nokogiri 1.11.1-java → 1.11.2-java

data/ext/java/nokogiri/XmlNode.java

@@ -82,1603 +82,1858 @@ import nokogiri.internals.XmlDomParserContext;
  * @author Yoko Harada <yokolet@gmail.com>
  * @author John Shahid <jvshahid@gmail.com>
  */
-@JRubyClass(name="Nokogiri::XML::Node")
-public class XmlNode extends RubyObject {
-    protected static final String TEXT_WRAPPER_NAME = "nokogiri_text_wrapper";
-
-    /** The underlying Node object. */
-    protected Node node;
-
-    /* Cached objects */
-    protected IRubyObject content = null;
-    private transient XmlDocument doc;
-    protected transient RubyString name;
-
-    /*
-     * Taken from http://ejohn.org/blog/comparing-document-position/
-     * Used for compareDocumentPosition.
-     * <ironic>Thanks to both java api and w3 doc for its helpful documentation</ironic>
-     */
-
-    protected static final int IDENTICAL_ELEMENTS = 0;
-    protected static final int IN_DIFFERENT_DOCUMENTS = 1;
-    protected static final int SECOND_PRECEDES_FIRST = 2;
-    protected static final int FIRST_PRECEDES_SECOND = 4;
-    protected static final int SECOND_CONTAINS_FIRST = 8;
-    protected static final int FIRST_CONTAINS_SECOND = 16;
-
-    /**
-     * Cast <code>node</code> to an XmlNode or raise a type error
-     * in <code>context</code>.
-     */
-    protected static XmlNode asXmlNode(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject node) {
-        if ( !(node instanceof XmlNode) ) {
-            final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
-            throw runtime.newTypeError(node == null ? runtime.getNil() : node, getNokogiriClass(runtime, "Nokogiri::XML::Node"));
-        }
-        return (XmlNode) node;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Cast <code>node</code> to an XmlNode, or null if RubyNil, or
-     * raise a type error in <code>context</code>.
-     */
-    protected static XmlNode asXmlNodeOrNull(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject node) {
-        if (node == null || node.isNil()) return null;
-        return asXmlNode(context, node);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Coalesce to adjacent TextNodes.
-     * @param context
-     * @param prev Previous node to cur.
-     * @param cur Next node to prev.
-     */
-    public static void coalesceTextNodes(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject prev, IRubyObject cur) {
-        XmlNode p = asXmlNode(context, prev);
-        XmlNode c = asXmlNode(context, cur);
-
-        Node pNode = p.node;
-        Node cNode = c.node;
-
-        pNode.setNodeValue(pNode.getNodeValue()+cNode.getNodeValue());
-        p.content = null;       // clear cached content
-
-        c.assimilateXmlNode(context, p);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Coalesce text nodes around <code>anchorNode</code>.  If
-     * <code>anchorNode</code> has siblings (previous or next) that
-     * are text nodes, the content will be merged into
-     * <code>anchorNode</code> and the redundant nodes will be removed
-     * from the DOM.
-     *
-     * To match libxml behavior (?) the final content of
-     * <code>anchorNode</code> and any removed nodes will be
-     * identical.
-     *
-     * @param context
-     * @param anchorNode
-     */
-    protected static void coalesceTextNodes(ThreadContext context,
-                                            IRubyObject anchorNode,
-                                            AdoptScheme scheme) {
-        XmlNode xa = asXmlNode(context, anchorNode);
-
-        XmlNode xp = asXmlNodeOrNull(context, xa.previous_sibling(context));
-        XmlNode xn = asXmlNodeOrNull(context, xa.next_sibling(context));
-
-        Node p = xp == null ? null : xp.node;
-        Node a = xa.node;
-        Node n = xn == null ? null : xn.node;
-
-        Node parent = a.getParentNode();
-
-        boolean shouldMergeP = scheme == AdoptScheme.NEXT_SIBLING || scheme == AdoptScheme.CHILD || scheme == AdoptScheme.REPLACEMENT;
-        boolean shouldMergeN = scheme == AdoptScheme.PREV_SIBLING || scheme == AdoptScheme.REPLACEMENT;
-
-        // apply the merge right to left
-        if (shouldMergeN && n != null && n.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
-            xa.setContent(a.getNodeValue() + n.getNodeValue());
-            parent.removeChild(n);
-            xn.assimilateXmlNode(context, xa);
-        }
-        if (shouldMergeP && p != null && p.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
-            xp.setContent(p.getNodeValue() + a.getNodeValue());
-            parent.removeChild(a);
-            xa.assimilateXmlNode(context, xp);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This is the allocator for XmlNode class.  It should only be
-     * called from Ruby code.
-     */
-    public XmlNode(Ruby runtime, RubyClass klass) {
-        super(runtime, klass);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This is a constructor to create an XmlNode from an already
-     * existing node.  It may be called by Java code.
-     */
-    public XmlNode(Ruby runtime, RubyClass klass, Node node) {
-        super(runtime, klass);
-        setNode(runtime, node);
-    }
-
-    protected void decorate(final Ruby runtime) {
-        if (node != null) {
-            resetCache();
-
-            if (node.getNodeType() != Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
-                setDocumentAndDecorate(runtime.getCurrentContext(), this, document(runtime));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Create and return a copy of this object.
-     *
-     * @return a clone of this object
-     */
-    @Override
-    public Object clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException {
-        return super.clone();
-    }
-
-    protected void resetCache() {
-        node.setUserData(NokogiriHelpers.CACHED_NODE, this, null);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Allocate a new object, perform initialization, call that
-     * object's initialize method, and call any block passing the
-     * object as the only argument.  If <code>cls</code> is
-     * Nokogiri::XML::Node, creates a new Nokogiri::XML::Element
-     * instead.
-     *
-     * This static method seems to be inherited, strangely enough.
-     * E.g. creating a new XmlAttr from Ruby code calls this method if
-     * XmlAttr does not define its own 'new' method.
-     *
-     * Since there is some Java bookkeeping that always needs to
-     * happen, we don't define the 'initialize' method in Java because
-     * we'd have to count on subclasses calling 'super'.
-     *
-     * The main consequence of this is that every subclass needs to
-     * define its own 'new' method.
-     *
-     * As a convenience, this method does the following:
-     *
-     * <ul>
-     *
-     * <li>allocates a new object using the allocator assigned to
-     * <code>cls</code></li>
-     *
-     * <li>calls the Java method init(); subclasses can override this,
-     * otherwise they should implement a specific 'new' method</li>
-     *
-     * <li>invokes the Ruby initializer</li>
-     *
-     * <li>if a block is given, calls the block with the new node as
-     * the argument</li>
-     *
-     * </ul>
-     *
-     * -pmahoney
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(name = "new", meta = true, rest = true)
-    public static IRubyObject rbNew(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject cls,
-                                    IRubyObject[] args, Block block) {
-        Ruby ruby = context.runtime;
-        RubyClass klazz = (RubyClass) cls;
-
-        if ("Nokogiri::XML::Node".equals(klazz.getName())) {
-            klazz = getNokogiriClass(ruby, "Nokogiri::XML::Element");
-        }
-
-        XmlNode xmlNode = (XmlNode) klazz.allocate();
-        xmlNode.init(context, args);
-        xmlNode.callInit(args, block);
-        assert xmlNode.node != null;
-        if (block.isGiven()) block.call(context, xmlNode);
-        return xmlNode;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Initialize the object from Ruby arguments.  Should be
-     * overridden by subclasses.  Should check for a minimum number of
-     * args but not for an exact number.  Any extra args will then be
-     * passed to 'initialize'.  The way 'new' and this 'init' function
-     * interact means that subclasses cannot arbitrarily change the
-     * require aruments by defining an 'initialize' method.  This is
-     * how the C libxml wrapper works also.
-     *
-     * As written it performs initialization for a new Element with
-     * the given <code>name</code> within the document
-     * <code>doc</code>.  So XmlElement need not override this.  This
-     * implementation cannot be moved to XmlElement however, because
-     * subclassing XmlNode must result in something that behaves much
-     * like XmlElement.
-     */
-    protected void init(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args) {
-        if (args.length < 2)
-            throw context.runtime.newArgumentError(args.length, 2);
-
-        IRubyObject name = args[0];
-        IRubyObject doc = args[1];
-
-        Document document = asXmlNode(context, doc).getOwnerDocument();
-        if (document == null) {
-            throw context.runtime.newArgumentError("node must have owner document");
-        }
-
-        Element element;
-        String node_name = rubyStringToString(name);
-        String prefix = NokogiriHelpers.getPrefix(node_name);
-        String namespace_uri = null;
-        if (document.getDocumentElement() != null) {
-            namespace_uri = document.getDocumentElement().lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
-        }
-        element = document.createElementNS(namespace_uri, node_name);
-        setNode(context.runtime, element);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Set the underlying node of this node to the underlying node of
-     * <code>otherNode</code>.
-     *
-     * FIXME: also update the cached node?
-     */
-    protected void assimilateXmlNode(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject otherNode) {
-        XmlNode toAssimilate = asXmlNode(context, otherNode);
-
-        this.node = toAssimilate.node;
-        content = null;         // clear cache
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * See org.w3.dom.Node#normalize.
-     */
-    public void normalize() {
-        node.normalize();
-    }
-
-    public Node getNode() {
-        return node;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isComment() { return false; }
-
-    public boolean isElement() {
-        if (node instanceof Element) return true; // in case of subclassing
-        else return false;
-    }
-
-    public boolean isProcessingInstruction() { return false; }
-
-    /**
-     * Return the string value of the attribute <code>key</code> or
-     * nil.
-     *
-     * Only applies where the underlying Node is an Element node, but
-     * implemented here in XmlNode because not all nodes with
-     * underlying Element nodes subclass XmlElement, such as the DTD
-     * declarations like XmlElementDecl.
-     */
-    protected IRubyObject getAttribute(ThreadContext context, String key) {
-        return getAttribute(context.runtime, key);
-    }
-
-    protected IRubyObject getAttribute(Ruby runtime, String key) {
-        String value = getAttribute(key);
-        return nonEmptyStringOrNil(runtime, value);
-    }
-
-    protected String getAttribute(String key) {
-        if (node.getNodeType() != Node.ELEMENT_NODE) return null;
-
-        String value = ((Element)node).getAttribute(key);
-        return value.length() == 0 ? null : value;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This method should be called after a node has been adopted in a new
-     * document. This method will ensure that the node is renamed with the
-     * appriopriate NS uri. First the prefix of the node is extracted, then is
-     * used to lookup the namespace uri in the new document starting at the
-     * current node and traversing the ancestors. If the namespace uri wasn't
-     * empty (or null) all children and the node has attributes and/or children
-     * then the algorithm is recursively applied to the children.
-     */
-    public void relink_namespace(ThreadContext context) {
-        if (!(node instanceof Element)) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        Element e = (Element) node;
-
-        // disable error checking to prevent lines like the following
-        // from throwing a `NAMESPACE_ERR' exception:
-        // Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment.parse("<o:div>a</o:div>")
-        // since the `o' prefix isn't defined anywhere.
-        e.getOwnerDocument().setStrictErrorChecking(false);
-
-        String prefix = e.getPrefix();
-        String nsURI = e.lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
-        this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(e, nsURI, e.getNodeName());
-
-        if (nsURI == null || nsURI.isEmpty()) return;
-
-        String currentPrefix = e.getParentNode().lookupPrefix(nsURI);
-        String currentURI = e.getParentNode().lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
-        boolean isDefault = e.getParentNode().isDefaultNamespace(nsURI);
-
-        // add xmlns attribute if this is a new root node or if the node's
-        // namespace isn't a default namespace in the new document
-        if (e.getParentNode().getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
-            // this is the root node, so we must set the namespaces attributes anyway
-            e.setAttribute(prefix == null ? "xmlns" : "xmlns:" + prefix, nsURI);
-        } else if (prefix == null) {
-            // this is a default namespace but isn't the default where this node is being added
-            if (!isDefault) e.setAttribute("xmlns", nsURI);
-        } else if (!prefix.equals(currentPrefix) || nsURI.equals(currentURI)) {
-            // this is a prefixed namespace
-            // but doesn't have the same prefix or the prefix is set to a different URI
-            e.setAttribute("xmlns:" + prefix, nsURI);
-        }
-
-        if (e.hasAttributes()) {
-            NamedNodeMap attrs = e.getAttributes();
-
-            for (int i = 0; i < attrs.getLength(); i++) {
-                Attr attr = (Attr) attrs.item(i);
-                String attrPrefix = attr.getPrefix();
-                if (attrPrefix == null) {
-                    attrPrefix = NokogiriHelpers.getPrefix(attr.getNodeName());
-                }
-                String nodeName = attr.getNodeName();
-                String nsUri;
-                if ("xml".equals(attrPrefix)) {
-                    nsUri = "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";
-                } else if ("xmlns".equals(attrPrefix) || nodeName.equals("xmlns")) {
-                    nsUri = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";
-                } else {
-                    nsUri = attr.lookupNamespaceURI(attrPrefix);
-                }
-
-                if (nsUri != null && nsUri.equals(e.getNamespaceURI())) {
-                    nsUri = null;
-                }
-
-                if (!(nsUri == null || "".equals(nsUri) || "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace".equals(nsUri))) {
-                    // Create a new namespace object and add it to the document namespace cache.
