nmatrix-gemv 0.0.3

data/ext/nmatrix_gemv/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+# = NMatrix
+#
+# A linear algebra library for scientific computation in Ruby.
+# NMatrix is part of SciRuby.
+#
+# NMatrix was originally inspired by and derived from NArray, by
+# Masahiro Tanaka: http://narray.rubyforge.org
+#
+# == Copyright Information
+#
+# SciRuby is Copyright (c) 2010 - 2014, Ruby Science Foundation
+# NMatrix is Copyright (c) 2012 - 2014, John Woods and the Ruby Science Foundation
+#
+# Please see LICENSE.txt for additional copyright notices.
+#
+# == Contributing
+#
+# By contributing source code to SciRuby, you agree to be bound by
+# our Contributor Agreement:
+#
+# * https://github.com/SciRuby/sciruby/wiki/Contributor-Agreement
+#
+# == extconf.rb
+#
+# This file checks for ATLAS and other necessary headers, and
+# generates a Makefile for compiling NMatrix.
+
+require "mkmf"
+
+
+# Function derived from NArray's extconf.rb.
+def have_type(type, header=nil) #:nodoc:
+  printf "checking for %s... ", type
+  STDOUT.flush
+
+  src = <<"SRC"
+#include <ruby.h>
+SRC
+
+
+  src << <<"SRC" unless header.nil?
+#include <#{header}>
+SRC
+
+  r = try_link(src + <<"SRC")
+  int main() { return 0; }
+  int t() { #{type} a; return 0; }
+SRC
+
+  unless r
+    print "no\n"
+    return false
+  end
+
+  $defs.push(format("-DHAVE_%s", type.upcase))
+
+  print "yes\n"
+
+  return true
+end
+
+# Function derived from NArray's extconf.rb.
+def create_conf_h(file) #:nodoc:
+  print "creating #{file}\n"
+  File.open(file, 'w') do |hfile|
+    header_guard = file.upcase.sub(/\s|\./, '_')
+
+    hfile.puts "#ifndef #{header_guard}"
+    hfile.puts "#define #{header_guard}"
+    hfile.puts
+
+    # FIXME: Find a better way to do this:
+    hfile.puts "#define RUBY_2 1" if RUBY_VERSION >= '2.0'
+    hfile.puts "#define OLD_RB_SCAN_ARGS" if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9.3'
+
+    for line in $defs
+      line =~ /^-D(.*)/
+      hfile.printf "#define %s 1\n", $1
+    end
+
+    hfile.puts
+    hfile.puts "#endif"
+  end
+end
+
+if RUBY_VERSION < '1.9'
+  raise(NotImplementedError, "Sorry, you need at least Ruby 1.9!")
+else
+  $INSTALLFILES = [['nmatrix_gemv.h', '$(archdir)'], ['nmatrix_gemv.hpp', '$(archdir)'], ['nmatrix_gemv_config.h', '$(archdir)']]
+  if /cygwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+    $INSTALLFILES << ['libnmatrix_gemv.a', '$(archdir)']
+  end
+end
+
+if /cygwin|mingw/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
+  CONFIG["DLDFLAGS"] << " --output-lib libnmatrix_gemv.a"
+end
+
+$DEBUG = true
+$CFLAGS = ["-Wall -Werror=return-type",$CFLAGS].join(" ")
+$CXXFLAGS = ["-Wall -Werror=return-type",$CXXFLAGS].join(" ")
+$CPPFLAGS = ["-Wall -Werror=return-type",$CPPFLAGS].join(" ")
+
+# When adding objects here, make sure their directories are included in CLEANOBJS down at the bottom of extconf.rb.
+basenames = %w{nmatrix_gemv ruby_constants data/data math }
+$objs = basenames.map { |b| "#{b}.o"   }
+$srcs = basenames.map { |b| "#{b}.cpp" }
+
+#CONFIG['CXX'] = 'clang++'
+CONFIG['CXX'] = 'g++'
+
+def find_newer_gplusplus #:nodoc:
+  print "checking for apparent GNU g++ binary with C++0x/C++11 support... "
+  [9,8,7,6,5,4,3].each do |minor|
+    ver = "4.#{minor}"
+    gpp = "g++-#{ver}"
+    result = `which #{gpp}`
+    next if result.empty?
+    CONFIG['CXX'] = gpp
+    puts ver
+    return CONFIG['CXX']
+  end
+  false
+end
+
+def gplusplus_version #:nodoc:
+  cxxvar = proc { |n| `#{CONFIG['CXX']} -E -dM - </dev/null | grep #{n}`.chomp.split(' ')[2] }
+  major = cxxvar.call('__GNUC__')
+  minor = cxxvar.call('__GNUC_MINOR__')
+  patch = cxxvar.call('__GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__')
+
+  raise("unable to determine g++ version (match to get version was nil)") if major.nil? || minor.nil? || patch.nil?
+
+  "#{major}.#{minor}.#{patch}"
+end
+
+
+if CONFIG['CXX'] == 'clang++'
+  $CPP_STANDARD = 'c++11'
+
+else
+  version = gplusplus_version
+  if version < '4.3.0' && CONFIG['CXX'] == 'g++'  # see if we can find a newer G++, unless it's been overridden by user
+    if !find_newer_gplusplus
+      raise("You need a version of g++ which supports -std=c++0x or -std=c++11. If you're on a Mac and using Homebrew, we recommend using mac-brew-gcc.sh to install a more recent g++.")
+    end
+    version = gplusplus_version
+  end
+
+  if version < '4.7.0'
+    $CPP_STANDARD = 'c++0x'
+  else
+    $CPP_STANDARD = 'c++11'
+  end
+  puts "using C++ standard... #{$CPP_STANDARD}"
+  puts "g++ reports version... " + `#{CONFIG['CXX']} --version|head -n 1|cut -f 3 -d " "`
+end
+
+# add smmp in to get generic transp; remove smmp2 to eliminate funcptr transp
+
+# The next line allows the user to supply --with-atlas-dir=/usr/local/atlas,
+# --with-atlas-lib or --with-atlas-include and tell the compiler where to look
+# for ATLAS. The same for all the others
+#
+#dir_config("clapack", ["/usr/local/atlas/include"], [])
+#
+#
+
+# Is g++ having trouble finding your header files?
+# Try this:
+#   export C_INCLUDE_PATH=/usr/local/atlas/include
+#   export CPLUS_INCLUDE_PATH=/usr/local/atlas/include
+# (substituting in the path of your cblas.h and clapack.h for the path I used). -- JW 8/27/12
+
+idefaults = {lapack: ["/usr/include/atlas"],
+             cblas: ["/usr/local/atlas/include", "/usr/include/atlas"],
+             atlas: ["/usr/local/atlas/include", "/usr/include/atlas"]}
+
+# For some reason, if we try to look for /usr/lib64/atlas on a Mac OS X Mavericks system, and the directory does not
+# exist, it will give a linker error -- even if the lib dir is already correctly included with -L. So we need to check
+# that Dir.exists?(d) for each.
+ldefaults = {lapack: ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/local/atlas/lib", "/usr/lib64/atlas"].delete_if { |d| !Dir.exists?(d) },
+             cblas: ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/local/atlas/lib", "/usr/lib64/atlas"].delete_if { |d| !Dir.exists?(d) },
+             atlas: ["/usr/local/lib", "/usr/local/atlas/lib", "/usr/lib", "/usr/lib64/atlas"].delete_if { |d| !Dir.exists?(d) }}
+
+if have_library("clapack") # Usually only applies for Mac OS X
+  $libs += " -lclapack "
+end
+
+unless have_library("lapack")
+  dir_config("lapack", idefaults[:lapack], ldefaults[:lapack])
+end
+
+unless have_library("cblas")
+  dir_config("cblas", idefaults[:cblas], ldefaults[:cblas])
+end
+
+unless have_library("atlas")
+  dir_config("atlas", idefaults[:atlas], ldefaults[:atlas])
+end
+
+# If BLAS and LAPACK headers are in an atlas directory, prefer those. Otherwise,
+# we try our luck with the default location.
+if have_header("atlas/cblas.h")
+  have_header("atlas/clapack.h")
+else
+  have_header("cblas.h")
+  have_header("clapack.h")
+end
+
+
+have_func("clapack_dgetrf", ["cblas.h", "clapack.h"])
+have_func("clapack_dgetri", ["cblas.h", "clapack.h"])
+have_func("dgesvd_", "clapack.h") # This may not do anything. dgesvd_ seems to be in LAPACK, not CLAPACK.
+
+have_func("cblas_dgemm", "cblas.h")
+
+#have_func("rb_scan_args", "ruby.h")
+
+#find_library("lapack", "clapack_dgetrf")
+#find_library("cblas", "cblas_dgemm")
+#find_library("atlas", "ATL_dgemmNN")
+# Order matters here: ATLAS has to go after LAPACK: http://mail.scipy.org/pipermail/scipy-user/2007-January/010717.html
+$libs += " -llapack -lcblas -latlas "
+#$libs += " -lprofiler "
+
+
+# For release, these next two should both be changed to -O3.
