nokogiri 1.10.7 → 1.16.0

data/gumbo-parser/src/parser.c

@@ -0,0 +1,4891 @@
+/*
+ Copyright 2017-2018 Craig Barnes.
+ Copyright 2010 Google Inc.
+
+ Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+ Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ limitations under the License.
+*/
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <stdarg.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "ascii.h"
+#include "attribute.h"
+#include "error.h"
+#include "nokogiri_gumbo.h"
+#include "insertion_mode.h"
+#include "macros.h"
+#include "parser.h"
+#include "replacement.h"
+#include "tokenizer.h"
+#include "tokenizer_states.h"
+#include "token_buffer.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
+#include "util.h"
+#include "vector.h"
+
+typedef uint8_t TagSet[GUMBO_TAG_LAST + 1];
+#define TAG(tag) [GUMBO_TAG_##tag] = (1 << GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML)
+#define TAG_SVG(tag) [GUMBO_TAG_##tag] = (1 << GUMBO_NAMESPACE_SVG)
+#define TAG_MATHML(tag) [GUMBO_TAG_##tag] = (1 << GUMBO_NAMESPACE_MATHML)
+
+#define GUMBO_EMPTY_SOURCE_POSITION_INIT { .line = 0, .column = 0, .offset = 0 }
+#define kGumboEmptySourcePosition (const GumboSourcePosition) \
+  GUMBO_EMPTY_SOURCE_POSITION_INIT
+
+const GumboOptions kGumboDefaultOptions = {
+  .tab_stop = 8,
+  .stop_on_first_error = false,
+  .max_attributes = 400,
+  .max_tree_depth = 400,
+  .max_errors = -1,
+  .fragment_context = NULL,
+  .fragment_namespace = GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+  .fragment_encoding = NULL,
+  .quirks_mode = GUMBO_DOCTYPE_NO_QUIRKS,
+  .fragment_context_has_form_ancestor = false,
+};
+
+#define STRING(s) {.data = s, .length = sizeof(s) - 1}
+#define TERMINATOR {.data = NULL, .length = 0}
+
+// The doctype arrays have an explicit terminator because we want to pass them
+// to a helper function, and passing them as a pointer discards sizeof
+// information. The SVG arrays are used only by one-off functions, and so loops
+// over them use sizeof directly instead of a terminator.
+
+static const GumboStringPiece kQuirksModePublicIdPrefixes[] = {
+  STRING("+//Silmaril//dtd html Pro v0r11 19970101//"),
+  STRING("-//AdvaSoft Ltd//DTD HTML 3.0 asWedit + extensions//"),
+  STRING("-//AS//DTD HTML 3.0 asWedit + extensions//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 1//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Level 2//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 1//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict Level 2//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0 Strict//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.0//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 2.1E//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.0//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 3.2//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML 3//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 0//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 1//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 2//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Level 3//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 0//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 1//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 2//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict Level 3//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML Strict//"),
+  STRING("-//IETF//DTD HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//Metrius//DTD Metrius Presentational//"),
+  STRING("-//Microsoft//DTD Internet Explorer 2.0 HTML Strict//"),
+  STRING("-//Microsoft//DTD Internet Explorer 2.0 HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//Microsoft//DTD Internet Explorer 2.0 Tables//"),
+  STRING("-//Microsoft//DTD Internet Explorer 3.0 HTML Strict//"),
+  STRING("-//Microsoft//DTD Internet Explorer 3.0 HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//Microsoft//DTD Internet Explorer 3.0 Tables//"),
+  STRING("-//Netscape Comm. Corp.//DTD HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//Netscape Comm. Corp.//DTD Strict HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//O'Reilly and Associates//DTD HTML 2.0//"),
+  STRING("-//O'Reilly and Associates//DTD HTML Extended 1.0//"),
+  STRING("-//O'Reilly and Associates//DTD HTML Extended Relaxed 1.0//"),
+  STRING(
+    "-//SoftQuad Software//DTD HoTMetaL PRO 6.0::19990601::)"
+    "extensions to HTML 4.0//"),
+  STRING(
+    "-//SoftQuad//DTD HoTMetaL PRO 4.0::19971010::"
+    "extensions to HTML 4.0//"),
+  STRING("-//Spyglass//DTD HTML 2.0 Extended//"),
+  STRING("-//SQ//DTD HTML 2.0 HoTMetaL + extensions//"),
+  STRING("-//Sun Microsystems Corp.//DTD HotJava HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//Sun Microsystems Corp.//DTD HotJava Strict HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 3 1995-03-24//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Draft//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2 Final//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 3.2S Draft//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Frameset//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML Experimental 19960712//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML Experimental 970421//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//"),
+  STRING("-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML 3.0//"),
+  STRING("-//WebTechs//DTD Mozilla HTML 2.0//"),
+  STRING("-//WebTechs//DTD Mozilla HTML//"),
+  TERMINATOR
+};
+
+static const GumboStringPiece kQuirksModePublicIdExactMatches[] = {
+  STRING("-//W3O//DTD W3 HTML Strict 3.0//EN//"),
+  STRING("-/W3C/DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional/EN"),
+  STRING("HTML"),
+  TERMINATOR
+};
+
+static const GumboStringPiece kQuirksModeSystemIdExactMatches[] = {
+  STRING("http://www.ibm.com/data/dtd/v11/ibmxhtml1-transitional.dtd"),
+  TERMINATOR
+};
+
+static const GumboStringPiece kLimitedQuirksPublicIdPrefixes[] = {
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Frameset//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//"),
+  TERMINATOR
+};
+
+static const GumboStringPiece kSystemIdDependentPublicIdPrefixes[] = {
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Frameset//"),
+  STRING("-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//"),
+  TERMINATOR
+};
+
+// Indexed by GumboNamespaceEnum; keep in sync with that.
+static const char* kLegalXmlns[] = {
+  "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml",
+  "http://www.w3.org/2000/svg",
+  "http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"
+};
+
+// The "scope marker" for the list of active formatting elements. We use a
+// pointer to this as a generic marker element, since the particular element
+// scope doesn't matter.
+static const GumboNode kActiveFormattingScopeMarker;
+
+// The tag_is and tag_in function use true & false to denote start & end tags,
+// but for readability, we define constants for them here.
+static const bool kStartTag = true;
+static const bool kEndTag = false;
+
+// Because GumboStringPieces are immutable, we can't insert a character directly
+// into a text node. Instead, we accumulate all pending characters here and
+// flush them out to a text node whenever a new element is inserted.
+//
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#insert-a-character
+typedef struct _TextNodeBufferState {
+  // The accumulated text to be inserted into the current text node.
+  GumboStringBuffer _buffer;
+
+  // A pointer to the original text represented by this text node. Note that
+  // because of foster parenting and other strange DOM manipulations, this may
+  // include other non-text HTML tags in it; it is defined as the span of
+  // original text from the first character in this text node to the last
+  // character in this text node.
+  const char* _start_original_text;
+
+  // The source position of the start of this text node.
+  GumboSourcePosition _start_position;
+
+  // The type of node that will be inserted (TEXT, CDATA, or WHITESPACE).
+  GumboNodeType _type;
+} TextNodeBufferState;
+
+typedef struct GumboInternalParserState {
+  // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#insertion-mode
+  GumboInsertionMode _insertion_mode;
+
+  // Used for run_generic_parsing_algorithm, which needs to switch back to the
+  // original insertion mode at its conclusion.
+  GumboInsertionMode _original_insertion_mode;
+
+  // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-stack-of-open-elements
+  GumboVector /*GumboNode*/ _open_elements;
+
+  // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-list-of-active-formatting-elements
+  GumboVector /*GumboNode*/ _active_formatting_elements;
+
+  // The stack of template insertion modes.
+  // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-insertion-mode
+  GumboVector /*InsertionMode*/ _template_insertion_modes;
+
+  // https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-element-pointers
+  GumboNode* _head_element;
+  GumboNode* _form_element;
+
+  // The element used as fragment context when parsing in fragment mode
+  GumboNode* _fragment_ctx;
+
+  // The flag for when the spec says "Reprocess the current token in..."
+  bool _reprocess_current_token;
+
+  // The flag for "acknowledge the token's self-closing flag".
+  bool _self_closing_flag_acknowledged;
+
+  // The "frameset-ok" flag from the spec.
+  bool _frameset_ok;
+
+  // The flag for "If the next token is a LINE FEED, ignore that token...".
+  bool _ignore_next_linefeed;
+
+  // The flag for "whenever a node would be inserted into the current node, it
+  // must instead be foster parented". This is used for misnested table
+  // content, which needs to be handled according to "in body" rules yet foster
+  // parented outside of the table.
+  // It would perhaps be more explicit to have this as a parameter to
+  // handle_in_body and insert_element, but given how special-purpose this is
+  // and the number of call-sites that would need to take the extra parameter,
+  // it's easier just to have a state flag.
+  bool _foster_parent_insertions;
+
+  // The accumulated text node buffer state.
+  TextNodeBufferState _text_node;
+
+  // The accumulated character tokens in tables for error purposes.
+  GumboCharacterTokenBuffer _table_character_tokens;
+
+  // The current token.
+  GumboToken* _current_token;
+
+  // The way that the spec is written, the </body> and </html> tags are *always*
+  // implicit, because encountering one of those tokens merely switches the
+  // insertion mode out of "in body". So we have individual state flags for
+  // those end tags that are then inspected by pop_current_node when the <body>
+  // and <html> nodes are popped to set the GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLICIT_END_TAG
+  // flag appropriately.
+  bool _closed_body_tag;
+  bool _closed_html_tag;
+} GumboParserState;
+
+static bool token_has_attribute(const GumboToken* token, const char* name) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  return gumbo_get_attribute(&token->v.start_tag.attributes, name) != NULL;
+}
+
+// Checks if the value of the specified attribute is a case-insensitive match
+// for the specified string.
+static bool attribute_matches (
+  const GumboVector* attributes,
+  const char* name,
+  const char* value
+) {
+  const GumboAttribute* attr = gumbo_get_attribute(attributes, name);
+  return attr ? gumbo_ascii_strcasecmp(value, attr->value) == 0 : false;
+}
+
+// Checks if the value of the specified attribute is a case-sensitive match
+// for the specified string.
+static bool attribute_matches_case_sensitive (
+  const GumboVector* attributes,
+  const char* name,
+  const char* value
+) {
+  const GumboAttribute* attr = gumbo_get_attribute(attributes, name);
+  return attr ? strcmp(value, attr->value) == 0 : false;
+}
+
+// Checks if the specified attribute vectors are identical.
+static bool all_attributes_match (
+  const GumboVector* attr1,
+  const GumboVector* attr2
+) {
+  unsigned int num_unmatched_attr2_elements = attr2->length;
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < attr1->length; ++i) {
+    const GumboAttribute* attr = attr1->data[i];
+    if (attribute_matches_case_sensitive(attr2, attr->name, attr->value)) {
+      --num_unmatched_attr2_elements;
+    } else {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return num_unmatched_attr2_elements == 0;
+}
+
+static void set_frameset_not_ok(GumboParser* parser) {
+  gumbo_debug("Setting frameset_ok to false.\n");
+  parser->_parser_state->_frameset_ok = false;
+}
+
+static GumboNode* create_node(GumboNodeType type) {
+  GumboNode* node = gumbo_alloc(sizeof(GumboNode));
+  node->parent = NULL;
+  node->index_within_parent = -1;
+  node->type = type;
+  node->parse_flags = GUMBO_INSERTION_NORMAL;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static GumboNode* new_document_node() {
+  GumboNode* document_node = create_node(GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT);
+  document_node->parse_flags = GUMBO_INSERTION_BY_PARSER;
+  gumbo_vector_init(1, &document_node->v.document.children);
+
+  // Must be initialized explicitly, as there's no guarantee that we'll see a
+  // doc type token.
+  GumboDocument* document = &document_node->v.document;
+  document->has_doctype = false;
+  document->name = NULL;
+  document->public_identifier = NULL;
+  document->system_identifier = NULL;
+  document->doc_type_quirks_mode = GUMBO_DOCTYPE_NO_QUIRKS;
+  return document_node;
+}
+
+static void output_init(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboOutput* output = gumbo_alloc(sizeof(GumboOutput));
+  output->root = NULL;
+  output->document = new_document_node();
+  output->document_error = false;
+  output->status = GUMBO_STATUS_OK;
+  parser->_output = output;
+  gumbo_init_errors(parser);
+}
+
+static void parser_state_init(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboParserState* parser_state = gumbo_alloc(sizeof(GumboParserState));
+  parser_state->_insertion_mode = GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL;
+  parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = false;
+  parser_state->_frameset_ok = true;
+  parser_state->_ignore_next_linefeed = false;
+  parser_state->_foster_parent_insertions = false;
+  parser_state->_text_node._type = GUMBO_NODE_WHITESPACE;
+  gumbo_string_buffer_init(&parser_state->_text_node._buffer);
+  gumbo_character_token_buffer_init(&parser_state->_table_character_tokens);
+  gumbo_vector_init(10, &parser_state->_open_elements);
+  gumbo_vector_init(5, &parser_state->_active_formatting_elements);
+  gumbo_vector_init(5, &parser_state->_template_insertion_modes);
+  parser_state->_head_element = NULL;
+  parser_state->_form_element = NULL;
+  parser_state->_fragment_ctx = NULL;
+  parser_state->_current_token = NULL;
+  parser_state->_closed_body_tag = false;
+  parser_state->_closed_html_tag = false;
+  parser->_parser_state = parser_state;
+}
+
+typedef void (*TreeTraversalCallback)(GumboNode* node);
+
+static void tree_traverse(GumboNode* node, TreeTraversalCallback callback) {
+  GumboNode* current_node = node;
+  unsigned int offset = 0;
+
+tailcall:
+  switch (current_node->type) {
+    case GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT: {
+      GumboVector* children = (current_node->type == GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT)
+        ? &current_node->v.document.children
+        : &current_node->v.element.children
+      ;
+      if (offset >= children->length) {
+        assert(offset == children->length);
+        break;
+      } else {
+        current_node = children->data[offset];
+        offset = 0;
+        goto tailcall;
+      }
+    }
+    case GUMBO_NODE_TEXT:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_CDATA:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_COMMENT:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_WHITESPACE:
+      assert(offset == 0);
+      break;
+  }
+
+  offset = current_node->index_within_parent + 1;
+  GumboNode* next_node = current_node->parent;
+  callback(current_node);
+  if (current_node == node) {
+    return;
+  }
+  current_node = next_node;
+  goto tailcall;
+}
+
+static void destroy_node_callback(GumboNode* node) {
+  switch (node->type) {
+    case GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT: {
+      GumboDocument* doc = &node->v.document;
+      gumbo_free((void*) doc->children.data);
+      gumbo_free((void*) doc->name);
+      gumbo_free((void*) doc->public_identifier);
+      gumbo_free((void*) doc->system_identifier);
+    } break;
+    case GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT:
+      for (unsigned int i = 0; i < node->v.element.attributes.length; ++i) {
+        gumbo_destroy_attribute(node->v.element.attributes.data[i]);
+      }
+      gumbo_free(node->v.element.attributes.data);
+      gumbo_free(node->v.element.children.data);
+      if (node->v.element.tag == GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN)
+        gumbo_free((void *)node->v.element.name);
+      break;
+    case GUMBO_NODE_TEXT:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_CDATA:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_COMMENT:
+    case GUMBO_NODE_WHITESPACE:
+      gumbo_free((void*) node->v.text.text);
+      break;
+  }
+  gumbo_free(node);
+}
+
+static void destroy_node(GumboNode* node) {
+  tree_traverse(node, &destroy_node_callback);
+}
+
+static void destroy_fragment_ctx_element(GumboNode* ctx);
+
+static void parser_state_destroy(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  if (state->_fragment_ctx) {
+    destroy_fragment_ctx_element(state->_fragment_ctx);
+  }
+  gumbo_vector_destroy(&state->_active_formatting_elements);
+  gumbo_vector_destroy(&state->_open_elements);
+  gumbo_vector_destroy(&state->_template_insertion_modes);
+  gumbo_string_buffer_destroy(&state->_text_node._buffer);
+  gumbo_character_token_buffer_destroy(&state->_table_character_tokens);
+  gumbo_free(state);
+}
+
+static GumboNode* get_document_node(const GumboParser* parser) {
+  return parser->_output->document;
+}
+
+static bool is_fragment_parser(const GumboParser* parser) {
+  return !!parser->_parser_state->_fragment_ctx;
+}
+
+// Returns the node at the bottom of the stack of open elements, or NULL if no
+// elements have been added yet.