-                    // TODO: why do we need the namespace cache ?
-                    XmlNamespace.createFromAttr(context.runtime, attr);
-                }
-                NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(attr, nsUri, nodeName);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (this.node.hasChildNodes()) {
-            relink_namespace(context, getChildren());
-        }
-    }
-
-    static void relink_namespace(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] nodes) {
-        for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
-            if (nodes[i] instanceof XmlNode) {
-                ((XmlNode) nodes[i]).relink_namespace(context);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // Users might extend XmlNode. This method works for such a case.
-    public void accept(ThreadContext context, SaveContextVisitor visitor) {
-        visitor.enter(node);
-        acceptChildren(context, getChildren(), visitor);
-        visitor.leave(node);
-    }
-
-    void acceptChildren(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] nodes, SaveContextVisitor visitor) {
-        if (nodes.length > 0) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
-                Object item = nodes[i];
-                if (item instanceof XmlNode) {
-                    ((XmlNode) item).accept(context, visitor);
-                } else if (item instanceof XmlNamespace) {
-                    ((XmlNamespace) item).accept(context, visitor);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    RubyString doSetName(IRubyObject name) {
-        if (name.isNil()) return this.name = null;
-        return this.name = name.convertToString();
-    }
-
-    public void setDocument(ThreadContext context, XmlDocument doc) {
-        this.doc = doc;
-
-        setDocumentAndDecorate(context, this, doc);
-    }
-
-    // shared logic with XmlNodeSet
-    static void setDocumentAndDecorate(ThreadContext context, RubyObject self, XmlDocument doc) {
-        self.setInstanceVariable("@document", doc == null ? context.nil : doc);
-        if (doc != null) Helpers.invoke(context, doc, "decorate", self);
-    }
-
-    public void setNode(Ruby runtime, Node node) {
-        this.node = node;
-
-        decorate(runtime);
-
-        if (this instanceof XmlAttr) {
-            ((XmlAttr) this).setNamespaceIfNecessary(runtime);
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected IRubyObject getNodeName(ThreadContext context) {
-        if (name != null) return name;
-
-        String str = null;
-        if (node != null) {
-            str = NokogiriHelpers.getLocalPart(node.getNodeName());
-        }
-        if (str == null) str = "";
-        if (str.startsWith("#")) str = str.substring(1); // eliminates '#'
-        return name = context.runtime.newString(str);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add a namespace definition to this node.  To the underlying
-     * node, add an attribute of the form
-     * <code>xmlns:prefix="uri"</code>.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"add_namespace_definition", "add_namespace"})
-    public IRubyObject add_namespace_definition(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject prefix, IRubyObject href) {
-        String hrefStr, prefixStr = prefix.isNil() ? null : prefix.convertToString().decodeString();
-
-        // try to search the namespace first
-        if (href.isNil()) {
-            hrefStr = findNamespaceHref(context, prefixStr);
-            if (hrefStr == null) return context.nil;
-            href = context.runtime.newString(hrefStr);
+@JRubyClass(name = "Nokogiri::XML::Node")
+public class XmlNode extends RubyObject
+{
+  protected static final String TEXT_WRAPPER_NAME = "nokogiri_text_wrapper";
+
+  /** The underlying Node object. */
+  protected Node node;
+
+  /* Cached objects */
+  protected IRubyObject content = null;
+  private transient XmlDocument doc;
+  protected transient RubyString name;
+
+  /*
+   * Taken from http://ejohn.org/blog/comparing-document-position/
+   * Used for compareDocumentPosition.
+   * <ironic>Thanks to both java api and w3 doc for its helpful documentation</ironic>
+   */
+
+  protected static final int IDENTICAL_ELEMENTS = 0;
+  protected static final int IN_DIFFERENT_DOCUMENTS = 1;
+  protected static final int SECOND_PRECEDES_FIRST = 2;
+  protected static final int FIRST_PRECEDES_SECOND = 4;
+  protected static final int SECOND_CONTAINS_FIRST = 8;
+  protected static final int FIRST_CONTAINS_SECOND = 16;
+
+  /**
+   * Cast <code>node</code> to an XmlNode or raise a type error
+   * in <code>context</code>.
+   */
+  protected static XmlNode
+  asXmlNode(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject node)
+  {
+    if (!(node instanceof XmlNode)) {
+      final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
+      throw runtime.newTypeError(node == null ? runtime.getNil() : node, getNokogiriClass(runtime, "Nokogiri::XML::Node"));
+    }
+    return (XmlNode) node;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Cast <code>node</code> to an XmlNode, or null if RubyNil, or
+   * raise a type error in <code>context</code>.
+   */
+  protected static XmlNode
+  asXmlNodeOrNull(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject node)
+  {
+    if (node == null || node.isNil()) { return null; }
+    return asXmlNode(context, node);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coalesce to adjacent TextNodes.
+   * @param context
+   * @param prev Previous node to cur.
+   * @param cur Next node to prev.
+   */
+  public static void
+  coalesceTextNodes(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject prev, IRubyObject cur)
+  {
+    XmlNode p = asXmlNode(context, prev);
+    XmlNode c = asXmlNode(context, cur);
+
+    Node pNode = p.node;
+    Node cNode = c.node;
+
+    pNode.setNodeValue(pNode.getNodeValue() + cNode.getNodeValue());
+    p.content = null;       // clear cached content
+
+    c.assimilateXmlNode(context, p);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Coalesce text nodes around <code>anchorNode</code>.  If
+   * <code>anchorNode</code> has siblings (previous or next) that
+   * are text nodes, the content will be merged into
+   * <code>anchorNode</code> and the redundant nodes will be removed
+   * from the DOM.
+   *
+   * To match libxml behavior (?) the final content of
+   * <code>anchorNode</code> and any removed nodes will be
+   * identical.
+   *
+   * @param context
+   * @param anchorNode
+   */
+  protected static void
+  coalesceTextNodes(ThreadContext context,
+                    IRubyObject anchorNode,
+                    AdoptScheme scheme)
+  {
+    XmlNode xa = asXmlNode(context, anchorNode);
+
+    XmlNode xp = asXmlNodeOrNull(context, xa.previous_sibling(context));
+    XmlNode xn = asXmlNodeOrNull(context, xa.next_sibling(context));
+
+    Node p = xp == null ? null : xp.node;
+    Node a = xa.node;
+    Node n = xn == null ? null : xn.node;
+
+    Node parent = a.getParentNode();
+
+    boolean shouldMergeP = scheme == AdoptScheme.NEXT_SIBLING || scheme == AdoptScheme.CHILD
+                           || scheme == AdoptScheme.REPLACEMENT;
+    boolean shouldMergeN = scheme == AdoptScheme.PREV_SIBLING || scheme == AdoptScheme.REPLACEMENT;
+
+    // apply the merge right to left
+    if (shouldMergeN && n != null && n.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      xa.setContent(a.getNodeValue() + n.getNodeValue());
+      parent.removeChild(n);
+      xn.assimilateXmlNode(context, xa);
+    }
+    if (shouldMergeP && p != null && p.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      xp.setContent(p.getNodeValue() + a.getNodeValue());
+      parent.removeChild(a);
+      xa.assimilateXmlNode(context, xp);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This is the allocator for XmlNode class.  It should only be
+   * called from Ruby code.
+   */
+  public
+  XmlNode(Ruby runtime, RubyClass klass)
+  {
+    super(runtime, klass);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This is a constructor to create an XmlNode from an already
+   * existing node.  It may be called by Java code.
+   */
+  public
+  XmlNode(Ruby runtime, RubyClass klass, Node node)
+  {
+    super(runtime, klass);
+    setNode(runtime, node);
+  }
+
+  protected void
+  decorate(final Ruby runtime)
+  {
+    if (node != null) {
+      resetCache();
+
+      if (node.getNodeType() != Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+        setDocumentAndDecorate(runtime.getCurrentContext(), this, document(runtime));
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create and return a copy of this object.
+   *
+   * @return a clone of this object
+   */
+  @Override
+  public Object
+  clone() throws CloneNotSupportedException
+  {
+    return super.clone();
+  }
+
+  protected void
+  resetCache()
+  {
+    node.setUserData(NokogiriHelpers.CACHED_NODE, this, null);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Allocate a new object, perform initialization, call that
+   * object's initialize method, and call any block passing the
+   * object as the only argument.  If <code>cls</code> is
+   * Nokogiri::XML::Node, creates a new Nokogiri::XML::Element
+   * instead.
+   *
+   * This static method seems to be inherited, strangely enough.
+   * E.g. creating a new XmlAttr from Ruby code calls this method if
+   * XmlAttr does not define its own 'new' method.
+   *
+   * Since there is some Java bookkeeping that always needs to
+   * happen, we don't define the 'initialize' method in Java because
+   * we'd have to count on subclasses calling 'super'.
+   *
+   * The main consequence of this is that every subclass needs to
+   * define its own 'new' method.
+   *
+   * As a convenience, this method does the following:
+   *
+   * <ul>
+   *
+   * <li>allocates a new object using the allocator assigned to
+   * <code>cls</code></li>
+   *
+   * <li>calls the Java method init(); subclasses can override this,
+   * otherwise they should implement a specific 'new' method</li>
+   *
+   * <li>invokes the Ruby initializer</li>
+   *
+   * <li>if a block is given, calls the block with the new node as
+   * the argument</li>
+   *
+   * </ul>
+   *
+   * -pmahoney
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(name = "new", meta = true, rest = true)
+  public static IRubyObject
+  rbNew(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject cls,
+        IRubyObject[] args, Block block)
+  {
+    Ruby ruby = context.runtime;
+    RubyClass klazz = (RubyClass) cls;
+
+    if ("Nokogiri::XML::Node".equals(klazz.getName())) {
+      klazz = getNokogiriClass(ruby, "Nokogiri::XML::Element");
+    }
+
+    XmlNode xmlNode = (XmlNode) klazz.allocate();
+    xmlNode.init(context, args);
+    xmlNode.callInit(args, block);
+    assert xmlNode.node != null;
+    if (block.isGiven()) { block.call(context, xmlNode); }
+    return xmlNode;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize the object from Ruby arguments.  Should be
+   * overridden by subclasses.  Should check for a minimum number of
+   * args but not for an exact number.  Any extra args will then be
+   * passed to 'initialize'.  The way 'new' and this 'init' function
+   * interact means that subclasses cannot arbitrarily change the
+   * require aruments by defining an 'initialize' method.  This is
+   * how the C libxml wrapper works also.
+   *
+   * As written it performs initialization for a new Element with
+   * the given <code>name</code> within the document
+   * <code>doc</code>.  So XmlElement need not override this.  This
+   * implementation cannot be moved to XmlElement however, because
+   * subclassing XmlNode must result in something that behaves much
+   * like XmlElement.
+   */
+  protected void
+  init(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args)
+  {
+    if (args.length < 2) {
+      throw context.runtime.newArgumentError(args.length, 2);
+    }
+
+    IRubyObject name = args[0];
+    IRubyObject doc = args[1];
+
+    Document document = asXmlNode(context, doc).getOwnerDocument();
+    if (document == null) {
+      throw context.runtime.newArgumentError("node must have owner document");
+    }
+
+    Element element;
+    String node_name = rubyStringToString(name);
+    String prefix = NokogiriHelpers.getPrefix(node_name);
+    String namespace_uri = null;
+    if (document.getDocumentElement() != null) {
+      namespace_uri = document.getDocumentElement().lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
+    }
+    element = document.createElementNS(namespace_uri, node_name);
+    setNode(context.runtime, element);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Set the underlying node of this node to the underlying node of
+   * <code>otherNode</code>.
+   *
+   * FIXME: also update the cached node?
+   */
+  protected void
+  assimilateXmlNode(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject otherNode)
+  {
+    XmlNode toAssimilate = asXmlNode(context, otherNode);
+
+    this.node = toAssimilate.node;
+    content = null;         // clear cache
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * See org.w3.dom.Node#normalize.
+   */
+  public void
+  normalize()
+  {
+    node.normalize();
+  }
+
+  public Node
+  getNode()
+  {
+    return node;
+  }
+
+  public boolean
+  isComment() { return false; }
+
+  public boolean
+  isElement()
+  {
+    if (node instanceof Element) { return true; } // in case of subclassing
+    else { return false; }
+  }
+
+  public boolean
+  isProcessingInstruction() { return false; }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the string value of the attribute <code>key</code> or
+   * nil.
+   *
+   * Only applies where the underlying Node is an Element node, but
+   * implemented here in XmlNode because not all nodes with
+   * underlying Element nodes subclass XmlElement, such as the DTD
+   * declarations like XmlElementDecl.
