of this node, or "text" if it is a Text node.
+      #  - +namespace+ → (Namespace, nil) The namespace of this node, or nil if there is no namespace.
+      #  - +attributes+ → (Array<Attr>) The attributes of this node.
+      #  - +children+ → (Array<Node>) The children of this node. 💡 Note this includes text nodes.
+      #  - +elements+ → (Array<Node>) The child elements of this node. 💡 Note this does not include text nodes.
+      #  - +content+ → (String) The contents of all the text nodes in this node's subtree. See #content.
+      #  - +inner_html+ → (String) The inner markup for the children of this node. See #inner_html.
+      #
+      #  *Example*
+      #
+      #    doc = Nokogiri::XML.parse(<<~XML)
+      #      <?xml version="1.0"?>
+      #      <parent xmlns="http://nokogiri.org/ns/default" xmlns:noko="http://nokogiri.org/ns/noko">
+      #        <child1 foo="abc" noko:bar="def">First</child1>
+      #        <noko:child2 foo="qwe" noko:bar="rty">Second</noko:child2>
+      #      </parent>
+      #    XML
+      #
+      #    doc.root.deconstruct_keys([:name, :namespace])
+      #    # => {:name=>"parent",
+      #    #     :namespace=>
+      #    #      #(Namespace:0x35c { href = "http://nokogiri.org/ns/default" })}
+      #
+      #    doc.root.deconstruct_keys([:inner_html, :content])
+      #    # => {:content=>"\n" + "  First\n" + "  Second\n",
+      #    #     :inner_html=>
+      #    #      "\n" +
+      #    #      "  <child1 foo=\"abc\" noko:bar=\"def\">First</child1>\n" +
+      #    #      "  <noko:child2 foo=\"qwe\" noko:bar=\"rty\">Second</noko:child2>\n"}
+      #
+      #    doc.root.elements.first.deconstruct_keys([:attributes])
+      #    # => {:attributes=>
+      #    #      [#(Attr:0x370 { name = "foo", value = "abc" }),
+      #    #       #(Attr:0x384 {
+      #    #         name = "bar",
+      #    #         namespace = #(Namespace:0x398 {
+      #    #           prefix = "noko",
+      #    #           href = "http://nokogiri.org/ns/noko"
+      #    #           }),
+      #    #         value = "def"
+      #    #         })]}
+      #
+      #  Since v1.14.0
+      #
+      def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+        requested_keys = DECONSTRUCT_KEYS & keys
+        {}.tap do |values|
+          requested_keys.each do |key|
+            method = DECONSTRUCT_METHODS[key] || key
+            values[key] = send(method)
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # :section:
+
+      protected
+
+      def coerce(data)
+        case data
+        when XML::NodeSet
+          return data
+        when XML::DocumentFragment
+          return data.children
+        when String
+          return fragment(data).children
+        when Document, XML::Attr
+          # unacceptable
+        when XML::Node
+          return data
+        end
+
+        raise ArgumentError, <<~EOERR
+          Requires a Node, NodeSet or String argument, and cannot accept a #{data.class}.
+          (You probably want to select a node from the Document with at() or search(), or create a new Node via Node.new().)
+        EOERR
+      end
+
+      private
+
+      def keywordify(keywords)
+        case keywords
+        when Enumerable
+          keywords
+        when String
+          keywords.scan(/\S+/)
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError,
+            "Keyword attributes must be passed as either a String or an Enumerable, but received #{keywords.class}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      def add_sibling(next_or_previous, node_or_tags)
+        raise("Cannot add sibling to a node with no parent") unless parent
+
+        impl = next_or_previous == :next ? :add_next_sibling_node : :add_previous_sibling_node
+        iter = next_or_previous == :next ? :reverse_each : :each
+
+        node_or_tags = parent.coerce(node_or_tags)
+        if node_or_tags.is_a?(XML::NodeSet)
+          if text?
+            pivot = Nokogiri::XML::Node.new("dummy", document)
+            send(impl, pivot)
+          else
+            pivot = self
+          end
+          node_or_tags.send(iter) { |n| pivot.send(impl, n) }
+          pivot.unlink if text?
+        else
+          send(impl, node_or_tags)
+        end
+        node_or_tags
+      end
+
+      def to_format(save_option, options)
+        options[:save_with] = save_option unless options[:save_with]
+        serialize(options)
+      end
+
+      def write_format_to(save_option, io, options)
+        options[:save_with] ||= save_option
+        write_to(io, options)
+      end
+
+      def inspect_attributes
+        [:name, :namespace, :attribute_nodes, :children]
+      end
+
+      IMPLIED_XPATH_CONTEXTS = [".//"].freeze
+
+      def add_child_node_and_reparent_attrs(node)
+        add_child_node(node)
+        node.attribute_nodes.find_all { |a| a.name.include?(":") }.each do |attr_node|
+          attr_node.remove
+          node[attr_node.name] = attr_node.value
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+require_relative "node/save_options"