+$CFLAGS += " -O3 -g" #" -O0 -g "
+#$CFLAGS += " -static -O0 -g "
+$CPPFLAGS += " -O3 -std=#{$CPP_STANDARD} -g" #" -O0 -g -std=#{$CPP_STANDARD} " #-fmax-errors=10 -save-temps
+#$CPPFLAGS += " -static -O0 -g -std=#{$CPP_STANDARD} "
+
+CONFIG['warnflags'].gsub!('-Wshorten-64-to-32', '') # doesn't work except in Mac-patched gcc (4.2)
+CONFIG['warnflags'].gsub!('-Wdeclaration-after-statement', '')
+CONFIG['warnflags'].gsub!('-Wimplicit-function-declaration', '')
+
+create_conf_h("nmatrix_gemv_config.h")
+create_makefile("nmatrix_gemv")
+
+Dir.mkdir("data") unless Dir.exists?("data")
+#Dir.mkdir("util") unless Dir.exists?("util")
+#Dir.mkdir("storage") unless Dir.exists?("storage")
+#Dir.chdir("storage") do
+#  Dir.mkdir("yale")  unless Dir.exists?("yale")
+#  Dir.mkdir("list")  unless Dir.exists?("list")
+#  Dir.mkdir("dense") unless Dir.exists?("dense")
+#end
+
+# to clean up object files in subdirectories:
+open('Makefile', 'a') do |f|
+  clean_objs_paths = %w{data}.map { |d| "#{d}/*.#{CONFIG["OBJEXT"]}" }
+  f.write("CLEANOBJS := $(CLEANOBJS) #{clean_objs_paths.join(' ')}")
+end

data/ext/nmatrix_gemv/math.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,1639 @@
+/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
+// = NMatrix
+//
+// A linear algebra library for scientific computation in Ruby.
+// NMatrix is part of SciRuby.
+//
+// NMatrix was originally inspired by and derived from NArray, by
+// Masahiro Tanaka: http://narray.rubyforge.org
+//
+// == Copyright Information
+//
+// SciRuby is Copyright (c) 2010 - 2014, Ruby Science Foundation
+// NMatrix is Copyright (c) 2012 - 2014, John Woods and the Ruby Science Foundation
+//
+// Please see LICENSE.txt for additional copyright notices.
+//
+// == Contributing
+//
+// By contributing source code to SciRuby, you agree to be bound by
+// our Contributor Agreement:
+//
+// * https://github.com/SciRuby/sciruby/wiki/Contributor-Agreement
+//
+// == math.cpp
+//
+// Ruby-exposed BLAS functions.
+//
+// === Procedure for adding LAPACK or CBLAS functions to math.cpp/math.h:
+//
+// This procedure is written as if for a fictional function with double
+// version dbacon, which we'll say is from LAPACK.
+//
+// 1. Write a default templated version which probably returns a boolean.
+//    Call it bacon, and put it in math.h.
+//
+//    Order will always be row-major, so we don't need to pass that.
+//    CBLAS_TRANSPOSE-type arguments, however, should be passed.
+//
+//    Otherwise, arguments should look like those in cblas.h or clapack.h:
+//
+//    template <typename DType>
+//    bool bacon(const CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans, const int M, const int N, DType* A, ...) {
+//      rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "only implemented for ATLAS types (float32, float64, complex64, complex128)");
+//    }
+//
+// 2. In math.cpp, add a templated inline static version of the function which takes
+//    only void* pointers and uses reinterpret_cast to convert them to the
+//    proper dtype.
+//
+//    This function may also need to switch m and n if these arguments are given.
+//
+//    For an example, see cblas_gemm. This function should do nothing other than cast
+//    appropriately. If clapack_dbacon, clapack_sbacon, clapack_cbacon, and clapack_zbacon
+//    all take void* only, and no other pointers that vary between functions, you can skip
+//    this particular step -- as we can call them directly using a custom function pointer
+//    array (same function signature!).
+//
+//    This version of the function will be the one exposed through NMatrix::LAPACK. We
+//    want it to be as close to the actual LAPACK version of the function as possible,
+//    and with as few checks as possible.
+//
+//    You will probably need a forward declaration in the extern "C" block.
+//
+//    Note: In that case, the function you wrote in Step 1 should also take exactly the
+//    same arguments as clapack_xbacon. Otherwise Bad Things will happen.
+//
+// 3. In math.cpp, add inline specialized versions of bacon for the different ATLAS types.
+//
+//    You could do this with a macro, if the arguments are all similar (see #define LAPACK_GETRF).
+//    Or you may prefer to do it by hand:
+//
+//    template <>
+//    inline bool bacon(const CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans, const int M, const int N, float* A, ...) {
+//      clapack_sbacon(trans, M, N, A, ...);
+//      return true;
+//    }
+//
+//    Make sure these functions are in the namespace nm::math.
+//
+//    Note that you should do everything in your power here to parse any return values
+//    clapack_sbacon may give you. We're not trying very hard in this example, but you might
+//    look at getrf to see how it might be done.
+//
+// 4. Expose the function in nm_math_init_blas(), in math.cpp:
+//
+//    rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_bacon", (METHOD)nm_lapack_bacon, 5);
+//
+//    Here, we're telling Ruby that nm_lapack_bacon takes five arguments as a Ruby function.
+//
+// 5. In blas.rb, write a bacon function which accesses clapack_bacon, but does all the
+//    sanity checks we left out in step 2.
+//
+// 6. Write tests for NMatrix::LAPACK::getrf, confirming that it works for the ATLAS dtypes.
+//
+// 7. After you get it working properly with ATLAS, download dbacon.f from NETLIB, and use
+//    f2c to convert it to C. Clean it up so it's readable. Remove the extra indices -- f2c
+//    inserts a lot of unnecessary stuff.
+//
+//    Copy and paste the output into the default templated function you wrote in Step 1.
+//    Fix it so it works as a template instead of just for doubles.
+//
+// 8. Write tests to confirm that it works for integers, rationals, and Ruby objects.
+//
+// 9. See about adding a Ruby-like interface, such as matrix_matrix_multiply for cblas_gemm,
+//    or matrix_vector_multiply for cblas_gemv. This step is not mandatory.
+//
+// 10. Pull request!
+
+
+
+/*
+ * Project Includes
+ */
+
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+
+
+//#include "math/inc.h"
+#include "data/data.h"
+/*
+#include "math/gesdd.h"
+#include "math/gesvd.h"
+#include "math/geev.h"
+#include "math/swap.h"
+#include "math/idamax.h"
+#include "math/scal.h"
+#include "math/ger.h"
+#include "math/getf2.h"
+#include "math/laswp.h"
+#include "math/trsm.h"
+*/
+#include "math/long_dtype.h" // for gemm.h
+//#include "math/gemm.h"
+#include "math/gemv.h"
+/*
+#include "math/asum.h"
+#include "math/nrm2.h"
+#include "math/getrf.h"
+#include "math/getri.h"
+#include "math/getrs.h"
+#include "math/potrs.h"
+#include "math/rot.h"
+#include "math/rotg.h"
+*/
+//#include "math/math.h"
+//#include "storage/dense/dense.h"
+
+#include "nmatrix_gemv.h"
+#include "ruby_constants.h"
+
+/*
+ * Forward Declarations
+ */
+
+extern "C" {
+#if defined HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+#include <clapack.h>
+#elif defined HAVE_ATLAS_CLAPACK_H
+#include <atlas/clapack.h>
+#endif
+
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_nrm2(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE x, VALUE incx);
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_asum(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE x, VALUE incx);
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_rot(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE x, VALUE incx, VALUE y, VALUE incy, VALUE c, VALUE s);
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_rotg(VALUE self, VALUE ab);
+
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_gemm(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE trans_a, VALUE trans_b, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE k, VALUE vAlpha,
+     VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE b, VALUE ldb, VALUE vBeta, VALUE c, VALUE ldc);
+     */
+  static VALUE nm_cblas_gemv(VALUE self, VALUE trans_a, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE vAlpha, VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+      VALUE x, VALUE incx, VALUE vBeta, VALUE y, VALUE incy);
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_trsm(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE side, VALUE uplo, VALUE trans_a, VALUE diag, VALUE m, VALUE n,
+     VALUE vAlpha, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE b, VALUE ldb);
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_trmm(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE side, VALUE uplo, VALUE trans_a, VALUE diag, VALUE m, VALUE n,
+     VALUE alpha, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE b, VALUE ldb);
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_herk(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE trans, VALUE n, VALUE k, VALUE alpha, VALUE a,
+     VALUE lda, VALUE beta, VALUE c, VALUE ldc);
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_syrk(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE trans, VALUE n, VALUE k, VALUE alpha, VALUE a,
+     VALUE lda, VALUE beta, VALUE c, VALUE ldc);
+
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_getrf(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_potrf(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_getrs(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE trans, VALUE n, VALUE nrhs, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE ipiv, VALUE b, VALUE ldb);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_potrs(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE nrhs, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE b, VALUE ldb);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_getri(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE ipiv);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_potri(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_laswp(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE k1, VALUE k2, VALUE ipiv, VALUE incx);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_scal(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE scale, VALUE vector, VALUE incx);
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_lauum(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda);
+
+     static VALUE nm_lapack_gesvd(VALUE self, VALUE jobu, VALUE jobvt, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE s, VALUE u, VALUE ldu, VALUE vt, VALUE ldvt, VALUE lworkspace_size);
+     static VALUE nm_lapack_gesdd(VALUE self, VALUE jobz, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE s, VALUE u, VALUE ldu, VALUE vt, VALUE ldvt, VALUE lworkspace_size);
+     static VALUE nm_lapack_geev(VALUE self, VALUE compute_left, VALUE compute_right, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE w, VALUE wi, VALUE vl, VALUE ldvl, VALUE vr, VALUE ldvr, VALUE lwork);
+     */
+} // end of extern "C" block
+
+////////////////////
+// Math Functions //
+////////////////////
+
+namespace nm { namespace math {
+
+  /*
+   * Calculate the determinant for a dense matrix (A [elements]) of size 2 or 3. Return the result.