+   */
+  protected IRubyObject
+  getAttribute(ThreadContext context, String key)
+  {
+    return getAttribute(context.runtime, key);
+  }
+
+  protected IRubyObject
+  getAttribute(Ruby runtime, String key)
+  {
+    String value = getAttribute(key);
+    return nonEmptyStringOrNil(runtime, value);
+  }
+
+  protected String
+  getAttribute(String key)
+  {
+    if (node.getNodeType() != Node.ELEMENT_NODE) { return null; }
+
+    String value = ((Element)node).getAttribute(key);
+    return value.length() == 0 ? null : value;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This method should be called after a node has been adopted in a new
+   * document. This method will ensure that the node is renamed with the
+   * appriopriate NS uri. First the prefix of the node is extracted, then is
+   * used to lookup the namespace uri in the new document starting at the
+   * current node and traversing the ancestors. If the namespace uri wasn't
+   * empty (or null) all children and the node has attributes and/or children
+   * then the algorithm is recursively applied to the children.
+   */
+  public void
+  relink_namespace(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    if (!(node instanceof Element)) {
+      return;
+    }
+
+    Element e = (Element) node;
+
+    // disable error checking to prevent lines like the following
+    // from throwing a `NAMESPACE_ERR' exception:
+    // Nokogiri::XML::DocumentFragment.parse("<o:div>a</o:div>")
+    // since the `o' prefix isn't defined anywhere.
+    e.getOwnerDocument().setStrictErrorChecking(false);
+
+    String prefix = e.getPrefix();
+    String nsURI = e.lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
+    this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(e, nsURI, e.getNodeName());
+
+    if (nsURI == null || nsURI.isEmpty()) { return; }
+
+    String currentPrefix = e.getParentNode().lookupPrefix(nsURI);
+    String currentURI = e.getParentNode().lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
+    boolean isDefault = e.getParentNode().isDefaultNamespace(nsURI);
+
+    // add xmlns attribute if this is a new root node or if the node's
+    // namespace isn't a default namespace in the new document
+    if (e.getParentNode().getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+      // this is the root node, so we must set the namespaces attributes anyway
+      e.setAttribute(prefix == null ? "xmlns" : "xmlns:" + prefix, nsURI);
+    } else if (prefix == null) {
+      // this is a default namespace but isn't the default where this node is being added
+      if (!isDefault) { e.setAttribute("xmlns", nsURI); }
+    } else if (!prefix.equals(currentPrefix) || nsURI.equals(currentURI)) {
+      // this is a prefixed namespace
+      // but doesn't have the same prefix or the prefix is set to a different URI
+      e.setAttribute("xmlns:" + prefix, nsURI);
+    }
+
+    if (e.hasAttributes()) {
+      NamedNodeMap attrs = e.getAttributes();
+
+      for (int i = 0; i < attrs.getLength(); i++) {
+        Attr attr = (Attr) attrs.item(i);
+        String attrPrefix = attr.getPrefix();
+        if (attrPrefix == null) {
+          attrPrefix = NokogiriHelpers.getPrefix(attr.getNodeName());
+        }
+        String nodeName = attr.getNodeName();
+        String nsUri;
+        if ("xml".equals(attrPrefix)) {
+          nsUri = "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";
+        } else if ("xmlns".equals(attrPrefix) || nodeName.equals("xmlns")) {
+          nsUri = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";
         } else {
-            hrefStr = rubyStringToString(href.convertToString());
-        }
-
-        NokogiriNamespaceCache nsCache = NokogiriHelpers.getNamespaceCache(node);
-        XmlNamespace cachedNamespace = nsCache.get(prefixStr, hrefStr);
-        if (cachedNamespace != null) return cachedNamespace;
-
-        Node namespaceOwner;
-        if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
-            namespaceOwner = node;
-            Element element = (Element) node;
-            // adds namespace as node's attribute
-            String qName = prefix.isNil() ? "xmlns" : "xmlns:" + prefixStr;
-            element.setAttributeNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/", qName, hrefStr);
-        }
-        else if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE) namespaceOwner = ((Attr) node).getOwnerElement();
-        else namespaceOwner = node.getParentNode();
-
-        XmlNamespace ns = XmlNamespace.createImpl(namespaceOwner, prefix, prefixStr, href, hrefStr);
-
-        if (node != namespaceOwner) {
-            node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, ns.getHref(), ns.getPrefix() + ':' + node.getLocalName());
-        }
-        updateNodeNamespaceIfNecessary(ns);
-
-        return ns;
-    }
-
-    private void updateNodeNamespaceIfNecessary(XmlNamespace ns) {
-        String oldPrefix = this.node.getPrefix();
-
-        /*
-         * Update if both prefixes are null or equal
-         */
-        boolean update =
-            (oldPrefix == null && ns.getPrefix() == null) ||
-                (oldPrefix != null && oldPrefix.equals(ns.getPrefix()));
-
-        if (update) {
-            this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(this.node, ns.getHref(), this.node.getNodeName());
-        }
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"attribute", "attr"})
-    public IRubyObject attribute(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject name){
-        NamedNodeMap attrs = this.node.getAttributes();
-        Node attr = attrs.getNamedItem(rubyStringToString(name));
-        if (attr == null) return context.nil;
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, attr);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject attribute_nodes(ThreadContext context) {
-        final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
-
-        NamedNodeMap nodeMap = this.node.getAttributes();
-
-        if (nodeMap == null) return runtime.newEmptyArray();
-        RubyArray attr = runtime.newArray(nodeMap.getLength());
-
-        final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
-        for (int i = 0; i < nodeMap.getLength(); i++) {
-            if ((doc instanceof HtmlDocument) || !NokogiriHelpers.isNamespace(nodeMap.item(i))) {
-                attr.append(getCachedNodeOrCreate(runtime, nodeMap.item(i)));
-            }
-        }
-
-        return attr;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject attribute_with_ns(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject name, IRubyObject namespace) {
-        String namej = rubyStringToString(name);
-        String nsj = (namespace.isNil()) ? null : rubyStringToString(namespace);
-
-        Node el = this.node.getAttributes().getNamedItemNS(nsj, namej);
-
-        if (el == null) return context.nil;
-
-        return NokogiriHelpers.getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, el);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = "blank?")
-    public IRubyObject blank_p(ThreadContext context) {
-        // according to libxml doc,
-        // a node is blank if if it is a Text or CDATA node consisting of whitespace only
-        if (node.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE || node.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE) {
-            String data = node.getTextContent();
-            return context.runtime.newBoolean(data == null || isBlank(data));
+          nsUri = attr.lookupNamespaceURI(attrPrefix);
         }
-        return context.runtime.getFalse();
-    }
 
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject child(ThreadContext context) {
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), node.getFirstChild());
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject children(ThreadContext context) {
-        final IRubyObject[] nodes = getChildren();
-        if (nodes.length == 0) {
-            return XmlNodeSet.newEmptyNodeSet(context, this);
-        }
-        return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, nodes);
-    }
-
-    IRubyObject[] getChildren() {
-        NodeList nodeList = node.getChildNodes();
-        if (nodeList.getLength() > 0) {
-            return nodeListToRubyArray(getRuntime(), nodeList);
+        if (nsUri != null && nsUri.equals(e.getNamespaceURI())) {
+          nsUri = null;
         }
-        return IRubyObject.NULL_ARRAY;
-    }
 
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject first_element_child(ThreadContext context) {
-        List<Node> elementNodes = getElements(node, true);
-        if (elementNodes.size() == 0) return context.nil;
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, elementNodes.get(0));
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject last_element_child(ThreadContext context) {
-        List<Node> elementNodes = getElements(node, false);
-        if (elementNodes.size() == 0) return context.nil;
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, elementNodes.get(elementNodes.size() - 1));
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"element_children", "elements"})
-    public IRubyObject element_children(ThreadContext context) {
-        List<Node> elementNodes = getElements(node, false);
-        IRubyObject[] array = NokogiriHelpers.nodeListToArray(context.runtime, elementNodes);
-        return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, array, this);
-    }
-
-    private static List<Node> getElements(Node node, final boolean firstOnly) {
-        NodeList children = node.getChildNodes();
-        if (children.getLength() == 0) {
-            return Collections.emptyList();
-        }
-        ArrayList<Node> elements = firstOnly ? null : new ArrayList<Node>(children.getLength());
-        for (int i=0; i< children.getLength(); i++) {
-            Node child = children.item(i);
-            if (child.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
-                if (firstOnly) {
-                    return Collections.singletonList(child);
-                }
-                elements.add(child);
-            }
-        }
-        return elements;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * call-seq:
-     *  compare(other)
-     *
-     * Compare this Node to +other+ with respect to their Document
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject compare(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other) {
-        if (!(other instanceof XmlNode)) {
-            return context.runtime.newFixnum(-2);
-        }
+        if (!(nsUri == null || "".equals(nsUri) || "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace".equals(nsUri))) {
+          // Create a new namespace object and add it to the document namespace cache.
+          // TODO: why do we need the namespace cache ?
+          XmlNamespace.createFromAttr(context.runtime, attr);
+        }
+        NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(attr, nsUri, nodeName);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (this.node.hasChildNodes()) {
+      relink_namespace(context, getChildren());
+    }
+  }
+
+  static void
+  relink_namespace(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] nodes)
+  {
+    for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+      if (nodes[i] instanceof XmlNode) {
+        ((XmlNode) nodes[i]).relink_namespace(context);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Users might extend XmlNode. This method works for such a case.
+  public void
+  accept(ThreadContext context, SaveContextVisitor visitor)
+  {
+    visitor.enter(node);
+    acceptChildren(context, getChildren(), visitor);
+    visitor.leave(node);
+  }
+
+  void
+  acceptChildren(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] nodes, SaveContextVisitor visitor)
+  {
+    if (nodes.length > 0) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < nodes.length; i++) {
+        Object item = nodes[i];
+        if (item instanceof XmlNode) {
+          ((XmlNode) item).accept(context, visitor);
+        } else if (item instanceof XmlNamespace) {
+          ((XmlNamespace) item).accept(context, visitor);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  RubyString
+  doSetName(IRubyObject name)
+  {
+    if (name.isNil()) { return this.name = null; }
+    return this.name = name.convertToString();
+  }
+
+  public void
+  setDocument(ThreadContext context, XmlDocument doc)
+  {
+    this.doc = doc;
+
+    setDocumentAndDecorate(context, this, doc);
+  }
+
+  // shared logic with XmlNodeSet
+  static void
+  setDocumentAndDecorate(ThreadContext context, RubyObject self, XmlDocument doc)
+  {
+    self.setInstanceVariable("@document", doc == null ? context.nil : doc);
+    if (doc != null) { Helpers.invoke(context, doc, "decorate", self); }
+  }
+
+  public void
+  setNode(Ruby runtime, Node node)
+  {
+    this.node = node;
+
+    decorate(runtime);
+
+    if (this instanceof XmlAttr) {
+      ((XmlAttr) this).setNamespaceIfNecessary(runtime);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected IRubyObject
+  getNodeName(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    if (name != null) { return name; }
+
+    String str = null;
+    if (node != null) {
+      str = NokogiriHelpers.getLocalPart(node.getNodeName());
+    }
+    if (str == null) { str = ""; }
+    if (str.startsWith("#")) { str = str.substring(1); } // eliminates '#'
+    return name = context.runtime.newString(str);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add a namespace definition to this node.  To the underlying
+   * node, add an attribute of the form
+   * <code>xmlns:prefix="uri"</code>.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"add_namespace_definition", "add_namespace"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  add_namespace_definition(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject prefix, IRubyObject href)
+  {
+    String hrefStr, prefixStr = prefix.isNil() ? null : prefix.convertToString().decodeString();
+
+    // try to search the namespace first
+    if (href.isNil()) {
+      hrefStr = findNamespaceHref(context, prefixStr);
+      if (hrefStr == null) { return context.nil; }
+      href = context.runtime.newString(hrefStr);
+    } else {
+      hrefStr = rubyStringToString(href.convertToString());
+    }
+
+    NokogiriNamespaceCache nsCache = NokogiriHelpers.getNamespaceCache(node);
+    XmlNamespace cachedNamespace = nsCache.get(prefixStr, hrefStr);
+    if (cachedNamespace != null) { return cachedNamespace; }
+
+    Node namespaceOwner;
+    if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+      namespaceOwner = node;
+      Element element = (Element) node;
+      // adds namespace as node's attribute
+      String qName = prefix.isNil() ? "xmlns" : "xmlns:" + prefixStr;
+      element.setAttributeNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/", qName, hrefStr);
+    } else if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE) { namespaceOwner = ((Attr) node).getOwnerElement(); }
+    else { namespaceOwner = node.getParentNode(); }
+
+    XmlNamespace ns = XmlNamespace.createImpl(namespaceOwner, prefix, prefixStr, href, hrefStr);
+
+    if (node != namespaceOwner) {
+      node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, ns.getHref(), ns.getPrefix() + ':' + node.getLocalName());
+    }
+    updateNodeNamespaceIfNecessary(ns);
+
+    return ns;
+  }
+
+  private void
+  updateNodeNamespaceIfNecessary(XmlNamespace ns)
+  {
+    String oldPrefix = this.node.getPrefix();
 
-        Node otherNode = asXmlNode(context, other).node;
-
-        // Do not touch this if, if it's not for a good reason.
