nokogiri 1.14.0.rc1-arm-linux

data/ext/nokogiri/xml_node.c

@@ -0,0 +1,2425 @@
+#include <nokogiri.h>
+
+#include <stdbool.h>
+
+// :stopdoc:
+
+VALUE cNokogiriXmlNode ;
+static ID id_decorate, id_decorate_bang;
+
+typedef xmlNodePtr(*pivot_reparentee_func)(xmlNodePtr, xmlNodePtr);
+
+static void
+_xml_node_mark(void *ptr)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node = ptr;
+
+  if (!DOC_RUBY_OBJECT_TEST(node->doc)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  xmlDocPtr doc = node->doc;
+  if (doc->type == XML_DOCUMENT_NODE || doc->type == XML_HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+    if (DOC_RUBY_OBJECT_TEST(doc)) {
+      rb_gc_mark(DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(doc));
+    }
+  } else if (node->doc->_private) {
+    rb_gc_mark((VALUE)doc->_private);
+  }
+}
+
+#ifdef HAVE_RB_GC_LOCATION
+static void
+_xml_node_update_references(void *ptr)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node = ptr;
+
+  if (node->_private) {
+    node->_private = (void *)rb_gc_location((VALUE)node->_private);
+  }
+}
+#else
+#  define _xml_node_update_references 0
+#endif
+
+static const rb_data_type_t nokogiri_node_type = {
+  "Nokogiri/XMLNode",
+  {_xml_node_mark, 0, 0, _xml_node_update_references},
+  0, 0,
+#ifdef RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY
+  RUBY_TYPED_FREE_IMMEDIATELY,
+#endif
+};
+
+static void
+relink_namespace(xmlNodePtr reparented)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr child;
+  xmlAttrPtr attr;
+
+  if (reparented->type != XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE &&
+      reparented->type != XML_ELEMENT_NODE) { return; }
+
+  if (reparented->ns == NULL || reparented->ns->prefix == NULL) {
+    xmlNsPtr ns = NULL;
+    xmlChar *name = NULL, *prefix = NULL;
+
+    name = xmlSplitQName2(reparented->name, &prefix);
+
+    if (reparented->type == XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE) {
+      if (prefix == NULL || strcmp((char *)prefix, XMLNS_PREFIX) == 0) {
+        xmlFree(name);
+        xmlFree(prefix);
+        return;
+      }
+    }
+
+    ns = xmlSearchNs(reparented->doc, reparented, prefix);
+
+    if (ns != NULL) {
+      xmlNodeSetName(reparented, name);
+      xmlSetNs(reparented, ns);
+    }
+
+    xmlFree(name);
+    xmlFree(prefix);
+  }
+
+  /* Avoid segv when relinking against unlinked nodes. */
+  if (reparented->type != XML_ELEMENT_NODE || !reparented->parent) { return; }
+
+  /* Make sure that our reparented node has the correct namespaces */
+  if (!reparented->ns &&
+      (reparented->doc != (xmlDocPtr)reparented->parent) &&
+      (rb_iv_get(DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(reparented->doc), "@namespace_inheritance") == Qtrue)) {
+    xmlSetNs(reparented, reparented->parent->ns);
+  }
+
+  /* Search our parents for an existing definition */
+  if (reparented->nsDef) {
+    xmlNsPtr curr = reparented->nsDef;
+    xmlNsPtr prev = NULL;
+
+    while (curr) {
+      xmlNsPtr ns = xmlSearchNsByHref(
+                      reparented->doc,
+                      reparented->parent,
+                      curr->href
+                    );
+      /* If we find the namespace is already declared, remove it from this
+       * definition list. */
+      if (ns && ns != curr && xmlStrEqual(ns->prefix, curr->prefix)) {
+        if (prev) {
+          prev->next = curr->next;
+        } else {
+          reparented->nsDef = curr->next;
+        }
+        noko_xml_document_pin_namespace(curr, reparented->doc);
+      } else {
+        prev = curr;
+      }
+      curr = curr->next;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /*
+   *  Search our parents for an existing definition of current namespace,
+   *  because the definition it's pointing to may have just been removed nsDef.
+   *
+   *  And although that would technically probably be OK, I'd feel better if we
+   *  referred to a namespace that's still present in a node's nsDef somewhere
+   *  in the doc.
+   */
+  if (reparented->ns) {
+    xmlNsPtr ns = xmlSearchNs(reparented->doc, reparented, reparented->ns->prefix);
+    if (ns
+        && ns != reparented->ns
+        && xmlStrEqual(ns->prefix, reparented->ns->prefix)
+        && xmlStrEqual(ns->href, reparented->ns->href)
+       ) {
+      xmlSetNs(reparented, ns);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* Only walk all children if there actually is a namespace we need to */
+  /* reparent. */
+  if (NULL == reparented->ns) { return; }
+
+  /* When a node gets reparented, walk it's children to make sure that */
+  /* their namespaces are reparented as well. */
+  child = reparented->children;
+  while (NULL != child) {
+    relink_namespace(child);
+    child = child->next;
+  }
+
+  if (reparented->type == XML_ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    attr = reparented->properties;
+    while (NULL != attr) {
+      relink_namespace((xmlNodePtr)attr);
+      attr = attr->next;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+/* internal function meant to wrap xmlReplaceNode
+   and fix some issues we have with libxml2 merging nodes */
+static xmlNodePtr
+xmlReplaceNodeWrapper(xmlNodePtr pivot, xmlNodePtr new_node)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr retval ;
+
+  retval = xmlReplaceNode(pivot, new_node) ;
+
+  if (retval == pivot) {
+    retval = new_node ; /* return semantics for reparent_node_with */
+  }
+
+  /* work around libxml2 issue: https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=615612 */
+  if (retval && retval->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
+    if (retval->prev && retval->prev->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
+      retval = xmlTextMerge(retval->prev, retval);
+    }
+    if (retval->next && retval->next->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
+      retval = xmlTextMerge(retval, retval->next);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return retval ;
+}
+
+
+static void
+raise_if_ancestor_of_self(xmlNodePtr self)
+{
+  for (xmlNodePtr ancestor = self->parent ; ancestor ; ancestor = ancestor->parent) {
+    if (self == ancestor) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "cycle detected: node '%s' is an ancestor of itself", self->name);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+reparent_node_with(VALUE pivot_obj, VALUE reparentee_obj, pivot_reparentee_func prf)
+{
+  VALUE reparented_obj ;
+  xmlNodePtr reparentee, original_reparentee, pivot, reparented, next_text, new_next_text, parent ;
+  int original_ns_prefix_is_default = 0 ;
+
+  if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(reparentee_obj, cNokogiriXmlNode)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "node must be a Nokogiri::XML::Node");
+  }
+  if (rb_obj_is_kind_of(reparentee_obj, cNokogiriXmlDocument)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "node must be a Nokogiri::XML::Node");
+  }
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(reparentee_obj, xmlNode, reparentee);
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(pivot_obj, xmlNode, pivot);
+
+  /*
+   * Check if nodes given are appropriate to have a parent-child
+   * relationship, based on the DOM specification.
+   *
+   * cf. http://www.w3.org/TR/2004/REC-DOM-Level-3-Core-20040407/core.html#ID-1590626202
+   */
+  if (prf == xmlAddChild) {
+    parent = pivot;
+  } else {
+    parent = pivot->parent;
+  }
+
+  if (parent) {
+    switch (parent->type) {
+      case XML_DOCUMENT_NODE:
+      case XML_HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE:
+        switch (reparentee->type) {
+          case XML_ELEMENT_NODE:
+          case XML_PI_NODE:
+          case XML_COMMENT_NODE:
+          case XML_DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+          /*
+           * The DOM specification says no to adding text-like nodes
+           * directly to a document, but we allow it for compatibility.
