newtonian 0.2.1

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data/.gitignore

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+/.bundle/
+/.yardoc
+/Gemfile.lock
+/_yardoc/
+/coverage/
+/doc/
+/pkg/
+/spec/reports/
+/tmp/

data/.rspec

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+--format documentation
+--color

data/.travis.yml

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+language: ruby
+rvm:
+  - 2.2.2
+before_install: gem install bundler -v 1.10.6

data/Gemfile

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+source 'https://rubygems.org'
+
+# Specify your gem's dependencies in newtonian.gemspec
+gemspec

data/LICENSE.txt

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+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2016 Tobi Lehman
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.

data/README.md

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+# Newtonian
+
+Newtonian physics gives a way to predict the future state of a system of massive objects in a Euclidean space. This gem provides a library of classes such as Point, Vector, Force. This gem enables a system built from these classes to be evolved forward in time according to Newton's laws of motion.
+
+Note: all bold quantities are vectors. SI units are assumed everywhere, here's a brief list in case you don't remember all the SI units:
+
+ - Time is measured in seconds (s)
+ - Length is measured in meters (m)
+ - Mass is measured in kilograms (kg)
+
+There are more, but none are relevant to the newtonian library, it only deals with space, time and mass.
+
+The unit for force is sometimes abbreviated (N), as Newtons, but it is defined in terms of kilograms, meters and seconds.
+
+## Newton's laws of motion
+
+1. An object either remains at rest or continues to move at a constant velocity
+unless acted upon by a force.
+
+2. The vector sum of external forces **F** acting on an object is equal to the object's mass m
+times the acceleration vector **a**.
+
+3. When one body exerts a force on another body, the other body exerts an equal and opposite force on the original body.
+
+The second law can be summarized as:
+
+### **F** = m **a**
+
+The third law can be summarized as:
+
+### **F<sub>1</sub>** = -**F<sub>2</sub>**
+
+## Conservation of momentum
+
+Newton derived the conservation of momentum from his three laws, but later developments in physics, such as electromagnetism and quantum mechanics show that conservation of momentum is actually the more fundamental principle, so I will state it here axiomatically.
+
+Momentum is usually denoted with a **p**, and it is defines as the product of an objects mass and velocity:
+
+**p** = m**v**
+
+Newton's second and third laws can also be summarized as
+
+**F** = (d/dt)**p**
+
+Where (d/dt) means the "rate of change with respect to time". If you are not familiar with calculus, this is called a [derivative](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derivative).
+
+## Newton's law of universal gravitation
+
+Given two objects with masses m<sub>1</sub> and m<sub>2</sub>, the force of gravity on object two from object one is:
+
+**F<sub>21</sub>** = (Gm<sub>1</sub>m<sub>2</sub>/r<sup>2</sup>)**r&#770;<sub>21</sub>**
+
+Where r = ||**r<sub>21</sub>**||   (the norm (length) of the vector from object 2 to object 1), and
+
+**r&#770;<sub>21</sub>** is a vector in the direction of **r<sub>21</sub>**, but with a magnitude (norm) of 1.
+
+And G is the gravitational constant:  6.673×10<sup>−11</sup> N (m/kg)<sup>2</sup>
+
+![image of two massive bodies and their force on each other](img/f21_gravity.png)
+
+## Using this library to apply Newton's laws
+
+
+
+
+## Installation
+
+Add this line to your application's Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'newtonian'
+```
+
+And then execute:
+
+    $ bundle
+
+Or install it yourself as:
+
+    $ gem install newtonian
+
+## Usage
+
+TODO: Write usage instructions here
+
+## Development
+
+After checking out the repo, run `bin/setup` to install dependencies. Then, run `rake spec` to run the tests. You can also run `bin/console` for an interactive prompt that will allow you to experiment.
+
+To install this gem onto your local machine, run `bundle exec rake install`. To release a new version, update the version number in `version.rb`, and then run `bundle exec rake release`, which will create a git tag for the version, push git commits and tags, and push the `.gem` file to [rubygems.org](https://rubygems.org).
+
+## Contributing
+
+Bug reports and pull requests are welcome on GitHub at https://github.com/tlehman/newtonian.
+
+
+## License
+
+The gem is available as open source under the terms of the [MIT License](http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT).