-        if (node.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE ||
-           otherNode.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
-            return context.runtime.newFixnum(1);
-        }
-
-        try{
-            int res = node.compareDocumentPosition(otherNode);
-            if ((res & FIRST_PRECEDES_SECOND) == FIRST_PRECEDES_SECOND) {
-                return context.runtime.newFixnum(-1);
-            } else if ((res & SECOND_PRECEDES_FIRST) == SECOND_PRECEDES_FIRST) {
-                return context.runtime.newFixnum(1);
-            } else if (res == IDENTICAL_ELEMENTS) {
-                return context.runtime.newFixnum(0);
-            }
-
-            return context.runtime.newFixnum(-2);
-        } catch (Exception ex) {
-            return context.runtime.newFixnum(-2);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * TODO: this is a stub implementation.  It's not clear what
-     * 'in_context' is supposed to do.  Also should take
-     * <code>options</code> into account.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(required = 2, visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject in_context(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject str, IRubyObject options) {
-        RubyClass klass;
-        XmlDomParserContext ctx;
-        InputStream istream;
-
-        final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
-
-        XmlDocument document = document(runtime);
-        if (document == null) return context.nil;
-
-        if (document instanceof HtmlDocument) {
-            klass = getNokogiriClass(runtime, "Nokogiri::HTML::Document");
-            ctx = new HtmlDomParserContext(runtime, options);
-            ((HtmlDomParserContext) ctx).enableDocumentFragment();
-            ctx.setStringInputSource(context, str, context.nil);
-        } else {
-            klass = getNokogiriClass(runtime, "Nokogiri::XML::Document");
-            ctx = new XmlDomParserContext(runtime, options);
-            ctx.setStringInputSource(context, str, context.nil);
-        }
-
-        // TODO: for some reason, document.getEncoding() can be null or nil (don't know why)
-        // run `test_parse_with_unparented_html_text_context_node' few times to see this happen
-        if (document instanceof HtmlDocument && !(document.getEncoding() == null || document.getEncoding().isNil())) {
-        	HtmlDomParserContext htmlCtx= (HtmlDomParserContext) ctx;
-        	htmlCtx.setEncoding(document.getEncoding().asJavaString());
-        }
-
-        XmlDocument doc = ctx.parse(context, klass, context.nil);
-
-        RubyArray documentErrors = getErrors(document);
-        RubyArray docErrors = getErrors(doc);
-        if (checkNewErrors(documentErrors, docErrors)) {
-            for (int i = 0; i < docErrors.getLength(); i++) {
-                documentErrors.append(docErrors.entry(i));
-            }
-            document.setInstanceVariable("@errors", documentErrors);
-            return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, IRubyObject.NULL_ARRAY, this);
-        }
-
-        // The first child might be document type node (dtd declaration).
-        // XmlNodeSet to be return should not have dtd decl in its list.
-        Node first;
-        if (doc.node.getFirstChild().getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE) {
-            first = doc.node.getFirstChild().getNextSibling();
-        } else {
-            first = doc.node.getFirstChild();
-        }
-
-        IRubyObject[] nodes = new IRubyObject[] { NokogiriHelpers.getCachedNodeOrCreate(runtime, first) };
-        return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, nodes, this);
-    }
-
-    private static RubyArray getErrors(XmlDocument document) {
-        IRubyObject obj = document.getInstanceVariable("@errors");
-        if (obj instanceof RubyArray) return (RubyArray) obj;
-        return RubyArray.newEmptyArray(document.getRuntime());
-    }
-
-    private static boolean checkNewErrors(RubyArray baseErrors, RubyArray newErrors) {
-        int length = ((RubyArray) newErrors.op_diff(baseErrors)).size();
-        return length > 0;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"content", "text", "inner_text"})
-    public IRubyObject content(ThreadContext context) {
-        return stringOrNil(context.runtime, getContentImpl());
-    }
-
-    public CharSequence getContentImpl() {
-        if (!node.hasChildNodes() && node.getNodeValue() == null &&
-            (node.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE || node.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE)) {
-            return null;
-        }
-        CharSequence textContent;
-        if (this instanceof XmlDocument) {
-            Node node = ((Document) this.node).getDocumentElement();
-            if (node == null) {
-                textContent = "";
-            } else {
-                Node documentElement = ((Document) this.node).getDocumentElement();
-                textContent = getTextContentRecursively(new StringBuilder(), documentElement);
-            }
-        } else {
-            textContent = getTextContentRecursively(new StringBuilder(), node);
-        }
-        // textContent = NokogiriHelpers.convertEncodingByNKFIfNecessary(context, (XmlDocument) document(context), textContent);
-        return textContent;
-    }
-
-    private static StringBuilder getTextContentRecursively(StringBuilder buffer, Node currentNode) {
-        CharSequence textContent = currentNode.getNodeValue();
-        if (textContent != null && NokogiriHelpers.shouldDecode(currentNode)) {
-            textContent = NokogiriHelpers.decodeJavaString(textContent);
-        }
-        if (textContent != null) buffer.append(textContent);
-        NodeList children = currentNode.getChildNodes();
-        for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
-            Node child = children.item(i);
-            if (hasTextContent(child)) getTextContentRecursively(buffer, child);
-        }
-        return buffer;
-    }
-
-    private static boolean hasTextContent(Node child) {
-        return child.getNodeType() != Node.COMMENT_NODE && child.getNodeType() != Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public final IRubyObject document(ThreadContext context) {
-        return document(context.runtime);
-    }
-
-    XmlDocument document(final Ruby runtime) {
-        return document(runtime, true);
-    }
-
-    XmlDocument document(final Ruby runtime, boolean create) {
-        if (doc == null) {
-            doc = (XmlDocument) node.getOwnerDocument().getUserData(NokogiriHelpers.CACHED_NODE);
-            if (doc == null && create) {
-                doc = (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(runtime, node.getOwnerDocument());
-                node.getOwnerDocument().setUserData(NokogiriHelpers.CACHED_NODE, doc, null);
-            }
-        }
-        return doc;
-    }
-
-    public IRubyObject dup() {
-        return dup_implementation(getMetaClass().getClassRuntime(), true);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject dup(ThreadContext context) {
-        return dup_implementation(context, true);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject dup(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject depth) {
-        boolean deep = depth instanceof RubyInteger && RubyFixnum.fix2int(depth) != 0;
-        return dup_implementation(context, deep);
-    }
-
-    protected final IRubyObject dup_implementation(ThreadContext context, boolean deep) {
-       return dup_implementation(context.runtime, deep);
-    }
-
-    protected IRubyObject dup_implementation(Ruby runtime, boolean deep) {
-        XmlNode clone;
-        try {
-            clone = (XmlNode) clone();
-        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
-            throw runtime.newRuntimeError(e.toString());
-        }
-        Node newNode = node.cloneNode(deep);
-        clone.node = newNode;
-        return clone;
-    }
-
-    public static RubyString encode_special_chars(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject string) {
-        CharSequence str = NokogiriHelpers.encodeJavaString( rubyStringToString(string) );
-        return RubyString.newString(context.runtime, str);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Instance method version of the above static method.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(name="encode_special_chars")
-    public IRubyObject i_encode_special_chars(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject string) {
-        return encode_special_chars(context, string);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Get the attribute at the given key, <code>key</code>.
-     * Assumes that this node has attributes (i.e. that key? returned
-     * true).
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject get(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject rbkey) {
-        if (node instanceof Element) {
-            if (rbkey == null || rbkey.isNil()) return context.nil;
-            String key = rubyStringToString(rbkey);
-            Element element = (Element) node;
-            if (!element.hasAttribute(key)) return context.nil;
-            String value = element.getAttribute(key);
-            return stringOrNil(context.runtime, value);
-        }
-        return context.nil;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Returns the owner document, checking if this node is the
-     * document, or returns null if there is no owner.
-     */
-    protected Document getOwnerDocument() {
-        if (node.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
-            return (Document) node;
-        } else {
-            return node.getOwnerDocument();
-        }
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject internal_subset(ThreadContext context) {
-        Document document = getOwnerDocument();
-
-        if(document == null) {
-            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
-        }
-
-        XmlDocument xdoc =
-            (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
-        IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.getInternalSubset(context);
-        return xdtd;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject create_internal_subset(ThreadContext context,
-                                              IRubyObject name,
-                                              IRubyObject external_id,
-                                              IRubyObject system_id) {
-        IRubyObject subset = internal_subset(context);
-        if (!subset.isNil()) {
-            throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Document already has internal subset");
-        }
-
-        Document document = getOwnerDocument();
-        if(document == null) {
-            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
-        }
-
-        XmlDocument xdoc =
-            (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
-        IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.createInternalSubset(context, name,
-                                                     external_id, system_id);
-        return xdtd;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject external_subset(ThreadContext context) {
-        Document document = getOwnerDocument();
-
-        if (document == null) {
-            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
-        }
-
-        XmlDocument xdoc =
-            (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
-        IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.getExternalSubset(context);
-        return xdtd;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject create_external_subset(ThreadContext context,
-                                              IRubyObject name,
-                                              IRubyObject external_id,
-                                              IRubyObject system_id) {
-        IRubyObject subset = external_subset(context);
-        if (!subset.isNil()) {
-            throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Document already has external subset");
-        }
-
-        Document document = getOwnerDocument();
-        if(document == null) {
-            return context.getRuntime().getNil();
-        }
-        XmlDocument xdoc = (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
-        IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.createExternalSubset(context, name, external_id, system_id);
-        return xdtd;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Test if this node has an attribute named <code>rbkey</code>.
-     * Overridden in XmlElement.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"key?", "has_attribute?"})
-    public IRubyObject key_p(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject rbkey) {
-        if (node instanceof Element) {
-            String key = rubyStringToString(rbkey);
-            Element element = (Element) node;
-            if (element.hasAttribute(key)) {
-                return context.runtime.getTrue();
-            } else {
-                NamedNodeMap namedNodeMap = element.getAttributes();
-                for (int i=0; i<namedNodeMap.getLength(); i++) {
-                    Node n = namedNodeMap.item(i);
-                    if (key.equals(n.getLocalName())) {
-                        return context.runtime.getTrue();
-                    }
-                }
-            }
-            return context.runtime.getFalse();
-        }
-        return context.nil;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject namespace(ThreadContext context) {
-        final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
-        if (doc instanceof HtmlDocument) return context.nil;
-
-        String namespaceURI = node.getNamespaceURI();
-        if (namespaceURI == null || namespaceURI.isEmpty()) {
-            return context.nil;
-        }
-
-        String prefix = node.getPrefix();
-        NokogiriNamespaceCache nsCache = NokogiriHelpers.getNamespaceCache(node);
-        XmlNamespace namespace = nsCache.get(prefix, namespaceURI);
-
-        if (namespace == null || namespace.isEmpty()) {
-            // if it's not in the cache, create an unowned, uncached namespace and
-            // return that. XmlReader can't insert namespaces into the cache, so
-            // this is necessary for XmlReader to work correctly.
-            namespace = new XmlNamespace(context.runtime, null, prefix, namespaceURI, doc);
-        }
-
-        return namespace;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Return an array of XmlNamespace nodes based on the attributes
-     * of this node.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject namespace_definitions(ThreadContext context) {
-        // don't use namespace_definitions cache anymore since
-        // namespaces might be deleted. Reflecting the result of
-        // namespace removals is complicated, so the cache might not be
-        // updated.
-        final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
-        if (doc == null) return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
-        if (doc instanceof HtmlDocument) return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
-
-        List<XmlNamespace> namespaces = doc.getNamespaceCache().get(node);
-        return context.runtime.newArray((List) namespaces);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Return an array of XmlNamespace nodes defined on this node and
-     * on any ancestor node.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public RubyArray namespace_scopes(ThreadContext context) {
-        final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
-        if (doc == null) return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
-        if (doc instanceof HtmlDocument) return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
-
-        Node previousNode;
-        if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
-            previousNode = node;
-        } else if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE) {
-            previousNode = ((Attr)node).getOwnerElement();
-        } else {
-            previousNode = findPreviousElement(node);
-        }
-        if (previousNode == null) return context.runtime.newEmptyArray();
-
-        final RubyArray scoped_namespaces = context.runtime.newArray();
-        final HashSet<String> prefixes_in_scope = new HashSet<String>(8);
-        NokogiriNamespaceCache nsCache = NokogiriHelpers.getNamespaceCache(previousNode);
-        for (Node previous = previousNode; previous != null; ) {
-            List<XmlNamespace> namespaces = nsCache.get(previous);
-            for (XmlNamespace namespace : namespaces) {
-                if (prefixes_in_scope.contains(namespace.getPrefix())) continue;
-                scoped_namespaces.append(namespace);
-                prefixes_in_scope.add(namespace.getPrefix());
-            }
-            previous = findPreviousElement(previous);
-        }
-        return scoped_namespaces;
-    }
-
-    private Node findPreviousElement(Node n) {
-        Node previous = n.getPreviousSibling() == null ? n.getParentNode() : n.getPreviousSibling();
-        if (previous == null || previous.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) return null;
-        if (previous.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
-            return previous;
-        } else {
-            return findPreviousElement(previous);
-        }
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name="namespaced_key?")