+           */
+          case XML_TEXT_NODE:
+          case XML_CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
+          case XML_ENTITY_REF_NODE:
+            goto ok;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      case XML_DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE:
+      case XML_ENTITY_REF_NODE:
+      case XML_ELEMENT_NODE:
+        switch (reparentee->type) {
+          case XML_ELEMENT_NODE:
+          case XML_PI_NODE:
+          case XML_COMMENT_NODE:
+          case XML_TEXT_NODE:
+          case XML_CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
+          case XML_ENTITY_REF_NODE:
+            goto ok;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      case XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE:
+        switch (reparentee->type) {
+          case XML_TEXT_NODE:
+          case XML_ENTITY_REF_NODE:
+            goto ok;
+          default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+      case XML_TEXT_NODE:
+        /*
+         * xmlAddChild() breaks the DOM specification in that it allows
+         * adding a text node to another, in which case text nodes are
+         * coalesced, but since our JRuby version does not support such
+         * operation, we should inhibit it.
+         */
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "cannot reparent %s there", rb_obj_classname(reparentee_obj));
+  }
+
+ok:
+  original_reparentee = reparentee;
+
+  if (reparentee->doc != pivot->doc || reparentee->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
+    /*
+     *  if the reparentee is a text node, there's a very good chance it will be
+     *  merged with an adjacent text node after being reparented, and in that case
+     *  libxml will free the underlying C struct.
+     *
+     *  since we clearly have a ruby object which references the underlying
+     *  memory, we can't let the C struct get freed. let's pickle the original
+     *  reparentee by rooting it; and then we'll reparent a duplicate of the
+     *  node that we don't care about preserving.
+     *
+     *  alternatively, if the reparentee is from a different document than the
+     *  pivot node, libxml2 is going to get confused about which document's
+     *  "dictionary" the node's strings belong to (this is an otherwise
+     *  uninteresting libxml2 implementation detail). as a result, we cannot
+     *  reparent the actual reparentee, so we reparent a duplicate.
+     */
+    if (reparentee->type == XML_TEXT_NODE && reparentee->_private) {
+      /*
+       *  additionally, since we know this C struct isn't going to be related to
+       *  a Ruby object anymore, let's break the relationship on this end as
+       *  well.
+       *
+       *  this is not absolutely necessary unless libxml-ruby is also in effect,
+       *  in which case its global callback `rxml_node_deregisterNode` will try
+       *  to do things to our data.
+       *
+       *  for more details on this particular (and particularly nasty) edge
+       *  case, see:
+       *
+       *    https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/1426
+       */
+      reparentee->_private = NULL ;
+    }
+
+    if (reparentee->ns != NULL && reparentee->ns->prefix == NULL) {
+      original_ns_prefix_is_default = 1;
+    }
+
+    noko_xml_document_pin_node(reparentee);
+
+    if (!(reparentee = xmlDocCopyNode(reparentee, pivot->doc, 1))) {
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Could not reparent node (xmlDocCopyNode)");
+    }
+
+    if (original_ns_prefix_is_default && reparentee->ns != NULL && reparentee->ns->prefix != NULL) {
+      /*
+       *  issue #391, where new node's prefix may become the string "default"
+       *  see libxml2 tree.c xmlNewReconciliedNs which implements this behavior.
+       */
+      xmlFree(DISCARD_CONST_QUAL_XMLCHAR(reparentee->ns->prefix));
+      reparentee->ns->prefix = NULL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  xmlUnlinkNode(original_reparentee);
+
+  if (prf != xmlAddPrevSibling && prf != xmlAddNextSibling
+      && reparentee->type == XML_TEXT_NODE && pivot->next && pivot->next->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
+    /*
+     *  libxml merges text nodes in a right-to-left fashion, meaning that if
+     *  there are two text nodes who would be adjacent, the right (or following,
+     *  or next) node will be merged into the left (or preceding, or previous)
+     *  node.
+     *
+     *  and by "merged" I mean the string contents will be concatenated onto the
+     *  left node's contents, and then the node will be freed.
+     *
+     *  which means that if we have a ruby object wrapped around the right node,
+     *  its memory would be freed out from under it.
+     *
+     *  so, we detect this edge case and unlink-and-root the text node before it gets
+     *  merged. then we dup the node and insert that duplicate back into the
+     *  document where the real node was.
+     *
+     *  yes, this is totally lame.
+     */
+    next_text     = pivot->next ;
+    new_next_text = xmlDocCopyNode(next_text, pivot->doc, 1) ;
+
+    xmlUnlinkNode(next_text);
+    noko_xml_document_pin_node(next_text);
+
+    xmlAddNextSibling(pivot, new_next_text);
+  }
+
+  if (!(reparented = (*prf)(pivot, reparentee))) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Could not reparent node");
+  }
+
+  /*
+   *  make sure the ruby object is pointed at the just-reparented node, which
+   *  might be a duplicate (see above) or might be the result of merging
+   *  adjacent text nodes.
+   */
+  DATA_PTR(reparentee_obj) = reparented ;
+  reparented_obj = noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, reparented);
+
+  rb_funcall(reparented_obj, id_decorate_bang, 0);
+
+  /* if we've created a cycle, raise an exception */
+  raise_if_ancestor_of_self(reparented);
+
+  relink_namespace(reparented);
+
+  return reparented_obj ;
+}
+
+// :startdoc:
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   add_namespace_definition(prefix, href) → Nokogiri::XML::Namespace
+ *   add_namespace(prefix, href) → Nokogiri::XML::Namespace
+ *
+ * :category: Manipulating Document Structure
+ *
+ * Adds a namespace definition to this node with +prefix+ using +href+ value, as if this node had
+ * included an attribute "xmlns:prefix=href".
+ *
+ * A default namespace definition for this node can be added by passing +nil+ for +prefix+.
+ *
+ * [Parameters]
+ * - +prefix+ (String, +nil+) An {XML Name}[https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#ns-decl]
+ * - +href+ (String) The {URI reference}[https://www.w3.org/TR/xml-names/#sec-namespaces]
+ *
+ * [Returns] The new Nokogiri::XML::Namespace
+ *
+ * *Example:* adding a non-default namespace definition
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<store><inventory></inventory></store>")
+ *   inventory = doc.at_css("inventory")
+ *   inventory.add_namespace_definition("automobile", "http://alices-autos.com/")
+ *   inventory.add_namespace_definition("bicycle", "http://bobs-bikes.com/")
+ *   inventory.add_child("<automobile:tire>Michelin model XGV, size 75R</automobile:tire>")
+ *   doc.to_xml
+ *   # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n" +
+ *   #    "<store>\n" +
+ *   #    "  <inventory xmlns:automobile=\"http://alices-autos.com/\" xmlns:bicycle=\"http://bobs-bikes.com/\">\n" +
+ *   #    "    <automobile:tire>Michelin model XGV, size 75R</automobile:tire>\n" +
+ *   #    "  </inventory>\n" +
+ *   #    "</store>\n"
+ *
+ * *Example:* adding a default namespace definition
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<store><inventory><tire>Michelin model XGV, size 75R</tire></inventory></store>")
+ *   doc.at_css("tire").add_namespace_definition(nil, "http://bobs-bikes.com/")
+ *   doc.to_xml
+ *   # => "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>\n" +
+ *   #    "<store>\n" +
+ *   #    "  <inventory>\n" +
+ *   #    "    <tire xmlns=\"http://bobs-bikes.com/\">Michelin model XGV, size 75R</tire>\n" +
+ *   #    "  </inventory>\n" +
+ *   #    "</store>\n"
+ *
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_add_namespace_definition(VALUE rb_node, VALUE rb_prefix, VALUE rb_href)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node, element;
+  xmlNsPtr c_namespace;
+  const xmlChar *c_prefix = (const xmlChar *)(NIL_P(rb_prefix) ? NULL : StringValueCStr(rb_prefix));
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+  element = c_node ;
+
+  c_namespace = xmlSearchNs(c_node->doc, c_node, c_prefix);
+
+  if (!c_namespace) {
+    if (c_node->type != XML_ELEMENT_NODE) {
+      element = c_node->parent;
+    }
+    c_namespace = xmlNewNs(element, (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(rb_href), c_prefix);
+  }
+
+  if (!c_namespace) {
+    return Qnil ;
+  }
+
+  if (NIL_P(rb_prefix) || c_node != element) {
+    xmlSetNs(c_node, c_namespace);
+  }
+
+  return noko_xml_namespace_wrap(c_namespace, c_node->doc);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: attribute(name) → Nokogiri::XML::Attr
+ *
+ * :category: Working With Node Attributes
+ *
+ * [Returns] Attribute (Nokogiri::XML::Attr) belonging to this node with name +name+.