+   */
+
+  /*
+     template <typename DType>
+     void det_exact(const int M, const void* A_elements, const int lda, void* result_arg) {
+     DType* result  = reinterpret_cast<DType*>(result_arg);
+     const DType* A = reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(A_elements);
+
+     typename LongDType<DType>::type x, y;
+
+     if (M == 2) {
+   *result = A[0] * A[lda+1] - A[1] * A[lda];
+
+   } else if (M == 3) {
+   x = A[lda+1] * A[2*lda+2] - A[lda+2] * A[2*lda+1]; // ei - fh
+   y = A[lda] * A[2*lda+2] -   A[lda+2] * A[2*lda];   // fg - di
+   x = A[0]*x - A[1]*y ; // a*(ei-fh) - b*(fg-di)
+
+   y = A[lda] * A[2*lda+1] - A[lda+1] * A[2*lda];    // dh - eg
+   *result = A[2]*y + x; // c*(dh-eg) + _
+   } else if (M < 2) {
+   rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "can only calculate exact determinant of a square matrix of size 2 or larger");
+   } else {
+   rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "exact determinant calculation needed for matrices larger than 3x3");
+   }
+   }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' gesvd functions as directly as possible.
+   */
+  /*
+     template <typename DType, typename CType>
+     inline static int lapack_gesvd(char jobu, char jobvt, int m, int n, void* a, int lda, void* s, void* u, int ldu, void* vt, int ldvt, void* work, int lwork, void* rwork) {
+     return gesvd<DType,CType>(jobu, jobvt, m, n, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(a), lda, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(s), reinterpret_cast<DType*>(u), ldu, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(vt), ldvt, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(work), lwork, reinterpret_cast<CType*>(rwork));
+     }
+     */
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' gesvd functions as directly as possible.
+   */
+  /*
+     template <typename DType, typename CType>
+     inline static int lapack_gesdd(char jobz, int m, int n, void* a, int lda, void* s, void* u, int ldu, void* vt, int ldvt, void* work, int lwork, int* iwork, void* rwork) {
+     return gesdd<DType,CType>(jobz, m, n, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(a), lda, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(s), reinterpret_cast<DType*>(u), ldu, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(vt), ldvt, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(work), lwork, iwork, reinterpret_cast<CType*>(rwork));
+     }
+     */
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' gemm functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * For documentation: http://www.netlib.org/blas/dgemm.f
+   */
+  /*
+     template <typename DType>
+     inline static void cblas_gemm(const enum CBLAS_ORDER order,
+     const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans_a, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans_b,
+     int m, int n, int k,
+     void* alpha,
+     void* a, int lda,
+     void* b, int ldb,
+     void* beta,
+     void* c, int ldc)
+     {
+     gemm<DType>(order, trans_a, trans_b, m, n, k, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(alpha),
+     reinterpret_cast<DType*>(a), lda,
+     reinterpret_cast<DType*>(b), ldb, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(beta),
+     reinterpret_cast<DType*>(c), ldc);
+     }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS's gemv functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * For documentation: http://www.netlib.org/lapack/double/dgetrf.f
+   */
+  template <typename DType>
+    inline static bool cblas_gemv(const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans,
+        const int m, const int n,
+        const void* alpha,
+        const void* a, const int lda,
+        const void* x, const int incx,
+        const void* beta,
+        void* y, const int incy)
+    {
+      return gemv<DType>(trans,
+          m, n, reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(alpha),
+          reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(a), lda,
+          reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(x), incx, reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(beta),
+          reinterpret_cast<DType*>(y), incy);
+    }
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' trsm functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * For documentation: http://www.netlib.org/blas/dtrsm.f
+   */
+  /*
+     template <typename DType>
+     inline static void cblas_trsm(const enum CBLAS_ORDER order, const enum CBLAS_SIDE side, const enum CBLAS_UPLO uplo,
+     const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans_a, const enum CBLAS_DIAG diag,
+     const int m, const int n, const void* alpha, const void* a,
+     const int lda, void* b, const int ldb)
+     {
+     trsm<DType>(order, side, uplo, trans_a, diag, m, n, *reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(alpha),
+     reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(a), lda, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(b), ldb);
+     }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' trmm functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * For documentation: http://www.netlib.org/blas/dtrmm.f
+   */
+  /*
+     template <typename DType>
+     inline static void cblas_trmm(const enum CBLAS_ORDER order, const enum CBLAS_SIDE side, const enum CBLAS_UPLO uplo,
+     const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE ta, const enum CBLAS_DIAG diag, const int m, const int n, const void* alpha,
+     const void* A, const int lda, void* B, const int ldb)
+     {
+     trmm<DType>(order, side, uplo, ta, diag, m, n, reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(alpha),
+     reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(A), lda, reinterpret_cast<DType*>(B), ldb);
+     }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' syrk functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * For documentation: http://www.netlib.org/blas/dsyrk.f
+   */
+  /*
+     template <typename DType>
+     inline static void cblas_syrk(const enum CBLAS_ORDER order, const enum CBLAS_UPLO uplo, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans,
+     const int n, const int k, const void* alpha,
+     const void* A, const int lda, const void* beta, void* C, const int ldc)
+     {
+     syrk<DType>(order, uplo, trans, n, k, reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(alpha),
+     reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(A), lda, reinterpret_cast<const DType*>(beta), reinterpret_cast<DType*>(C), ldc);
+     }*/
+
+
+
+
+}} // end of namespace nm::math
+
+
+extern "C" {
+
+  ///////////////////
+  // Ruby Bindings //
+  ///////////////////
+
+  void nm_math_init_blas() {
+
+    //cNMatrix_LAPACK = rb_define_module_under(cNMatrix, "LAPACK");
+
+    /* ATLAS-CLAPACK Functions */
+    /*
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_getrf", (METHOD)nm_clapack_getrf, 5);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_potrf", (METHOD)nm_clapack_potrf, 5);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_getrs", (METHOD)nm_clapack_getrs, 9);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_potrs", (METHOD)nm_clapack_potrs, 8);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_getri", (METHOD)nm_clapack_getri, 5);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_potri", (METHOD)nm_clapack_potri, 5);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_laswp", (METHOD)nm_clapack_laswp, 7);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_scal",  (METHOD)nm_clapack_scal,  4);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "clapack_lauum", (METHOD)nm_clapack_lauum, 5);
+       */
+
+    /* Non-ATLAS regular LAPACK Functions called via Fortran interface */
+    /*
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "lapack_gesvd", (METHOD)nm_lapack_gesvd, 12);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "lapack_gesdd", (METHOD)nm_lapack_gesdd, 11);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_LAPACK, "lapack_geev",  (METHOD)nm_lapack_geev,  12);
+       */
+
+    cNMatrix_BLAS = rb_define_module_under(cNMatrix, "BLAS");
+
+    /*
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_nrm2", (METHOD)nm_cblas_nrm2, 3);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_asum", (METHOD)nm_cblas_asum, 3);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_rot",  (METHOD)nm_cblas_rot,  7);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_rotg", (METHOD)nm_cblas_rotg, 1);
+
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_gemm", (METHOD)nm_cblas_gemm, 14);
+       */
+        //rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_gemv", (METHOD)nm_cblas_gemv, 11);
+
+      rb_define_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_gemv", (METHOD)nm_cblas_gemv, 11);
+    /*
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_trsm", (METHOD)nm_cblas_trsm, 12);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_trmm", (METHOD)nm_cblas_trmm, 12);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_syrk", (METHOD)nm_cblas_syrk, 11);
+       rb_define_singleton_method(cNMatrix_BLAS, "cblas_herk", (METHOD)nm_cblas_herk, 11);
+       */
+  }
+
+  /*
+   * Interprets lapack jobu and jobvt arguments, for which LAPACK needs character values A, S, O, or N.
+   *
+   * Called by lapack_gesvd -- basically inline. svd stands for singular value decomposition.
+   */
+  /*
+     static inline char lapack_svd_job_sym(VALUE op) {
+     if (rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("all") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("a")) return 'A';
+     else if (rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("return") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("s")) return 'S';
+     else if (rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("overwrite") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("o")) return 'O';
+     else if (rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("none") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("n")) return 'N';
+     else rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected :all, :return, :overwrite, :none (or :a, :s, :o, :n, respectively)");
+     return 'a';
+     }
+     */
+
+
+  /*
+   * Interprets lapack jobvl and jobvr arguments, for which LAPACK needs character values N or V.
+   *
+   * Called by lapack_geev -- basically inline. evd stands for eigenvalue decomposition.