-    public IRubyObject namespaced_key_p(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject elementLName, IRubyObject namespaceUri) {
-        return this.attribute_with_ns(context, elementLName, namespaceUri).isNil() ?
-            context.runtime.getFalse() : context.runtime.getTrue();
-    }
-
-    protected void setContent(IRubyObject content) {
-        String javaContent = rubyStringToString(content);
-        node.setTextContent(javaContent);
-        if (javaContent == null || javaContent.length() == 0) return;
-        if (node.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE || node.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE) return;
-        if (node.getFirstChild() != null) {
-            node.getFirstChild().setUserData(NokogiriHelpers.ENCODED_STRING, true, null);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void setContent(String content) {
-        node.setTextContent(content);
-        this.content = null;    // clear cache
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = "native_content=")
-    public IRubyObject native_content_set(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject content) {
-        setContent(content);
-        return content;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject lang(ThreadContext context) {
-        IRubyObject currentObj = this ;
-        while (!currentObj.isNil()) {
-            XmlNode currentNode = asXmlNode(context, currentObj);
-            IRubyObject lang = currentNode.getAttribute(context.runtime, "xml:lang");
-            if (!lang.isNil()) { return lang ; }
-
-            currentObj = currentNode.parent(context);
-        }
-        return context.nil;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = "lang=")
-    public IRubyObject set_lang(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject lang) {
-        setAttribute(context, "xml:lang", rubyStringToString(lang));
-        return context.nil ;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * @param args {IRubyObject io,
-     *              IRubyObject encoding,
-     *              IRubyObject indentString,
-     *              IRubyObject options}
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(required=4, visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject native_write_to(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args) {
-
-        IRubyObject io = args[0];
-        IRubyObject encoding = args[1];
-        IRubyObject indentString = args[2];
-        IRubyObject options = args[3];
-
-        String encString = rubyStringToString(encoding);
-
-        SaveContextVisitor visitor =
-            new SaveContextVisitor(RubyFixnum.fix2int(options), rubyStringToString(indentString), encString, isHtmlDoc(context), isFragment(), 0);
-        accept(context, visitor);
-
-        final IRubyObject rubyString;
-        if (NokogiriHelpers.isUTF8(encString)) {
-            rubyString = convertString(context.runtime, visitor.getInternalBuffer());
-        } else {
-            ByteBuffer bytes = convertEncoding(Charset.forName(encString), visitor.getInternalBuffer());
-            ByteList str = new ByteList(bytes.array(), bytes.arrayOffset(), bytes.remaining());
-            rubyString = RubyString.newString(context.runtime, str);
-        }
-        Helpers.invoke(context, io, "write", rubyString);
-
-        return io;
-    }
-
-    private boolean isHtmlDoc(ThreadContext context) {
-        return document(context).getMetaClass().isKindOfModule(getNokogiriClass(context.runtime, "Nokogiri::HTML::Document"));
-    }
-
-    private boolean isFragment() {
-        if (node instanceof DocumentFragment) return true;
-        if (node.getParentNode() != null && node.getParentNode() instanceof DocumentFragment) return true;
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"next_sibling", "next"})
-    public IRubyObject next_sibling(ThreadContext context) {
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), node.getNextSibling());
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"previous_sibling", "previous"})
-    public IRubyObject previous_sibling(ThreadContext context) {
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), node.getPreviousSibling());
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"node_name", "name"})
-    public IRubyObject node_name(ThreadContext context) {
-        return getNodeName(context);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"node_name=", "name="})
-    public IRubyObject node_name_set(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject nodeName) {
-        nodeName = doSetName(nodeName);
-        String newName = nodeName == null ? null : rubyStringToString((RubyString) nodeName);
-        this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, null, newName);
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject set(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject rbkey, IRubyObject rbval) {
-        if (node instanceof Element) {
-            setAttribute(context, rubyStringToString(rbkey), rubyStringToString(rbval));
-            return this;
-        } else {
-            return rbval;
-        }
-    }
-
-    private void setAttribute(ThreadContext context, String key, String val) {
-        Element element = (Element) node;
-
-        String uri = null;
-        int colonIndex = key.indexOf(":");
-        if (colonIndex > 0) {
-            String prefix = key.substring(0, colonIndex);
-            if (prefix.equals("xml")) {
-                uri = "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";
-            } else if (prefix.equals("xmlns")) {
-                uri = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";
-            } else {
-                uri = node.lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
-            }
-        }
-
-        if (uri != null) {
-            element.setAttributeNS(uri, key, val);
-        } else {
-            element.setAttribute(key, val);
-        }
-        clearXpathContext(node);
-    }
-
-    private String findNamespaceHref(ThreadContext context, String prefix) {
-        XmlNode currentNode = this;
-        final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
-        while (currentNode != doc) {
-            RubyArray namespaces = currentNode.namespace_scopes(context);
-            for (int i = 0; i<namespaces.size(); i++) {
-                XmlNamespace namespace = (XmlNamespace) namespaces.eltInternal(i);
-                if (namespace.hasPrefix(prefix)) return namespace.getHref();
-            }
-            IRubyObject parent = currentNode.parent(context);
-            if (parent == context.nil) break;
-            currentNode = (XmlNode) parent;
-        }
-        return null;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject parent(ThreadContext context) {
-        /*
-         * Check if this node is the root node of the document.
-         * If so, parent is the document.
-         */
-        if (node.getOwnerDocument() != null &&
-            node.getOwnerDocument().getDocumentElement() == node) {
-            return document(context);
-        }
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, node.getParentNode());
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject path(ThreadContext context) {
-        return RubyString.newString(context.runtime, NokogiriHelpers.getNodeCompletePath(this.node));
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject pointer_id(ThreadContext context) {
-        return RubyFixnum.newFixnum(context.runtime, this.node.hashCode());
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject set_namespace(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject namespace) {
-        if (namespace.isNil()) {
-            XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
-            if (doc != null) {
-                Node node = this.node;
-                doc.getNamespaceCache().remove(node);
-                this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, null, NokogiriHelpers.getLocalPart(node.getNodeName()));
-            }
-        } else {
-            XmlNamespace ns = (XmlNamespace) namespace;
-
-            // Assigning node = ...renameNode() or not seems to make no
-            // difference.  Why not? -pmahoney
-
-            // It actually makes a great deal of difference. renameNode()
-            // will operate in place if it can, but sometimes it can't.
-            // The node you passed in *might* come back as you expect, but
-            // it might not. It's much safer to throw away the original
-            // and keep the return value. -mbklein
-            String new_name = NokogiriHelpers.newQName(ns.getPrefix(), node);
-            this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, ns.getHref(), new_name);
-        }
-
-        clearXpathContext(getNode());
-
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"unlink", "remove"})
-    public IRubyObject unlink(ThreadContext context) {
-        final Node parent = node.getParentNode();
-        if (parent != null) {
-            parent.removeChild(node);
-            clearXpathContext(parent);
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * The C-library simply returns libxml2 magic numbers.  Here we
-     * convert Java Xml nodes to the appropriate constant defined in
-     * xml/node.rb.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(name = {"node_type", "type"})
-    public IRubyObject node_type(ThreadContext context) {
-        String type;
-        switch (node.getNodeType()) {
-        case Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
-            if (this instanceof XmlElementDecl)
-                type = "ELEMENT_DECL";
-            else if (this instanceof XmlAttributeDecl)
-                type = "ATTRIBUTE_DECL";
-            else if (this instanceof XmlEntityDecl)
-                type = "ENTITY_DECL";
-            else
-                type = "ELEMENT_NODE";
-            break;
-        case Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE: type = "ATTRIBUTE_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.TEXT_NODE: type = "TEXT_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE: type = "CDATA_SECTION_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE: type = "ENTITY_REF_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.ENTITY_NODE: type = "ENTITY_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE: type = "PI_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.COMMENT_NODE: type = "COMMENT_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.DOCUMENT_NODE:
-            if (this instanceof HtmlDocument)
-                type = "HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE";
-            else
-                type = "DOCUMENT_NODE";
-            break;
-        case Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE: type = "DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE: type = "DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE"; break;
-        case Node.NOTATION_NODE: type = "NOTATION_NODE"; break;
-        default:
-            return context.runtime.newFixnum(0);
-        }
-
-        return getNokogiriClass(context.runtime, "Nokogiri::XML::Node").getConstant(type);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject line(ThreadContext context) {
-        Node root = getOwnerDocument();
-        int[] counter = new int[1];
-        count(root, counter);
-        return RubyFixnum.newFixnum(context.runtime, counter[0]+1);
-    }
-
-    private boolean count(Node node, int[] counter) {
-        if (node == this.node) {
-            return true;
-        }
-        NodeList list = node.getChildNodes();
-        for (int i=0; i<list.getLength(); i++) {
-            Node n = list.item(i);
-            if (n instanceof Text
-                    && ((Text)n).getData().contains("\n")) {
-                counter[0] += 1;
-            }
-            if (count(n, counter)) return true;
-        }
-        return false;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject next_element(ThreadContext context) {
-        Node nextNode = node.getNextSibling();
-        if (nextNode == null) return context.nil;
-        if (nextNode instanceof Element) {
-            return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, nextNode);
-        }
-        Node deeper = nextNode.getNextSibling();
-        if (deeper == null) return context.nil;
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, deeper);
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod
-    public IRubyObject previous_element(ThreadContext context) {
-        Node prevNode = node.getPreviousSibling();
-        if (prevNode == null) return context.nil;
-        if (prevNode instanceof Element) {
-            return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, prevNode);
-        }
-        Node shallower = prevNode.getPreviousSibling();
-        if (shallower == null) return context.nil;
-        return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, shallower);
-    }
-
-    protected enum AdoptScheme {
-        CHILD, PREV_SIBLING, NEXT_SIBLING, REPLACEMENT
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Adopt XmlNode <code>other</code> into the document of
-     * <code>this</code> using the specified scheme.
+    /*
+     * Update if both prefixes are null or equal
      */
-    protected IRubyObject adoptAs(ThreadContext context, AdoptScheme scheme, IRubyObject other_) {
-        final XmlNode other = asXmlNode(context, other_);
-        // this.doc might be null since this node can be empty node.
-        if (doc != null) other.setDocument(context, doc);
-
-        IRubyObject nodeOrTags = other;
-        Node thisNode = node;
-        Node otherNode = other.node;
-
-         try {
-            Document prev = otherNode.getOwnerDocument();
-            Document doc = thisNode.getOwnerDocument();
-            if (doc == null && thisNode instanceof Document) {
-                // we are adding the new node to a new empty document
-                doc = (Document) thisNode;
-            }
-            clearXpathContext(prev);
-            clearXpathContext(doc);
-            if (doc != null && doc != otherNode.getOwnerDocument()) {
-                Node ret = doc.adoptNode(otherNode);
-                if (ret == null) {
-                    throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Failed to take ownership of node");
-                }
-                // FIXME: this is really a hack, see documentation of fixUserData() for more details.
-                fixUserData(prev, ret);
-                otherNode = ret;
-            }
-
-            Node parent = thisNode.getParentNode();
-
-            switch (scheme) {
-            case CHILD:
-                Node[] children = adoptAsChild(thisNode, otherNode);
-                if (children.length == 1 && otherNode == children[0]) {
-                    break;
-                } else {
-                    nodeOrTags = nodeArrayToRubyArray(context.runtime, children);
-                }
-                break;
-            case PREV_SIBLING:
-                adoptAsPrevSibling(context, parent, thisNode, otherNode);
-                break;
-            case NEXT_SIBLING:
-                adoptAsNextSibling(context, parent, thisNode, otherNode);
-                break;
-            case REPLACEMENT:
-                adoptAsReplacement(context, parent, thisNode, otherNode);
-                break;
-            }
-         } catch (Exception e) {
-             throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError(e.toString());
-         }
-
-        if (otherNode.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
-            coalesceTextNodes(context, other, scheme);
-        }
-
-        if (this instanceof XmlDocument) {
-            ((XmlDocument) this).resetNamespaceCache(context);
-        }
-
-        other.relink_namespace(context);
-
-        return nodeOrTags;
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * This is a hack to fix #839. We should submit a patch to Xerces.
-     * It looks like CoreDocumentImpl.adoptNode() doesn't copy
-     * the user data associated with child nodes (recursively).
+    boolean update =
+      (oldPrefix == null && ns.getPrefix() == null) ||
+      (oldPrefix != null && oldPrefix.equals(ns.getPrefix()));
+
+    if (update) {
+      this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(this.node, ns.getHref(), this.node.getNodeName());
+    }
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"attribute", "attr"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  attribute(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject name)
+  {
+    NamedNodeMap attrs = this.node.getAttributes();
+    Node attr = attrs.getNamedItem(rubyStringToString(name));
+    if (attr == null) { return context.nil; }
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, attr);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  attribute_nodes(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
+
+    NamedNodeMap nodeMap = this.node.getAttributes();
+
+    if (nodeMap == null) { return runtime.newEmptyArray(); }
+    RubyArray attr = runtime.newArray(nodeMap.getLength());
+
+    final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
+    for (int i = 0; i < nodeMap.getLength(); i++) {
+      if ((doc instanceof HtmlDocument) || !NokogiriHelpers.isNamespace(nodeMap.item(i))) {
+        attr.append(getCachedNodeOrCreate(runtime, nodeMap.item(i)));
+      }
+    }
+
+    return attr;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  attribute_with_ns(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject name, IRubyObject namespace)
+  {
+    String namej = rubyStringToString(name);
+    String nsj = (namespace.isNil()) ? null : rubyStringToString(namespace);
+
+    Node el = this.node.getAttributes().getNamedItemNS(nsj, namej);
+
+    if (el == null) { return context.nil; }
+
+    return NokogiriHelpers.getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, el);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = "blank?")