+ *
+ * ⚠ Note that attribute namespaces are ignored and only the simple (non-namespace-prefixed) name is
+ * used to find a matching attribute. In case of a simple name collision, only one of the matching
+ * attributes will be returned. In this case, you will need to use #attribute_with_ns.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML("<root><child size='large' class='big wide tall'/></root>")
+ *   child = doc.at_css("child")
+ *   child.attribute("size") # => #<Nokogiri::XML::Attr:0x550 name="size" value="large">
+ *   child.attribute("class") # => #<Nokogiri::XML::Attr:0x564 name="class" value="big wide tall">
+ *
+ * *Example* showing that namespaced attributes will not be returned:
+ *
+ * ⚠ Note that only one of the two matching attributes is returned.
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+ *     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'
+ *           xmlns:height='http://example.com/heights'>
+ *       <child width:size='broad' height:size='tall'/>
+ *     </root>
+ *   EOF
+ *   doc.at_css("child").attribute("size")
+ *   # => #(Attr:0x550 {
+ *   #      name = "size",
+ *   #      namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+ *   #        prefix = "width",
+ *   #        href = "http://example.com/widths"
+ *   #        }),
+ *   #      value = "broad"
+ *   #      })
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_attribute(VALUE self, VALUE name)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlAttrPtr prop;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  prop = xmlHasProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(name));
+
+  if (! prop) { return Qnil; }
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)prop);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: attribute_nodes() → Array<Nokogiri::XML::Attr>
+ *
+ * :category: Working With Node Attributes
+ *
+ * [Returns] Attributes (an Array of Nokogiri::XML::Attr) belonging to this node.
+ *
+ * Note that this is the preferred alternative to #attributes when the simple
+ * (non-namespace-prefixed) attribute names may collide.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ * Contrast this with the colliding-name example from #attributes.
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+ *     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'
+ *           xmlns:height='http://example.com/heights'>
+ *       <child width:size='broad' height:size='tall'/>
+ *     </root>
+ *   EOF
+ *   doc.at_css("child").attribute_nodes
+ *   # => [#(Attr:0x550 {
+ *   #       name = "size",
+ *   #       namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+ *   #         prefix = "width",
+ *   #         href = "http://example.com/widths"
+ *   #         }),
+ *   #       value = "broad"
+ *   #       }),
+ *   #     #(Attr:0x578 {
+ *   #       name = "size",
+ *   #       namespace = #(Namespace:0x58c {
+ *   #         prefix = "height",
+ *   #         href = "http://example.com/heights"
+ *   #         }),
+ *   #       value = "tall"
+ *   #       })]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_attribute_nodes(VALUE rb_node)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  return noko_xml_node_attrs(c_node);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: attribute_with_ns(name, namespace) → Nokogiri::XML::Attr
+ *
+ * :category: Working With Node Attributes
+ *
+ * [Returns]
+ *   Attribute (Nokogiri::XML::Attr) belonging to this node with matching +name+ and +namespace+.
+ *
+ * [Parameters]
+ * - +name+ (String): the simple (non-namespace-prefixed) name of the attribute
+ * - +namespace+ (String): the URI of the attribute's namespace
+ *
+ * See related: #attribute
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+ *     <root xmlns:width='http://example.com/widths'
+ *           xmlns:height='http://example.com/heights'>
+ *       <child width:size='broad' height:size='tall'/>
+ *     </root>
+ *   EOF
+ *   doc.at_css("child").attribute_with_ns("size", "http://example.com/widths")
+ *   # => #(Attr:0x550 {
+ *   #      name = "size",
+ *   #      namespace = #(Namespace:0x564 {
+ *   #        prefix = "width",
+ *   #        href = "http://example.com/widths"
+ *   #        }),
+ *   #      value = "broad"
+ *   #      })
+ *   doc.at_css("child").attribute_with_ns("size", "http://example.com/heights")
+ *   # => #(Attr:0x578 {
+ *   #      name = "size",
+ *   #      namespace = #(Namespace:0x58c {
+ *   #        prefix = "height",
+ *   #        href = "http://example.com/heights"
+ *   #        }),
+ *   #      value = "tall"
+ *   #      })
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_attribute_with_ns(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE namespace)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlAttrPtr prop;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  prop = xmlHasNsProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(name),
+                      NIL_P(namespace) ? NULL : (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(namespace));
+
+  if (! prop) { return Qnil; }
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)prop);
+}
+
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq: blank? → Boolean
+ *
+ * [Returns] +true+ if the node is an empty or whitespace-only text or cdata node, else +false+.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ *     Nokogiri("<root><child/></root>").root.child.blank? # => false
+ *     Nokogiri("<root>\t \n</root>").root.child.blank? # => true
+ *     Nokogiri("<root><![CDATA[\t \n]]></root>").root.child.blank? # => true
+ *     Nokogiri("<root>not-blank</root>").root.child
+ *       .tap { |n| n.content = "" }.blank # => true
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_blank_eh(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  return (1 == xmlIsBlankNode(node)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse ;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: child() → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+ *
+ * :category: Traversing Document Structure
+ *
+ * [Returns] First of this node's children, or +nil+ if there are no children
+ *
+ * This is a convenience method and is equivalent to:
+ *
+ *   node.children.first
+ *
+ * See related: #children
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_child(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, child;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  child = node->children;
+  if (!child) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, child);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: children() → Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet
+ *
+ * :category: Traversing Document Structure
+ *
+ * [Returns] Nokogiri::XML::NodeSet containing this node's children.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_children(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlNodePtr child;
+  xmlNodeSetPtr set;
+  VALUE document;
+  VALUE node_set;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  child = node->children;
+  set = xmlXPathNodeSetCreate(child);
+
+  document = DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(node->doc);
+
+  if (!child) { return noko_xml_node_set_wrap(set, document); }
+
+  child = child->next;
+  while (NULL != child) {
+    xmlXPathNodeSetAddUnique(set, child);
+    child = child->next;
+  }
+
+  node_set = noko_xml_node_set_wrap(set, document);
+
+  return node_set;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   content() → String
+ *   inner_text() → String
+ *   text() → String
+ *   to_str() → String
+ *
+ * [Returns]
+ *   Contents of all the text nodes in this node's subtree, concatenated together into a single
+ *   String.
+ *
+ * ⚠ Note that entities will _always_ be expanded in the returned String.
+ *
+ * See related: #inner_html
+ *
+ * *Example* of how entities are handled:
+ *
+ * Note that <tt>&lt;</tt> becomes <tt><</tt> in the returned String.
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML.fragment("<child>a &lt; b</child>")
+ *   doc.at_css("child").content
+ *   # => "a < b"
+ *
+ * *Example* of how a subtree is handled:
+ *
+ * Note that the <tt><span></tt> tags are omitted and only the text node contents are returned,
+ * concatenated into a single string.
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML.fragment("<child><span>first</span> <span>second</span></child>")
+ *   doc.at_css("child").content
+ *   # => "first second"
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_content(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlChar *content;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  content = xmlNodeGetContent(node);
+  if (content) {
+    VALUE rval = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(content);
+    xmlFree(content);
+    return rval;
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: document() → Nokogiri::XML::Document
+ *
+ * :category: Traversing Document Structure
+ *
+ * [Returns] Parent Nokogiri::XML::Document for this node
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_document(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  return DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(node->doc);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: pointer_id() → Integer
+ *
+ * [Returns]
+ *   A unique id for this node based on the internal memory structures. This method is used by #==
+ *   to determine node identity.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_pointer_id(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  return rb_uint2inum((uintptr_t)(node));
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq: encode_special_chars(string) → String
+ *
+ * Encode any special characters in +string+
+ */
+static VALUE
+encode_special_chars(VALUE self, VALUE string)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlChar *encoded;
+  VALUE encoded_str;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  encoded = xmlEncodeSpecialChars(
+              node->doc,
+              (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(string)
+            );
+
+  encoded_str = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(encoded);
+  xmlFree(encoded);
+
+  return encoded_str;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   create_internal_subset(name, external_id, system_id)
+ *
+ * Create the internal subset of a document.