+static GumboNode* get_current_node(const GumboParser* parser) {
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  if (open_elements->length == 0) {
+    assert(!parser->_output->root);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  assert(open_elements->length > 0);
+  assert(open_elements->data != NULL);
+  return open_elements->data[open_elements->length - 1];
+}
+
+static GumboNode* get_adjusted_current_node(const GumboParser* parser) {
+  const GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  if (state->_open_elements.length == 1 && state->_fragment_ctx) {
+    return state->_fragment_ctx;
+  }
+  return get_current_node(parser);
+}
+
+// Returns true if the given needle is in the given array of literal
+// GumboStringPieces. If exact_match is true, this requires that they match
+// exactly; otherwise, this performs a prefix match to check if any of the
+// elements in haystack start with needle. This always performs a
+// case-insensitive match.
+static bool is_in_static_list (
+  const GumboStringPiece* needle,
+  const GumboStringPiece* haystack,
+  bool exact_match
+) {
+  if (needle->length == 0)
+    return false;
+  if (exact_match) {
+    for (size_t i = 0; haystack[i].data; ++i) {
+      if (gumbo_string_equals_ignore_case(needle, &haystack[i]))
+        return true;
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (size_t i = 0; haystack[i].data; ++i) {
+      if (gumbo_string_prefix_ignore_case(&haystack[i], needle))
+        return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+static void set_insertion_mode(GumboParser* parser, GumboInsertionMode mode) {
+  parser->_parser_state->_insertion_mode = mode;
+}
+
+static void push_template_insertion_mode (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboInsertionMode mode
+) {
+  gumbo_vector_add (
+    (void*) mode,
+    &parser->_parser_state->_template_insertion_modes
+  );
+}
+
+static void pop_template_insertion_mode(GumboParser* parser) {
+  gumbo_vector_pop(&parser->_parser_state->_template_insertion_modes);
+}
+
+// Returns the current template insertion mode. If the stack of template
+// insertion modes is empty, this returns GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL.
+static GumboInsertionMode get_current_template_insertion_mode (
+  const GumboParser* parser
+) {
+  GumboVector* modes = &parser->_parser_state->_template_insertion_modes;
+  if (modes->length == 0) {
+    return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL;
+  }
+  return (GumboInsertionMode)(intptr_t) modes->data[(modes->length - 1)];
+}
+
+// Returns true if the specified token is either a start or end tag
+// (specified by is_start) with one of the tag types in the TagSet.
+static bool tag_in (
+  const GumboToken* token,
+  bool is_start,
+  const TagSet* tags
+) {
+  GumboTag token_tag;
+  if (is_start && token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    token_tag = token->v.start_tag.tag;
+  } else if (!is_start && token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG) {
+    token_tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+  } else {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return (*tags)[(unsigned) token_tag] != 0u;
+}
+
+// Like tag_in, but for the single-tag case.
+static bool tag_is(const GumboToken* token, bool is_start, GumboTag tag) {
+  if (is_start && token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    return token->v.start_tag.tag == tag;
+  }
+  if (!is_start && token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG) {
+    return token->v.end_tag.tag == tag;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+static inline bool tagset_includes (
+  const TagSet* tagset,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum ns,
+  GumboTag tag
+) {
+  return ((*tagset)[(unsigned) tag] & (1u << (unsigned) ns)) != 0u;
+}
+
+// Like tag_in, but checks for the tag of a node, rather than a token.
+static bool node_tag_in_set(const GumboNode* node, const TagSet* tags) {
+  assert(node != NULL);
+  if (node->type != GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT && node->type != GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  return tagset_includes (
+    tags,
+    node->v.element.tag_namespace,
+    node->v.element.tag
+  );
+}
+
+static bool node_qualified_tagname_is (
+  const GumboNode* node,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum ns,
+  GumboTag tag,
+  const char *name
+) {
+  assert(node);
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  assert(node->v.element.name);
+  assert(tag != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN || name);
+  GumboTag element_tag = node->v.element.tag;
+  const char *element_name = node->v.element.name;
+  assert(element_tag != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN || element_name);
+  if (node->v.element.tag_namespace != ns || element_tag != tag)
+    return false;
+  if (tag != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN)
+    return true;
+  return !gumbo_ascii_strcasecmp(element_name, name);
+}
+
+static bool node_html_tagname_is (
+  const GumboNode* node,
+  GumboTag tag,
+  const char *name
+) {
+  return node_qualified_tagname_is(node, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML, tag, name);
+}
+
+static bool node_tagname_is (
+  const GumboNode* node,
+  GumboTag tag,
+  const char *name
+) {
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  return node_qualified_tagname_is(node, node->v.element.tag_namespace, tag, name);
+}
+
+// Like node_tag_in, but for the single-tag case.
+static bool node_qualified_tag_is (
+  const GumboNode* node,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum ns,
+  GumboTag tag
+) {
+  assert(node);
+  assert(tag != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN);
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  return
+    node->v.element.tag == tag
+    && node->v.element.tag_namespace == ns;
+}
+
+// Like node_tag_in, but for the single-tag case in the HTML namespace
+static bool node_html_tag_is(const GumboNode* node, GumboTag tag) {
+  return node_qualified_tag_is(node, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML, tag);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#reset-the-insertion-mode-appropriately
+// This is a helper function that returns the appropriate insertion mode instead
+// of setting it. Returns GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL as a sentinel value to
+// indicate that there is no appropriate insertion mode, and the loop should
+// continue.
+static GumboInsertionMode get_appropriate_insertion_mode (
+  const GumboParser* parser,
+  int index
+) {
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  const GumboNode* node = open_elements->data[index];
+  const bool is_last = index == 0;
+
+  if (is_last && is_fragment_parser(parser)) {
+    node = parser->_parser_state->_fragment_ctx;
+  }
+
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  if (node->v.element.tag_namespace != GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML) {
+    return is_last ? GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY : GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL;
+  }
+
+  switch (node->v.element.tag) {
+    case GUMBO_TAG_SELECT: {
+      if (is_last) {
+        return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_SELECT;
+      }
+      for (int i = index; i > 0; --i) {
+        const GumboNode* ancestor = open_elements->data[i];
+        if (node_html_tag_is(ancestor, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+          return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_SELECT;
+        }
+        if (node_html_tag_is(ancestor, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+          return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_SELECT_IN_TABLE;
+        }
+      }
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_SELECT;
+    }
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TD:
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TH:
+      if (!is_last) return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_CELL;
+      break;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TR:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TBODY:
+    case GUMBO_TAG_THEAD:
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TFOOT:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_CAPTION;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_COLGROUP:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_COLUMN_GROUP;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TABLE:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE:
+      return get_current_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    case GUMBO_TAG_HEAD:
+      if (!is_last) return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_HEAD;
+      break;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_BODY:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_FRAMESET:
+      return GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_FRAMESET;
+    case GUMBO_TAG_HTML:
+      return parser->_parser_state->_head_element
+        ? GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_HEAD
+        : GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_BEFORE_HEAD;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+  return is_last ? GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY : GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL;
+}
+
+// This performs the actual "reset the insertion mode" loop.
+static void reset_insertion_mode_appropriately(GumboParser* parser) {
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  for (int i = open_elements->length; --i >= 0;) {
+    GumboInsertionMode mode = get_appropriate_insertion_mode(parser, i);
+    if (mode != GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL) {
+      set_insertion_mode(parser, mode);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  // Should never get here, because is_last will be set on the last iteration
+  // and will force GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY.
+  assert(0);
+}
+
+static void parser_add_parse_error (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  const GumboToken* token
+) {
+  gumbo_debug("Adding parse error.\n");
+  GumboError* error = gumbo_add_error(parser);
+  if (!error) {
+    return;
+  }
+  error->type = GUMBO_ERR_PARSER;
+  error->position = token->position;
+  error->original_text = token->original_text;
+  GumboParserError* extra_data = &error->v.parser;
+  extra_data->input_type = token->type;
+  extra_data->input_tag = GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN;
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    extra_data->input_tag = token->v.start_tag.tag;
+  } else if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG) {
+    extra_data->input_tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+  }
+  const GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  extra_data->parser_state = state->_insertion_mode;
+  gumbo_vector_init(state->_open_elements.length, &extra_data->tag_stack);
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < state->_open_elements.length; ++i) {
+    const GumboNode* node = state->_open_elements.data[i];
+    assert (
+      node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+      || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE
+    );
+    gumbo_vector_add (
+      (void*) node->v.element.tag,
+      &extra_data->tag_stack
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#mathml-text-integration-point
+static bool is_mathml_integration_point(const GumboNode* node) {
+  static const TagSet mathml_integration_point_tags = {
+    TAG_MATHML(MI), TAG_MATHML(MO), TAG_MATHML(MN),
+    TAG_MATHML(MS), TAG_MATHML(MTEXT)
+  };
+  return node_tag_in_set(node, &mathml_integration_point_tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#html-integration-point
+static bool is_html_integration_point(const GumboNode* node) {
+  static const TagSet html_integration_point_svg_tags = {
+      TAG_SVG(FOREIGNOBJECT), TAG_SVG(DESC), TAG_SVG(TITLE)
+  };
+  if (node_tag_in_set(node, &html_integration_point_svg_tags)) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const bool is_mathml_annotation_xml_element = node_qualified_tag_is (
+    node,
+    GUMBO_NAMESPACE_MATHML,
+    GUMBO_TAG_ANNOTATION_XML
+  );
+  const GumboVector* attributes = &node->v.element.attributes;
+  if (
+    is_mathml_annotation_xml_element
+    && (
+      attribute_matches(attributes, "encoding", "text/html")
+      || attribute_matches(attributes, "encoding", "application/xhtml+xml")
+    )
+  ) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  return false;
+}
+
+// This represents a place to insert a node, consisting of a target parent and a
+// child index within that parent. If the node should be inserted at the end of
+// the parent's child, index will be -1.
+typedef struct {
+  GumboNode* target;
+  int index;
+} InsertionLocation;
+
+static InsertionLocation get_appropriate_insertion_location (
+  const GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboNode* override_target
+) {
+  InsertionLocation retval = {override_target, -1};
+  if (retval.target == NULL) {
+    // No override target; default to the current node, but special-case the
+    // root node since get_current_node() assumes the stack of open elements is
+    // non-empty.
+    retval.target = (parser->_output->root != NULL)
+      ? get_current_node(parser)
+      : get_document_node(parser)
+    ;
+  }
+  if (
+    !parser->_parser_state->_foster_parent_insertions
+    || !node_tag_in_set(retval.target, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(TABLE), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    return retval;
+  }
+
+  // Foster-parenting case.
+  int last_template_index = -1;
+  int last_table_index = -1;
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < open_elements->length; ++i) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(open_elements->data[i], GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      last_template_index = i;
+    }
+    if (node_html_tag_is(open_elements->data[i], GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+      last_table_index = i;
+    }
+  }
+  if (
+    last_template_index != -1
+    && (last_table_index == -1 || last_template_index > last_table_index)
+  ) {
+    retval.target = open_elements->data[last_template_index];
+    return retval;
+  }
+  if (last_table_index == -1) {
+    retval.target = open_elements->data[0];
+    return retval;
+  }
+  const GumboNode* last_table = open_elements->data[last_table_index];
+  if (last_table->parent != NULL) {
+    retval.target = last_table->parent;
+    retval.index = last_table->index_within_parent;
+    return retval;
+  }
+
+  retval.target = open_elements->data[last_table_index - 1];
+  return retval;
+}
+
+// Appends a node to the end of its parent, setting the "parent" and
+// "index_within_parent" fields appropriately.
+static void append_node(GumboNode* parent, GumboNode* node) {
+  assert(node->parent == NULL);
+  assert(node->index_within_parent == (unsigned int) -1);
+  GumboVector* children;
+  if (
+    parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+    || parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE
+  ) {
+    children = &parent->v.element.children;
+  } else {
+    assert(parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT);
+    children = &parent->v.document.children;
+  }
+  node->parent = parent;
+  node->index_within_parent = children->length;
+  gumbo_vector_add((void*) node, children);
+  assert(node->index_within_parent < children->length);
+}
+
+// Inserts a node at the specified InsertionLocation, updating the
+// "parent" and "index_within_parent" fields of it and all its siblings.
+// If the index of the location is -1, this calls append_node.
+static void insert_node(GumboNode* node, InsertionLocation location) {
+  assert(node->parent == NULL);
+  assert(node->index_within_parent == (unsigned int) -1);
+  GumboNode* parent = location.target;
+  int index = location.index;
+  if (index != -1) {
+    GumboVector* children = NULL;
+    if (
+      parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+      || parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE
+    ) {
+      children = &parent->v.element.children;
+    } else if (parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT) {
+      children = &parent->v.document.children;
+      assert(children->length == 0);
+    } else {
+      assert(0);
+    }
+
+    assert(index >= 0);
+    assert((unsigned int) index < children->length);
+    node->parent = parent;
+    node->index_within_parent = index;
+    gumbo_vector_insert_at((void*) node, index, children);
+    assert(node->index_within_parent < children->length);
+    for (unsigned int i = index + 1; i < children->length; ++i) {
+      GumboNode* sibling = children->data[i];
+      sibling->index_within_parent = i;
+      assert(sibling->index_within_parent < children->length);
+    }
+  } else {
+    append_node(parent, node);
+  }
+}
+
+static void maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  TextNodeBufferState* buffer_state = &state->_text_node;
+  if (buffer_state->_buffer.length == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  assert (
+    buffer_state->_type == GUMBO_NODE_WHITESPACE
+    || buffer_state->_type == GUMBO_NODE_TEXT
+    || buffer_state->_type == GUMBO_NODE_CDATA
+  );
+  GumboNode* text_node = create_node(buffer_state->_type);
+  GumboText* text_node_data = &text_node->v.text;
+  text_node_data->text = gumbo_string_buffer_to_string(&buffer_state->_buffer);
+  text_node_data->original_text.data = buffer_state->_start_original_text;
+  text_node_data->original_text.length =
+      state->_current_token->original_text.data -
+      buffer_state->_start_original_text;
+  text_node_data->start_pos = buffer_state->_start_position;
+
+  gumbo_debug (
+    "Flushing text node buffer of %.*s.\n",
+    (int) buffer_state->_buffer.length,
+    buffer_state->_buffer.data
+  );
+
+  InsertionLocation location = get_appropriate_insertion_location(parser, NULL);
+  if (location.target->type == GUMBO_NODE_DOCUMENT) {
+    // The DOM does not allow Document nodes to have Text children, so per the
+    // spec, they are dropped on the floor.