+   */
+  /*
+     static inline char lapack_evd_job_sym(VALUE op) {
+     if (op == Qfalse || op == Qnil || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("n")) return 'N';
+     else return 'V';
+     }
+     */
+
+
+  /* Interprets cblas argument which could be any of false/:no_transpose, :transpose, or :complex_conjugate,
+   * into an enum recognized by cblas.
+   *
+   * Called by nm_cblas_gemm -- basically inline.
+   *
+   */
+  static inline enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE blas_transpose_sym(VALUE op) {
+    if (op == Qfalse || rb_to_id(op) == nm_rb_no_transpose) return CblasNoTrans;
+    else if (rb_to_id(op) == nm_rb_transpose) return CblasTrans;
+    else if (rb_to_id(op) == nm_rb_complex_conjugate) return CblasConjTrans;
+    else rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected false, :transpose, or :complex_conjugate");
+    return CblasNoTrans;
+  }
+
+
+  /*
+   * Interprets cblas argument which could be :left or :right
+   *
+   * Called by nm_cblas_trsm -- basically inline
+   */
+  /*
+     static inline enum CBLAS_SIDE blas_side_sym(VALUE op) {
+     ID op_id = rb_to_id(op);
+     if (op_id == nm_rb_left)  return CblasLeft;
+     if (op_id == nm_rb_right) return CblasRight;
+     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected :left or :right for side argument");
+     return CblasLeft;
+     }*/
+
+  /*
+   * Interprets cblas argument which could be :upper or :lower
+   *
+   * Called by nm_cblas_trsm -- basically inline
+   */
+  /*
+     static inline enum CBLAS_UPLO blas_uplo_sym(VALUE op) {
+     ID op_id = rb_to_id(op);
+     if (op_id == nm_rb_upper) return CblasUpper;
+     if (op_id == nm_rb_lower) return CblasLower;
+     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected :upper or :lower for uplo argument");
+     return CblasUpper;
+     }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Interprets cblas argument which could be :unit (true) or :nonunit (false or anything other than true/:unit)
+   *
+   * Called by nm_cblas_trsm -- basically inline
+   */
+  /*
+     static inline enum CBLAS_DIAG blas_diag_sym(VALUE op) {
+     if (rb_to_id(op) == nm_rb_unit || op == Qtrue) return CblasUnit;
+     return CblasNonUnit;
+     }*/
+
+  /*
+   * Interprets cblas argument which could be :row or :col
+   */
+  /*
+     static inline enum CBLAS_ORDER blas_order_sym(VALUE op) {
+     if (rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("row") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("row_major")) return CblasRowMajor;
+     else if (rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("col") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("col_major") ||
+     rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("column") || rb_to_id(op) == rb_intern("column_major")) return CblasColMajor;
+     rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected :row or :col for order argument");
+     return CblasRowMajor;
+     }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Call any of the cblas_xrotg functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * xROTG computes the elements of a Givens plane rotation matrix such that:
+   *
+   *  |  c s |   | a |   | r |
+   *  | -s c | * | b | = | 0 |
+   *
+   * where r = +- sqrt( a**2 + b**2 ) and c**2 + s**2 = 1.
+   *
+   * The Givens plane rotation can be used to introduce zero elements into a matrix selectively.
+   *
+   * This function differs from most of the other raw BLAS accessors. Instead of providing a, b, c, s as arguments, you
+   * should only provide a and b (the inputs), and you should provide them as a single NVector (or the first two elements
+   * of any dense NMatrix or NVector type, specifically).
+   *
+   * The outputs [c,s] will be returned in a Ruby Array at the end; the input NVector will also be modified in-place.
+   *
+   * If you provide rationals, be aware that there's a high probability of an error, since rotg includes a square root --
+   * and most rationals' square roots are irrational. You're better off converting to Float first.
+   *
+   * This function, like the other cblas_ functions, does minimal type-checking.
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_rotg(VALUE self, VALUE ab) {
+     static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(void* a, void* b, void* c, void* s) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // can't represent c and s as integers, so no point in having integer operations.
+     nm::math::cblas_rotg<float>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rotg<double>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rotg<nm::Complex64>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rotg<nm::Complex128>,
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, // no rationals
+     NULL //nm::math::cblas_rotg<nm::RubyObject>
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(ab);
+
+     if (!ttable[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this operation undefined for integer and rational vectors");
+     return Qnil;
+
+     } else {
+     NM_CONSERVATIVE(nm_register_value(self));
+     NM_CONSERVATIVE(nm_register_value(ab));
+     void *pC = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]),
+   *pS = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+
+  // extract A and B from the NVector (first two elements)
+  void* pA = NM_STORAGE_DENSE(ab)->elements;
+  void* pB = (char*)(NM_STORAGE_DENSE(ab)->elements) + DTYPE_SIZES[dtype];
+  // c and s are output
+
+  ttable[dtype](pA, pB, pC, pS);
+
+  VALUE result = rb_ary_new2(2);
+
+  if (dtype == nm::RUBYOBJ) {
+  rb_ary_store(result, 0, *reinterpret_cast<VALUE*>(pC));
+  rb_ary_store(result, 1, *reinterpret_cast<VALUE*>(pS));
+  } else {
+  rb_ary_store(result, 0, rubyobj_from_cval(pC, dtype).rval);
+  rb_ary_store(result, 1, rubyobj_from_cval(pS, dtype).rval);
+  }
+  NM_CONSERVATIVE(nm_unregister_value(ab));
+  NM_CONSERVATIVE(nm_unregister_value(self));
+  return result;
+  }
+  }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Call any of the cblas_xrot functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * xROT is a BLAS level 1 routine (taking two vectors) which applies a plane rotation.
+   *
+   * It's tough to find documentation on xROT. Here are what we think the arguments are for:
+   *  * n     :: number of elements to consider in x and y
+   *  * x     :: a vector (expects an NVector)
+   *  * incx  :: stride of x
+   *  * y     :: a vector (expects an NVector)
+   *  * incy  :: stride of y
+   *  * c     :: cosine of the angle of rotation
+   *  * s     :: sine of the angle of rotation
+   *
+   * Note that c and s will be the same dtype as x and y, except when x and y are complex. If x and y are complex, c and s
+   * will be float for Complex64 or double for Complex128.
+   *
+   * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try rot, which is more flexible
+   * with its arguments?
+   *
+   * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+   * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_rot(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE x, VALUE incx, VALUE y, VALUE incy, VALUE c, VALUE s) {
+     static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const int N, void*, const int, void*, const int, const void*, const void*) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // can't represent c and s as integers, so no point in having integer operations.
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<float,float>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<double,double>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<nm::Complex64,float>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<nm::Complex128,double>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<nm::Rational32,nm::Rational32>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<nm::Rational64,nm::Rational64>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<nm::Rational128,nm::Rational128>,
+     nm::math::cblas_rot<nm::RubyObject,nm::RubyObject>
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(x);
+
+
+     if (!ttable[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this operation undefined for integer vectors");
+     return Qfalse;
+     } else {
+     void *pC, *pS;
+
+  // We need to ensure the cosine and sine arguments are the correct dtype -- which may differ from the actual dtype.
+  if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX64) {
+  pC = NM_ALLOCA_N(float,1);
+  pS = NM_ALLOCA_N(float,1);
+  rubyval_to_cval(c, nm::FLOAT32, pC);
+  rubyval_to_cval(s, nm::FLOAT32, pS);
+  } else if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX128) {
+  pC = NM_ALLOCA_N(double,1);
+  pS = NM_ALLOCA_N(double,1);
+  rubyval_to_cval(c, nm::FLOAT64, pC);
+  rubyval_to_cval(s, nm::FLOAT64, pS);
+  } else {
+  pC = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+  pS = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+  rubyval_to_cval(c, dtype, pC);
+  rubyval_to_cval(s, dtype, pS);
+  }
+
+
+  ttable[dtype](FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(x)->elements, FIX2INT(incx), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(y)->elements, FIX2INT(incy), pC, pS);
+
+  return Qtrue;
+  }
+  }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Call any of the cblas_xnrm2 functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * xNRM2 is a BLAS level 1 routine which calculates the 2-norm of an n-vector x.
+   *
+   * Arguments:
+   *  * n     :: length of x, must be at least 0
+   *  * x     :: pointer to first entry of input vector
+   *  * incx  :: stride of x, must be POSITIVE (ATLAS says non-zero, but 3.8.4 code only allows positive)
+   *
+   * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try nrm2, which is more flexible
+   * with its arguments?