+ *
+ *   doc.create_internal_subset("chapter", "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML//EN", "chapter.dtd")
+ *   # => <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML//EN" "chapter.dtd">
+ *
+ *   doc.create_internal_subset("chapter", nil, "chapter.dtd")
+ *   # => <!DOCTYPE chapter SYSTEM "chapter.dtd">
+ */
+static VALUE
+create_internal_subset(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE external_id, VALUE system_id)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlDocPtr doc;
+  xmlDtdPtr dtd;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  doc = node->doc;
+
+  if (xmlGetIntSubset(doc)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Document already has an internal subset");
+  }
+
+  dtd = xmlCreateIntSubset(
+          doc,
+          NIL_P(name)        ? NULL : (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(name),
+          NIL_P(external_id) ? NULL : (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(external_id),
+          NIL_P(system_id)   ? NULL : (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(system_id)
+        );
+
+  if (!dtd) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   create_external_subset(name, external_id, system_id)
+ *
+ * Create an external subset
+ */
+static VALUE
+create_external_subset(VALUE self, VALUE name, VALUE external_id, VALUE system_id)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlDocPtr doc;
+  xmlDtdPtr dtd;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  doc = node->doc;
+
+  if (doc->extSubset) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Document already has an external subset");
+  }
+
+  dtd = xmlNewDtd(
+          doc,
+          NIL_P(name)        ? NULL : (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(name),
+          NIL_P(external_id) ? NULL : (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(external_id),
+          NIL_P(system_id)   ? NULL : (const xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(system_id)
+        );
+
+  if (!dtd) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   external_subset()
+ *
+ * Get the external subset
+ */
+static VALUE
+external_subset(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlDocPtr doc;
+  xmlDtdPtr dtd;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  if (!node->doc) { return Qnil; }
+
+  doc = node->doc;
+  dtd = doc->extSubset;
+
+  if (!dtd) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   internal_subset()
+ *
+ * Get the internal subset
+ */
+static VALUE
+internal_subset(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlDocPtr doc;
+  xmlDtdPtr dtd;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  if (!node->doc) { return Qnil; }
+
+  doc = node->doc;
+  dtd = xmlGetIntSubset(doc);
+
+  if (!dtd) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)dtd);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   dup → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+ *   dup(depth) → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+ *   dup(depth, new_parent_doc) → Nokogiri::XML::Node
+ *
+ * Copy this node.
+ *
+ * [Parameters]
+ * - +depth+ 0 is a shallow copy, 1 (the default) is a deep copy.
+ * - +new_parent_doc+
+ *   The new node's parent Document. Defaults to the this node's document.
+ *
+ * [Returns] The new Nokgiri::XML::Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+duplicate_node(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  VALUE r_level, r_new_parent_doc;
+  int level;
+  int n_args;
+  xmlDocPtr new_parent_doc;
+  xmlNodePtr node, dup;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  n_args = rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "02", &r_level, &r_new_parent_doc);
+
+  if (n_args < 1) {
+    r_level = INT2NUM((long)1);
+  }
+  level = (int)NUM2INT(r_level);
+
+  if (n_args < 2) {
+    new_parent_doc = node->doc;
+  } else {
+    Data_Get_Struct(r_new_parent_doc, xmlDoc, new_parent_doc);
+  }
+
+  dup = xmlDocCopyNode(node, new_parent_doc, level);
+  if (dup == NULL) { return Qnil; }
+
+  noko_xml_document_pin_node(dup);
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(rb_obj_class(self), dup);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   unlink() → self
+ *
+ * Unlink this node from its current context.
+ */
+static VALUE
+unlink_node(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  xmlUnlinkNode(node);
+  noko_xml_document_pin_node(node);
+  return self;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  next_sibling
+ *
+ * Returns the next sibling node
+ */
+static VALUE
+next_sibling(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, sibling;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  sibling = node->next;
+  if (!sibling) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, sibling) ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  previous_sibling
+ *
+ * Returns the previous sibling node
+ */
+static VALUE
+previous_sibling(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, sibling;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  sibling = node->prev;
+  if (!sibling) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, sibling);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  next_element
+ *
+ * Returns the next Nokogiri::XML::Element type sibling node.
+ */
+static VALUE
+next_element(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, sibling;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  sibling = xmlNextElementSibling(node);
+  if (!sibling) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, sibling);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  previous_element
+ *
+ * Returns the previous Nokogiri::XML::Element type sibling node.
+ */
+static VALUE
+previous_element(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, sibling;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  /*
+   *  note that we don't use xmlPreviousElementSibling here because it's buggy pre-2.7.7.
+   */
+  sibling = node->prev;
+  if (!sibling) { return Qnil; }
+
+  while (sibling && sibling->type != XML_ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    sibling = sibling->prev;
+  }
+
+  return sibling ? noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, sibling) : Qnil ;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+replace(VALUE self, VALUE new_node)
+{
+  VALUE reparent = reparent_node_with(self, new_node, xmlReplaceNodeWrapper);
+
+  xmlNodePtr pivot;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, pivot);
+  noko_xml_document_pin_node(pivot);
+
+  return reparent;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   element_children() → NodeSet
+ *   elements() → NodeSet
+ *
+ * [Returns]
+ *   The node's child elements as a NodeSet. Only children that are elements will be returned, which
+ *   notably excludes Text nodes.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ * Note that #children returns the Text node "hello" while #element_children does not.
+ *
+ *   div = Nokogiri::HTML5("<div>hello<span>world</span>").at_css("div")
+ *   div.element_children
+ *   # => [#<Nokogiri::XML::Element:0x50 name="span" children=[#<Nokogiri::XML::Text:0x3c "world">]>]
+ *   div.children
+ *   # => [#<Nokogiri::XML::Text:0x64 "hello">,
+ *   #     #<Nokogiri::XML::Element:0x50 name="span" children=[#<Nokogiri::XML::Text:0x3c "world">]>]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_element_children(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlNodePtr child;
+  xmlNodeSetPtr set;
+  VALUE document;
+  VALUE node_set;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  child = xmlFirstElementChild(node);
+  set = xmlXPathNodeSetCreate(child);
+
+  document = DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(node->doc);
+
+  if (!child) { return noko_xml_node_set_wrap(set, document); }
+
+  child = xmlNextElementSibling(child);
+  while (NULL != child) {
+    xmlXPathNodeSetAddUnique(set, child);
+    child = xmlNextElementSibling(child);
+  }
+
+  node_set = noko_xml_node_set_wrap(set, document);
+
+  return node_set;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   first_element_child() → Node
+ *
+ * [Returns] The first child Node that is an element.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ * Note that the "hello" child, which is a Text node, is skipped and the <tt><span></tt> element is
+ * returned.
+ *
+ *   div = Nokogiri::HTML5("<div>hello<span>world</span>").at_css("div")
+ *   div.first_element_child
+ *   # => #(Element:0x3c { name = "span", children = [ #(Text "world")] })
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_first_element_child(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, child;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  child = xmlFirstElementChild(node);
+  if (!child) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, child);
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   last_element_child() → Node
+ *
+ * [Returns] The last child Node that is an element.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ * Note that the "hello" child, which is a Text node, is skipped and the <tt><span>yes</span></tt>
+ * element is returned.
+ *
+ *   div = Nokogiri::HTML5("<div><span>no</span><span>yes</span>skip</div>").at_css("div")
+ *   div.last_element_child
+ *   # => #(Element:0x3c { name = "span", children = [ #(Text "yes")] })
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_last_element_child(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, child;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  child = xmlLastElementChild(node);
+  if (!child) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, child);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  key?(attribute)
+ *
+ * Returns true if +attribute+ is set
+ */
+static VALUE
+key_eh(VALUE self, VALUE attribute)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  if (xmlHasProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(attribute))) {
+    return Qtrue;
+  }
+  return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  namespaced_key?(attribute, namespace)
+ *
+ * Returns true if +attribute+ is set with +namespace+
+ */
+static VALUE
+namespaced_key_eh(VALUE self, VALUE attribute, VALUE namespace)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  if (xmlHasNsProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(attribute),
+                   NIL_P(namespace) ? NULL : (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(namespace))) {
+    return Qtrue;
+  }
+  return Qfalse;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  []=(property, value)
+ *
+ * Set the +property+ to +value+
+ */
+static VALUE
+set(VALUE self, VALUE property, VALUE value)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, cur;
+  xmlAttrPtr prop;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  /* If a matching attribute node already exists, then xmlSetProp will destroy
+   * the existing node's children. However, if Nokogiri has a node object
+   * pointing to one of those children, we are left with a broken reference.