+  public IRubyObject
+  blank_p(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    // according to libxml doc,
+    // a node is blank if if it is a Text or CDATA node consisting of whitespace only
+    if (node.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE || node.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE) {
+      String data = node.getTextContent();
+      return context.runtime.newBoolean(data == null || isBlank(data));
+    }
+    return context.runtime.getFalse();
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  child(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), node.getFirstChild());
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  children(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    final IRubyObject[] nodes = getChildren();
+    if (nodes.length == 0) {
+      return XmlNodeSet.newEmptyNodeSet(context, this);
+    }
+    return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, nodes);
+  }
+
+  IRubyObject[]
+  getChildren()
+  {
+    NodeList nodeList = node.getChildNodes();
+    if (nodeList.getLength() > 0) {
+      return nodeListToRubyArray(getRuntime(), nodeList);
+    }
+    return IRubyObject.NULL_ARRAY;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  first_element_child(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    List<Node> elementNodes = getElements(node, true);
+    if (elementNodes.size() == 0) { return context.nil; }
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, elementNodes.get(0));
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  last_element_child(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    List<Node> elementNodes = getElements(node, false);
+    if (elementNodes.size() == 0) { return context.nil; }
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, elementNodes.get(elementNodes.size() - 1));
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"element_children", "elements"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  element_children(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    List<Node> elementNodes = getElements(node, false);
+    IRubyObject[] array = NokogiriHelpers.nodeListToArray(context.runtime, elementNodes);
+    return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, array, this);
+  }
+
+  private static List<Node>
+  getElements(Node node, final boolean firstOnly)
+  {
+    NodeList children = node.getChildNodes();
+    if (children.getLength() == 0) {
+      return Collections.emptyList();
+    }
+    ArrayList<Node> elements = firstOnly ? null : new ArrayList<Node>(children.getLength());
+    for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
+      Node child = children.item(i);
+      if (child.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+        if (firstOnly) {
+          return Collections.singletonList(child);
+        }
+        elements.add(child);
+      }
+    }
+    return elements;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * call-seq:
+   *  compare(other)
+   *
+   * Compare this Node to +other+ with respect to their Document
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  compare(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other)
+  {
+    if (!(other instanceof XmlNode)) {
+      return context.runtime.newFixnum(-2);
+    }
+
+    Node otherNode = asXmlNode(context, other).node;
+
+    // Do not touch this if, if it's not for a good reason.
+    if (node.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE ||
+        otherNode.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+      return context.runtime.newFixnum(1);
+    }
+
+    try {
+      int res = node.compareDocumentPosition(otherNode);
+      if ((res & FIRST_PRECEDES_SECOND) == FIRST_PRECEDES_SECOND) {
+        return context.runtime.newFixnum(-1);
+      } else if ((res & SECOND_PRECEDES_FIRST) == SECOND_PRECEDES_FIRST) {
+        return context.runtime.newFixnum(1);
+      } else if (res == IDENTICAL_ELEMENTS) {
+        return context.runtime.newFixnum(0);
+      }
+
+      return context.runtime.newFixnum(-2);
+    } catch (Exception ex) {
+      return context.runtime.newFixnum(-2);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * TODO: this is a stub implementation.  It's not clear what
+   * 'in_context' is supposed to do.  Also should take
+   * <code>options</code> into account.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(required = 2, visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  in_context(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject str, IRubyObject options)
+  {
+    RubyClass klass;
+    XmlDomParserContext ctx;
+    InputStream istream;
+
+    final Ruby runtime = context.runtime;
+
+    XmlDocument document = document(runtime);
+    if (document == null) { return context.nil; }
+
+    if (document instanceof HtmlDocument) {
+      klass = getNokogiriClass(runtime, "Nokogiri::HTML::Document");
+      ctx = new HtmlDomParserContext(runtime, options);
+      ((HtmlDomParserContext) ctx).enableDocumentFragment();
+      ctx.setStringInputSource(context, str, context.nil);
+    } else {
+      klass = getNokogiriClass(runtime, "Nokogiri::XML::Document");
+      ctx = new XmlDomParserContext(runtime, options);
+      ctx.setStringInputSource(context, str, context.nil);
+    }
+
+    // TODO: for some reason, document.getEncoding() can be null or nil (don't know why)
+    // run `test_parse_with_unparented_html_text_context_node' few times to see this happen
+    if (document instanceof HtmlDocument && !(document.getEncoding() == null || document.getEncoding().isNil())) {
+      HtmlDomParserContext htmlCtx = (HtmlDomParserContext) ctx;
+      htmlCtx.setEncoding(document.getEncoding().asJavaString());
+    }
+
+    XmlDocument doc = ctx.parse(context, klass, context.nil);
+
+    RubyArray documentErrors = getErrors(document);
+    RubyArray docErrors = getErrors(doc);
+    if (checkNewErrors(documentErrors, docErrors)) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < docErrors.getLength(); i++) {
+        documentErrors.append(docErrors.entry(i));
+      }
+      document.setInstanceVariable("@errors", documentErrors);
+      return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, IRubyObject.NULL_ARRAY, this);
+    }
+
+    // The first child might be document type node (dtd declaration).
+    // XmlNodeSet to be return should not have dtd decl in its list.
+    Node first;
+    if (doc.node.getFirstChild().getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE) {
+      first = doc.node.getFirstChild().getNextSibling();
+    } else {
+      first = doc.node.getFirstChild();
+    }
+
+    IRubyObject[] nodes = new IRubyObject[] { NokogiriHelpers.getCachedNodeOrCreate(runtime, first) };
+    return XmlNodeSet.newNodeSet(context.runtime, nodes, this);
+  }
+
+  private static RubyArray
+  getErrors(XmlDocument document)
+  {
+    IRubyObject obj = document.getInstanceVariable("@errors");
+    if (obj instanceof RubyArray) { return (RubyArray) obj; }
+    return RubyArray.newEmptyArray(document.getRuntime());
+  }
+
+  private static boolean
+  checkNewErrors(RubyArray baseErrors, RubyArray newErrors)
+  {
+    int length = ((RubyArray) newErrors.op_diff(baseErrors)).size();
+    return length > 0;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"content", "text", "inner_text"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  content(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return stringOrNil(context.runtime, getContentImpl());
+  }
+
+  public CharSequence
+  getContentImpl()
+  {
+    if (!node.hasChildNodes() && node.getNodeValue() == null &&
+        (node.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE || node.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    CharSequence textContent;
+    if (this instanceof XmlDocument) {
+      Node node = ((Document) this.node).getDocumentElement();
+      if (node == null) {
+        textContent = "";
+      } else {
+        Node documentElement = ((Document) this.node).getDocumentElement();
+        textContent = getTextContentRecursively(new StringBuilder(), documentElement);
+      }
+    } else {
+      textContent = getTextContentRecursively(new StringBuilder(), node);
+    }
+    // textContent = NokogiriHelpers.convertEncodingByNKFIfNecessary(context, (XmlDocument) document(context), textContent);
+    return textContent;
+  }
+
+  private static StringBuilder
+  getTextContentRecursively(StringBuilder buffer, Node currentNode)
+  {
+    CharSequence textContent = currentNode.getNodeValue();
+    if (textContent != null && NokogiriHelpers.shouldDecode(currentNode)) {
+      textContent = NokogiriHelpers.decodeJavaString(textContent);
+    }
+    if (textContent != null) { buffer.append(textContent); }
+    NodeList children = currentNode.getChildNodes();
+    for (int i = 0; i < children.getLength(); i++) {
+      Node child = children.item(i);
+      if (hasTextContent(child)) { getTextContentRecursively(buffer, child); }
+    }
+    return buffer;
+  }
+
+  private static boolean
+  hasTextContent(Node child)
+  {
+    return child.getNodeType() != Node.COMMENT_NODE && child.getNodeType() != Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public final IRubyObject
+  document(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return document(context.runtime);
+  }
+
+  XmlDocument
+  document(final Ruby runtime)
+  {
+    return document(runtime, true);
+  }
+
+  XmlDocument
+  document(final Ruby runtime, boolean create)
+  {
+    if (doc == null) {
+      doc = (XmlDocument) node.getOwnerDocument().getUserData(NokogiriHelpers.CACHED_NODE);
+      if (doc == null && create) {
+        doc = (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(runtime, node.getOwnerDocument());
+        node.getOwnerDocument().setUserData(NokogiriHelpers.CACHED_NODE, doc, null);
+      }
+    }
+    return doc;
+  }
+
+  public IRubyObject
+  dup()
+  {
+    return dup_implementation(getMetaClass().getClassRuntime(), true);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  dup(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return dup_implementation(context, true);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  dup(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject depth)
+  {
+    boolean deep = depth instanceof RubyInteger && RubyFixnum.fix2int(depth) != 0;
+    return dup_implementation(context, deep);
+  }
+
+  protected final IRubyObject
+  dup_implementation(ThreadContext context, boolean deep)
+  {
+    return dup_implementation(context.runtime, deep);
+  }
+
+  protected IRubyObject
+  dup_implementation(Ruby runtime, boolean deep)
+  {
+    XmlNode clone;
+    try {
+      clone = (XmlNode) clone();
+    } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
+      throw runtime.newRuntimeError(e.toString());
+    }
+    Node newNode = node.cloneNode(deep);
+    clone.node = newNode;
+    return clone;
+  }
+
+  public static RubyString
+  encode_special_chars(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject string)
+  {
+    CharSequence str = NokogiriHelpers.encodeJavaString(rubyStringToString(string));
+    return RubyString.newString(context.runtime, str);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Instance method version of the above static method.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(name = "encode_special_chars")
+  public IRubyObject
+  i_encode_special_chars(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject string)
+  {
+    return encode_special_chars(context, string);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Get the attribute at the given key, <code>key</code>.
+   * Assumes that this node has attributes (i.e. that key? returned
+   * true).
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  get(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject rbkey)
+  {
+    if (node instanceof Element) {
+      if (rbkey == null || rbkey.isNil()) { return context.nil; }
+      String key = rubyStringToString(rbkey);
+      Element element = (Element) node;
+      if (!element.hasAttribute(key)) { return context.nil; }
+      String value = element.getAttribute(key);
+      return stringOrNil(context.runtime, value);
+    }
+    return context.nil;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Returns the owner document, checking if this node is the
+   * document, or returns null if there is no owner.
+   */
+  protected Document
+  getOwnerDocument()
+  {
+    if (node.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) {
+      return (Document) node;
+    } else {
+      return node.getOwnerDocument();
+    }
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  internal_subset(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    Document document = getOwnerDocument();
+
+    if (document == null) {
+      return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+    }
+
+    XmlDocument xdoc =
+      (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
+    IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.getInternalSubset(context);
+    return xdtd;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  create_internal_subset(ThreadContext context,
+                         IRubyObject name,
+                         IRubyObject external_id,
+                         IRubyObject system_id)
+  {
+    IRubyObject subset = internal_subset(context);
+    if (!subset.isNil()) {
+      throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Document already has internal subset");
+    }
+
+    Document document = getOwnerDocument();
+    if (document == null) {
+      return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+    }
+
+    XmlDocument xdoc =
+      (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
+    IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.createInternalSubset(context, name,
+                       external_id, system_id);
+    return xdtd;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  external_subset(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    Document document = getOwnerDocument();
+
+    if (document == null) {
+      return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+    }
+
+    XmlDocument xdoc =
+      (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
+    IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.getExternalSubset(context);
+    return xdtd;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  create_external_subset(ThreadContext context,
+                         IRubyObject name,
+                         IRubyObject external_id,
+                         IRubyObject system_id)
+  {
+    IRubyObject subset = external_subset(context);
+    if (!subset.isNil()) {
+      throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Document already has external subset");
+    }
+
+    Document document = getOwnerDocument();
+    if (document == null) {
+      return context.getRuntime().getNil();
+    }
+    XmlDocument xdoc = (XmlDocument) getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), document);
+    IRubyObject xdtd = xdoc.createExternalSubset(context, name, external_id, system_id);
+    return xdtd;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Test if this node has an attribute named <code>rbkey</code>.