+    destroy_node(text_node);
+  } else {
+    insert_node(text_node, location);
+  }
+
+  gumbo_string_buffer_clear(&buffer_state->_buffer);
+  buffer_state->_type = GUMBO_NODE_WHITESPACE;
+  assert(buffer_state->_buffer.length == 0);
+}
+
+static void record_end_of_element (
+  const GumboToken* current_token,
+  GumboElement* element
+) {
+  element->end_pos = current_token->position;
+  element->original_end_tag =
+    (current_token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG)
+      ? current_token->original_text
+      : kGumboEmptyString;
+}
+
+static GumboNode* pop_current_node(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+  if (state->_open_elements.length > 0) {
+    assert(node_html_tag_is(state->_open_elements.data[0], GUMBO_TAG_HTML));
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "Popping %s node.\n",
+      gumbo_normalized_tagname(get_current_node(parser)->v.element.tag)
+    );
+  }
+  GumboNode* current_node = gumbo_vector_pop(&state->_open_elements);
+  if (!current_node) {
+    assert(state->_open_elements.length == 0);
+    return NULL;
+  }
+  assert (
+    current_node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+    || current_node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE
+  );
+  bool is_closed_body_or_html_tag =
+    (
+      node_html_tag_is(current_node, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)
+      && state->_closed_body_tag
+    ) || (
+      node_html_tag_is(current_node, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)
+      && state->_closed_html_tag
+    )
+  ;
+  if (
+    (
+      state->_current_token->type != GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG
+      || !node_qualified_tagname_is (
+        current_node,
+        GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+        state->_current_token->v.end_tag.tag,
+        state->_current_token->v.end_tag.name
+      )
+    )
+    && !is_closed_body_or_html_tag
+  ) {
+    current_node->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLICIT_END_TAG;
+  }
+  if (!is_closed_body_or_html_tag) {
+    record_end_of_element(state->_current_token, &current_node->v.element);
+  }
+  return current_node;
+}
+
+static void append_comment_node (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboNode* node,
+  const GumboToken* token
+) {
+  maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+  GumboNode* comment = create_node(GUMBO_NODE_COMMENT);
+  comment->type = GUMBO_NODE_COMMENT;
+  comment->parse_flags = GUMBO_INSERTION_NORMAL;
+  comment->v.text.text = token->v.text;
+  comment->v.text.original_text = token->original_text;
+  comment->v.text.start_pos = token->position;
+  append_node(node, comment);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#clear-the-stack-back-to-a-table-row-context
+static void clear_stack_to_table_row_context(GumboParser* parser) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {TAG(HTML), TAG(TR), TAG(TEMPLATE)};
+  while (!node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &tags)) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#clear-the-stack-back-to-a-table-context
+static void clear_stack_to_table_context(GumboParser* parser) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {TAG(HTML), TAG(TABLE), TAG(TEMPLATE)};
+  while (!node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &tags)) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#clear-the-stack-back-to-a-table-body-context
+static void clear_stack_to_table_body_context(GumboParser* parser) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {
+    TAG(HTML), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TEMPLATE)
+  };
+  while (!node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &tags)) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+}
+
+// Creates a parser-inserted element in the HTML namespace and returns it.
+static GumboNode* create_element(GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  // XXX: This will fail for creating fragments with an element with tag
+  // GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN
+  assert(tag != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN);
+  GumboNode* node = create_node(GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT);
+  GumboElement* element = &node->v.element;
+  gumbo_vector_init(1, &element->children);
+  gumbo_vector_init(0, &element->attributes);
+  element->tag = tag;
+  element->name = gumbo_normalized_tagname(tag);
+  element->tag_namespace = GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML;
+  element->original_tag = kGumboEmptyString;
+  element->original_end_tag = kGumboEmptyString;
+  element->start_pos = (parser->_parser_state->_current_token)
+    ? parser->_parser_state->_current_token->position
+    : kGumboEmptySourcePosition
+  ;
+  element->end_pos = kGumboEmptySourcePosition;
+  return node;
+}
+
+// Constructs an element from the given start tag token.
+static GumboNode* create_element_from_token (
+  GumboToken* token,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum tag_namespace
+) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  GumboTokenStartTag* start_tag = &token->v.start_tag;
+
+  GumboNodeType type =
+    (
+      tag_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML
+      && start_tag->tag == GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE
+    )
+    ? GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE
+    : GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+  ;
+
+  GumboNode* node = create_node(type);
+  GumboElement* element = &node->v.element;
+  gumbo_vector_init(1, &element->children);
+  element->attributes = start_tag->attributes;
+  element->tag = start_tag->tag;
+  element->name = start_tag->name ? start_tag->name : gumbo_normalized_tagname(start_tag->tag);
+  element->tag_namespace = tag_namespace;
+
+  assert(token->original_text.length >= 2);
+  assert(token->original_text.data[0] == '<');
+  assert(token->original_text.data[token->original_text.length - 1] == '>');
+  element->original_tag = token->original_text;
+  element->start_pos = token->position;
+  element->original_end_tag = kGumboEmptyString;
+  element->end_pos = kGumboEmptySourcePosition;
+
+  // The element takes ownership of the attributes and name from the token, so
+  // any allocated-memory fields should be nulled out.
+  start_tag->attributes = kGumboEmptyVector;
+  start_tag->name = NULL;
+  return node;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#insert-an-html-element
+static void insert_element (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboNode* node,
+  bool is_reconstructing_formatting_elements
+) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  // NOTE(jdtang): The text node buffer must always be flushed before inserting
+  // a node, otherwise we're handling nodes in a different order than the spec
+  // mandated. However, one clause of the spec (character tokens in the body)
+  // requires that we reconstruct the active formatting elements *before* adding
+  // the character, and reconstructing the active formatting elements may itself
+  // result in the insertion of new elements (which should be pushed onto the
+  // stack of open elements before the buffer is flushed). We solve this (for
+  // the time being, the spec has been rewritten for <template> and the new
+  // version may be simpler here) with a boolean flag to this method.
+  if (!is_reconstructing_formatting_elements) {
+    maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+  }
+  InsertionLocation location = get_appropriate_insertion_location(parser, NULL);
+  insert_node(node, location);
+  gumbo_vector_add((void*) node, &state->_open_elements);
+}
+
+// Convenience method that combines create_element_from_token and
+// insert_element, inserting the generated element directly into the current
+// node. Returns the node inserted.
+static GumboNode* insert_element_from_token (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token
+) {
+  GumboNode* element = create_element_from_token(token, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML);
+  insert_element(parser, element, false);
+  gumbo_debug (
+    "Inserting <%s> element (@%p) from token.\n",
+    gumbo_normalized_tagname(element->v.element.tag),
+    (void*)element
+  );
+  return element;
+}
+
+// Convenience method that combines create_element and insert_element, inserting
+// a parser-generated element of a specific tag type. Returns the node
+// inserted.
+static GumboNode* insert_element_of_tag_type (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboTag tag,
+  GumboParseFlags reason
+) {
+  GumboNode* element = create_element(parser, tag);
+  element->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_BY_PARSER | reason;
+  insert_element(parser, element, false);
+  gumbo_debug (
+    "Inserting %s element (@%p) from tag type.\n",
+    gumbo_normalized_tagname(tag),
+    (void*)element
+  );
+  return element;
+}
+
+// Convenience method for creating foreign namespaced element. Returns the node
+// inserted.
+static GumboNode* insert_foreign_element (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum tag_namespace
+) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  GumboNode* element = create_element_from_token(token, tag_namespace);
+  insert_element(parser, element, false);
+  if (
+    token_has_attribute(token, "xmlns")
+    && !attribute_matches_case_sensitive (
+      &token->v.start_tag.attributes,
+      "xmlns",
+      kLegalXmlns[tag_namespace]
+    )
+  ) {
+    // TODO(jdtang): Since there're multiple possible error codes here, we
+    // eventually need reason codes to differentiate them.
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  }
+  if (
+    token_has_attribute(token, "xmlns:xlink")
+    && !attribute_matches_case_sensitive (
+      &token->v.start_tag.attributes,
+      "xmlns:xlink",
+      "http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
+    )
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  }
+  return element;
+}
+
+static void insert_text_token(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  assert (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CDATA
+  );
+  TextNodeBufferState* buffer_state = &parser->_parser_state->_text_node;
+  if (buffer_state->_buffer.length == 0) {
+    // Initialize position fields.
+    buffer_state->_start_original_text = token->original_text.data;
+    buffer_state->_start_position = token->position;
+  }
+  gumbo_string_buffer_append_codepoint (
+    token->v.character,
+    &buffer_state->_buffer
+  );
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER) {
+    buffer_state->_type = GUMBO_NODE_TEXT;
+  } else if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CDATA) {
+    buffer_state->_type = GUMBO_NODE_CDATA;
+  }
+  gumbo_debug("Inserting text token '%c'.\n", token->v.character);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#generic-rcdata-element-parsing-algorithm
+static void run_generic_parsing_algorithm (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token,
+  GumboTokenizerEnum lexer_state
+) {
+  insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+  gumbo_tokenizer_set_state(parser, lexer_state);
+  GumboParserState* parser_state = parser->_parser_state;
+  parser_state->_original_insertion_mode = parser_state->_insertion_mode;
+  parser_state->_insertion_mode = GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_TEXT;
+}
+
+static void acknowledge_self_closing_tag(GumboParser* parser) {
+  parser->_parser_state->_self_closing_flag_acknowledged = true;
+}
+
+// Returns true if there's an anchor tag in the list of active formatting
+// elements, and fills in its index if so.
+static bool find_last_anchor_index(GumboParser* parser, int* anchor_index) {
+  GumboVector* elements = &parser->_parser_state->_active_formatting_elements;
+  for (int i = elements->length; --i >= 0;) {
+    GumboNode* node = elements->data[i];
+    if (node == &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    if (node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_A)) {
+      *anchor_index = i;
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Counts the number of open formatting elements in the list of active
+// formatting elements (after the last active scope marker) that have a specific
+// tag. If this is > 0, then earliest_matching_index will be filled in with the
+// index of the first such element.
+static int count_formatting_elements_of_tag (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  const GumboNode* desired_node,
+  int* earliest_matching_index
+) {
+  const GumboElement* desired_element = &desired_node->v.element;
+  GumboVector* elements = &parser->_parser_state->_active_formatting_elements;
+  int num_identical_elements = 0;
+  for (int i = elements->length; --i >= 0;) {
+    GumboNode* node = elements->data[i];
+    if (node == &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker) {
+      break;
+    }
+    assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT);
+    if (
+      node_qualified_tagname_is (
+        node,
+        desired_element->tag_namespace,
+        desired_element->tag,
+        desired_element->name
+      )
+      && all_attributes_match(&node->v.element.attributes, &desired_element->attributes)
+    ) {
+      num_identical_elements++;
+      *earliest_matching_index = i;
+    }
+  }
+  return num_identical_elements;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#reconstruct-the-active-formatting-elements
+static void add_formatting_element(GumboParser* parser, const GumboNode* node) {
+  assert (
+    node == &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker
+    || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+  );
+  GumboVector* elements = &parser->_parser_state->_active_formatting_elements;
+  if (node == &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker) {
+    gumbo_debug("Adding a scope marker.\n");
+  } else {
+    gumbo_debug("Adding a formatting element.\n");
+  }
+
+  // Hunt for identical elements.
+  int earliest_identical_element = elements->length;
+  int num_identical_elements = count_formatting_elements_of_tag (
+    parser,
+    node,
+    &earliest_identical_element
+  );
+
+  // Noah's Ark clause: if there're at least 3, remove the earliest.
+  if (num_identical_elements >= 3) {
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "Noah's ark clause: removing element at %d.\n",
+      earliest_identical_element
+    );
+    gumbo_vector_remove_at(earliest_identical_element, elements);
+  }
+
+  gumbo_vector_add((void*) node, elements);
+}
+
+static bool is_open_element(const GumboParser* parser, const GumboNode* node) {
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < open_elements->length; ++i) {
+    if (open_elements->data[i] == node) {
+      return true;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Clones attributes, tags, etc. of a node, but does not copy the content. The
+// clone shares no structure with the original node: all owned strings and
+// values are fresh copies.
+static GumboNode* clone_node (
+  GumboNode* node,
+  GumboParseFlags reason
+) {
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  GumboNode* new_node = gumbo_alloc(sizeof(GumboNode));
+  *new_node = *node;
+  new_node->parent = NULL;
+  new_node->index_within_parent = -1;
+  // Clear the GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLICIT_END_TAG flag, as the cloned node may
+  // have a separate end tag.
+  new_node->parse_flags &= ~GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLICIT_END_TAG;
+  new_node->parse_flags |= reason | GUMBO_INSERTION_BY_PARSER;
+  GumboElement* element = &new_node->v.element;
+  gumbo_vector_init(1, &element->children);
+
+  const GumboVector* old_attributes = &node->v.element.attributes;
+  gumbo_vector_init(old_attributes->length, &element->attributes);
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < old_attributes->length; ++i) {
+    const GumboAttribute* old_attr = old_attributes->data[i];
+    GumboAttribute* attr = gumbo_alloc(sizeof(GumboAttribute));
+    *attr = *old_attr;
+    attr->name = gumbo_strdup(old_attr->name);
+    attr->value = gumbo_strdup(old_attr->value);
+    gumbo_vector_add(attr, &element->attributes);
+  }
+  return new_node;
+}
+
+// "Reconstruct active formatting elements" part of the spec.
+// This implementation is based on the html5lib translation from the
+// mess of GOTOs in the spec to reasonably structured programming.
+// https://github.com/html5lib/html5lib-python/blob/master/html5lib/treebuilders/base.py
+static void reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboVector* elements = &parser->_parser_state->_active_formatting_elements;
+  // Step 1
+  if (elements->length == 0) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Step 2 & 3
+  unsigned int i = elements->length - 1;
+  GumboNode* element = elements->data[i];
+  if (
+    element == &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker
+    || is_open_element(parser, element)
+  ) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Step 6
+  do {
+    if (i == 0) {
+      // Step 4
+      i = -1;  // Incremented to 0 below.
+      break;
+    }
+    // Step 5
+    element = elements->data[--i];
+  } while (
+    element != &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker
+    && !is_open_element(parser, element)
+  );
+
+  ++i;
+  gumbo_debug (
+    "Reconstructing elements from %u on %s parent.\n",
+    i,
+    gumbo_normalized_tagname(get_current_node(parser)->v.element.tag)
+  );
+  for (; i < elements->length; ++i) {
+    // Step 7 & 8.
+    assert(elements->length > 0);
+    assert(i < elements->length);
+    element = elements->data[i];
+    assert(element != &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker);
+    GumboNode* clone = clone_node (
+      element,
+      GUMBO_INSERTION_RECONSTRUCTED_FORMATTING_ELEMENT
+    );
+    // Step 9.
+    InsertionLocation location =
+        get_appropriate_insertion_location(parser, NULL);
+    insert_node(clone, location);
+    gumbo_vector_add (
+      (void*) clone,
+      &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements
+    );
+
+    // Step 10.