+   *
+   * We can avoid this by unlinking these nodes first.
+   */
+  if (node->type != XML_ELEMENT_NODE) {
+    return (Qnil);
+  }
+  prop = xmlHasProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(property));
+  if (prop && prop->children) {
+    for (cur = prop->children; cur; cur = cur->next) {
+      if (cur->_private) {
+        noko_xml_document_pin_node(cur);
+        xmlUnlinkNode(cur);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  xmlSetProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(property),
+             (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(value));
+
+  return value;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   get(attribute)
+ *
+ * Get the value for +attribute+
+ */
+static VALUE
+get(VALUE self, VALUE rattribute)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlChar *value = 0;
+  VALUE rvalue;
+  xmlChar *colon;
+  xmlChar *attribute, *attr_name, *prefix;
+  xmlNsPtr ns;
+
+  if (NIL_P(rattribute)) { return Qnil; }
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  attribute = xmlCharStrdup(StringValueCStr(rattribute));
+
+  colon = DISCARD_CONST_QUAL_XMLCHAR(xmlStrchr(attribute, (const xmlChar)':'));
+  if (colon) {
+    /* split the attribute string into separate prefix and name by
+     * null-terminating the prefix at the colon */
+    prefix = attribute;
+    attr_name = colon + 1;
+    (*colon) = 0;
+
+    ns = xmlSearchNs(node->doc, node, prefix);
+    if (ns) {
+      value = xmlGetNsProp(node, attr_name, ns->href);
+    } else {
+      value = xmlGetProp(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(rattribute));
+    }
+  } else {
+    value = xmlGetNoNsProp(node, attribute);
+  }
+
+  xmlFree((void *)attribute);
+  if (!value) { return Qnil; }
+
+  rvalue = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(value);
+  xmlFree((void *)value);
+
+  return rvalue ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   set_namespace(namespace)
+ *
+ * Set the namespace to +namespace+
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_namespace(VALUE self, VALUE namespace)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  xmlNsPtr ns = NULL;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  if (!NIL_P(namespace)) {
+    Noko_Namespace_Get_Struct(namespace, xmlNs, ns);
+  }
+
+  xmlSetNs(node, ns);
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   namespace() → Namespace
+ *
+ * [Returns] The Namespace of the element or attribute node, or +nil+ if there is no namespace.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+ *     <root>
+ *       <first/>
+ *       <second xmlns="http://example.com/child"/>
+ *       <foo:third xmlns:foo="http://example.com/foo"/>
+ *     </root>
+ *   EOF
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//first").namespace
+ *   # => nil
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//xmlns:second", "xmlns" => "http://example.com/child").namespace
+ *   # => #(Namespace:0x3c { href = "http://example.com/child" })
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//foo:third", "foo" => "http://example.com/foo").namespace
+ *   # => #(Namespace:0x50 { prefix = "foo", href = "http://example.com/foo" })
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_namespace(VALUE rb_node)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node ;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  if (c_node->ns) {
+    return noko_xml_namespace_wrap(c_node->ns, c_node->doc);
+  }
+
+  return Qnil ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   namespace_definitions() → Array<Nokogiri::XML::Namespace>
+ *
+ * [Returns]
+ *   Namespaces that are defined directly on this node, as an Array of Namespace objects. The array
+ *   will be empty if no namespaces are defined on this node.
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+ *     <root xmlns="http://example.com/root">
+ *       <first/>
+ *       <second xmlns="http://example.com/child" xmlns:unused="http://example.com/unused"/>
+ *       <foo:third xmlns:foo="http://example.com/foo"/>
+ *     </root>
+ *   EOF
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//root:first", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespace_definitions
+ *   # => []
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//xmlns:second", "xmlns" => "http://example.com/child").namespace_definitions
+ *   # => [#(Namespace:0x3c { href = "http://example.com/child" }),
+ *   #     #(Namespace:0x50 {
+ *   #       prefix = "unused",
+ *   #       href = "http://example.com/unused"
+ *   #       })]
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//foo:third", "foo" => "http://example.com/foo").namespace_definitions
+ *   # => [#(Namespace:0x64 { prefix = "foo", href = "http://example.com/foo" })]
+ */
+static VALUE
+namespace_definitions(VALUE rb_node)
+{
+  /* this code in the mode of xmlHasProp() */
+  xmlNodePtr c_node ;
+  xmlNsPtr c_namespace;
+  VALUE definitions = rb_ary_new();
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  c_namespace = c_node->nsDef;
+  if (!c_namespace) {
+    return definitions;
+  }
+
+  while (c_namespace != NULL) {
+    rb_ary_push(definitions, noko_xml_namespace_wrap(c_namespace, c_node->doc));
+    c_namespace = c_namespace->next;
+  }
+
+  return definitions;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   namespace_scopes() → Array<Nokogiri::XML::Namespace>
+ *
+ * [Returns] Array of all the Namespaces on this node and its ancestors.
+ *
+ * See also #namespaces
+ *
+ * *Example:*
+ *
+ *   doc = Nokogiri::XML(<<~EOF)
+ *     <root xmlns="http://example.com/root" xmlns:bar="http://example.com/bar">
+ *       <first/>
+ *       <second xmlns="http://example.com/child"/>
+ *       <third xmlns:foo="http://example.com/foo"/>
+ *     </root>
+ *   EOF
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//root:first", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespace_scopes
+ *   # => [#(Namespace:0x3c { href = "http://example.com/root" }),
+ *   #     #(Namespace:0x50 { prefix = "bar", href = "http://example.com/bar" })]
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//child:second", "child" => "http://example.com/child").namespace_scopes
+ *   # => [#(Namespace:0x64 { href = "http://example.com/child" }),
+ *   #     #(Namespace:0x50 { prefix = "bar", href = "http://example.com/bar" })]
+ *   doc.at_xpath("//root:third", "root" => "http://example.com/root").namespace_scopes
+ *   # => [#(Namespace:0x78 { prefix = "foo", href = "http://example.com/foo" }),
+ *   #     #(Namespace:0x3c { href = "http://example.com/root" }),
+ *   #     #(Namespace:0x50 { prefix = "bar", href = "http://example.com/bar" })]
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_namespace_scopes(VALUE rb_node)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node ;
+  xmlNsPtr *namespaces;
+  VALUE scopes = rb_ary_new();
+  int j;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  namespaces = xmlGetNsList(c_node->doc, c_node);
+  if (!namespaces) {
+    return scopes;
+  }
+
+  for (j = 0 ; namespaces[j] != NULL ; ++j) {
+    rb_ary_push(scopes, noko_xml_namespace_wrap(namespaces[j], c_node->doc));
+  }
+
+  xmlFree(namespaces);
+  return scopes;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  node_type
+ *
+ * Get the type for this Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+node_type(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  return INT2NUM(node->type);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  content=
+ *
+ * Set the content for this Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_native_content(VALUE self, VALUE content)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, child, next ;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  child = node->children;
+  while (NULL != child) {
+    next = child->next ;
+    xmlUnlinkNode(child) ;
+    noko_xml_document_pin_node(child);
+    child = next ;
+  }
+
+  xmlNodeSetContent(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(content));
+  return content;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  lang=
+ *
+ * Set the language of a node, i.e. the values of the xml:lang attribute.
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_lang(VALUE self_rb, VALUE lang_rb)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr self ;
+  xmlChar *lang ;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self_rb, xmlNode, self);
+  lang = (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(lang_rb);
+
+  xmlNodeSetLang(self, lang);
+
+  return Qnil ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  lang
+ *
+ * Searches the language of a node, i.e. the values of the xml:lang attribute or
+ * the one carried by the nearest ancestor.