+   * Overridden in XmlElement.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"key?", "has_attribute?"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  key_p(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject rbkey)
+  {
+    if (node instanceof Element) {
+      String key = rubyStringToString(rbkey);
+      Element element = (Element) node;
+      if (element.hasAttribute(key)) {
+        return context.runtime.getTrue();
+      } else {
+        NamedNodeMap namedNodeMap = element.getAttributes();
+        for (int i = 0; i < namedNodeMap.getLength(); i++) {
+          Node n = namedNodeMap.item(i);
+          if (key.equals(n.getLocalName())) {
+            return context.runtime.getTrue();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      return context.runtime.getFalse();
+    }
+    return context.nil;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  namespace(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
+    if (doc instanceof HtmlDocument) { return context.nil; }
+
+    String namespaceURI = node.getNamespaceURI();
+    if (namespaceURI == null || namespaceURI.isEmpty()) {
+      return context.nil;
+    }
+
+    String prefix = node.getPrefix();
+    NokogiriNamespaceCache nsCache = NokogiriHelpers.getNamespaceCache(node);
+    XmlNamespace namespace = nsCache.get(prefix, namespaceURI);
+
+    if (namespace == null || namespace.isEmpty()) {
+      // if it's not in the cache, create an unowned, uncached namespace and
+      // return that. XmlReader can't insert namespaces into the cache, so
+      // this is necessary for XmlReader to work correctly.
+      namespace = new XmlNamespace(context.runtime, null, prefix, namespaceURI, doc);
+    }
+
+    return namespace;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an array of XmlNamespace nodes based on the attributes
+   * of this node.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  namespace_definitions(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    // don't use namespace_definitions cache anymore since
+    // namespaces might be deleted. Reflecting the result of
+    // namespace removals is complicated, so the cache might not be
+    // updated.
+    final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
+    if (doc == null) { return context.runtime.newEmptyArray(); }
+    if (doc instanceof HtmlDocument) { return context.runtime.newEmptyArray(); }
+
+    List<XmlNamespace> namespaces = doc.getNamespaceCache().get(node);
+    return context.runtime.newArray((List) namespaces);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return an array of XmlNamespace nodes defined on this node and
+   * on any ancestor node.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public RubyArray
+  namespace_scopes(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
+    if (doc == null) { return context.runtime.newEmptyArray(); }
+    if (doc instanceof HtmlDocument) { return context.runtime.newEmptyArray(); }
+
+    Node previousNode;
+    if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+      previousNode = node;
+    } else if (node.getNodeType() == Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE) {
+      previousNode = ((Attr)node).getOwnerElement();
+    } else {
+      previousNode = findPreviousElement(node);
+    }
+    if (previousNode == null) { return context.runtime.newEmptyArray(); }
+
+    final RubyArray scoped_namespaces = context.runtime.newArray();
+    final HashSet<String> prefixes_in_scope = new HashSet<String>(8);
+    NokogiriNamespaceCache nsCache = NokogiriHelpers.getNamespaceCache(previousNode);
+    for (Node previous = previousNode; previous != null;) {
+      List<XmlNamespace> namespaces = nsCache.get(previous);
+      for (XmlNamespace namespace : namespaces) {
+        if (prefixes_in_scope.contains(namespace.getPrefix())) { continue; }
+        scoped_namespaces.append(namespace);
+        prefixes_in_scope.add(namespace.getPrefix());
+      }
+      previous = findPreviousElement(previous);
+    }
+    return scoped_namespaces;
+  }
+
+  private Node
+  findPreviousElement(Node n)
+  {
+    Node previous = n.getPreviousSibling() == null ? n.getParentNode() : n.getPreviousSibling();
+    if (previous == null || previous.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE) { return null; }
+    if (previous.getNodeType() == Node.ELEMENT_NODE) {
+      return previous;
+    } else {
+      return findPreviousElement(previous);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = "namespaced_key?")
+  public IRubyObject
+  namespaced_key_p(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject elementLName, IRubyObject namespaceUri)
+  {
+    return this.attribute_with_ns(context, elementLName, namespaceUri).isNil() ?
+           context.runtime.getFalse() : context.runtime.getTrue();
+  }
+
+  protected void
+  setContent(IRubyObject content)
+  {
+    String javaContent = rubyStringToString(content);
+    node.setTextContent(javaContent);
+    if (javaContent == null || javaContent.length() == 0) { return; }
+    if (node.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE || node.getNodeType() == Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE) { return; }
+    if (node.getFirstChild() != null) {
+      node.getFirstChild().setUserData(NokogiriHelpers.ENCODED_STRING, true, null);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void
+  setContent(String content)
+  {
+    node.setTextContent(content);
+    this.content = null;    // clear cache
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = "native_content=")
+  public IRubyObject
+  native_content_set(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject content)
+  {
+    setContent(content);
+    return content;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  lang(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    IRubyObject currentObj = this ;
+    while (!currentObj.isNil()) {
+      XmlNode currentNode = asXmlNode(context, currentObj);
+      IRubyObject lang = currentNode.getAttribute(context.runtime, "xml:lang");
+      if (!lang.isNil()) { return lang ; }
+
+      currentObj = currentNode.parent(context);
+    }
+    return context.nil;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = "lang=")
+  public IRubyObject
+  set_lang(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject lang)
+  {
+    setAttribute(context, "xml:lang", rubyStringToString(lang));
+    return context.nil ;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @param args {IRubyObject io,
+   *              IRubyObject encoding,
+   *              IRubyObject indentString,
+   *              IRubyObject options}
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(required = 4, visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  native_write_to(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject[] args)
+  {
+
+    IRubyObject io = args[0];
+    IRubyObject encoding = args[1];
+    IRubyObject indentString = args[2];
+    IRubyObject options = args[3];
+
+    String encString = rubyStringToString(encoding);
+
+    SaveContextVisitor visitor =
+      new SaveContextVisitor(RubyFixnum.fix2int(options), rubyStringToString(indentString), encString, isHtmlDoc(context),
+                             isFragment(), 0);
+    accept(context, visitor);
+
+    final IRubyObject rubyString;
+    if (NokogiriHelpers.isUTF8(encString)) {
+      rubyString = convertString(context.runtime, visitor.getInternalBuffer());
+    } else {
+      ByteBuffer bytes = convertEncoding(Charset.forName(encString), visitor.getInternalBuffer());
+      ByteList str = new ByteList(bytes.array(), bytes.arrayOffset(), bytes.remaining());
+      rubyString = RubyString.newString(context.runtime, str);
+    }
+    Helpers.invoke(context, io, "write", rubyString);
+
+    return io;
+  }
+
+  private boolean
+  isHtmlDoc(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return document(context).getMetaClass().isKindOfModule(getNokogiriClass(context.runtime, "Nokogiri::HTML::Document"));
+  }
+
+  private boolean
+  isFragment()
+  {
+    if (node instanceof DocumentFragment) { return true; }
+    if (node.getParentNode() != null && node.getParentNode() instanceof DocumentFragment) { return true; }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"next_sibling", "next"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  next_sibling(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), node.getNextSibling());
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"previous_sibling", "previous"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  previous_sibling(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.getRuntime(), node.getPreviousSibling());
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"node_name", "name"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  node_name(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return getNodeName(context);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"node_name=", "name="})
+  public IRubyObject
+  node_name_set(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject nodeName)
+  {
+    nodeName = doSetName(nodeName);
+    String newName = nodeName == null ? null : rubyStringToString((RubyString) nodeName);
+    this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, null, newName);
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  set(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject rbkey, IRubyObject rbval)
+  {
+    if (node instanceof Element) {
+      setAttribute(context, rubyStringToString(rbkey), rubyStringToString(rbval));
+      return this;
+    } else {
+      return rbval;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private void
+  setAttribute(ThreadContext context, String key, String val)
+  {
+    Element element = (Element) node;
+
+    String uri = null;
+    int colonIndex = key.indexOf(":");
+    if (colonIndex > 0) {
+      String prefix = key.substring(0, colonIndex);
+      if (prefix.equals("xml")) {
+        uri = "http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace";
+      } else if (prefix.equals("xmlns")) {
+        uri = "http://www.w3.org/2000/xmlns/";
+      } else {
+        uri = node.lookupNamespaceURI(prefix);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (uri != null) {
+      element.setAttributeNS(uri, key, val);
+    } else {
+      element.setAttribute(key, val);
+    }
+    clearXpathContext(node);
+  }
+
+  private String
+  findNamespaceHref(ThreadContext context, String prefix)
+  {
+    XmlNode currentNode = this;
+    final XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
+    while (currentNode != doc) {
+      RubyArray namespaces = currentNode.namespace_scopes(context);
+      for (int i = 0; i < namespaces.size(); i++) {
+        XmlNamespace namespace = (XmlNamespace) namespaces.eltInternal(i);
+        if (namespace.hasPrefix(prefix)) { return namespace.getHref(); }
+      }
+      IRubyObject parent = currentNode.parent(context);
+      if (parent == context.nil) { break; }
+      currentNode = (XmlNode) parent;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  parent(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    /*
+     * Check if this node is the root node of the document.
+     * If so, parent is the document.
      */
-    private static void fixUserData(Document previous, Node ret) {
-        final String key = NokogiriHelpers.ENCODED_STRING;
-        for (Node child = ret.getFirstChild(); child != null; child = child.getNextSibling()) {
-            CoreDocumentImpl previousDocument = (CoreDocumentImpl) previous;
-            child.setUserData(key, previousDocument.getUserData(child, key), null);
-            fixUserData(previous, child);
-        }
-    }
-
-    private Node[] adoptAsChild(final Node parent, Node otherNode) {
-        /*
-         * This is a bit of a hack.  C-Nokogiri allows adding a bare text node as the root element.
-         * Java (and XML spec?) does not.  So we wrap the text node in an element.
-         */
-        if (parent.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE && otherNode.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
-            Element e = (Element) parent.getFirstChild();
-            if (e == null || !e.getNodeName().equals(TEXT_WRAPPER_NAME)) {
-                e = ((Document) parent).createElement(TEXT_WRAPPER_NAME);
-                adoptAsChild(parent, e);
-            }
-            e.appendChild(otherNode);
-            otherNode = e;
+    if (node.getOwnerDocument() != null &&
+        node.getOwnerDocument().getDocumentElement() == node) {
+      return document(context);
+    }
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, node.getParentNode());
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  path(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return RubyString.newString(context.runtime, NokogiriHelpers.getNodeCompletePath(this.node));
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  pointer_id(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    return RubyFixnum.newFixnum(context.runtime, this.node.hashCode());
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  set_namespace(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject namespace)
+  {
+    if (namespace.isNil()) {
+      XmlDocument doc = document(context.runtime);
+      if (doc != null) {
+        Node node = this.node;
+        doc.getNamespaceCache().remove(node);
+        this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, null, NokogiriHelpers.getLocalPart(node.getNodeName()));
+      }
+    } else {
+      XmlNamespace ns = (XmlNamespace) namespace;
+
+      // Assigning node = ...renameNode() or not seems to make no
+      // difference.  Why not? -pmahoney
+
+      // It actually makes a great deal of difference. renameNode()
+      // will operate in place if it can, but sometimes it can't.
+      // The node you passed in *might* come back as you expect, but
+      // it might not. It's much safer to throw away the original
+      // and keep the return value. -mbklein
+      String new_name = NokogiriHelpers.newQName(ns.getPrefix(), node);
+      this.node = NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(node, ns.getHref(), new_name);
+    }
+
+    clearXpathContext(getNode());
+
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"unlink", "remove"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  unlink(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    final Node parent = node.getParentNode();
+    if (parent != null) {
+      parent.removeChild(node);
+      clearXpathContext(parent);
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The C-library simply returns libxml2 magic numbers.  Here we
+   * convert Java Xml nodes to the appropriate constant defined in
+   * xml/node.rb.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(name = {"node_type", "type"})
+  public IRubyObject
+  node_type(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    String type;
+    switch (node.getNodeType()) {
+    case Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
+      if (this instanceof XmlElementDecl) {
+        type = "ELEMENT_DECL";
+      } else if (this instanceof XmlAttributeDecl) {
+        type = "ATTRIBUTE_DECL";
+      } else if (this instanceof XmlEntityDecl) {
+        type = "ENTITY_DECL";
+      } else {
+        type = "ELEMENT_NODE";
+      }
+      break;
+    case Node.ATTRIBUTE_NODE:
+      type = "ATTRIBUTE_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.TEXT_NODE:
+      type = "TEXT_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.CDATA_SECTION_NODE:
+      type = "CDATA_SECTION_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.ENTITY_REFERENCE_NODE:
+      type = "ENTITY_REF_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.ENTITY_NODE:
+      type = "ENTITY_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE:
+      type = "PI_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.COMMENT_NODE:
+      type = "COMMENT_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.DOCUMENT_NODE:
+      if (this instanceof HtmlDocument) {
+        type = "HTML_DOCUMENT_NODE";
+      } else {
+        type = "DOCUMENT_NODE";
+      }
+      break;
+    case Node.DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE:
+      type = "DOCUMENT_TYPE_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.DOCUMENT_FRAGMENT_NODE:
+      type = "DOCUMENT_FRAG_NODE";
+      break;
+    case Node.NOTATION_NODE:
+      type = "NOTATION_NODE";
+      break;
+    default:
+      return context.runtime.newFixnum(0);
+    }
+
+    return getNokogiriClass(context.runtime, "Nokogiri::XML::Node").getConstant(type);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  line(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    Node root = getOwnerDocument();
+    int[] counter = new int[1];
+    count(root, counter);
+    return RubyFixnum.newFixnum(context.runtime, counter[0] + 1);
+  }
+
+  private boolean
+  count(Node node, int[] counter)
+  {
+    if (node == this.node) {
+      return true;
+    }
+
+    NodeList list = node.getChildNodes();
+    for (int jchild = 0; jchild < list.getLength(); jchild++) {
+      Node child = list.item(jchild);
+
+      if (child instanceof Text) {
+        String text = ((Text)child).getData();
+        int textLength = text.length();
+        for (int jchar = 0; jchar < textLength; jchar++) {
+          if (text.charAt(jchar) == '\n') {
+            counter[0] += 1;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      if (count(child, counter)) { return true; }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  next_element(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    Node nextNode = node.getNextSibling();
+    if (nextNode == null) { return context.nil; }
+    if (nextNode instanceof Element) {
+      return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, nextNode);
+    }
+    Node deeper = nextNode.getNextSibling();
+    if (deeper == null) { return context.nil; }
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, deeper);
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod
+  public IRubyObject
+  previous_element(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    Node prevNode = node.getPreviousSibling();
+    if (prevNode == null) { return context.nil; }
+    if (prevNode instanceof Element) {
+      return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, prevNode);
+    }
+    Node shallower = prevNode.getPreviousSibling();
+    if (shallower == null) { return context.nil; }
+    return getCachedNodeOrCreate(context.runtime, shallower);
+  }
+
+  protected enum AdoptScheme {
+    CHILD, PREV_SIBLING, NEXT_SIBLING, REPLACEMENT
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Adopt XmlNode <code>other</code> into the document of
+   * <code>this</code> using the specified scheme.