+    elements->data[i] = clone;
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "Reconstructed %s element at %u.\n",
+      gumbo_normalized_tagname(clone->v.element.tag),
+      i
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+static void clear_active_formatting_elements(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboVector* elements = &parser->_parser_state->_active_formatting_elements;
+  int num_elements_cleared = 0;
+  const GumboNode* node;
+  do {
+    node = gumbo_vector_pop(elements);
+    ++num_elements_cleared;
+  } while (node && node != &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker);
+  gumbo_debug (
+    "Cleared %d elements from active formatting list.\n",
+    num_elements_cleared
+  );
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-initial-insertion-mode
+GumboQuirksModeEnum gumbo_compute_quirks_mode (
+  const char *name,
+  const char *pubid_str,
+  const char *sysid_str
+) {
+
+  GumboStringPiece pubid = {
+    .data = pubid_str,
+    .length = pubid_str? strlen(pubid_str) : 0,
+  };
+  GumboStringPiece sysid = {
+    .data = sysid_str,
+    .length = sysid_str? strlen(sysid_str) : 0,
+  };
+  bool has_system_identifier = !!sysid_str;
+  if (
+    name == NULL
+    || strcmp(name, "html")
+    || is_in_static_list(&pubid, kQuirksModePublicIdPrefixes, false)
+    || is_in_static_list(&pubid, kQuirksModePublicIdExactMatches, true)
+    || is_in_static_list(&sysid, kQuirksModeSystemIdExactMatches, true)
+    || (
+      !has_system_identifier
+      && is_in_static_list(&pubid, kSystemIdDependentPublicIdPrefixes, false)
+    )
+  ) {
+    return GUMBO_DOCTYPE_QUIRKS;
+  }
+
+  if (
+    is_in_static_list(&pubid, kLimitedQuirksPublicIdPrefixes, false)
+    || (
+      has_system_identifier
+      && is_in_static_list(&pubid, kSystemIdDependentPublicIdPrefixes, false)
+    )
+  ) {
+    return GUMBO_DOCTYPE_LIMITED_QUIRKS;
+  }
+
+  return GUMBO_DOCTYPE_NO_QUIRKS;
+}
+
+static GumboQuirksModeEnum compute_quirks_mode(const GumboTokenDocType* doctype) {
+  if (doctype->force_quirks)
+    return GUMBO_DOCTYPE_QUIRKS;
+  return gumbo_compute_quirks_mode (
+    doctype->name,
+    doctype->has_public_identifier? doctype->public_identifier : NULL,
+    doctype->has_system_identifier? doctype->system_identifier : NULL
+  );
+}
+
+// The following functions are all defined by the "has an element in __ scope"
+// sections of the HTML5 spec:
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-the-specific-scope
+// The basic idea behind them is that they check for an element of the given
+// qualified name, contained within a scope formed by a set of other qualified
+// names. For example, "has an element in list scope" looks for an element of
+// the given qualified name within the nearest enclosing <ol> or <ul>, along
+// with a bunch of generic element types that serve to "firewall" their content
+// from the rest of the document. Note that because of the way the spec is
+// written,
+// all elements are expected to be in the HTML namespace
+static bool has_an_element_in_specific_scope (
+  const GumboParser* parser,
+  int expected_size,
+  const GumboTag* expected,
+  bool negate,
+  const TagSet* tags
+) {
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  for (int i = open_elements->length; --i >= 0;) {
+    const GumboNode* node = open_elements->data[i];
+    if (node->type != GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT && node->type != GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    GumboTag node_tag = node->v.element.tag;
+    GumboNamespaceEnum node_ns = node->v.element.tag_namespace;
+    for (int j = 0; j < expected_size; ++j) {
+      if (node_tag == expected[j] && node_ns == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML) {
+        return true;
+      }
+    }
+
+    bool found = tagset_includes(tags, node_ns, node_tag);
+    if (negate != found) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Checks for the presence of an open element of the specified tag type.
+static bool has_open_element(const GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {TAG(HTML)};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, 1, &tag, false, &tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-scope
+#define DEFAULT_SCOPE_TAGS \
+  TAG(APPLET), \
+  TAG(CAPTION), \
+  TAG(HTML), \
+  TAG(TABLE), \
+  TAG(TD), \
+  TAG(TH), \
+  TAG(MARQUEE), \
+  TAG(OBJECT), \
+  TAG(TEMPLATE), \
+  TAG_MATHML(MI), \
+  TAG_MATHML(MO), \
+  TAG_MATHML(MN), \
+  TAG_MATHML(MS), \
+  TAG_MATHML(MTEXT), \
+  TAG_MATHML(ANNOTATION_XML), \
+  TAG_SVG(FOREIGNOBJECT), \
+  TAG_SVG(DESC), \
+  TAG_SVG(TITLE)
+
+static const TagSet heading_tags = {
+  TAG(H1), TAG(H2), TAG(H3), TAG(H4), TAG(H5), TAG(H6)
+};
+
+static const TagSet td_th_tags = {
+  TAG(TD), TAG(TH)
+};
+
+static const TagSet dd_dt_tags = {
+  TAG(DD), TAG(DT)
+};
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-scope
+static bool has_an_element_in_scope(const GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {DEFAULT_SCOPE_TAGS};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, 1, &tag, false, &tags);
+}
+
+// Like "has an element in scope", but for the specific case of looking for a
+// unique target node, not for any node with a given tag name. This duplicates
+// much of the algorithm from has_an_element_in_specific_scope because the
+// predicate is different when checking for an exact node, and it's easier &
+// faster just to duplicate the code for this one case than to try and
+// parameterize it.
+static bool has_node_in_scope(const GumboParser* parser, const GumboNode* node) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {DEFAULT_SCOPE_TAGS};
+  const GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  for (int i = open_elements->length; --i >= 0;) {
+    const GumboNode* current = open_elements->data[i];
+    const GumboNodeType type = current->type;
+    if (current == node) {
+      return true;
+    }
+    if (type != GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT && type != GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (node_tag_in_set(current, &tags)) {
+      return false;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(false);
+  return false;
+}
+
+// Like has_an_element_in_scope, but restricts the expected qualified name to a
+// range of possible qualified names instead of just a single one.
+static bool has_an_element_in_scope_with_tagname (
+  const GumboParser* parser,
+  int len,
+  const GumboTag expected[]
+) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {DEFAULT_SCOPE_TAGS};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, len, expected, false, &tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-list-item-scope
+static bool has_an_element_in_list_scope(const GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {DEFAULT_SCOPE_TAGS, TAG(OL), TAG(UL)};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, 1, &tag, false, &tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-button-scope
+static bool has_an_element_in_button_scope(const GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {DEFAULT_SCOPE_TAGS, TAG(BUTTON)};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, 1, &tag, false, &tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-table-scope
+static bool has_an_element_in_table_scope(const GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {TAG(HTML), TAG(TABLE), TAG(TEMPLATE)};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, 1, &tag, false, &tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#has-an-element-in-select-scope
+static bool has_an_element_in_select_scope(const GumboParser* parser, GumboTag tag) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {TAG(OPTGROUP), TAG(OPTION)};
+  return has_an_element_in_specific_scope(parser, 1, &tag, true, &tags);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#generate-implied-end-tags
+// "exception" is the "element to exclude from the process" listed in the spec.
+// Pass GUMBO_TAG_LAST to not exclude any of them.
+static void generate_implied_end_tags (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboTag exception,
+  const char* exception_name
+) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {
+    TAG(DD), TAG(DT), TAG(LI), TAG(OPTGROUP), TAG(OPTION),
+    TAG(P), TAG(RB), TAG(RP), TAG(RT), TAG(RTC)
+  };
+  while (
+    node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &tags)
+    && !node_html_tagname_is(get_current_node(parser), exception, exception_name)
+  ) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+}
+
+// This is the "generate all implied end tags thoroughly" clause of the spec.
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#closing-elements-that-have-implied-end-tags
+static void generate_all_implied_end_tags_thoroughly(GumboParser* parser) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {
+    TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(DD), TAG(DT), TAG(LI), TAG(OPTGROUP),
+    TAG(OPTION), TAG(P), TAG(RB), TAG(RP), TAG(RT), TAG(RTC), TAG(TBODY),
+    TAG(TD), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+  };
+  while (node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &tags)) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+}
+
+// This factors out the clauses in the "in body" insertion mode checking "if
+// there is a node in the stack of open elements that is not" one of a list of
+// elements in which case it's a parse error.
+// This is used in "an end-of-file token", "an end tag whose tag name is
+// 'body'", and "an end tag whose tag name is 'html'".
+static bool stack_contains_nonclosable_element (
+  GumboParser* parser
+) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {
+    TAG(DD), TAG(DT), TAG(LI), TAG(OPTGROUP), TAG(OPTION), TAG(P), TAG(RB),
+    TAG(RP), TAG(RT), TAG(RTC), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TD), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH),
+    TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR), TAG(BODY), TAG(HTML),
+  };
+  GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+  for (size_t i = 0; i < open_elements->length; ++i) {
+    if (!node_tag_in_set(open_elements->data[i], &tags))
+      return true;
+  }
+  return false;
+}
+
+// This factors out the clauses relating to "act as if an end tag token with tag
+// name "table" had been seen. Returns true if there's a table element in table
+// scope which was successfully closed, false if not and the token should be
+// ignored. Does not add parse errors; callers should handle that.
+static bool close_table(GumboParser* parser) {
+  if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  GumboNode* node = pop_current_node(parser);
+  while (!node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+    node = pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+  reset_insertion_mode_appropriately(parser);
+  return true;
+}
+
+// This factors out the clauses relating to "act as if an end tag token with tag
+// name `cell_tag` had been seen".
+static void close_table_cell (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  const GumboToken* token,
+  GumboTag cell_tag
+) {
+  generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+  const GumboNode* node = get_current_node(parser);
+  if (!node_html_tag_is(node, cell_tag))
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  do {
+    node = pop_current_node(parser);
+  } while (!node_html_tag_is(node, cell_tag));
+
+  clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#close-the-cell
+// This holds the logic to determine whether we should close a <td> or a <th>.
+static void close_current_cell(GumboParser* parser, const GumboToken* token) {
+  GumboTag cell_tag;
+  if (has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TD)) {
+    assert(!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TH));
+    cell_tag = GUMBO_TAG_TD;
+  } else {
+    assert(has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TH));
+    cell_tag = GUMBO_TAG_TH;
+  }
+  close_table_cell(parser, token, cell_tag);
+}
+
+// This factors out the "act as if an end tag of tag name 'select' had been
+// seen" clause of the spec, since it's referenced in several places. It pops
+// all nodes from the stack until the current <select> has been closed, then
+// resets the insertion mode appropriately.
+static void close_current_select(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboNode* node = pop_current_node(parser);
+  while (!node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+    node = pop_current_node(parser);
+  }
+  reset_insertion_mode_appropriately(parser);
+}
+
+// The list of nodes in the "special" category:
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#special
+static bool is_special_node(const GumboNode* node) {
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  return node_tag_in_set(node, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(ADDRESS), TAG(APPLET), TAG(AREA), TAG(ARTICLE),
+      TAG(ASIDE), TAG(BASE), TAG(BASEFONT), TAG(BGSOUND), TAG(BLOCKQUOTE),
+      TAG(BODY), TAG(BR), TAG(BUTTON), TAG(CAPTION), TAG(CENTER), TAG(COL),
+      TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(DD), TAG(DETAILS), TAG(DIR),
+      TAG(DIV), TAG(DL), TAG(DT), TAG(EMBED), TAG(FIELDSET),
+      TAG(FIGCAPTION), TAG(FIGURE), TAG(FOOTER), TAG(FORM), TAG(FRAME),
+      TAG(FRAMESET), TAG(H1), TAG(H2), TAG(H3), TAG(H4), TAG(H5), TAG(H6),
+      TAG(HEAD), TAG(HEADER), TAG(HGROUP), TAG(HR), TAG(HTML), TAG(IFRAME),
+      TAG(IMG), TAG(INPUT), TAG(LI), TAG(LINK), TAG(LISTING),
+      TAG(MARQUEE), TAG(MENU), TAG(META), TAG(NAV), TAG(NOEMBED),
+      TAG(NOFRAMES), TAG(NOSCRIPT), TAG(OBJECT), TAG(OL), TAG(P),
+      TAG(PARAM), TAG(PLAINTEXT), TAG(PRE), TAG(SCRIPT), TAG(SECTION),
+      TAG(SELECT), TAG(STYLE), TAG(SUMMARY), TAG(TABLE), TAG(TBODY),
+      TAG(TD), TAG(TEMPLATE), TAG(TEXTAREA), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH),
+      TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR), TAG(UL), TAG(WBR), TAG(XMP),
+
+      TAG_MATHML(MI), TAG_MATHML(MO), TAG_MATHML(MN), TAG_MATHML(MS),
+      TAG_MATHML(MTEXT), TAG_MATHML(ANNOTATION_XML),
+
+      TAG_SVG(FOREIGNOBJECT), TAG_SVG(DESC),
+
+      // This TagSet needs to include the "title" element in both the
+      // HTML and SVG namespaces. Using both TAG(TITLE) and TAG_SVG(TITLE)
+      // won't work, due to the simplistic way in which the TAG macros are
+      // implemented, so we do it like this instead:
+      [GUMBO_TAG_TITLE] =
+          (1 << GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML) |
+          (1 << GUMBO_NAMESPACE_SVG)
+    }
+  );
+}
+
+// Implicitly closes currently open elements until it reaches an element with
+// the
+// specified qualified name. If the elements closed are in the set handled by
+// generate_implied_end_tags, this is normal operation and this function returns
+// true. Otherwise, a parse error is recorded and this function returns false.
+static void implicitly_close_tags (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum target_ns,
+  GumboTag target
+) {
+  assert(target != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN);
+  generate_implied_end_tags(parser, target, NULL);
+  if (!node_qualified_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), target_ns, target)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    while (
+      !node_qualified_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), target_ns, target)
+    ) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+  }
+  assert(node_qualified_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), target_ns, target));
+  pop_current_node(parser);
+}
+
+// If the stack of open elements has a <p> tag in button scope, this acts as if
+// a </p> tag was encountered, implicitly closing tags. Returns false if a
+// parse error occurs. This is a convenience function because this particular
+// clause appears several times in the spec.
+static void maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token
+) {
+  if (has_an_element_in_button_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_P)) {
+    implicitly_close_tags (
+      parser,
+      token,
+      GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+      GUMBO_TAG_P
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+// Convenience function to encapsulate the logic for closing <li> or <dd>/<dt>
+// tags. Pass true to is_li for handling <li> tags, false for <dd> and <dt>.
+static void maybe_implicitly_close_list_tag (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token,
+  bool is_li
+) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+  for (int i = state->_open_elements.length; --i >= 0;) {
+    const GumboNode* node = state->_open_elements.data[i];
+    bool is_list_tag = is_li
+      ? node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_LI)
+      : node_tag_in_set(node, &dd_dt_tags)
+    ;
+    if (is_list_tag) {
+      implicitly_close_tags (
+        parser,
+        token,
+        node->v.element.tag_namespace,
+        node->v.element.tag
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+
+    if (
+      is_special_node(node)
+      && !node_tag_in_set(node, &(const TagSet){TAG(ADDRESS), TAG(DIV), TAG(P)})
+    ) {
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+static void merge_attributes (
+  GumboToken* token,
+  GumboNode* node
+) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  assert(node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT);
+  const GumboVector* token_attr = &token->v.start_tag.attributes;
+  GumboVector* node_attr = &node->v.element.attributes;
+
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < token_attr->length; ++i) {
+    GumboAttribute* attr = token_attr->data[i];
+    if (!gumbo_get_attribute(node_attr, attr->name)) {
+      // Ownership of the attribute is transferred by this gumbo_vector_add,
+      // so it has to be nulled out of the original token so it doesn't get
+      // double-deleted.
+      gumbo_vector_add(attr, node_attr);
+      token_attr->data[i] = NULL;
+    }
+  }
+  // When attributes are merged, it means the token has been ignored and merged
+  // with another token, so we need to free its memory. The attributes that are
+  // transferred need to be nulled-out in the vector above so that they aren't
+  // double-deleted.
+  gumbo_token_destroy(token);
+
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  // Mark this sentinel so the assertion in the main loop knows it's been
+  // destroyed.