+   *
+   * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+   * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_nrm2(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE x, VALUE incx) {
+
+     static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const int N, const void* X, const int incX, void* sum) = {*/
+  /*      nm::math::cblas_nrm2<uint8_t,uint8_t>,
+          nm::math::cblas_nrm2<int8_t,int8_t>,
+          nm::math::cblas_nrm2<int16_t,int16_t>,
+          nm::math::cblas_nrm2<int32_t,int32_t>, */
+  /*NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // no help for integers
+    nm::math::cblas_nrm2<float32_t,float32_t>,
+    nm::math::cblas_nrm2<float64_t,float64_t>,
+    nm::math::cblas_nrm2<float32_t,nm::Complex64>,
+    nm::math::cblas_nrm2<float64_t,nm::Complex128>,
+  //nm::math::cblas_nrm2<nm::Rational32,nm::Rational32>,
+  //nm::math::cblas_nrm2<nm::Rational64,nm::Rational64>,
+  //nm::math::cblas_nrm2<nm::Rational128,nm::Rational128>,
+  NULL, NULL, NULL,
+  nm::math::cblas_nrm2<nm::RubyObject,nm::RubyObject>
+  };
+
+  nm::dtype_t dtype  = NM_DTYPE(x);
+
+  if (!ttable[dtype]) {
+  rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this operation undefined for integer and rational vectors");
+  return Qnil;
+
+  } else {
+  // Determine the return dtype and allocate it
+  nm::dtype_t rdtype = dtype;
+  if      (dtype == nm::COMPLEX64)  rdtype = nm::FLOAT32;
+  else if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX128) rdtype = nm::FLOAT64;
+
+  void *Result = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[rdtype]);
+
+  ttable[dtype](FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(x)->elements, FIX2INT(incx), Result);
+
+  return rubyobj_from_cval(Result, rdtype).rval;
+  }
+  }*/
+
+
+
+  /*
+   * Call any of the cblas_xasum functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * xASUM is a BLAS level 1 routine which calculates the sum of absolute values of the entries
+   * of a vector x.
+   *
+   * Arguments:
+   *  * n     :: length of x, must be at least 0
+   *  * x     :: pointer to first entry of input vector
+   *  * incx  :: stride of x, must be POSITIVE (ATLAS says non-zero, but 3.8.4 code only allows positive)
+   *
+   * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try asum, which is more flexible
+   * with its arguments?
+   *
+   * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+   * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_asum(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE x, VALUE incx) {
+
+     static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const int N, const void* X, const int incX, void* sum) = {
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<uint8_t,uint8_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<int8_t,int8_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<int16_t,int16_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<int32_t,int32_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<int64_t,int64_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<float32_t,float32_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<float64_t,float64_t>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<float32_t,nm::Complex64>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<float64_t,nm::Complex128>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<nm::Rational32,nm::Rational32>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<nm::Rational64,nm::Rational64>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<nm::Rational128,nm::Rational128>,
+     nm::math::cblas_asum<nm::RubyObject,nm::RubyObject>
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype  = NM_DTYPE(x);
+
+  // Determine the return dtype and allocate it
+  nm::dtype_t rdtype = dtype;
+  if      (dtype == nm::COMPLEX64)  rdtype = nm::FLOAT32;
+  else if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX128) rdtype = nm::FLOAT64;
+
+  void *Result = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[rdtype]);
+
+  ttable[dtype](FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(x)->elements, FIX2INT(incx), Result);
+
+  return rubyobj_from_cval(Result, rdtype).rval;
+  }*/
+
+
+  /* Call any of the cblas_xgemm functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * The cblas_xgemm functions (dgemm, sgemm, cgemm, and zgemm) define the following operation:
+   *
+   *    C = alpha*op(A)*op(B) + beta*C
+   *
+   * where op(X) is one of <tt>op(X) = X</tt>, <tt>op(X) = X**T</tt>, or the complex conjugate of X.
+   *
+   * Note that this will only work for dense matrices that are of types :float32, :float64, :complex64, and :complex128.
+   * Other types are not implemented in BLAS, and while they exist in NMatrix, this method is intended only to
+   * expose the ultra-optimized ATLAS versions.
+   *
+   * == Arguments
+   * See: http://www.netlib.org/blas/dgemm.f
+   *
+   * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try gemm, which is more flexible
+   * with its arguments?
+   *
+   * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+   * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_gemm(VALUE self,
+     VALUE order,
+     VALUE trans_a, VALUE trans_b,
+     VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE k,
+     VALUE alpha,
+     VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+     VALUE b, VALUE ldb,
+     VALUE beta,
+     VALUE c, VALUE ldc)
+     {
+     NAMED_DTYPE_TEMPLATE_TABLE(ttable, nm::math::cblas_gemm, void, const enum CBLAS_ORDER Order, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans_a, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE trans_b, int m, int n, int k, void* alpha, void* a, int lda, void* b, int ldb, void* beta, void* c, int ldc);
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+     void *pAlpha = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]),
+   *pBeta  = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+   rubyval_to_cval(alpha, dtype, pAlpha);
+   rubyval_to_cval(beta, dtype, pBeta);
+
+   ttable[dtype](blas_order_sym(order), blas_transpose_sym(trans_a), blas_transpose_sym(trans_b), FIX2INT(m), FIX2INT(n), FIX2INT(k), pAlpha, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(b)->elements, FIX2INT(ldb), pBeta, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(c)->elements, FIX2INT(ldc));
+
+   return c;
+   }*/
+
+
+  /* Call any of the cblas_xgemv functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * The cblas_xgemv functions (dgemv, sgemv, cgemv, and zgemv) define the following operation:
+   *
+   *    y = alpha*op(A)*x + beta*y
+   *
+   * where op(A) is one of <tt>op(A) = A</tt>, <tt>op(A) = A**T</tt>, or the complex conjugate of A.
+   *
+   * Note that this will only work for dense matrices that are of types :float32, :float64, :complex64, and :complex128.
+   * Other types are not implemented in BLAS, and while they exist in NMatrix, this method is intended only to
+   * expose the ultra-optimized ATLAS versions.
+   *
+   * == Arguments
+   * See: http://www.netlib.org/blas/dgemm.f
+   *
+   * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try cblas_gemv, which is more flexible
+   * with its arguments?
+   *
+   * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+   * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+   */
+  static VALUE nm_cblas_gemv(VALUE self,
+      VALUE trans_a,
+      VALUE m, VALUE n,
+      VALUE alpha,
+      VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+      VALUE x, VALUE incx,
+      VALUE beta,
+      VALUE y, VALUE incy)
+  {
+    NAMED_DTYPE_TEMPLATE_TABLE(ttable, nm::math::cblas_gemv, bool, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE, const int, const int, const void*, const void*, const int, const void*, const int, const void*, void*, const int)
+
+      nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+    void *pAlpha = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]),
+         *pBeta  = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+    rubyval_to_cval(alpha, dtype, pAlpha);
+    rubyval_to_cval(beta, dtype, pBeta);
+
+    return ttable[dtype](blas_transpose_sym(trans_a), FIX2INT(m), FIX2INT(n), pAlpha, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(x)->elements, FIX2INT(incx), pBeta, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(y)->elements, FIX2INT(incy)) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+  }
+
+
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_trsm(VALUE self,
+     VALUE order,
+     VALUE side, VALUE uplo,
+     VALUE trans_a, VALUE diag,
+     VALUE m, VALUE n,
+     VALUE alpha,
+     VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+     VALUE b, VALUE ldb)
+     {
+     static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const enum CBLAS_SIDE, const enum CBLAS_UPLO,
+     const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE, const enum CBLAS_DIAG,
+     const int m, const int n, const void* alpha, const void* a,
+     const int lda, void* b, const int ldb) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+     nm::math::cblas_trsm<float>,
+     nm::math::cblas_trsm<double>,
+     cblas_ctrsm, cblas_ztrsm, // call directly, same function signature!
+     nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::Rational32>,
+     nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::Rational64>,
+     nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::Rational128>,
+     nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::RubyObject>
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+     if (!ttable[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+     } else {
+     void *pAlpha = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+     rubyval_to_cval(alpha, dtype, pAlpha);
+
+     ttable[dtype](blas_order_sym(order), blas_side_sym(side), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), blas_transpose_sym(trans_a), blas_diag_sym(diag), FIX2INT(m), FIX2INT(n), pAlpha, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(b)->elements, FIX2INT(ldb));
+     }
+
+     return Qtrue;
+     }
+
+
+     static VALUE nm_cblas_trmm(VALUE self,
+     VALUE order,
+     VALUE side, VALUE uplo,
+     VALUE trans_a, VALUE diag,
+     VALUE m, VALUE n,
+     VALUE alpha,
+     VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+     VALUE b, VALUE ldb)
+     {
+     static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER,
+     const enum CBLAS_SIDE, const enum CBLAS_UPLO,
+     const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE, const enum CBLAS_DIAG,
+     const int m, const int n, const void* alpha, const void* a,
+     const int lda, void* b, const int ldb) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+     nm::math::cblas_trmm<float>,
+     nm::math::cblas_trmm<double>,
+     cblas_ctrmm, cblas_ztrmm // call directly, same function signature!
+     */
+/*
+   nm::math::cblas_trmm<nm::Rational32>,
+   nm::math::cblas_trmm<nm::Rational64>,
+   nm::math::cblas_trmm<nm::Rational128>,
+   nm::math::cblas_trmm<nm::RubyObject>*/
+/*};
+
+  nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+  if (!ttable[dtype]) {
+  rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation not yet defined for non-BLAS dtypes");
+  } else {
+  void *pAlpha = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+  rubyval_to_cval(alpha, dtype, pAlpha);
+
+  ttable[dtype](blas_order_sym(order), blas_side_sym(side), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), blas_transpose_sym(trans_a), blas_diag_sym(diag), FIX2INT(m), FIX2INT(n), pAlpha, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(b)->elements, FIX2INT(ldb));
+  }
+
+  return b;
+  }
+
+
+  static VALUE nm_cblas_syrk(VALUE self,
+  VALUE order,
+  VALUE uplo,
+  VALUE trans,
+  VALUE n, VALUE k,
+  VALUE alpha,
+  VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+  VALUE beta,
+  VALUE c, VALUE ldc)
+  {
+  static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const enum CBLAS_UPLO, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE,
+  const int n, const int k, const void* alpha, const void* a,
+  const int lda, const void* beta, void* c, const int ldc) = {
+  NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+  nm::math::cblas_syrk<float>,
+  nm::math::cblas_syrk<double>,
+  cblas_csyrk, cblas_zsyrk// call directly, same function signature!