+   */
+  protected IRubyObject
+  adoptAs(ThreadContext context, AdoptScheme scheme, IRubyObject other_)
+  {
+    final XmlNode other = asXmlNode(context, other_);
+    // this.doc might be null since this node can be empty node.
+    if (doc != null) { other.setDocument(context, doc); }
+
+    IRubyObject nodeOrTags = other;
+    Node thisNode = node;
+    Node otherNode = other.node;
+
+    try {
+      Document prev = otherNode.getOwnerDocument();
+      Document doc = thisNode.getOwnerDocument();
+      if (doc == null && thisNode instanceof Document) {
+        // we are adding the new node to a new empty document
+        doc = (Document) thisNode;
+      }
+      clearXpathContext(prev);
+      clearXpathContext(doc);
+      if (doc != null && doc != otherNode.getOwnerDocument()) {
+        Node ret = doc.adoptNode(otherNode);
+        if (ret == null) {
+          throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError("Failed to take ownership of node");
+        }
+        // FIXME: this is really a hack, see documentation of fixUserData() for more details.
+        fixUserData(prev, ret);
+        otherNode = ret;
+      }
+
+      Node parent = thisNode.getParentNode();
+
+      switch (scheme) {
+      case CHILD:
+        Node[] children = adoptAsChild(thisNode, otherNode);
+        if (children.length == 1 && otherNode == children[0]) {
+          break;
         } else {
-            addNamespaceURIIfNeeded(otherNode);
-            parent.appendChild(otherNode);
-        }
-        return new Node[] { otherNode };
-    }
-
-    private void addNamespaceURIIfNeeded(Node child) {
-        if (this instanceof XmlDocumentFragment && ((XmlDocumentFragment) this).getFragmentContext() != null) {
-            XmlElement fragmentContext = ((XmlDocumentFragment) this).getFragmentContext();
-            String namespace_uri = fragmentContext.node.getNamespaceURI();
-            if (namespace_uri != null && namespace_uri.length() > 0) {
-                NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(child, namespace_uri, child.getNodeName());
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected void adoptAsPrevSibling(ThreadContext context,
-                                      Node parent,
-                                      Node thisNode, Node otherNode) {
-        if (parent == null) {
-            /* I'm not sure what do do here...  A node with no
-             * parent can't exactly have a 'sibling', so we make
-             * otherNode parentless also. */
-            if (otherNode.getParentNode() != null)
-                otherNode.getParentNode().removeChild(otherNode);
-            return;
-        }
-
-        parent.insertBefore(otherNode, thisNode);
-    }
-
-    protected void adoptAsNextSibling(ThreadContext context,
-                                      Node parent,
-                                      Node thisNode, Node otherNode) {
-        if (parent == null) {
-            /* I'm not sure what do do here...  A node with no
-             * parent can't exactly have a 'sibling', so we make
-             * otherNode parentless also. */
-            if (otherNode.getParentNode() != null)
-                otherNode.getParentNode().removeChild(otherNode);
-
-            return;
-        }
-
-        Node nextSib = thisNode.getNextSibling();
-
-        if (nextSib != null) {
-            parent.insertBefore(otherNode, nextSib);
-        } else {
-            parent.appendChild(otherNode);
-        }
-    }
-
-    protected void adoptAsReplacement(ThreadContext context,
-                                      Node parentNode,
-                                      Node thisNode, Node otherNode) {
-        if (parentNode == null) {
-            /* nothing to replace? */
-            return;
-        }
-
-        try {
-            parentNode.replaceChild(otherNode, thisNode);
-        } catch (Exception e) {
-            String prefix = "could not replace child: ";
-            throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError(prefix + e.toString());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add <code>other</code> as a child of <code>this</code>.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject add_child_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other) {
-        return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.CHILD, other);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Replace <code>this</code> with <code>other</code>.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject replace_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other) {
-        return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.REPLACEMENT, other);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add <code>other</code> as a sibling before <code>this</code>.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject add_previous_sibling_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other) {
-        return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.PREV_SIBLING, other);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Add <code>other</code> as a sibling after <code>this</code>.
-     */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject add_next_sibling_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other) {
-        return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.NEXT_SIBLING, other);
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * call-seq:
-     *   process_xincludes(options)
-     *
-     * Loads and substitutes all xinclude elements below the node. The
-     * parser context will be initialized with +options+.
-     *
+          nodeOrTags = nodeArrayToRubyArray(context.runtime, children);
+        }
+        break;
+      case PREV_SIBLING:
+        adoptAsPrevSibling(context, parent, thisNode, otherNode);
+        break;
+      case NEXT_SIBLING:
+        adoptAsNextSibling(context, parent, thisNode, otherNode);
+        break;
+      case REPLACEMENT:
+        adoptAsReplacement(context, parent, thisNode, otherNode);
+        break;
+      }
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError(e.toString());
+    }
+
+    if (otherNode.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      coalesceTextNodes(context, other, scheme);
+    }
+
+    if (this instanceof XmlDocument) {
+      ((XmlDocument) this).resetNamespaceCache(context);
+    }
+
+    other.relink_namespace(context);
+
+    return nodeOrTags;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * This is a hack to fix #839. We should submit a patch to Xerces.
+   * It looks like CoreDocumentImpl.adoptNode() doesn't copy
+   * the user data associated with child nodes (recursively).
+   */
+  private static void
+  fixUserData(Document previous, Node ret)
+  {
+    final String key = NokogiriHelpers.ENCODED_STRING;
+    for (Node child = ret.getFirstChild(); child != null; child = child.getNextSibling()) {
+      CoreDocumentImpl previousDocument = (CoreDocumentImpl) previous;
+      child.setUserData(key, previousDocument.getUserData(child, key), null);
+      fixUserData(previous, child);
+    }
+  }
+
+  private Node[]
+  adoptAsChild(final Node parent, Node otherNode)
+  {
+    /*
+     * This is a bit of a hack.  C-Nokogiri allows adding a bare text node as the root element.
+     * Java (and XML spec?) does not.  So we wrap the text node in an element.
      */
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject process_xincludes(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject options) {
-        XmlDocument xmlDocument = (XmlDocument)document(context);
-        RubyArray errors = (RubyArray)xmlDocument.getInstanceVariable("@errors");
-        while(errors.getLength() > 0) {
-            XmlSyntaxError error = (XmlSyntaxError)errors.shift(context);
-            if (error.toString().contains("Include operation failed")) {
-                throw error.toThrowable();
-            }
-        }
-        return this;
-    }
-
-    @JRubyMethod(visibility=Visibility.PRIVATE)
-    public IRubyObject clear_xpath_context(ThreadContext context) {
-        clearXpathContext(getNode());
-        return context.nil ;
-    }
-
-    @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
-    @Override
-    public Object toJava(final Class target) {
-        if (target == Object.class || Node.class.isAssignableFrom(target)) {
-            return getNode();
-        }
-        return super.toJava(target);
-    }
+    if (parent.getNodeType() == Node.DOCUMENT_NODE && otherNode.getNodeType() == Node.TEXT_NODE) {
+      Element e = (Element) parent.getFirstChild();
+      if (e == null || !e.getNodeName().equals(TEXT_WRAPPER_NAME)) {
+        e = ((Document) parent).createElement(TEXT_WRAPPER_NAME);
+        adoptAsChild(parent, e);
+      }
+      e.appendChild(otherNode);
+      otherNode = e;
+    } else {
+      addNamespaceURIIfNeeded(otherNode);
+      parent.appendChild(otherNode);
+    }
+    return new Node[] { otherNode };
+  }
+
+  private void
+  addNamespaceURIIfNeeded(Node child)
+  {
+    if (this instanceof XmlDocumentFragment && ((XmlDocumentFragment) this).getFragmentContext() != null) {
+      XmlElement fragmentContext = ((XmlDocumentFragment) this).getFragmentContext();
+      String namespace_uri = fragmentContext.node.getNamespaceURI();
+      if (namespace_uri != null && namespace_uri.length() > 0) {
+        NokogiriHelpers.renameNode(child, namespace_uri, child.getNodeName());
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void
+  adoptAsPrevSibling(ThreadContext context,
+                     Node parent,
+                     Node thisNode, Node otherNode)
+  {
+    if (parent == null) {
+      /* I'm not sure what do do here...  A node with no
+       * parent can't exactly have a 'sibling', so we make
+       * otherNode parentless also. */
+      if (otherNode.getParentNode() != null) {
+        otherNode.getParentNode().removeChild(otherNode);
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+
+    parent.insertBefore(otherNode, thisNode);
+  }
+
+  protected void
+  adoptAsNextSibling(ThreadContext context,
+                     Node parent,
+                     Node thisNode, Node otherNode)
+  {
+    if (parent == null) {
+      /* I'm not sure what do do here...  A node with no
+       * parent can't exactly have a 'sibling', so we make
+       * otherNode parentless also. */
+      if (otherNode.getParentNode() != null) {
+        otherNode.getParentNode().removeChild(otherNode);
+      }
+
+      return;
+    }
+
+    Node nextSib = thisNode.getNextSibling();
+
+    if (nextSib != null) {
+      parent.insertBefore(otherNode, nextSib);
+    } else {
+      parent.appendChild(otherNode);
+    }
+  }
+
+  protected void
+  adoptAsReplacement(ThreadContext context,
+                     Node parentNode,
+                     Node thisNode, Node otherNode)
+  {
+    if (parentNode == null) {
+      /* nothing to replace? */
+      return;
+    }
+
+    try {
+      parentNode.replaceChild(otherNode, thisNode);
+    } catch (Exception e) {
+      String prefix = "could not replace child: ";
+      throw context.runtime.newRuntimeError(prefix + e.toString());
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add <code>other</code> as a child of <code>this</code>.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  add_child_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other)
+  {
+    return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.CHILD, other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Replace <code>this</code> with <code>other</code>.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  replace_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other)
+  {
+    return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.REPLACEMENT, other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add <code>other</code> as a sibling before <code>this</code>.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  add_previous_sibling_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other)
+  {
+    return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.PREV_SIBLING, other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Add <code>other</code> as a sibling after <code>this</code>.
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  add_next_sibling_node(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject other)
+  {
+    return adoptAs(context, AdoptScheme.NEXT_SIBLING, other);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * call-seq:
+   *   process_xincludes(options)
+   *
+   * Loads and substitutes all xinclude elements below the node. The
+   * parser context will be initialized with +options+.
+   *
+   */
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  process_xincludes(ThreadContext context, IRubyObject options)
+  {
+    XmlDocument xmlDocument = (XmlDocument)document(context);
+    RubyArray errors = (RubyArray)xmlDocument.getInstanceVariable("@errors");
+    while (errors.getLength() > 0) {
+      XmlSyntaxError error = (XmlSyntaxError)errors.shift(context);
+      if (error.toString().contains("Include operation failed")) {
+        throw error.toThrowable();
+      }
+    }
+    return this;
+  }
+
+  @JRubyMethod(visibility = Visibility.PRIVATE)
+  public IRubyObject
+  clear_xpath_context(ThreadContext context)
+  {
+    clearXpathContext(getNode());
+    return context.nil ;
+  }
+
+  @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
+  @Override
+  public Object
+  toJava(final Class target)
+  {
+    if (target == Object.class || Node.class.isAssignableFrom(target)) {
+      return getNode();
+    }
+    return super.toJava(target);
+  }
 
 }