+  token->v.start_tag.attributes = kGumboEmptyVector;
+#endif
+}
+
+const char* gumbo_normalize_svg_tagname(const GumboStringPiece* tag) {
+  const StringReplacement *replacement = gumbo_get_svg_tag_replacement (
+    tag->data,
+    tag->length
+  );
+  return replacement ? replacement->to : NULL;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#adjust-foreign-attributes
+// This destructively modifies any matching attributes on the token and sets the
+// namespace appropriately.
+static void adjust_foreign_attributes(GumboToken* token) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  const GumboVector* attributes = &token->v.start_tag.attributes;
+  for (unsigned int i = 0, n = attributes->length; i < n; ++i) {
+    GumboAttribute* attr = attributes->data[i];
+    const ForeignAttrReplacement* entry = gumbo_get_foreign_attr_replacement (
+      attr->name,
+      strlen(attr->name)
+    );
+    if (!entry) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    gumbo_free((void*) attr->name);
+    attr->attr_namespace = entry->attr_namespace;
+    attr->name = gumbo_strdup(entry->local_name);
+  }
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inforeign
+// This adjusts svg tags.
+static void adjust_svg_tag(GumboToken* token) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  if (token->v.start_tag.tag == GUMBO_TAG_FOREIGNOBJECT) {
+    assert(token->v.start_tag.name == NULL);
+    token->v.start_tag.name = "foreignObject";
+  } else if (token->v.start_tag.tag == GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN) {
+    assert(token->v.start_tag.name);
+    const StringReplacement *replacement = gumbo_get_svg_tag_replacement(
+      token->v.start_tag.name,
+      strlen(token->v.start_tag.name)
+    );
+    if (replacement) {
+      // This cast is safe because we allocated this memory and we'll free it.
+      strcpy((char *)token->v.start_tag.name, replacement->to);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#adjust-svg-attributes
+// This destructively modifies any matching attributes on the token.
+static void adjust_svg_attributes(GumboToken* token) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  const GumboVector* attributes = &token->v.start_tag.attributes;
+  for (unsigned int i = 0, n = attributes->length; i < n; i++) {
+    GumboAttribute* attr = (GumboAttribute*) attributes->data[i];
+    const StringReplacement* replacement = gumbo_get_svg_attr_replacement (
+      attr->name,
+      attr->original_name.length
+    );
+    if (!replacement) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    gumbo_free((void*) attr->name);
+    attr->name = gumbo_strdup(replacement->to);
+  }
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#adjust-mathml-attributes
+// Note that this may destructively modify the token with the new attribute
+// value.
+static void adjust_mathml_attributes(GumboToken* token) {
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+  GumboAttribute* attr = gumbo_get_attribute (
+    &token->v.start_tag.attributes,
+    "definitionurl"
+  );
+  if (!attr) {
+    return;
+  }
+  gumbo_free((void*) attr->name);
+  attr->name = gumbo_strdup("definitionURL");
+}
+
+static void maybe_add_doctype_error (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  const GumboToken* token
+) {
+  const GumboTokenDocType* doctype = &token->v.doc_type;
+  if (
+    strcmp(doctype->name, "html")
+    || doctype->has_public_identifier
+    || (doctype->has_system_identifier
+        && strcmp(doctype->system_identifier, "about:legacy-compat"))
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  }
+}
+
+static void remove_from_parent(GumboNode* node) {
+  if (!node->parent) {
+    // The node may not have a parent if, for example, it is a newly-cloned copy
+    // of an active formatting element. DOM manipulations continue with the
+    // orphaned fragment of the DOM tree until it's appended/foster-parented to
+    // the common ancestor at the end of the adoption agency algorithm.
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(node->parent->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT);
+  GumboVector* children = &node->parent->v.element.children;
+  int index = gumbo_vector_index_of(children, node);
+  assert(index != -1);
+
+  gumbo_vector_remove_at(index, children);
+  node->parent = NULL;
+  node->index_within_parent = -1;
+  for (unsigned int i = index; i < children->length; ++i) {
+    GumboNode* child = children->data[i];
+    child->index_within_parent = i;
+  }
+}
+
+// This is here to clean up memory when the spec says "Ignore current token."
+static void ignore_token(GumboParser* parser) {
+  GumboToken* token = parser->_parser_state->_current_token;
+  // Ownership of the token's internal buffers are normally transferred to the
+  // element, but if no element is emitted (as happens in non-verbatim-mode
+  // when a token is ignored), we need to free it here to prevent a memory
+  // leak.
+  gumbo_token_destroy(token);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    // Mark this sentinel so the assertion in the main loop knows it's been
+    // destroyed.
+    token->v.start_tag.attributes = kGumboEmptyVector;
+    token->v.start_tag.name = NULL;
+  }
+#endif
+}
+
+// The token is usually an end tag; however, the adoption agency algorithm may
+// invoke this for an 'a' or 'nobr' start tag.
+// Returns false if there was an error.
+static void in_body_any_other_end_tag(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token)
+{
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  GumboTag tag;
+  const char* tagname;
+
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG) {
+    tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+    tagname = token->v.end_tag.name;
+  } else {
+    assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG);
+    tag = token->v.start_tag.tag;
+    tagname = token->v.start_tag.name;
+  }
+
+  assert(state->_open_elements.length > 0);
+  assert(node_html_tag_is(state->_open_elements.data[0], GUMBO_TAG_HTML));
+  // Walk up the stack of open elements until we find one that either:
+  // a) Matches the tag name we saw
+  // b) Is in the "special" category.
+  // If we see a), implicitly close everything up to and including it. If we
+  // see b), then record a parse error, don't close anything (except the
+  // implied end tags) and ignore the end tag token.
+  for (int i = state->_open_elements.length; --i >= 0;) {
+    const GumboNode* node = state->_open_elements.data[i];
+    if (node_qualified_tagname_is(node, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML, tag, tagname)) {
+      generate_implied_end_tags(parser, tag, tagname);
+      // <!DOCTYPE><body><sarcasm><foo></sarcasm> is an example of an error.
+      // foo is the "current node" but sarcasm is node.
+      // XXX: Write a test for this.
+      if (node != get_current_node(parser)) {
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      }
+      while (node != pop_current_node(parser))
+        ;  // Pop everything.
+      return;
+    } else if (is_special_node(node)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  // <html> is in the special category, so we should never get here.
+  assert(0 && "unreachable");
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#an-introduction-to-error-handling-and-strange-cases-in-the-parser
+// Also described in the "in body" handling for end formatting tags.
+// Returns false if there was an error.
+static void adoption_agency_algorithm(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token)
+{
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  gumbo_debug("Entering adoption agency algorithm.\n");
+  // Step 1.
+  GumboTag subject;
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    subject = token->v.start_tag.tag;
+  } else {
+    assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG);
+    subject = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+  }
+  assert(subject != GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN);
+
+  // Step 2.
+  GumboNode* current_node = get_current_node(parser);
+  if (
+    node_html_tag_is(current_node, subject)
+    && -1 == gumbo_vector_index_of (
+      &state->_active_formatting_elements,
+      current_node
+    )
+  ) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  // Steps 3-5 & 21:
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
+    // Step 6.
+    GumboNode* formatting_node = NULL;
+    int formatting_node_in_open_elements = -1;
+    for (int j = state->_active_formatting_elements.length; --j >= 0;) {
+      GumboNode* current_node = state->_active_formatting_elements.data[j];
+      if (current_node == &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker) {
+        gumbo_debug("Broke on scope marker; aborting.\n");
+        // Last scope marker; abort the algorithm and handle according to "any
+        // other end tag" (below).
+        break;
+      }
+      if (node_html_tag_is(current_node, subject)) {
+        // Found it.
+        formatting_node = current_node;
+        formatting_node_in_open_elements = gumbo_vector_index_of (
+          &state->_open_elements,
+          formatting_node
+        );
+        gumbo_debug (
+          "Formatting element of tag %s at %d.\n",
+          gumbo_normalized_tagname(subject),
+          formatting_node_in_open_elements
+        );
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    if (!formatting_node) {
+      // No matching tag; not a parse error outright, but fall through to the
+      // "any other end tag" clause (which may potentially add a parse error,
+      // but not always).
+      gumbo_debug("No active formatting elements; aborting.\n");
+      in_body_any_other_end_tag(parser, token);
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Step 7
+    if (formatting_node_in_open_elements == -1) {
+      gumbo_debug("Formatting node not on stack of open elements.\n");
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      gumbo_vector_remove (
+        formatting_node,
+        &state->_active_formatting_elements
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Step 8
+    if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, formatting_node->v.element.tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      gumbo_debug("Element not in scope.\n");
+      return;
+    }
+
+    // Step 9
+    if (formatting_node != get_current_node(parser))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);  // But continue onwards.
+    assert(formatting_node);
+    assert(!node_html_tag_is(formatting_node, GUMBO_TAG_HTML));
+    assert(!node_html_tag_is(formatting_node, GUMBO_TAG_BODY));
+
+    // Step 10
+    GumboNode* furthest_block = NULL;
+    for (
+      unsigned int j = formatting_node_in_open_elements;
+      j < state->_open_elements.length;
+      ++j
+    ) {
+      assert(j > 0);
+      GumboNode* current = state->_open_elements.data[j];
+      if (is_special_node(current)) {
+        furthest_block = current;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    // Step 11.
+    if (!furthest_block) {
+      while (pop_current_node(parser) != formatting_node)
+        ;
+      gumbo_vector_remove (
+        formatting_node,
+        &state->_active_formatting_elements
+      );
+      return;
+    }
+    assert(!node_html_tag_is(furthest_block, GUMBO_TAG_HTML));
+
+    // Step 12.
+    // Elements may be moved and reparented by this algorithm, so
+    // common_ancestor is not necessarily the same as formatting_node->parent.
+    GumboNode* common_ancestor = state->_open_elements.data [
+      formatting_node_in_open_elements - 1
+    ];
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "Common ancestor tag = %s, furthest block tag = %s.\n",
+      gumbo_normalized_tagname(common_ancestor->v.element.tag),
+      gumbo_normalized_tagname(furthest_block->v.element.tag)
+    );
+
+    // Step 13.
+    int bookmark = 1 + gumbo_vector_index_of (
+      &state->_active_formatting_elements,
+      formatting_node
+    );
+    gumbo_debug("Bookmark at %d.\n", bookmark);
+    // Step 14.
+    GumboNode* node = furthest_block;
+    GumboNode* last_node = furthest_block;
+    // Must be stored explicitly, in case node is removed from the stack of open
+    // elements, to handle step 14.3.
+    int saved_node_index = gumbo_vector_index_of(&state->_open_elements, node);
+    assert(saved_node_index > 0);
+    // Step 14.1.
+    for (int j = 0;;) {
+      // Step 14.2.
+      ++j;
+      // Step 14.3.
+      int node_index = gumbo_vector_index_of(&state->_open_elements, node);
+      gumbo_debug (
+        "Current index: %d, last index: %d.\n",
+        node_index,
+        saved_node_index
+      );
+      if (node_index == -1) {
+        node_index = saved_node_index;
+      }
+      saved_node_index = --node_index;
+      assert(node_index > 0);
+      assert((unsigned int) node_index < state->_open_elements.capacity);
+      node = state->_open_elements.data[node_index];
+      assert(node->parent);
+      // Step 14.4.
+      if (node == formatting_node) {
+        break;
+      }
+      int formatting_index = gumbo_vector_index_of (
+        &state->_active_formatting_elements,
+        node
+      );
+      // Step 14.5.
+      if (j > 3 && formatting_index != -1) {
+        gumbo_debug("Removing formatting element at %d.\n", formatting_index);
+        gumbo_vector_remove_at (
+          formatting_index,
+          &state->_active_formatting_elements
+        );
+        // Removing the element shifts all indices over by one, so we may need
+        // to move the bookmark.
+        if (formatting_index < bookmark) {
+          --bookmark;
+          gumbo_debug("Moving bookmark to %d.\n", bookmark);
+        }
+        continue;
+      }
+      if (formatting_index == -1) {
+        // Step 14.6.
+        gumbo_vector_remove_at(node_index, &state->_open_elements);
+        continue;
+      }
+      // Step 14.7.
+      // "common ancestor as the intended parent" doesn't actually mean insert
+      // it into the common ancestor; that happens below.
+      node = clone_node(node, GUMBO_INSERTION_ADOPTION_AGENCY_CLONED);
+      assert(formatting_index >= 0);
+      state->_active_formatting_elements.data[formatting_index] = node;
+      assert(node_index >= 0);
+      state->_open_elements.data[node_index] = node;
+      // Step 14.8.
+      if (last_node == furthest_block) {
+        bookmark = formatting_index + 1;
+        gumbo_debug("Bookmark moved to %d.\n", bookmark);
+        assert((unsigned int) bookmark <= state->_active_formatting_elements.length);
+      }
+      // Step 14.9.
+      last_node->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_ADOPTION_AGENCY_MOVED;
+      remove_from_parent(last_node);
+      append_node(node, last_node);
+      // Step 14.10.
+      last_node = node;
+    }  // Step 14.11.
+
+    // Step 15.
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "Removing %s node from parent ",
+      gumbo_normalized_tagname(last_node->v.element.tag)
+    );
+    remove_from_parent(last_node);
+    last_node->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_ADOPTION_AGENCY_MOVED;
+    InsertionLocation location = get_appropriate_insertion_location (
+      parser,
+      common_ancestor
+    );
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "and inserting it into %s.\n",
+      gumbo_normalized_tagname(location.target->v.element.tag)
+    );
+    insert_node(last_node, location);
+
+    // Step 16.
+    GumboNode* new_formatting_node = clone_node (
+      formatting_node,
+      GUMBO_INSERTION_ADOPTION_AGENCY_CLONED
+    );
+    formatting_node->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLICIT_END_TAG;
+
+    // Step 17. Instead of appending nodes one-by-one, we swap the children
+    // vector of furthest_block with the empty children of new_formatting_node,
+    // reducing memory traffic and allocations. We still have to reset their
+    // parent pointers, though.
+    GumboVector temp = new_formatting_node->v.element.children;
+    new_formatting_node->v.element.children = furthest_block->v.element.children;
+    furthest_block->v.element.children = temp;
+
+    temp = new_formatting_node->v.element.children;
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < temp.length; ++i) {
+      GumboNode* child = temp.data[i];
+      child->parent = new_formatting_node;
+    }
+
+    // Step 18.
+    append_node(furthest_block, new_formatting_node);
+
+    // Step 19.
+    // If the formatting node was before the bookmark, it may shift over all
+    // indices after it, so we need to explicitly find the index and possibly
+    // adjust the bookmark.
+    int formatting_node_index = gumbo_vector_index_of (
+      &state->_active_formatting_elements,
+      formatting_node
+    );
+    assert(formatting_node_index != -1);
+    if (formatting_node_index < bookmark) {
+      gumbo_debug (
+        "Formatting node at %d is before bookmark at %d; decrementing.\n",
+        formatting_node_index, bookmark
+      );
+      --bookmark;
+    }
+    gumbo_vector_remove_at (
+      formatting_node_index,
+      &state->_active_formatting_elements
+    );
+    assert(bookmark >= 0);
+    assert((unsigned int) bookmark <= state->_active_formatting_elements.length);
+    gumbo_vector_insert_at (
+      new_formatting_node,
+      bookmark,
+      &state->_active_formatting_elements
+    );
+
+    // Step 20.
+    gumbo_vector_remove(formatting_node, &state->_open_elements);
+    int insert_at = 1 + gumbo_vector_index_of (
+      &state->_open_elements,
+      furthest_block
+    );
+    assert(insert_at >= 0);
+    assert((unsigned int) insert_at <= state->_open_elements.length);
+    gumbo_vector_insert_at (
+      new_formatting_node,
+      insert_at,
+      &state->_open_elements
+    );
+  }  // Step 21.