+  */
+  /*nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::Rational32>,
+    nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::Rational64>,
+    nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::Rational128>,
+    nm::math::cblas_trsm<nm::RubyObject>*/
+  /* };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+     if (!ttable[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+     } else {
+     void *pAlpha = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]),
+   *pBeta = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+   rubyval_to_cval(alpha, dtype, pAlpha);
+   rubyval_to_cval(beta, dtype, pBeta);
+
+   ttable[dtype](blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), blas_transpose_sym(trans), FIX2INT(n), FIX2INT(k), pAlpha, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), pBeta, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(c)->elements, FIX2INT(ldc));
+   }
+
+   return Qtrue;
+   }
+
+
+   static VALUE nm_cblas_herk(VALUE self,
+   VALUE order,
+   VALUE uplo,
+   VALUE trans,
+   VALUE n, VALUE k,
+   VALUE alpha,
+   VALUE a, VALUE lda,
+   VALUE beta,
+   VALUE c, VALUE ldc)
+   {
+
+   nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+   if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX64) {
+   cblas_cherk(blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), blas_transpose_sym(trans), FIX2INT(n), FIX2INT(k), NUM2DBL(alpha), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), NUM2DBL(beta), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(c)->elements, FIX2INT(ldc));
+   } else if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX128) {
+   cblas_zherk(blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), blas_transpose_sym(trans), FIX2INT(n), FIX2INT(k), NUM2DBL(alpha), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), NUM2DBL(beta), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(c)->elements, FIX2INT(ldc));
+   } else
+   rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this matrix operation undefined for non-complex dtypes");
+   return Qtrue;
+   }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' gesvd functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * xGESVD computes the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a real
+   * M-by-N matrix A, optionally computing the left and/or right singular
+   * vectors. The SVD is written
+   *
+   *      A = U * SIGMA * transpose(V)
+   *
+   * where SIGMA is an M-by-N matrix which is zero except for its
+   * min(m,n) diagonal elements, U is an M-by-M orthogonal matrix, and
+   * V is an N-by-N orthogonal matrix.  The diagonal elements of SIGMA
+   * are the singular values of A; they are real and non-negative, and
+   * are returned in descending order.  The first min(m,n) columns of
+   * U and V are the left and right singular vectors of A.
+   *
+   * Note that the routine returns V**T, not V.
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_lapack_gesvd(VALUE self, VALUE jobu, VALUE jobvt, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE s, VALUE u, VALUE ldu, VALUE vt, VALUE ldvt, VALUE lwork) {
+     static int (*gesvd_table[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(char, char, int, int, void* a, int, void* s, void* u, int, void* vt, int, void* work, int, void* rwork) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // no integer ops
+     nm::math::lapack_gesvd<float,float>,
+     nm::math::lapack_gesvd<double,double>,
+     nm::math::lapack_gesvd<nm::Complex64,float>,
+     nm::math::lapack_gesvd<nm::Complex128,double>,
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL // no rationals or Ruby objects
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+
+     if (!gesvd_table[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this operation not yet implemented for non-BLAS dtypes");
+     return Qfalse;
+     } else {
+     int M = FIX2INT(m),
+     N = FIX2INT(n);
+
+     int min_mn  = NM_MIN(M,N);
+     int max_mn  = NM_MAX(M,N);
+
+     char JOBU = lapack_svd_job_sym(jobu),
+     JOBVT = lapack_svd_job_sym(jobvt);
+
+  // only need rwork for complex matrices
+  int rwork_size  = (dtype == nm::COMPLEX64 || dtype == nm::COMPLEX128) ? 5 * min_mn : 0;
+  void* rwork     = rwork_size > 0 ? NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype] * rwork_size) : NULL;
+  int work_size   = FIX2INT(lwork);
+
+  // ignore user argument for lwork if it's too small.
+  work_size       = NM_MAX((dtype == nm::COMPLEX64 || dtype == nm::COMPLEX128 ? 2 * min_mn + max_mn : NM_MAX(3*min_mn + max_mn, 5*min_mn)), work_size);
+  void* work      = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype] * work_size);
+
+  int info = gesvd_table[dtype](JOBU, JOBVT, M, N, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda),
+  NM_STORAGE_DENSE(s)->elements, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(u)->elements, FIX2INT(ldu), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(vt)->elements, FIX2INT(ldvt),
+  work, work_size, rwork);
+  return INT2FIX(info);
+  }
+  }*/
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' gesdd functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * xGESDD uses a divide-and-conquer strategy to compute the singular value decomposition (SVD) of a real
+   * M-by-N matrix A, optionally computing the left and/or right singular
+   * vectors. The SVD is written
+   *
+   *      A = U * SIGMA * transpose(V)
+   *
+   * where SIGMA is an M-by-N matrix which is zero except for its
+   * min(m,n) diagonal elements, U is an M-by-M orthogonal matrix, and
+   * V is an N-by-N orthogonal matrix.  The diagonal elements of SIGMA
+   * are the singular values of A; they are real and non-negative, and
+   * are returned in descending order.  The first min(m,n) columns of
+   * U and V are the left and right singular vectors of A.
+   *
+   * Note that the routine returns V**T, not V.
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_lapack_gesdd(VALUE self, VALUE jobz, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE s, VALUE u, VALUE ldu, VALUE vt, VALUE ldvt, VALUE lwork) {
+     static int (*gesdd_table[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(char, int, int, void* a, int, void* s, void* u, int, void* vt, int, void* work, int, int* iwork, void* rwork) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // no integer ops
+     nm::math::lapack_gesdd<float,float>,
+     nm::math::lapack_gesdd<double,double>,
+     nm::math::lapack_gesdd<nm::Complex64,float>,
+     nm::math::lapack_gesdd<nm::Complex128,double>,
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL // no rationals or Ruby objects
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+     if (!gesdd_table[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this operation not yet implemented for non-BLAS dtypes");
+     return Qfalse;
+     } else {
+     int M = FIX2INT(m),
+     N = FIX2INT(n);
+
+     int min_mn  = NM_MIN(M,N);
+     int max_mn  = NM_MAX(M,N);
+
+     char JOBZ = lapack_svd_job_sym(jobz);
+
+  // only need rwork for complex matrices
+  void* rwork = NULL;
+
+  int work_size = FIX2INT(lwork); // Make sure we allocate enough work, regardless of the user request.
+  if (dtype == nm::COMPLEX64 || dtype == nm::COMPLEX128) {
+  int rwork_size = min_mn * (JOBZ == 'N' ? 5 : NM_MAX(5*min_mn + 7, 2*max_mn + 2*min_mn + 1));
+  rwork = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype] * rwork_size);
+
+  if (JOBZ == 'N')      work_size = NM_MAX(work_size, 3*min_mn + NM_MAX(max_mn, 6*min_mn));
+  else if (JOBZ == 'O') work_size = NM_MAX(work_size, 3*min_mn*min_mn + NM_MAX(max_mn, 5*min_mn*min_mn + 4*min_mn));
+  else                  work_size = NM_MAX(work_size, 3*min_mn*min_mn + NM_MAX(max_mn, 4*min_mn*min_mn + 4*min_mn));
+  } else {
+  if (JOBZ == 'N')      work_size = NM_MAX(work_size, 2*min_mn + max_mn);
+  else if (JOBZ == 'O') work_size = NM_MAX(work_size, 2*min_mn*min_mn + max_mn + 2*min_mn);
+  else                  work_size = NM_MAX(work_size, min_mn*min_mn + max_mn + 2*min_mn);
+  }
+  void* work  = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype] * work_size);
+  int* iwork  = NM_ALLOCA_N(int, 8*min_mn);
+
+  int info = gesdd_table[dtype](JOBZ, M, N, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda),
+  NM_STORAGE_DENSE(s)->elements, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(u)->elements, FIX2INT(ldu), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(vt)->elements, FIX2INT(ldvt),
+  work, work_size, iwork, rwork);
+  return INT2FIX(info);
+  }
+  }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Function signature conversion for calling CBLAS' geev functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * GEEV computes for an N-by-N real nonsymmetric matrix A, the
+   * eigenvalues and, optionally, the left and/or right eigenvectors.
+   *
+   * The right eigenvector v(j) of A satisfies
+   *                    A * v(j) = lambda(j) * v(j)
+   * where lambda(j) is its eigenvalue.
+   *
+   * The left eigenvector u(j) of A satisfies
+   *                 u(j)**H * A = lambda(j) * u(j)**H
+   * where u(j)**H denotes the conjugate transpose of u(j).
+   *
+   * The computed eigenvectors are normalized to have Euclidean norm
+   * equal to 1 and largest component real.