+ */
+static VALUE
+get_lang(VALUE self_rb)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr self ;
+  xmlChar *lang ;
+  VALUE lang_rb ;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self_rb, xmlNode, self);
+
+  lang = xmlNodeGetLang(self);
+  if (lang) {
+    lang_rb = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(lang);
+    xmlFree(lang);
+    return lang_rb ;
+  }
+
+  return Qnil ;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+add_child(VALUE self, VALUE new_child)
+{
+  return reparent_node_with(self, new_child, xmlAddChild);
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  parent
+ *
+ * Get the parent Node for this Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+get_parent(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, parent;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  parent = node->parent;
+  if (!parent) { return Qnil; }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, parent) ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  name=(new_name)
+ *
+ * Set the name for this Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+set_name(VALUE self, VALUE new_name)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  xmlNodeSetName(node, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(new_name));
+  return new_name;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  name
+ *
+ * Returns the name for this Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+get_name(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  if (node->name) {
+    return NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(node->name);
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  path
+ *
+ * Returns the path associated with this Node
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_path(VALUE rb_node)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node;
+  xmlChar *c_path ;
+  VALUE rval;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  c_path = xmlGetNodePath(c_node);
+  if (c_path == NULL) {
+    // see https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/2250
+    // this behavior is clearly undesirable, but is what libxml <= 2.9.10 returned, and so we
+    // do this for now to preserve the behavior across libxml2 versions.
+    rval = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2("?");
+  } else {
+    rval = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(c_path);
+    xmlFree(c_path);
+  }
+
+  return rval ;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+add_next_sibling(VALUE self, VALUE new_sibling)
+{
+  return reparent_node_with(self, new_sibling, xmlAddNextSibling) ;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: */
+static VALUE
+add_previous_sibling(VALUE self, VALUE new_sibling)
+{
+  return reparent_node_with(self, new_sibling, xmlAddPrevSibling) ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  native_write_to(io, encoding, options)
+ *
+ * Write this Node to +io+ with +encoding+ and +options+
+ */
+static VALUE
+native_write_to(
+  VALUE self,
+  VALUE io,
+  VALUE encoding,
+  VALUE indent_string,
+  VALUE options
+)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  const char *before_indent;
+  xmlSaveCtxtPtr savectx;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  xmlIndentTreeOutput = 1;
+
+  before_indent = xmlTreeIndentString;
+
+  xmlTreeIndentString = StringValueCStr(indent_string);
+
+  savectx = xmlSaveToIO(
+              (xmlOutputWriteCallback)noko_io_write,
+              (xmlOutputCloseCallback)noko_io_close,
+              (void *)io,
+              RTEST(encoding) ? StringValueCStr(encoding) : NULL,
+              (int)NUM2INT(options)
+            );
+
+  xmlSaveTree(savectx, node);
+  xmlSaveClose(savectx);
+
+  xmlTreeIndentString = before_indent;
+  return io;
+}
+
+
+static inline void
+output_partial_string(VALUE out, char const *str, size_t length)
+{
+  if (length) {
+    rb_enc_str_buf_cat(out, str, (long)length, rb_utf8_encoding());
+  }
+}
+
+static inline void
+output_char(VALUE out, char ch)
+{
+  output_partial_string(out, &ch, 1);
+}
+
+static inline void
+output_string(VALUE out, char const *str)
+{
+  output_partial_string(out, str, strlen(str));
+}
+
+static inline void
+output_tagname(VALUE out, xmlNodePtr elem)
+{
+  // Elements in the HTML, MathML, and SVG namespaces do not use a namespace
+  // prefix in the HTML syntax.
+  char const *name = (char const *)elem->name;
+  xmlNsPtr ns = elem->ns;
+  if (ns && ns->href && ns->prefix
+      && strcmp((char const *)ns->href, "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml")
+      && strcmp((char const *)ns->href, "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML")
+      && strcmp((char const *)ns->href, "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg")) {
+    output_string(out, (char const *)elem->ns->prefix);
+    output_char(out, ':');
+    char const *colon = strchr(name, ':');
+    if (colon) {
+      name = colon + 1;
+    }
+  }
+  output_string(out, name);
+}
+
+static inline void
+output_attr_name(VALUE out, xmlAttrPtr attr)
+{
+  xmlNsPtr ns = attr->ns;
+  char const *name = (char const *)attr->name;
+  if (ns && ns->href) {
+    char const *uri = (char const *)ns->href;
+    char const *localname = strchr(name, ':');
+    if (localname) {
+      ++localname;
+    } else {
+      localname = name;
+    }
+
+    if (!strcmp(uri, "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace")) {
+      output_string(out, "xml:");
+      name = localname;
+    } else if (!strcmp(uri, "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/")) {
+      // xmlns:xmlns -> xmlns
+      // xmlns:foo -> xmlns:foo
+      if (strcmp(localname, "xmlns")) {
+        output_string(out, "xmlns:");
+      }
+      name = localname;
+    } else if (!strcmp(uri, "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink")) {
+      output_string(out, "xlink:");
+      name = localname;
+    } else if (ns->prefix) {
+      output_string(out, (char const *)ns->prefix);
+      output_char(out, ':');
+      name = localname;
+    }
+  }
+  output_string(out, name);
+}
+
+static void
+output_escaped_string(VALUE out, xmlChar const *start, bool attr)
+{
+  xmlChar const *next = start;
+  int ch;
+
+  while ((ch = *next) != 0) {
+    char const *replacement = NULL;
+    size_t replaced_bytes = 1;
+    if (ch == '&') {
+      replacement = "&amp;";
+    } else if (ch == 0xC2 && next[1] == 0xA0) {
+      // U+00A0 NO-BREAK SPACE has the UTF-8 encoding C2 A0.
+      replacement = "&nbsp;";
+      replaced_bytes = 2;
+    } else if (attr && ch == '"') {
+      replacement = "&quot;";
+    } else if (!attr && ch == '<') {
+      replacement = "&lt;";
+    } else if (!attr && ch == '>') {
+      replacement = "&gt;";
+    } else {
+      ++next;
+      continue;
+    }
+    output_partial_string(out, (char const *)start, next - start);
+    output_string(out, replacement);
+    next += replaced_bytes;
+    start = next;
+  }
+  output_partial_string(out, (char const *)start, next - start);
+}
+
+static bool
+should_prepend_newline(xmlNodePtr node)
+{
+  char const *name = (char const *)node->name;
+  xmlNodePtr child = node->children;
+
+  if (!name || !child || (strcmp(name, "pre") && strcmp(name, "textarea") && strcmp(name, "listing"))) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return child->type == XML_TEXT_NODE && child->content && child->content[0] == '\n';
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_prepend_newline(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  return should_prepend_newline(node) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static bool
+is_one_of(xmlNodePtr node, char const *const *tagnames, size_t num_tagnames)
+{
+  char const *name = (char const *)node->name;
+  if (name == NULL) { // fragments don't have a name
+    return false;
+  }
+  for (size_t idx = 0; idx < num_tagnames; ++idx) {
+    if (!strcmp(name, tagnames[idx])) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+
+}
+
+static void
+output_node(
+  VALUE out,
+  xmlNodePtr node,
+  bool preserve_newline
+)
+{
+  static char const *const VOID_ELEMENTS[] = {
+    "area", "base", "basefont", "bgsound", "br", "col", "embed", "frame", "hr",
+    "img", "input", "keygen", "link", "meta", "param", "source", "track", "wbr",
+  };
+
+  static char const *const UNESCAPED_TEXT_ELEMENTS[] = {
+    "style", "script", "xmp", "iframe", "noembed", "noframes", "plaintext", "noscript",
+  };
+
+  switch (node->type) {
+    case XML_ELEMENT_NODE:
+      // Serialize the start tag.
+      output_char(out, '<');
+      output_tagname(out, node);
+
+      // Add attributes.
+      for (xmlAttrPtr attr = node->properties; attr; attr = attr->next) {
+        output_char(out, ' ');
+        output_attr_name(out, attr);
+        if (attr->children) {
+          output_string(out, "=\"");
+          xmlChar *value = xmlNodeListGetString(attr->doc, attr->children, 1);
+          output_escaped_string(out, value, true);
+          xmlFree(value);
+          output_char(out, '"');
+        } else {
+          // Output name=""
+          output_string(out, "=\"\"");
+        }
+      }
+      output_char(out, '>');
+
+      // Add children and end tag if element is not void.