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-end
+static void finish_parsing(GumboParser* parser) {
+  gumbo_debug("Finishing parsing");
+  maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  for (
+    GumboNode* node = pop_current_node(parser);
+    node;
+    node = pop_current_node(parser)
+  ) {
+    if (
+      (node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_BODY) && state->_closed_body_tag)
+      || (node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_HTML) && state->_closed_html_tag)
+    ) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    node->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLICIT_END_TAG;
+  }
+  while (pop_current_node(parser))
+    ;  // Pop them all.
+}
+
+static void handle_initial(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  GumboDocument* document = &get_document_node(parser)->v.document;
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_document_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    document->has_doctype = true;
+    document->name = token->v.doc_type.name;
+    document->public_identifier = token->v.doc_type.public_identifier;
+    document->system_identifier = token->v.doc_type.system_identifier;
+    document->doc_type_quirks_mode = compute_quirks_mode(&token->v.doc_type);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_BEFORE_HTML);
+    maybe_add_doctype_error(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  document->doc_type_quirks_mode = GUMBO_DOCTYPE_QUIRKS;
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_BEFORE_HTML);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-before-html-insertion-mode
+static void handle_before_html(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_document_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    GumboNode* html_node = insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    parser->_output->root = html_node;
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_BEFORE_HEAD);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG
+    && !tag_in(token, false, &(const TagSet){TAG(HEAD), TAG(BODY), TAG(HTML), TAG(BR)})
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  GumboNode* html_node = insert_element_of_tag_type (
+    parser,
+    GUMBO_TAG_HTML,
+    GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED
+  );
+  assert(html_node);
+  parser->_output->root = html_node;
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_BEFORE_HEAD);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// Forward declarations because of mutual dependencies.
+static void handle_token(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token);
+static void handle_in_body(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token);
+static void handle_in_template(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token);
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-before-head-insertion-mode
+static void handle_before_head(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HEAD)) {
+    GumboNode* node = insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    parser->_parser_state->_head_element = node;
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_HEAD);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG
+    && !tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(HEAD), TAG(BODY), TAG(HTML), TAG(BR)})
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  GumboNode* node = insert_element_of_tag_type (
+    parser,
+    GUMBO_TAG_HEAD,
+    GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED
+  );
+  parser->_parser_state->_head_element = node;
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_HEAD);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inhead
+static void handle_in_head(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    return handle_in_body(parser, token);
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BASE), TAG(BASEFONT), TAG(BGSOUND), TAG(LINK)
+    })
+  ) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_META)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    // NOTE(jdtang): Gumbo handles only UTF-8, so the encoding clause of the
+    // spec doesn't apply. If clients want to handle meta-tag re-encoding, they
+    // should specifically look for that string in the document and re-encode it
+    // before passing to Gumbo.
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TITLE)) {
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_RCDATA);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(NOFRAMES), TAG(STYLE)})
+  ) {
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_RAWTEXT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOSCRIPT)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_HEAD_NOSCRIPT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_SCRIPT)) {
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_SCRIPT_DATA);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_HEAD)) {
+    GumboNode* head = pop_current_node(parser);
+    UNUSED_IF_NDEBUG(head);
+    assert(node_html_tag_is(head, GUMBO_TAG_HEAD));
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_HEAD);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(BODY), TAG(HTML), TAG(BR)})
+  ) {
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_HEAD);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TEMPLATE);
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TEMPLATE);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+    if (!has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    generate_all_implied_end_tags_thoroughly(parser);
+    if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    while (!node_html_tag_is(pop_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE))
+      ;
+    clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    reset_insertion_mode_appropriately(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HEAD)
+    || (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG)
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  pop_current_node(parser);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_HEAD);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+  return;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inheadnoscript
+static void handle_in_head_noscript(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOSCRIPT)) {
+    const GumboNode* node = pop_current_node(parser);
+    assert(node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_NOSCRIPT));
+    UNUSED_IF_NDEBUG(node);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_HEAD);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT
+    || tag_in (token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BASEFONT), TAG(BGSOUND), TAG(LINK),
+      TAG(META), TAG(NOFRAMES), TAG(STYLE)
+    })
+  ) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(HEAD), TAG(NOSCRIPT)})
+    || (
+      token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG
+      && !tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_BR)
+    )
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  const GumboNode* node = pop_current_node(parser);
+  assert(node_html_tag_is(node, GUMBO_TAG_NOSCRIPT));
+  UNUSED_IF_NDEBUG(node);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_HEAD);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-after-head-insertion-mode
+static void handle_after_head(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FRAMESET)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_FRAMESET);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BASE), TAG(BASEFONT), TAG(BGSOUND), TAG(LINK), TAG(META),
+      TAG(NOFRAMES), TAG(SCRIPT), TAG(STYLE), TAG(TEMPLATE), TAG(TITLE)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    assert(state->_head_element != NULL);
+    // This must be flushed before we push the head element on, as there may be
+    // pending character tokens that should be attached to the root.
+    maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+    gumbo_vector_add(state->_head_element, &state->_open_elements);
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    gumbo_vector_remove(state->_head_element, &state->_open_elements);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HEAD)
+    || (
+      token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG
+      && !tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(BODY), TAG(HTML), TAG(BR)})
+    )
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  insert_element_of_tag_type(parser, GUMBO_TAG_BODY, GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY);
+  state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inbody
+static void handle_in_body(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  assert(state->_open_elements.length > 0);
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CDATA
+  ) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    assert(parser->_output->root != NULL);
+    assert(parser->_output->root->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT);
+    merge_attributes(token, parser->_output->root);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BASE), TAG(BASEFONT), TAG(BGSOUND), TAG(LINK),
+      TAG(META), TAG(NOFRAMES), TAG(SCRIPT), TAG(STYLE), TAG(TEMPLATE),
+      TAG(TITLE)
+    })
+    || tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (
+      state->_open_elements.length < 2
+      || !node_html_tag_is(state->_open_elements.data[1], GUMBO_TAG_BODY)
+      || has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+    ) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+    } else {
+      set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+      merge_attributes(token, state->_open_elements.data[1]);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FRAMESET)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (
+      state->_open_elements.length < 2
+      || !node_html_tag_is(state->_open_elements.data[1], GUMBO_TAG_BODY)
+      || !state->_frameset_ok
+    ) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    // Save the body node for later removal.
+    GumboNode* body_node = state->_open_elements.data[1];
+
+    // Pop all nodes except root HTML element.
+    GumboNode* node;
+    do {
+      node = pop_current_node(parser);
+    } while (node != state->_open_elements.data[1]);
+
+    // Removing & destroying the body node is going to kill any nodes that have
+    // been added to the list of active formatting elements, and so we should
+    // clear it to prevent a use-after-free if the list of active formatting
+    // elements is reconstructed afterwards. This may happen if whitespace
+    // follows the </frameset>.
+    clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+
+    // Remove the body node. We may want to factor this out into a generic
+    // helper, but right now this is the only code that needs to do this.
+    GumboVector* children = &parser->_output->root->v.element.children;
+    for (unsigned int i = 0; i < children->length; ++i) {
+      if (children->data[i] == body_node) {
+        gumbo_vector_remove_at(i, children);
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    destroy_node(body_node);
+
+    // Insert the <frameset>, and switch the insertion mode.
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_FRAMESET);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    if (get_current_template_insertion_mode(parser) !=
+        GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_INITIAL) {
+      handle_in_template(parser, token);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (stack_contains_nonclosable_element(parser))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (stack_contains_nonclosable_element(parser))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    GumboNode* body = state->_open_elements.data[1];
+    assert(node_html_tag_is(body, GUMBO_TAG_BODY));
+    record_end_of_element(state->_current_token, &body->v.element);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_BODY);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (stack_contains_nonclosable_element(parser))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_BODY);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(ADDRESS), TAG(ARTICLE), TAG(ASIDE), TAG(BLOCKQUOTE), TAG(CENTER),
+      TAG(DETAILS), TAG(DIALOG), TAG(DIR), TAG(DIV), TAG(DL), TAG(FIELDSET),
+      TAG(FIGCAPTION), TAG(FIGURE), TAG(FOOTER), TAG(HEADER), TAG(HGROUP),
+      TAG(MAIN), TAG(MENU), TAG(NAV), TAG(OL), TAG(P), TAG(SECTION),
+      TAG(SUMMARY), TAG(UL), TAG(SEARCH)
+    })
+  ) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &heading_tags)) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    if (node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &heading_tags)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(PRE), TAG(LISTING)})) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    state->_ignore_next_linefeed = true;
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FORM)) {
+    if (
+      state->_form_element != NULL
+      && !has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+    ) {
+      gumbo_debug("Ignoring nested form.\n");
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    GumboNode* form_element = insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    if (!has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      state->_form_element = form_element;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_LI)) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_list_tag(parser, token, true);
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &dd_dt_tags)) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_list_tag(parser, token, false);
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_PLAINTEXT)) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    gumbo_tokenizer_set_state(parser, GUMBO_LEX_PLAINTEXT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_BUTTON)) {
+    if (has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_BUTTON)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      // We don't want to use implicitly_close_tags here because it may add an
+      // error and we've already added the only error the standard specifies.
+      generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+      while (!node_html_tag_is(pop_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_BUTTON))
+        ;
+    }
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(ADDRESS), TAG(ARTICLE), TAG(ASIDE), TAG(BLOCKQUOTE), TAG(BUTTON),
+      TAG(CENTER), TAG(DETAILS), TAG(DIALOG), TAG(DIR), TAG(DIV), TAG(DL),
+      TAG(FIELDSET), TAG(FIGCAPTION), TAG(FIGURE), TAG(FOOTER), TAG(HEADER),
+      TAG(HGROUP), TAG(LISTING), TAG(MAIN), TAG(MENU), TAG(NAV), TAG(OL),
+      TAG(PRE), TAG(SECTION), TAG(SUMMARY), TAG(UL), TAG(SEARCH)
+    })
+  ) {
+    GumboTag tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+    if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    return implicitly_close_tags (
+      parser,
+      token,
+      GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+      token->v.end_tag.tag
+    );
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_FORM)) {
+    if (has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_FORM)) {
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+        ignore_token(parser);
+        return;
+      }
+      generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+      if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_FORM))
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      while (!node_html_tag_is(pop_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_FORM))
+        ;
+      return;
+    } else {
+      GumboNode* node = state->_form_element;
+      assert(!node || node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT);
+      state->_form_element = NULL;
+      if (!node || !has_node_in_scope(parser, node)) {
+        gumbo_debug("Closing an unopened form.\n");
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+        ignore_token(parser);
+        return;
+      }
+      // Since we remove the form node without popping, we need to make sure
+      // that we flush any text nodes at the end of the form.
+      maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+      // This differs from implicitly_close_tags because we remove *only* the
+      // <form> element; other nodes are left in scope.
+      generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+      if (get_current_node(parser) != node)
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      else
+        record_end_of_element(token, &node->v.element);
+
+      GumboVector* open_elements = &state->_open_elements;
+      int index = gumbo_vector_index_of(open_elements, node);
+      assert(index >= 0);
+      gumbo_vector_remove_at(index, open_elements);
+      return;
+    }
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_P)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_button_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_P)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      // reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+      insert_element_of_tag_type (
+        parser,
+        GUMBO_TAG_P,
+        GUMBO_INSERTION_CONVERTED_FROM_END_TAG
+      );
+    }
+    implicitly_close_tags (
+      parser,
+      token,
+      GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+      GUMBO_TAG_P
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_LI)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_list_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LI)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    implicitly_close_tags (
+      parser,
+      token,
+      GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+      GUMBO_TAG_LI
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kEndTag, &dd_dt_tags)) {
+    GumboTag token_tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+    if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, token_tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    implicitly_close_tags (
+      parser,
+      token,
+      GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+      token_tag
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kEndTag, &heading_tags)) {
+    if (
+      !has_an_element_in_scope_with_tagname(parser, 6, (GumboTag[]) {
+        GUMBO_TAG_H1, GUMBO_TAG_H2, GUMBO_TAG_H3, GUMBO_TAG_H4,
+        GUMBO_TAG_H5, GUMBO_TAG_H6
+      })
+    ) {
+      // No heading open; ignore the token entirely.
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+    const GumboNode* current_node = get_current_node(parser);
+    if (!node_html_tag_is(current_node, token->v.end_tag.tag)) {
+      // There're children of the heading currently open; close them below and
+      // record a parse error.
+      // TODO(jdtang): Add a way to distinguish this error case from the one
+      // above.
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    }
+    do {
+      current_node = pop_current_node(parser);
+    } while (!node_tag_in_set(current_node, &heading_tags));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_A)) {
+    int last_a;
+    int has_matching_a = find_last_anchor_index(parser, &last_a);
+    if (has_matching_a) {
+      assert(has_matching_a == 1);
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      (void)adoption_agency_algorithm(parser, token);
+      // The adoption agency algorithm usually removes all instances of <a>
+      // from the list of active formatting elements, but in case it doesn't,
+      // we're supposed to do this. (The conditions where it might not are
+      // listed in the spec.)
+      if (find_last_anchor_index(parser, &last_a)) {
+        void* last_element = gumbo_vector_remove_at (
+          last_a,
+          &state->_active_formatting_elements
+        );
+        gumbo_vector_remove(last_element, &state->_open_elements);
+      }
+    }
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, insert_element_from_token(parser, token));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(B), TAG(BIG), TAG(CODE), TAG(EM), TAG(FONT), TAG(I), TAG(S),
+      TAG(SMALL), TAG(STRIKE), TAG(STRONG), TAG(TT), TAG(U)
+    })
+  ) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, insert_element_from_token(parser, token));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOBR)) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    if (has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_NOBR)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      adoption_agency_algorithm(parser, token);
+      reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, get_current_node(parser));
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(A), TAG(B), TAG(BIG), TAG(CODE), TAG(EM), TAG(FONT), TAG(I),
+      TAG(NOBR), TAG(S), TAG(SMALL), TAG(STRIKE), TAG(STRONG), TAG(TT),
+      TAG(U)
+    })
+  ) {
+    adoption_agency_algorithm(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(APPLET), TAG(MARQUEE), TAG(OBJECT)})
+  ) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(APPLET), TAG(MARQUEE), TAG(OBJECT)})
+  ) {
+    GumboTag token_tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+    if (!has_an_element_in_scope(parser, token_tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    implicitly_close_tags(parser, token, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML, token_tag);
+    clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+    if (
+      get_document_node(parser)->v.document.doc_type_quirks_mode
+        != GUMBO_DOCTYPE_QUIRKS
+    ) {
+      maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_BR)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_element_of_tag_type (
+      parser,
+      GUMBO_TAG_BR,
+      GUMBO_INSERTION_CONVERTED_FROM_END_TAG
+    );
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(AREA), TAG(BR), TAG(EMBED), TAG(IMG), TAG(IMAGE), TAG(KEYGEN),
+      TAG(WBR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    bool is_image = tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_IMAGE);
+    if (is_image) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      token->v.start_tag.tag = GUMBO_TAG_IMG;
+    }
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    GumboNode* node = insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    if (is_image)
+      node->parse_flags |= GUMBO_INSERTION_FROM_IMAGE;
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_INPUT)) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    GumboNode *input = insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    if (!attribute_matches(&input->v.element.attributes, "type", "hidden"))
+      set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(PARAM), TAG(SOURCE), TAG(TRACK)})
+  ) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HR)) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEXTAREA)) {
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_RCDATA);
+    parser->_parser_state->_ignore_next_linefeed = true;
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_XMP)) {
+    maybe_implicitly_close_p_tag(parser, token);
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_RAWTEXT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_IFRAME)) {
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_RAWTEXT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOEMBED)) {
+    run_generic_parsing_algorithm(parser, token, GUMBO_LEX_RAWTEXT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    GumboInsertionMode state = parser->_parser_state->_insertion_mode;
+    if (
+      state == GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE
+      || state == GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_CAPTION
+      || state == GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY
+      || state == GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW
+      || state == GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_CELL
+    ) {
+      set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_SELECT_IN_TABLE);
+    } else {
+      set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_SELECT);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(OPTGROUP), TAG(OPTION)})
+  ) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(RB), TAG(RTC)})) {
+    if (has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_RUBY)) {
+      generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+      if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_RUBY))
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(RP), TAG(RT)})) {
+    if (has_an_element_in_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_RUBY)) {
+      generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_RTC, NULL);
+      GumboNode* current = get_current_node(parser);
+      if (!node_html_tag_is(current, GUMBO_TAG_RUBY) &&
+          !node_html_tag_is(current, GUMBO_TAG_RTC)) {
+        parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      }
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_MATH)) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    adjust_mathml_attributes(token);
+    adjust_foreign_attributes(token);
+    insert_foreign_element(parser, token, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_MATHML);
+    if (token->v.start_tag.is_self_closing) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+      acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_SVG)) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    adjust_svg_attributes(token);
+    adjust_foreign_attributes(token);
+    insert_foreign_element(parser, token, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_SVG);
+    if (token->v.start_tag.is_self_closing) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+      acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(FRAME), TAG(HEAD),
+      TAG(TBODY), TAG(TD), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  in_body_any_other_end_tag(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-incdata
+static void handle_text(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+  ) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  // We provide only bare-bones script handling that doesn't involve any of
+  // the parser-pause/already-started/script-nesting flags or re-entrant
+  // invocations of the tokenizer. Because the intended usage of this library
+  // is mostly for templating, refactoring, and static-analysis libraries, we
+  // provide the script body as a text-node child of the <script> element.