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_lapack_geev(VALUE self, VALUE compute_left, VALUE compute_right, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE w, VALUE wi, VALUE vl, VALUE ldvl, VALUE vr, VALUE ldvr, VALUE lwork) {
+     static int (*geev_table[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(char, char, int, void* a, int, void* w, void* wi, void* vl, int, void* vr, int, void* work, int, void* rwork) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // no integer ops
+     nm::math::lapack_geev<float,float>,
+     nm::math::lapack_geev<double,double>,
+     nm::math::lapack_geev<nm::Complex64,float>,
+     nm::math::lapack_geev<nm::Complex128,double>,
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL // no rationals or Ruby objects
+     };
+
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(a);
+
+
+     if (!geev_table[dtype]) {
+     rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this operation not yet implemented for non-BLAS dtypes");
+     return Qfalse;
+     } else {
+     int N = FIX2INT(n);
+
+     char JOBVL = lapack_evd_job_sym(compute_left),
+     JOBVR = lapack_evd_job_sym(compute_right);
+
+     void* A  = NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements;
+     void* WR = NM_STORAGE_DENSE(w)->elements;
+     void* WI = wi == Qnil ? NULL : NM_STORAGE_DENSE(wi)->elements;
+     void* VL = NM_STORAGE_DENSE(vl)->elements;
+     void* VR = NM_STORAGE_DENSE(vr)->elements;
+
+  // only need rwork for complex matrices (wi == Qnil for complex)
+  int rwork_size  = dtype == nm::COMPLEX64 || dtype == nm::COMPLEX128 ? N * DTYPE_SIZES[dtype] : 0; // 2*N*floattype for complex only, otherwise 0
+  void* rwork     = rwork_size > 0 ? NM_ALLOCA_N(char, rwork_size) : NULL;
+  int work_size   = FIX2INT(lwork);
+  void* work;
+
+  int info;
+
+  // if work size is 0 or -1, query.
+  if (work_size <= 0) {
+  work_size = -1;
+  work = NM_ALLOC_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]); //2*N * DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+  info = geev_table[dtype](JOBVL, JOBVR, N, A, FIX2INT(lda), WR, WI, VL, FIX2INT(ldvl), VR, FIX2INT(ldvr), work, work_size, rwork);
+  work_size = (int)(dtype == nm::COMPLEX64 || dtype == nm::FLOAT32 ? reinterpret_cast<float*>(work)[0] : reinterpret_cast<double*>(work)[0]);
+  // line above is basically: work_size = (int)(work[0]); // now have new work_size
+  NM_FREE(work);
+  if (info == 0)
+  rb_warn("geev: calculated optimal lwork of %d; to eliminate this message, use a positive value for lwork (at least 2*shape[i])", work_size);
+  else return INT2FIX(info); // error of some kind on query!
+  }
+
+  // if work size is < 2*N, just set it to 2*N
+  if (work_size < 2*N) work_size = 2*N;
+  if (work_size < 3*N && (dtype == nm::FLOAT32 || dtype == nm::FLOAT64)) {
+  work_size = JOBVL == 'V' || JOBVR == 'V' ? 4*N : 3*N;
+  }
+
+  // Allocate work array for actual run
+  work = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, work_size * DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+
+  // Perform the actual calculation.
+  info = geev_table[dtype](JOBVL, JOBVR, N, A, FIX2INT(lda), WR, WI, VL, FIX2INT(ldvl), VR, FIX2INT(ldvr), work, work_size, rwork);
+
+  return INT2FIX(info);
+  }
+  }*/
+
+
+  /*
+   * Based on LAPACK's dscal function, but for any dtype.
+   *
+   * In-place modification; returns the modified vector as well.
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_scal(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE scale, VALUE vector, VALUE incx) {
+     nm::dtype_t dtype = NM_DTYPE(vector);
+
+     void* da      = NM_ALLOCA_N(char, DTYPE_SIZES[dtype]);
+     rubyval_to_cval(scale, dtype, da);
+
+     NAMED_DTYPE_TEMPLATE_TABLE(ttable, nm::math::clapack_scal, void, const int n, const void* da, void* dx, const int incx);
+
+     ttable[dtype](FIX2INT(n), da, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(vector)->elements, FIX2INT(incx));
+
+     return vector;
+     }
+
+
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_lauum(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda) {
+     static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const enum CBLAS_UPLO, const int n, void* a, const int lda) = {*/
+  /*nm::math::clapack_lauum<uint8_t, false>,
+    nm::math::clapack_lauum<int8_t, false>,
+    nm::math::clapack_lauum<int16_t, false>,
+    nm::math::clapack_lauum<uint32_t, false>,
+    nm::math::clapack_lauum<uint64_t, false>,*/
+  /*NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+    nm::math::clapack_lauum<false, float>,
+    nm::math::clapack_lauum<false, double>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_clauum, clapack_zlauum, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_lauum<true, nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_lauum<true, nm::Complex128>,
+#endif*/
+  /*
+     nm::math::clapack_lauum<nm::Rational32, false>,
+     nm::math::clapack_lauum<nm::Rational64, false>,
+     nm::math::clapack_lauum<nm::Rational128, false>,
+     nm::math::clapack_lauum<nm::RubyObject, false>
+
+*/
+  /*};
+
+    if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "does not yet work for non-BLAS dtypes (needs herk, syrk, trmm)");
+    } else {
+  // Call either our version of lauum or the LAPACK version.
+  ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda));
+  }
+
+  return a;
+  }*/
+
+
+  /* Call any of the clapack_xgetrf functions as directly as possible.
+   *
+   * The clapack_getrf functions (dgetrf, sgetrf, cgetrf, and zgetrf) compute an LU factorization of a general M-by-N
+   * matrix A using partial pivoting with row interchanges.
+   *
+   * The factorization has the form:
+   *    A = P * L * U
+   * where P is a permutation matrix, L is lower triangular with unit diagonal elements (lower trapezoidal if m > n),
+   * and U is upper triangular (upper trapezoidal if m < n).
+   *
+   * This is the right-looking level 3 BLAS version of the algorithm.
+   *
+   * == Arguments
+   * See: http://www.netlib.org/lapack/double/dgetrf.f
+   * (You don't need argument 5; this is the value returned by this function.)
+   *
+   * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try clapack_getrf, which is more flexible
+   * with its arguments?
+   *
+   * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+   * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+   *
+   * Returns an array giving the pivot indices (normally these are argument #5).
+   */
+  /*
+     static VALUE nm_clapack_getrf(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE m, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda) {
+     static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const int m, const int n, void* a, const int lda, int* ipiv) = {
+     NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+     nm::math::clapack_getrf<float>,
+     nm::math::clapack_getrf<double>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_cgetrf, clapack_zgetrf, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_getrf<nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrf<nm::Complex128>,
+#endif
+nm::math::clapack_getrf<nm::Rational32>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrf<nm::Rational64>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrf<nm::Rational128>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrf<nm::RubyObject>
+};
+
+int M = FIX2INT(m),
+N = FIX2INT(n);
+
+// Allocate the pivot index array, which is of size MIN(M, N).
+size_t ipiv_size = std::min(M,N);
+int* ipiv = NM_ALLOCA_N(int, ipiv_size);
+
+if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+} else {
+  // Call either our version of getrf or the LAPACK version.
+  ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), M, N, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), ipiv);
+  }
+
+// Result will be stored in a. We return ipiv as an array.
+VALUE ipiv_array = rb_ary_new2(ipiv_size);
+for (size_t i = 0; i < ipiv_size; ++i) {
+rb_ary_store(ipiv_array, i, INT2FIX(ipiv[i]));
+}
+
+return ipiv_array;
+}*/
+
+
+/* Call any of the clapack_xpotrf functions as directly as possible.
+ *
+ * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try clapack_potrf, which is more flexible
+ * with its arguments?
+ *
+ * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+ * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+ *
+ * Returns an array giving the pivot indices (normally these are argument #5).
+ */
+/*
+   static VALUE nm_clapack_potrf(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda) {
+#ifndef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "potrf currently requires CLAPACK");
+#endif
+
+static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const enum CBLAS_UPLO, const int n, void* a, const int lda) = {
+NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+nm::math::clapack_potrf<float>,
+nm::math::clapack_potrf<double>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_cpotrf, clapack_zpotrf, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_potrf<nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_potrf<nm::Complex128>,
+#endif
+NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL*/ /*
+                            nm::math::clapack_potrf<nm::Rational32>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_potrf<nm::Rational64>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_potrf<nm::Rational128>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_potrf<nm::RubyObject> */
+/*};
+
+  if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+  rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this operation not yet implemented for non-BLAS dtypes");
+// FIXME: Once BLAS dtypes are implemented, replace error above with the error below.
+//rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+} else {
+// Call either our version of potrf or the LAPACK version.
+ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda));
+}
+
+return a;
+}*/
+
+
+/*
+ * Call any of the clapack_xgetrs functions as directly as possible.