+      if (!is_one_of(node, VOID_ELEMENTS, sizeof VOID_ELEMENTS / sizeof VOID_ELEMENTS[0])) {
+        if (preserve_newline && should_prepend_newline(node)) {
+          output_char(out, '\n');
+        }
+        for (xmlNodePtr child = node->children; child; child = child->next) {
+          output_node(out, child, preserve_newline);
+        }
+        output_string(out, "</");
+        output_tagname(out, node);
+        output_char(out, '>');
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case XML_TEXT_NODE:
+      if (node->parent
+          && is_one_of(node->parent, UNESCAPED_TEXT_ELEMENTS,
+                       sizeof UNESCAPED_TEXT_ELEMENTS / sizeof UNESCAPED_TEXT_ELEMENTS[0])) {
+        output_string(out, (char const *)node->content);
+      } else {
+        output_escaped_string(out, node->content, false);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    case XML_CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
+      output_string(out, "<![CDATA[");
+      output_string(out, (char const *)node->content);
+      output_string(out, "]]>");
+      break;
+
+    case XML_COMMENT_NODE:
+      output_string(out, "<!--");
+      output_string(out, (char const *)node->content);
+      output_string(out, "-->");
+      break;
+
+    case XML_PI_NODE:
+      output_string(out, "<?");
+      output_string(out, (char const *)node->content);
+      output_char(out, '>');
+      break;
+
+    case XML_DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+    case XML_DTD_NODE:
+      output_string(out, "<!DOCTYPE ");
+      output_string(out, (char const *)node->name);
+      output_string(out, ">");
+      break;
+
+    case XML_DOCUMENT_NODE:
+    case XML_DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE:
+    case XML_HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE:
+      for (xmlNodePtr child = node->children; child; child = child->next) {
+        output_node(out, child, preserve_newline);
+      }
+      break;
+
+    default:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Unsupported document node (%d); this is a bug in Nokogiri", node->type);
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+static VALUE
+html_standard_serialize(
+  VALUE self,
+  VALUE preserve_newline
+)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  VALUE output = rb_str_buf_new(4096);
+  output_node(output, node, RTEST(preserve_newline));
+  return output;
+}
+
+/*
+ * :call-seq:
+ *   line() → Integer
+ *
+ * [Returns] The line number of this Node.
+ *
+ * ---
+ *
+ * <b> ⚠ The CRuby and JRuby implementations differ in important ways! </b>
+ *
+ * Semantic differences:
+ * - The CRuby method reflects the node's line number <i>in the parsed string</i>
+ * - The JRuby method reflects the node's line number <i>in the final DOM structure</i> after
+ *   corrections have been applied
+ *
+ * Performance differences:
+ * - The CRuby method is {O(1)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity#Constant_time]
+ *   (constant time)
+ * - The JRuby method is {O(n)}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_complexity#Linear_time] (linear
+ *   time, where n is the number of nodes before/above the element in the DOM)
+ *
+ * If you'd like to help improve the JRuby implementation, please review these issues and reach out
+ * to the maintainers:
+ * - https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/1223
+ * - https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/2177
+ * - https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/issues/2380
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_line(VALUE rb_node)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  return LONG2NUM(xmlGetLineNo(c_node));
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  line=(num)
+ *
+ * Sets the line for this Node. num must be less than 65535.
+ */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_line_set(VALUE rb_node, VALUE rb_line_number)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_node;
+  int line_number = NUM2INT(rb_line_number);
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_node, xmlNode, c_node);
+
+  // libxml2 optionally uses xmlNode.psvi to store longer line numbers, but only for text nodes.
+  // search for "psvi" in SAX2.c and tree.c to learn more.
+  if (line_number < 65535) {
+    c_node->line = (short) line_number;
+  } else {
+    c_node->line = 65535;
+    if (c_node->type == XML_TEXT_NODE) {
+      c_node->psvi = (void *)(ptrdiff_t) line_number;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return rb_line_number;
+}
+
+/* :nodoc: documented in lib/nokogiri/xml/node.rb */
+static VALUE
+rb_xml_node_new(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr c_document_node;
+  xmlNodePtr c_node;
+  VALUE rb_name;
+  VALUE rb_document_node;
+  VALUE rest;
+  VALUE rb_node;
+
+  rb_scan_args(argc, argv, "2*", &rb_name, &rb_document_node, &rest);
+
+  if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(rb_document_node, cNokogiriXmlNode)) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "document must be a Nokogiri::XML::Node");
+  }
+  if (!rb_obj_is_kind_of(rb_document_node, cNokogiriXmlDocument)) {
+    // TODO: deprecate allowing Node
+    NOKO_WARN_DEPRECATION("Passing a Node as the second parameter to Node.new is deprecated. Please pass a Document instead, or prefer an alternative constructor like Node#add_child. This will become an error in a future release of Nokogiri.");
+  }
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(rb_document_node, xmlNode, c_document_node);
+
+  c_node = xmlNewNode(NULL, (xmlChar *)StringValueCStr(rb_name));
+  c_node->doc = c_document_node->doc;
+  noko_xml_document_pin_node(c_node);
+
+  rb_node = noko_xml_node_wrap(
+              klass == cNokogiriXmlNode ? (VALUE)NULL : klass,
+              c_node
+            );
+  rb_obj_call_init(rb_node, argc, argv);
+
+  if (rb_block_given_p()) { rb_yield(rb_node); }
+
+  return rb_node;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  dump_html
+ *
+ * Returns the Node as html.
+ */
+static VALUE
+dump_html(VALUE self)
+{
+  xmlBufferPtr buf ;
+  xmlNodePtr node ;
+  VALUE html;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  buf = xmlBufferCreate() ;
+  htmlNodeDump(buf, node->doc, node);
+  html = NOKOGIRI_STR_NEW2(buf->content);
+  xmlBufferFree(buf);
+  return html ;
+}
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *  compare(other)
+ *
+ * Compare this Node to +other+ with respect to their Document
+ */
+static VALUE
+compare(VALUE self, VALUE _other)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, other;
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(_other, xmlNode, other);
+
+  return INT2NUM(xmlXPathCmpNodes(other, node));
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * call-seq:
+ *   process_xincludes(options)
+ *
+ * Loads and substitutes all xinclude elements below the node. The
+ * parser context will be initialized with +options+.
+ */
+static VALUE
+process_xincludes(VALUE self, VALUE options)
+{
+  int rcode ;
+  xmlNodePtr node;
+  VALUE error_list = rb_ary_new();
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  xmlSetStructuredErrorFunc((void *)error_list, Nokogiri_error_array_pusher);
+  rcode = xmlXIncludeProcessTreeFlags(node, (int)NUM2INT(options));
+  xmlSetStructuredErrorFunc(NULL, NULL);
+
+  if (rcode < 0) {
+    xmlErrorPtr error;
+
+    error = xmlGetLastError();
+    if (error) {
+      rb_exc_raise(Nokogiri_wrap_xml_syntax_error(error));
+    } else {
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Could not perform xinclude substitution");
+    }
+  }
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+
+/* TODO: DOCUMENT ME */
+static VALUE
+in_context(VALUE self, VALUE _str, VALUE _options)
+{
+  xmlNodePtr node, list = 0, tmp, child_iter, node_children, doc_children;
+  xmlNodeSetPtr set;
+  xmlParserErrors error;
+  VALUE doc, err;
+  int doc_is_empty;
+
+  Noko_Node_Get_Struct(self, xmlNode, node);
+
+  doc = DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(node->doc);
+  err = rb_iv_get(doc, "@errors");
+  doc_is_empty = (node->doc->children == NULL) ? 1 : 0;
+  node_children = node->children;
+  doc_children  = node->doc->children;
+
+  xmlSetStructuredErrorFunc((void *)err, Nokogiri_error_array_pusher);
+
+  /* Twiddle global variable because of a bug in libxml2.