+  // This behavior doesn't support document.write of partial HTML elements,
+  // but should be adequate for almost all other scripting support.
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+  }
+  pop_current_node(parser);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, parser->_parser_state->_original_insertion_mode);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-intable
+static void handle_in_table(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  if (
+    (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER
+     || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+     || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL)
+    && node_tag_in_set(get_current_node(parser), &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(TABLE), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TEMPLATE), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    // The "pending table character tokens" list described in the spec is
+    // nothing more than the TextNodeBufferState. We accumulate text tokens as
+    // normal, except that when we go to flush them in the handle_in_table_text,
+    // we set _foster_parent_insertions if there're non-whitespace characters in
+    // the buffer.
+    assert(state->_text_node._buffer.length == 0);
+    assert(state->_table_character_tokens.length == 0);
+    state->_original_insertion_mode = state->_insertion_mode;
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_TEXT);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION)) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_context(parser);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_CAPTION);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_COLGROUP)) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_context(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_COLUMN_GROUP);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_COL)) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_context(parser);
+    insert_element_of_tag_type (
+      parser,
+      GUMBO_TAG_COLGROUP,
+      GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED
+    );
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_COLUMN_GROUP);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD)
+    })
+  ) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_context(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(TD), TAG(TH), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_context(parser);
+    insert_element_of_tag_type (
+      parser,
+      GUMBO_TAG_TBODY,
+      GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED
+    );
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (close_table(parser)) {
+      state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    } else {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)) {
+    if (!close_table(parser)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      return;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BODY), TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(HTML),
+      TAG(TBODY), TAG(TD), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(STYLE), TAG(SCRIPT), TAG(TEMPLATE)})
+    || (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE))
+  ) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_INPUT)
+    && attribute_matches(&token->v.start_tag.attributes, "type", "hidden")
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FORM)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (state->_form_element || has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    state->_form_element = insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  // foster-parenting-start-tag or foster-parenting-end-tag error
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  state->_foster_parent_insertions = true;
+  handle_in_body(parser, token);
+  state->_foster_parent_insertions = false;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-intabletext
+static void handle_in_table_text(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  // Non-whitespace tokens will cause parse errors later.
+  // It's not entirely clear from the spec how this is supposed to work.
+  // https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/4046
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+      || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    gumbo_character_token_buffer_append(token, &state->_table_character_tokens);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  GumboCharacterTokenBuffer* buffer = &state->_table_character_tokens;
+  if (state->_text_node._type != GUMBO_NODE_WHITESPACE) {
+    // Each character in buffer is an error. Unfortunately, that means we need
+    // to emit a bunch of errors at the appropriate locations.
+    for (size_t i = 0, n = buffer->length; i < n; ++i) {
+      GumboToken tok;
+      gumbo_character_token_buffer_get(buffer, i, &tok);
+      // foster-parenting-character error
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, &tok);
+    }
+    state->_foster_parent_insertions = true;
+    set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+    reconstruct_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+  }
+  maybe_flush_text_node_buffer(parser);
+  gumbo_character_token_buffer_clear(buffer);
+  state->_foster_parent_insertions = false;
+  state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+  state->_insertion_mode = state->_original_insertion_mode;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-incaption
+static void handle_in_caption(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+    if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    while (!node_html_tag_is(pop_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION))
+      ;
+    clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TD),
+      TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+    || (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE))
+  ) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    generate_implied_end_tags(parser, GUMBO_TAG_LAST, NULL);
+    if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    while (!node_html_tag_is(pop_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_CAPTION))
+      ;
+    clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BODY), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(HTML), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TD),
+      TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  handle_in_body(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-incolgroup
+static void handle_in_column_group(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_COL)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_COLGROUP)) {
+    if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_COLGROUP)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_COL)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+    || tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_COLGROUP)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  pop_current_node(parser);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-intbody
+static void handle_in_table_body(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TR)) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_body_context(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &td_th_tags)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    clear_stack_to_table_body_context(parser);
+    insert_element_of_tag_type(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TR, GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD)})
+  ) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, token->v.end_tag.tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    clear_stack_to_table_body_context(parser);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT),
+      TAG(THEAD)
+    })
+    || tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)
+  ) {
+    if (
+      !(
+        has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TBODY)
+        || has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_THEAD)
+        || has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TFOOT)
+      )
+    ) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    clear_stack_to_table_body_context(parser);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BODY), TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(HTML), TAG(TD),
+      TAG(TH), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  handle_in_table(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-intr
+static void handle_in_row(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &td_th_tags)) {
+    clear_stack_to_table_row_context(parser);
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_CELL);
+    add_formatting_element(parser, &kActiveFormattingScopeMarker);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TR)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TR)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    clear_stack_to_table_row_context(parser);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT),
+      TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+    || tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TABLE)
+  ) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TR)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    clear_stack_to_table_row_context(parser);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD)})
+  ) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, token->v.end_tag.tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TR)) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    clear_stack_to_table_row_context(parser);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BODY), TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(HTML),
+      TAG(TD), TAG(TH)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  handle_in_table(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-intd
+static void handle_in_cell(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (tag_in(token, kEndTag, &td_th_tags)) {
+    GumboTag token_tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, token_tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    close_table_cell(parser, token, token_tag);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TD),
+      TAG(TFOOT), TAG(TH), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    gumbo_debug("Handling <td> in cell.\n");
+    if (
+      !has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TH)
+      && !has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TD)
+    ) {
+      gumbo_debug("Bailing out because there's no <td> or <th> in scope.\n");
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    close_current_cell(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BODY), TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COL), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(HTML)
+    })
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(TABLE), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD), TAG(TR)
+    })
+  ) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, token->v.end_tag.tag)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    close_current_cell(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  handle_in_body(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inselect
+static void handle_in_select(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+  ) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_OPTGROUP)) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTGROUP)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HR)) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTGROUP)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_OPTGROUP)) {
+    GumboVector* open_elements = &parser->_parser_state->_open_elements;
+    if (
+      node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)
+      && node_html_tag_is (
+        open_elements->data[open_elements->length - 2],
+        GUMBO_TAG_OPTGROUP
+      )
+    ) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTGROUP)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_OPTION)) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+    if (!has_an_element_in_select_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    close_current_select(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    if (has_an_element_in_select_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+      close_current_select(parser);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {TAG(INPUT), TAG(KEYGEN), TAG(TEXTAREA)})
+  ) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (!has_an_element_in_select_scope(parser, GUMBO_TAG_SELECT)) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+    } else {
+      close_current_select(parser);
+      parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet){TAG(SCRIPT), TAG(TEMPLATE)})
+    || tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  ignore_token(parser);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inselectintable
+static void handle_in_select_in_table(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  static const TagSet tags = {
+    TAG(CAPTION), TAG(TABLE), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD),
+    TAG(TR), TAG(TD), TAG(TH)
+  };
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &tags)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    close_current_select(parser);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kEndTag, &tags)) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    if (!has_an_element_in_table_scope(parser, token->v.end_tag.tag)) {
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    close_current_select(parser);
+    parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  handle_in_select(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-intemplate
+static void handle_in_template(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  GumboParserState* state = parser->_parser_state;
+  switch (token->type) {
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE:
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER:
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT:
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL:
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE:
+      handle_in_body(parser, token);
+      return;
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(BASE), TAG(BASEFONT), TAG(BGSOUND), TAG(LINK), TAG(META),
+      TAG(NOFRAMES), TAG(SCRIPT), TAG(STYLE), TAG(TEMPLATE), TAG(TITLE)
+    })
+    || tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(CAPTION), TAG(COLGROUP), TAG(TBODY), TAG(TFOOT), TAG(THEAD)
+    })
+  ) {
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_COL)) {
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_COLUMN_GROUP);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_COLUMN_GROUP);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_TR)) {
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TABLE_BODY);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_in(token, kStartTag, &td_th_tags)) {
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_ROW);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY);
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    if (!has_open_element(parser, GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE)) {
+      // Stop parsing.
+      return;
+    }
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    while (!node_html_tag_is(pop_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE))
+      ;
+    clear_active_formatting_elements(parser);
+    pop_template_insertion_mode(parser);
+    reset_insertion_mode_appropriately(parser);
+    state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+    return;
+  }
+  assert(0 && "unreachable");
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-afterbody
+static void handle_after_body(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+    || tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    GumboNode* html_node = parser->_output->root;
+    assert(html_node != NULL);
+    append_comment_node(parser, html_node, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    /* fragment case: ignore the closing HTML token */
+    if (is_fragment_parser(parser)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_AFTER_BODY);
+    GumboNode* html = parser->_parser_state->_open_elements.data[0];
+    assert(node_html_tag_is(html, GUMBO_TAG_HTML));
+    record_end_of_element (
+      parser->_parser_state->_current_token,
+      &html->v.element
+    );
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inframeset
+static void handle_in_frameset(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FRAMESET)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_FRAMESET)) {
+    if (node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    }
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    if (
+      !is_fragment_parser(parser)
+      && !node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_FRAMESET)
+    ) {
+      set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_FRAMESET);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FRAME)) {
+    insert_element_from_token(parser, token);
+    pop_current_node(parser);
+    acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOFRAMES)) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    if (!node_html_tag_is(get_current_node(parser), GUMBO_TAG_HTML))
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  ignore_token(parser);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-afterframeset
+static void handle_after_frameset(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE) {
+    insert_text_token(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE) {
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    GumboNode* html = parser->_parser_state->_open_elements.data[0];
+    assert(node_html_tag_is(html, GUMBO_TAG_HTML));
+    record_end_of_element (
+      parser->_parser_state->_current_token,
+      &html->v.element
+    );
+    set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_AFTER_AFTER_FRAMESET);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOFRAMES)) {
+    return handle_in_head(parser, token);
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  ignore_token(parser);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-after-after-body-insertion-mode
+static void handle_after_after_body(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_document_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+    || tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  set_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_BODY);
+  parser->_parser_state->_reprocess_current_token = true;
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#the-after-after-frameset-insertion-mode
+static void handle_after_after_frameset (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  GumboToken* token
+) {
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT) {
+    append_comment_node(parser, get_document_node(parser), token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (
+    token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE
+    || token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE
+    || tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)
+  ) {
+    handle_in_body(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    return;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_NOFRAMES)) {
+    handle_in_head(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+  parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  ignore_token(parser);
+}
+
+// Function pointers for each insertion mode.
+// Keep in sync with insertion_mode.h.
+typedef void (*TokenHandler)(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token);
+static const TokenHandler kTokenHandlers[] = {
+  handle_initial,
+  handle_before_html,
+  handle_before_head,
+  handle_in_head,
+  handle_in_head_noscript,
+  handle_after_head,
+  handle_in_body,
+  handle_text,
+  handle_in_table,
+  handle_in_table_text,
+  handle_in_caption,
+  handle_in_column_group,
+  handle_in_table_body,
+  handle_in_row,
+  handle_in_cell,
+  handle_in_select,
+  handle_in_select_in_table,
+  handle_in_template,
+  handle_after_body,
+  handle_in_frameset,
+  handle_after_frameset,
+  handle_after_after_body,
+  handle_after_after_frameset
+};
+
+static void handle_html_content(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  const GumboInsertionMode mode = parser->_parser_state->_insertion_mode;
+  const TokenHandler handler = kTokenHandlers[mode];
+  handler(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parsing-main-inforeign
+static void handle_in_foreign_content(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  gumbo_debug("Handling foreign content");
+  switch (token->type) {
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL:
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      token->v.character = kUtf8ReplacementChar;
+      insert_text_token(parser, token);
+      return;
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE:
+      insert_text_token(parser, token);
+      return;
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_CDATA:
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER:
+      insert_text_token(parser, token);
+      set_frameset_not_ok(parser);
+      return;
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT:
+      append_comment_node(parser, get_current_node(parser), token);
+      return;
+    case GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE:
+      parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+      ignore_token(parser);
+      return;
+    default:
+      // Fall through to the if-statements below.
+      break;
+  }
+  // Order matters for these clauses.
+  if (
+    tag_in(token, kStartTag, &(const TagSet) {
+      TAG(B), TAG(BIG), TAG(BLOCKQUOTE), TAG(BODY), TAG(BR), TAG(CENTER),
+      TAG(CODE), TAG(DD), TAG(DIV), TAG(DL), TAG(DT), TAG(EM), TAG(EMBED),
+      TAG(H1), TAG(H2), TAG(H3), TAG(H4), TAG(H5), TAG(H6), TAG(HEAD),
+      TAG(HR), TAG(I), TAG(IMG), TAG(LI), TAG(LISTING), TAG(MENU), TAG(META),
+      TAG(NOBR), TAG(OL), TAG(P), TAG(PRE), TAG(RUBY), TAG(S), TAG(SMALL),
+      TAG(SPAN), TAG(STRONG), TAG(STRIKE), TAG(SUB), TAG(SUP), TAG(TABLE),
+      TAG(TT), TAG(U), TAG(UL), TAG(VAR)
+    })
+    || (
+      tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_FONT)
+      && (
+        token_has_attribute(token, "color")
+        || token_has_attribute(token, "face")
+        || token_has_attribute(token, "size")
+      )
+    )
+    || tag_in(token, kEndTag, &(const TagSet) { TAG(BR), TAG(P) })
+  ) {
+    /* Parse error */
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+
+    while (
+      !(
+        is_mathml_integration_point(get_current_node(parser))
+        || is_html_integration_point(get_current_node(parser))
+        || get_current_node(parser)->v.element.tag_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML
+      )
+    ) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+    }
+    handle_html_content(parser, token);
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG) {
+    const GumboNamespaceEnum current_namespace =
+        get_adjusted_current_node(parser)->v.element.tag_namespace;
+    if (current_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_MATHML) {
+      adjust_mathml_attributes(token);
+    }
+    if (current_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_SVG) {
+      adjust_svg_tag(token);
+      adjust_svg_attributes(token);
+    }
+    adjust_foreign_attributes(token);
+    insert_foreign_element(parser, token, current_namespace);
+    if (token->v.start_tag.is_self_closing) {
+      pop_current_node(parser);
+      acknowledge_self_closing_tag(parser);
+    }
+    return;
+    // </script> tags are handled like any other end tag, putting the script's
+    // text into a text node child and closing the current node.