+ */
+/*
+   static VALUE nm_clapack_getrs(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE trans, VALUE n, VALUE nrhs, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE ipiv, VALUE b, VALUE ldb) {
+   static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER Order, const enum CBLAS_TRANSPOSE Trans, const int N,
+   const int NRHS, const void* A, const int lda, const int* ipiv, void* B,
+   const int ldb) = {
+   NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+   nm::math::clapack_getrs<float>,
+   nm::math::clapack_getrs<double>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_cgetrs, clapack_zgetrs, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_getrs<nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrs<nm::Complex128>,
+#endif
+nm::math::clapack_getrs<nm::Rational32>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrs<nm::Rational64>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrs<nm::Rational128>,
+nm::math::clapack_getrs<nm::RubyObject>
+};
+
+// Allocate the C version of the pivot index array
+// TODO: Allow for an NVector here also, maybe?
+int* ipiv_;
+if (TYPE(ipiv) != T_ARRAY) {
+rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ipiv must be of type Array");
+} else {
+ipiv_ = NM_ALLOCA_N(int, RARRAY_LEN(ipiv));
+for (int index = 0; index < RARRAY_LEN(ipiv); ++index) {
+ipiv_[index] = FIX2INT( RARRAY_PTR(ipiv)[index] );
+}
+}
+
+if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+} else {
+
+// Call either our version of getrs or the LAPACK version.
+ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), blas_transpose_sym(trans), FIX2INT(n), FIX2INT(nrhs), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda),
+ipiv_, NM_STORAGE_DENSE(b)->elements, FIX2INT(ldb));
+}
+
+// b is both returned and modified directly in the argument list.
+return b;
+}*/
+
+
+/*
+ * Call any of the clapack_xpotrs functions as directly as possible.
+ */
+/*
+   static VALUE nm_clapack_potrs(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE nrhs, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE b, VALUE ldb) {
+   static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER Order, const enum CBLAS_UPLO Uplo, const int N,
+   const int NRHS, const void* A, const int lda, void* B, const int ldb) = {
+   NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+   nm::math::clapack_potrs<float,false>,
+   nm::math::clapack_potrs<double,false>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_cpotrs, clapack_zpotrs, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_potrs<nm::Complex64,true>,
+nm::math::clapack_potrs<nm::Complex128,true>,
+#endif
+nm::math::clapack_potrs<nm::Rational32,false>,
+nm::math::clapack_potrs<nm::Rational64,false>,
+nm::math::clapack_potrs<nm::Rational128,false>,
+nm::math::clapack_potrs<nm::RubyObject,false>
+};
+
+
+if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+} else {
+
+// Call either our version of potrs or the LAPACK version.
+ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), FIX2INT(n), FIX2INT(nrhs), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda),
+NM_STORAGE_DENSE(b)->elements, FIX2INT(ldb));
+}
+
+// b is both returned and modified directly in the argument list.
+return b;
+}*/
+
+
+/* Call any of the clapack_xgetri functions as directly as possible.
+ *
+ * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try clapack_getri, which is more flexible
+ * with its arguments?
+ *
+ * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+ * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+ *
+ * Returns an array giving the pivot indices (normally these are argument #5).
+ */
+/*
+   static VALUE nm_clapack_getri(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE ipiv) {
+#ifndef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "getri currently requires CLAPACK");
+#endif
+
+static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const int n, void* a, const int lda, const int* ipiv) = {
+NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+nm::math::clapack_getri<float>,
+nm::math::clapack_getri<double>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_cgetri, clapack_zgetri, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Complex128>,
+#endif
+NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL*/ /*
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Rational32>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Rational64>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Rational128>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::RubyObject> */
+/* };
+
+// Allocate the C version of the pivot index array
+// TODO: Allow for an NVector here also, maybe?
+int* ipiv_;
+if (TYPE(ipiv) != T_ARRAY) {
+rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ipiv must be of type Array");
+} else {
+ipiv_ = NM_ALLOCA_N(int, RARRAY_LEN(ipiv));
+for (int index = 0; index < RARRAY_LEN(ipiv); ++index) {
+ipiv_[index] = FIX2INT( RARRAY_PTR(ipiv)[index] );
+}
+}
+
+if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this operation not yet implemented for non-BLAS dtypes");
+// FIXME: Once non-BLAS dtypes are implemented, replace error above with the error below.
+//rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+} else {
+// Call either our version of getri or the LAPACK version.
+ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), ipiv_);
+}
+
+return a;
+}*/
+
+
+/* Call any of the clapack_xpotri functions as directly as possible.
+ *
+ * You probably don't want to call this function. Instead, why don't you try clapack_potri, which is more flexible
+ * with its arguments?
+ *
+ * This function does almost no type checking. Seriously, be really careful when you call it! There's no exception
+ * handling, so you can easily crash Ruby!
+ *
+ * Returns an array giving the pivot indices (normally these are argument #5).
+ */
+/*
+   static VALUE nm_clapack_potri(VALUE self, VALUE order, VALUE uplo, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda) {
+#ifndef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "getri currently requires CLAPACK");
+#endif
+
+static int (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const enum CBLAS_ORDER, const enum CBLAS_UPLO, const int n, void* a, const int lda) = {
+NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, // integers not allowed due to division
+nm::math::clapack_potri<float>,
+nm::math::clapack_potri<double>,
+#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H
+clapack_cpotri, clapack_zpotri, // call directly, same function signature!
+#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_potri<nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_potri<nm::Complex128>,
+#endif
+NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL*/ /*
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Rational32>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Rational64>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::Rational128>,
+                            nm::math::clapack_getri<nm::RubyObject> */
+/*};
+
+  if (!ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)]) {
+  rb_raise(rb_eNotImpError, "this operation not yet implemented for non-BLAS dtypes");
+// FIXME: Once BLAS dtypes are implemented, replace error above with the error below.
+//rb_raise(nm_eDataTypeError, "this matrix operation undefined for integer matrices");
+} else {
+// Call either our version of getri or the LAPACK version.
+ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](blas_order_sym(order), blas_uplo_sym(uplo), FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda));
+}
+
+return a;
+}*/
+
+
+/*
+ * Call any of the clapack_xlaswp functions as directly as possible.
+ *
+ * Note that LAPACK's xlaswp functions accept a column-order matrix, but NMatrix uses row-order. Thus, n should be the
+ * number of rows and lda should be the number of columns, no matter what it says in the documentation for dlaswp.f.
+ */
+/*
+   static VALUE nm_clapack_laswp(VALUE self, VALUE n, VALUE a, VALUE lda, VALUE k1, VALUE k2, VALUE ipiv, VALUE incx) {
+   static void (*ttable[nm::NUM_DTYPES])(const int n, void* a, const int lda, const int k1, const int k2, const int* ipiv, const int incx) = {
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<uint8_t>,
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<int8_t>,
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<int16_t>,
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<int32_t>,
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<int64_t>,
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<float>,
+   nm::math::clapack_laswp<double>,
+//#ifdef HAVE_CLAPACK_H // laswp doesn't actually exist in clapack.h!
+//      clapack_claswp, clapack_zlaswp, // call directly, same function signature!
+//#else // Especially important for Mac OS, which doesn't seem to include the ATLAS clapack interface.
+nm::math::clapack_laswp<nm::Complex64>,
+nm::math::clapack_laswp<nm::Complex128>,
+//#endif
+nm::math::clapack_laswp<nm::Rational32>,
+nm::math::clapack_laswp<nm::Rational64>,
+nm::math::clapack_laswp<nm::Rational128>,
+nm::math::clapack_laswp<nm::RubyObject>
+};
+
+// Allocate the C version of the pivot index array
+// TODO: Allow for an NVector here also, maybe?
+int* ipiv_;
+if (TYPE(ipiv) != T_ARRAY) {
+rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "ipiv must be of type Array");
+} else {
+ipiv_ = NM_ALLOCA_N(int, RARRAY_LEN(ipiv));
+for (int index = 0; index < RARRAY_LEN(ipiv); ++index) {
+ipiv_[index] = FIX2INT( RARRAY_PTR(ipiv)[index] );
+}
+}
+
+// Call either our version of laswp or the LAPACK version.
+ttable[NM_DTYPE(a)](FIX2INT(n), NM_STORAGE_DENSE(a)->elements, FIX2INT(lda), FIX2INT(k1), FIX2INT(k2), ipiv_, FIX2INT(incx));
+
+// a is both returned and modified directly in the argument list.
+return a;
+}*/
+
+
+/*
+ * C accessor for calculating an exact determinant.
+ */
+/*
+   void nm_math_det_exact(const int M, const void* elements, const int lda, nm::dtype_t dtype, void* result) {
+   NAMED_DTYPE_TEMPLATE_TABLE(ttable, nm::math::det_exact, void, const int M, const void* A_elements, const int lda, void* result_arg);
+
+   ttable[dtype](M, elements, lda, result);
+   }*/
+
+
+/*
+ * Transpose an array of elements that represent a row-major dense matrix. Does not allocate anything, only does an memcpy.
+ */
+/*
+   void nm_math_transpose_generic(const size_t M, const size_t N, const void* A, const int lda, void* B, const int ldb, size_t element_size) {
+   for (size_t i = 0; i < N; ++i) {
+   for (size_t j = 0; j < M; ++j) {
+
+   memcpy(reinterpret_cast<char*>(B) + (i*ldb+j)*element_size,
+   reinterpret_cast<const char*>(A) + (j*lda+i)*element_size,
+   element_size);
+
+   }
+   }
+   }*/
+
+
+} // end of extern "C" block