+   * http://git.gnome.org/browse/libxml2/commit/?id=e20fb5a72c83cbfc8e4a8aa3943c6be8febadab7
+   */
+#ifndef HTML_PARSE_NOIMPLIED
+  htmlHandleOmittedElem(0);
+#endif
+
+  /* This function adds a fake node to the child of +node+.  If the parser
+   * does not exit cleanly with XML_ERR_OK, the list is freed.  This can
+   * leave the child pointers in a bad state if they were originally empty.
+   *
+   * http://git.gnome.org/browse/libxml2/tree/parser.c#n13177
+   * */
+  error = xmlParseInNodeContext(node, StringValuePtr(_str),
+                                (int)RSTRING_LEN(_str),
+                                (int)NUM2INT(_options), &list);
+
+  /* xmlParseInNodeContext should not mutate the original document or node,
+   * so reassigning these pointers should be OK.  The reason we're reassigning
+   * is because if there were errors, it's possible for the child pointers
+   * to be manipulated. */
+  if (error != XML_ERR_OK) {
+    node->doc->children = doc_children;
+    node->children = node_children;
+  }
+
+  /* make sure parent/child pointers are coherent so an unlink will work
+   * properly (#331)
+   */
+  child_iter = node->doc->children ;
+  while (child_iter) {
+    child_iter->parent = (xmlNodePtr)node->doc;
+    child_iter = child_iter->next;
+  }
+
+#ifndef HTML_PARSE_NOIMPLIED
+  htmlHandleOmittedElem(1);
+#endif
+
+  xmlSetStructuredErrorFunc(NULL, NULL);
+
+  /*
+   * Workaround for a libxml2 bug where a parsing error may leave a broken
+   * node reference in node->doc->children.
+   *
+   * https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=668155
+   *
+   * This workaround is limited to when a parse error occurs, the document
+   * went from having no children to having children, and the context node is
+   * part of a document fragment.
+   *
+   * TODO: This was fixed in libxml 2.8.0 by 71a243d
+   */
+  if (error != XML_ERR_OK && doc_is_empty && node->doc->children != NULL) {
+    child_iter = node;
+    while (child_iter->parent) {
+      child_iter = child_iter->parent;
+    }
+
+    if (child_iter->type == XML_DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE) {
+      node->doc->children = NULL;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* FIXME: This probably needs to handle more constants... */
+  switch (error) {
+    case XML_ERR_INTERNAL_ERROR:
+    case XML_ERR_NO_MEMORY:
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "error parsing fragment (%d)", error);
+      break;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+
+  set = xmlXPathNodeSetCreate(NULL);
+
+  while (list) {
+    tmp = list->next;
+    list->next = NULL;
+    xmlXPathNodeSetAddUnique(set, list);
+    noko_xml_document_pin_node(list);
+    list = tmp;
+  }
+
+  return noko_xml_node_set_wrap(set, doc);
+}
+
+VALUE
+noko_xml_node_wrap(VALUE rb_class, xmlNodePtr c_node)
+{
+  VALUE rb_document, rb_node_cache, rb_node;
+  nokogiriTuplePtr node_has_a_document;
+  xmlDocPtr c_doc;
+
+  assert(c_node);
+
+  if (c_node->type == XML_DOCUMENT_NODE || c_node->type == XML_HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+    return DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(c_node->doc);
+  }
+
+  c_doc = c_node->doc;
+
+  // Nodes yielded from XML::Reader don't have a fully-realized Document
+  node_has_a_document = DOC_RUBY_OBJECT_TEST(c_doc);
+
+  if (c_node->_private && node_has_a_document) {
+    return (VALUE)c_node->_private;
+  }
+
+  if (!RTEST(rb_class)) {
+    switch (c_node->type) {
+      case XML_ELEMENT_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlElement;
+        break;
+      case XML_TEXT_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlText;
+        break;
+      case XML_ATTRIBUTE_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlAttr;
+        break;
+      case XML_ENTITY_REF_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlEntityReference;
+        break;
+      case XML_COMMENT_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlComment;
+        break;
+      case XML_DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlDocumentFragment;
+        break;
+      case XML_PI_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlProcessingInstruction;
+        break;
+      case XML_ENTITY_DECL:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlEntityDecl;
+        break;
+      case XML_CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlCData;
+        break;
+      case XML_DTD_NODE:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlDtd;
+        break;
+      case XML_ATTRIBUTE_DECL:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlAttributeDecl;
+        break;
+      case XML_ELEMENT_DECL:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlElementDecl;
+        break;
+      default:
+        rb_class = cNokogiriXmlNode;
+    }
+  }
+
+  rb_node = TypedData_Wrap_Struct(rb_class, &nokogiri_node_type, c_node) ;
+  c_node->_private = (void *)rb_node;
+
+  if (node_has_a_document) {
+    rb_document = DOC_RUBY_OBJECT(c_doc);
+    rb_node_cache = DOC_NODE_CACHE(c_doc);
+    rb_ary_push(rb_node_cache, rb_node);
+    rb_funcall(rb_document, id_decorate, 1, rb_node);
+  }
+
+  return rb_node ;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ *  return Array<Nokogiri::XML::Attr> containing the node's attributes
+ */
+VALUE
+noko_xml_node_attrs(xmlNodePtr c_node)
+{
+  VALUE rb_properties = rb_ary_new();
+  xmlAttrPtr c_property;
+
+  c_property = c_node->properties ;
+  while (c_property != NULL) {
+    rb_ary_push(rb_properties, noko_xml_node_wrap(Qnil, (xmlNodePtr)c_property));
+    c_property = c_property->next ;
+  }
+
+  return rb_properties;
+}
+
+void
+noko_init_xml_node()
+{
+  cNokogiriXmlNode = rb_define_class_under(mNokogiriXml, "Node", rb_cObject);
+
+  rb_undef_alloc_func(cNokogiriXmlNode);
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "new", rb_xml_node_new, -1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "add_namespace_definition", rb_xml_node_add_namespace_definition, 2);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "attribute", rb_xml_node_attribute, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "attribute_nodes", rb_xml_node_attribute_nodes, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "attribute_with_ns", rb_xml_node_attribute_with_ns, 2);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "blank?", rb_xml_node_blank_eh, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "child", rb_xml_node_child, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "children", rb_xml_node_children, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "content", rb_xml_node_content, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "create_external_subset", create_external_subset, 3);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "create_internal_subset", create_internal_subset, 3);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "document", rb_xml_node_document, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "dup", duplicate_node, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "element_children", rb_xml_node_element_children, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "encode_special_chars", encode_special_chars, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "external_subset", external_subset, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "first_element_child", rb_xml_node_first_element_child, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "internal_subset", internal_subset, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "key?", key_eh, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "lang", get_lang, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "lang=", set_lang, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "last_element_child", rb_xml_node_last_element_child, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "line", rb_xml_node_line, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "line=", rb_xml_node_line_set, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "namespace", rb_xml_node_namespace, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "namespace_definitions", namespace_definitions, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "namespace_scopes", rb_xml_node_namespace_scopes, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "namespaced_key?", namespaced_key_eh, 2);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "native_content=", set_native_content, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "next_element", next_element, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "next_sibling", next_sibling, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "node_name", get_name, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "node_name=", set_name, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "node_type", node_type, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "parent", get_parent, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "path", rb_xml_node_path, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "pointer_id", rb_xml_node_pointer_id, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "previous_element", previous_element, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "previous_sibling", previous_sibling, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "unlink", unlink_node, 0);
+
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "add_child_node", add_child, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "add_next_sibling_node", add_next_sibling, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "add_previous_sibling_node", add_previous_sibling, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "compare", compare, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "dump_html", dump_html, 0);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "get", get, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "in_context", in_context, 2);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "native_write_to", native_write_to, 4);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "prepend_newline?", rb_prepend_newline, 0);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "html_standard_serialize", html_standard_serialize, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "process_xincludes", process_xincludes, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "replace_node", replace, 1);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "set", set, 2);
+  rb_define_private_method(cNokogiriXmlNode, "set_namespace", set_namespace, 1);
+
+  id_decorate      = rb_intern("decorate");
+  id_decorate_bang = rb_intern("decorate!");
+}