+  }
+  assert(token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG);
+  GumboNode* node = get_current_node(parser);
+  GumboTag tag = token->v.end_tag.tag;
+  const char* name = token->v.end_tag.name;
+  assert(node != NULL);
+
+  if (!node_tagname_is(node, tag, name))
+    parser_add_parse_error(parser, token);
+  int i = parser->_parser_state->_open_elements.length;
+  for (--i; i > 0;) {
+    // Here we move up the stack until we find an HTML element (in which
+    // case we do nothing) or we find the element that we're about to
+    // close (in which case we pop everything we've seen until that
+    // point.)
+    gumbo_debug("Foreign %s node at %d.\n", node->v.element.name, i);
+    if (node_tagname_is(node, tag, name)) {
+      gumbo_debug("Matches.\n");
+      while (node != pop_current_node(parser)) {
+        // Pop all the nodes below the current one. Node is guaranteed to
+        // be an element on the stack of open elements (set below), so
+        // this loop is guaranteed to terminate.
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    --i;
+    node = parser->_parser_state->_open_elements.data[i];
+    if (node->v.element.tag_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML) {
+      // The loop continues only in foreign namespaces.
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  assert(node->v.element.tag_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML);
+  if (i == 0)
+    return;
+  // We can't call handle_token directly because the current node is still in
+  // a foriegn namespace, so it would re-enter this and result in infinite
+  // recursion.
+  handle_html_content(parser, token);
+}
+
+// https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#tree-construction
+static void handle_token(GumboParser* parser, GumboToken* token) {
+  if (
+    parser->_parser_state->_ignore_next_linefeed
+    && token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE && token->v.character == '\n'
+  ) {
+    parser->_parser_state->_ignore_next_linefeed = false;
+    ignore_token(parser);
+    return;
+  }
+  // This needs to be reset both here and in the conditional above to catch both
+  // the case where the next token is not whitespace (so we don't ignore
+  // whitespace in the middle of <pre> tags) and where there are multiple
+  // whitespace tokens (so we don't ignore the second one).
+  parser->_parser_state->_ignore_next_linefeed = false;
+
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_BODY)) {
+    parser->_parser_state->_closed_body_tag = true;
+  }
+  if (tag_is(token, kEndTag, GUMBO_TAG_HTML)) {
+    parser->_parser_state->_closed_html_tag = true;
+  }
+
+  const GumboNode* current_node = get_adjusted_current_node(parser);
+  assert (
+    !current_node
+    || current_node->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT
+    || current_node->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE
+  );
+  if (current_node)
+    gumbo_debug("Current node: <%s>.\n", current_node->v.element.name);
+  if (!current_node ||
+      current_node->v.element.tag_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML ||
+      (is_mathml_integration_point(current_node) &&
+          (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER ||
+              token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE ||
+              token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL ||
+              (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG &&
+                  !tag_in(token, kStartTag,
+                      &(const TagSet){TAG(MGLYPH), TAG(MALIGNMARK)})))) ||
+      (current_node->v.element.tag_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_MATHML &&
+          node_qualified_tag_is(
+              current_node, GUMBO_NAMESPACE_MATHML, GUMBO_TAG_ANNOTATION_XML) &&
+          tag_is(token, kStartTag, GUMBO_TAG_SVG)) ||
+      (is_html_integration_point(current_node) &&
+          (token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG ||
+              token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_CHARACTER ||
+              token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_NULL ||
+              token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_WHITESPACE)) ||
+      token->type == GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF) {
+    handle_html_content(parser, token);
+  } else {
+    handle_in_foreign_content(parser, token);
+  }
+}
+
+static GumboNode* create_fragment_ctx_element (
+  const char* tag_name,
+  GumboNamespaceEnum ns,
+  const char* encoding
+) {
+  assert(tag_name);
+  GumboTag tag = gumbo_tagn_enum(tag_name, strlen(tag_name));
+  GumboNodeType type =
+    ns == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML && tag == GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE
+    ? GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE : GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT;
+  GumboNode* node = create_node(type);
+  GumboElement* element = &node->v.element;
+  element->children = kGumboEmptyVector;
+  if (encoding) {
+    gumbo_vector_init(1, &element->attributes);
+    GumboAttribute* attr = gumbo_alloc(sizeof(GumboAttribute));
+    attr->attr_namespace = GUMBO_ATTR_NAMESPACE_NONE;
+    attr->name = "encoding"; // Do not free this!
+    attr->original_name = kGumboEmptyString;
+    attr->value = encoding; // Do not free this!
+    attr->original_value = kGumboEmptyString;
+    attr->name_start = kGumboEmptySourcePosition;
+    gumbo_vector_add(attr, &element->attributes);
+  } else {
+    element->attributes = kGumboEmptyVector;
+  }
+  element->tag = tag;
+  element->tag_namespace = ns;
+  element->name = tag_name; // Do not free this!
+  element->original_tag = kGumboEmptyString;
+  element->original_end_tag = kGumboEmptyString;
+  element->start_pos = kGumboEmptySourcePosition;
+  element->end_pos = kGumboEmptySourcePosition;
+  return node;
+}
+
+static void destroy_fragment_ctx_element(GumboNode* ctx) {
+  assert(ctx->type == GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT || ctx->type == GUMBO_NODE_TEMPLATE);
+  GumboElement* element = &ctx->v.element;
+  element->name = NULL; // Do not free.
+  if (element->attributes.length > 0) {
+    assert(element->attributes.length == 1);
+    GumboAttribute* attr = gumbo_vector_pop(&element->attributes);
+    // Do not free attr->name or attr->value, just free the attr.
+    gumbo_free(attr);
+  }
+  destroy_node(ctx);
+}
+
+static void fragment_parser_init (
+  GumboParser* parser,
+  const GumboOptions* options
+) {
+  assert(options->fragment_context != NULL);
+  const char* fragment_ctx = options->fragment_context;
+  GumboNamespaceEnum fragment_namespace = options->fragment_namespace;
+  const char* fragment_encoding = options->fragment_encoding;
+  GumboQuirksModeEnum quirks = options->quirks_mode;
+  bool ctx_has_form_ancestor = options->fragment_context_has_form_ancestor;
+
+  GumboNode* root;
+  // 2.
+  get_document_node(parser)->v.document.doc_type_quirks_mode = quirks;
+
+  // 3.
+  parser->_parser_state->_fragment_ctx =
+    create_fragment_ctx_element(fragment_ctx, fragment_namespace, fragment_encoding);
+  GumboTag ctx_tag = parser->_parser_state->_fragment_ctx->v.element.tag;
+
+  // 4.
+  if (fragment_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML) {
+    // Non-HTML namespaces always start in the DATA state.
+    switch (ctx_tag) {
+      case GUMBO_TAG_TITLE:
+      case GUMBO_TAG_TEXTAREA:
+        gumbo_tokenizer_set_state(parser, GUMBO_LEX_RCDATA);
+        break;
+
+      case GUMBO_TAG_STYLE:
+      case GUMBO_TAG_XMP:
+      case GUMBO_TAG_IFRAME:
+      case GUMBO_TAG_NOEMBED:
+      case GUMBO_TAG_NOFRAMES:
+        gumbo_tokenizer_set_state(parser, GUMBO_LEX_RAWTEXT);
+        break;
+
+      case GUMBO_TAG_SCRIPT:
+        gumbo_tokenizer_set_state(parser, GUMBO_LEX_SCRIPT_DATA);
+        break;
+
+      case GUMBO_TAG_NOSCRIPT:
+        /* scripting is disabled in Gumbo, so leave the tokenizer
+         * in the default data state */
+        break;
+
+      case GUMBO_TAG_PLAINTEXT:
+        gumbo_tokenizer_set_state(parser, GUMBO_LEX_PLAINTEXT);
+        break;
+
+      default:
+        /* default data state */
+        break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 5. 6. 7.
+  root = insert_element_of_tag_type (
+    parser,
+    GUMBO_TAG_HTML,
+    GUMBO_INSERTION_IMPLIED
+  );
+  parser->_output->root = root;
+
+  // 8.
+  if (ctx_tag == GUMBO_TAG_TEMPLATE) {
+    push_template_insertion_mode(parser, GUMBO_INSERTION_MODE_IN_TEMPLATE);
+  }
+
+  // 10.
+  reset_insertion_mode_appropriately(parser);
+
+  // 11.
+  if (ctx_has_form_ancestor
+      || (ctx_tag == GUMBO_TAG_FORM
+          && fragment_namespace == GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML)) {
+    static const GumboNode form_ancestor = {
+      .type = GUMBO_NODE_ELEMENT,
+      .parent = NULL,
+      .index_within_parent = -1,
+      .parse_flags = GUMBO_INSERTION_BY_PARSER,
+      .v.element = {
+        .children = GUMBO_EMPTY_VECTOR_INIT,
+        .tag = GUMBO_TAG_FORM,
+        .name = NULL,
+        .tag_namespace = GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML,
+        .original_tag = GUMBO_EMPTY_STRING_INIT,
+        .original_end_tag = GUMBO_EMPTY_STRING_INIT,
+        .start_pos = GUMBO_EMPTY_SOURCE_POSITION_INIT,
+        .end_pos = GUMBO_EMPTY_SOURCE_POSITION_INIT,
+        .attributes = GUMBO_EMPTY_VECTOR_INIT,
+      },
+    };
+    // This cast is okay because _form_element is only modified if it is
+    // in in the list of open elements. This will never be.
+    parser->_parser_state->_form_element = (GumboNode *)&form_ancestor;
+  }
+}
+
+GumboOutput* gumbo_parse(const char* buffer) {
+  return gumbo_parse_with_options (
+    &kGumboDefaultOptions,
+    buffer,
+    strlen(buffer)
+  );
+}
+
+GumboOutput* gumbo_parse_with_options (
+  const GumboOptions* options,
+  const char* buffer,
+  size_t length
+) {
+  GumboParser parser;
+  parser._options = options;
+  output_init(&parser);
+  gumbo_tokenizer_state_init(&parser, buffer, length);
+  parser_state_init(&parser);
+
+  if (options->fragment_context != NULL)
+    fragment_parser_init(&parser, options);
+
+  GumboParserState* state = parser._parser_state;
+  gumbo_debug (
+    "Parsing %.*s.\n",
+    (int) length,
+    buffer
+  );
+
+  // Sanity check so that infinite loops die with an assertion failure instead
+  // of hanging the process before we ever get an error.
+  uint_fast32_t loop_count = 0;
+
+  const unsigned int max_tree_depth = options->max_tree_depth;
+  GumboToken token;
+
+  do {
+    if (state->_reprocess_current_token) {
+      state->_reprocess_current_token = false;
+    } else {
+      GumboNode* adjusted_current_node = get_adjusted_current_node(&parser);
+      gumbo_tokenizer_set_is_adjusted_current_node_foreign (
+        &parser,
+        adjusted_current_node &&
+          adjusted_current_node->v.element.tag_namespace != GUMBO_NAMESPACE_HTML
+      );
+      gumbo_lex(&parser, &token);
+    }
+
+    const char* token_type = "text";
+    switch (token.type) {
+      case GUMBO_TOKEN_DOCTYPE:
+        token_type = "doctype";
+        break;
+      case GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG:
+        if (token.v.start_tag.tag == GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN)
+          token_type = token.v.start_tag.name;
+        else
+          token_type = gumbo_normalized_tagname(token.v.start_tag.tag);
+        break;
+      case GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG:
+        token_type = gumbo_normalized_tagname(token.v.end_tag.tag);
+        break;
+      case GUMBO_TOKEN_COMMENT:
+        token_type = "comment";
+        break;
+      default:
+        break;
+    }
+    gumbo_debug (
+      "Handling %s token @%lu:%lu in state %u.\n",
+      (char*) token_type,
+      (unsigned long)token.position.line,
+      (unsigned long)token.position.column,
+      state->_insertion_mode
+    );
+
+    state->_current_token = &token;
+    state->_self_closing_flag_acknowledged = false;
+
+    handle_token(&parser, &token);
+
+    // Check for memory leaks when ownership is transferred from start tag
+    // tokens to nodes.
+    assert (
+      state->_reprocess_current_token
+      || token.type != GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG
+      || (token.v.start_tag.attributes.data == NULL
+          && token.v.start_tag.name == NULL)
+    );
+
+    if (!state->_reprocess_current_token) {
+      // If we're done with the token, check for unacknowledged self-closing
+      // flags on start tags.
+      if (token.type == GUMBO_TOKEN_START_TAG &&
+          token.v.start_tag.is_self_closing &&
+          !state->_self_closing_flag_acknowledged) {
+        GumboError* error = gumbo_add_error(&parser);
+        if (error) {
+          // This is essentially a tokenizer error that's only caught during
+          // tree construction.
+          error->type = GUMBO_ERR_NON_VOID_HTML_ELEMENT_START_TAG_WITH_TRAILING_SOLIDUS;
+          error->original_text = token.original_text;
+          error->position = token.position;
+        }
+      }
+      // Make sure we free the end tag's name since it doesn't get transferred
+      // to a token.
+      if (token.type == GUMBO_TOKEN_END_TAG &&
+          token.v.end_tag.tag == GUMBO_TAG_UNKNOWN)
+        gumbo_free(token.v.end_tag.name);
+    }
+
+    if (unlikely(state->_open_elements.length > max_tree_depth)) {
+      parser._output->status = GUMBO_STATUS_TREE_TOO_DEEP;
+      gumbo_debug("Tree depth limit exceeded.\n");
+      break;
+    }
+
+    ++loop_count;
+    assert(loop_count < 1000000000UL);
+
+  } while (
+    (token.type != GUMBO_TOKEN_EOF || state->_reprocess_current_token)
+    && !(options->stop_on_first_error && parser._output->document_error)
+  );
+
+  finish_parsing(&parser);
+  // For API uniformity reasons, if the doctype still has nulls, convert them to
+  // empty strings.
+  GumboDocument* doc_type = &parser._output->document->v.document;
+  if (doc_type->name == NULL) {
+    doc_type->name = gumbo_strdup("");
+  }
+  if (doc_type->public_identifier == NULL) {
+    doc_type->public_identifier = gumbo_strdup("");
+  }
+  if (doc_type->system_identifier == NULL) {
+    doc_type->system_identifier = gumbo_strdup("");
+  }
+
+  parser_state_destroy(&parser);
+  gumbo_tokenizer_state_destroy(&parser);
+  return parser._output;
+}
+
+const char* gumbo_status_to_string(GumboOutputStatus status) {
+  switch (status) {
+    case GUMBO_STATUS_OK:
+      return "OK";
+    case GUMBO_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY:
+      return "System allocator returned NULL during parsing";
+    case GUMBO_STATUS_TOO_MANY_ATTRIBUTES:
+      return "Attributes per element limit exceeded";
+    case GUMBO_STATUS_TREE_TOO_DEEP:
+      return "Document tree depth limit exceeded";
+    default:
+      return "Unknown GumboOutputStatus value";
+  }
+}
+
+void gumbo_destroy_node(GumboNode* node) {
+  destroy_node(node);
+}
+
+void gumbo_destroy_output(GumboOutput* output) {
+  destroy_node(output->document);
+  for (unsigned int i = 0; i < output->errors.length; ++i) {
+    gumbo_error_destroy(output->errors.data[i]);
+  }
+  gumbo_vector_destroy(&output->errors);
+  gumbo_free(output);
+}