data/Rakefile

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+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rspec/core/rake_task"
+
+RSpec::Core::RakeTask.new(:spec)
+
+task :default => :spec

data/bin/console

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+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "newtonian"
+
+# You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
+# with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
+
+# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
+# require "pry"
+# Pry.start
+
+require "irb"
+IRB.start

data/bin/setup

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+#!/bin/bash
+set -euo pipefail
+IFS=$'\n\t'
+
+bundle install
+
+# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here

data/lib/body.rb

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+class Body
+  attr_reader :mass
+  attr_accessor :position, :velocity
+
+  def initialize(mass:, position:, velocity:)
+    @mass = mass
+    @position = position.is_a?(Vector) ? position : Vector.new(position)
+    @velocity = velocity.is_a?(Vector) ? velocity : Vector.new(velocity)
+  end
+
+  def force_from(body)
+    rvec = body.position - position
+    r = rvec.norm
+    rhat = rvec * (1/r)
+    rhat * (Newtonian.G * mass * body.mass / r**2)
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/newtonian.rb

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+Dir["lib/*.rb"].each { |f| require "./#{f}" }
+
+module Newtonian
+  class DimensionError < StandardError; end
+
+  def self.G
+    6.673*10**-11
+  end
+end

data/lib/newtonian/version.rb

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+module Newtonian
+  VERSION = "0.2.1"
+end

data/lib/point.rb

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+class Point
+  attr_reader :coordinates
+
+  def initialize(coordinates)
+    @coordinates = coordinates
+  end
+
+  def dimension
+    coordinates.length
+  end
+
+  def +(vector)
+    if vector.dimension != dimension
+      raise Newtonian::DimensionError
+    end
+
+    Vector.new(coordinates.zip(vector.components).map {|(vi,wi)| vi+wi })
+  end
+
+  def -(point)
+    if point.dimension != dimension
+      raise Newtonian::DimensionError
+    end
+
+    diffs = coordinates.zip(point.coordinates).map {|(ui,vi)| ui-vi }
+    ::Vector.new(diffs)
+  end
+
+  def distance(point)
+    if point.dimension != dimension
+      raise Newtonian::DimensionError
+    end
+
+    (self - point).norm
+  end
+end

data/lib/trigonometry.rb

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+module Trigonometry
+  refine Numeric do
+    def degrees
+      (self*Math::PI / 180.0)
+    end
+
+    def radians
+      self * (180/Math::PI)
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/universe.rb

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+class Universe
+  attr_reader :dimensions, :bodies
+
+  def initialize(dimensions:, bodies:)
+    @dimensions = dimensions
+    @bodies = bodies
+  end
+
+  def evolve(dt)
+    each_pair do |(body_i, body_j)|
+      force_ij = body_i.force_from(body_j)
+      # dv = (F/m)dt
+      f_over_m = force_ij * (1.0/body_i.mass)
+      body_i.velocity += f_over_m * dt
+      body_i.position += body_i.velocity * dt
+    end
+  end
+
+  def self.big?
+    true
+  end
+
+  private
+  
+  def each_pair
+    # get all pairs of distinct bodies
+    #
+    #    1  2  3  4
+    #  1    .  .  .
+    #  2 .     .  .
+    #  3 .  .     .
+    #  4 .  .  .
+    #
+    bodies.each do |body_i|
+      bodies.each do |body_j|
+        next if body_i == body_j
+        yield [body_i, body_j]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end

data/lib/vector.rb

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+class Vector
+  attr_reader :components
+
+  def initialize(components)
+    @components = components
+  end
+
+  def dimension
+    @components.length
+  end
+
+  def +(vector)
+    if vector.dimension != dimension
+      raise Newtonian::DimensionError
+    end
+
+    Vector.new(components.zip(vector.components).map {|(vi,wi)| vi+wi })
+  end
+
+  def -(vector)
+    self + (vector * -1)
+  end
+
+  def *(scalar)
+    Vector.new(components.map{|c| scalar*c })
+  end
+
+  def ==(vector)
+    return false if vector.dimension != dimension
+
+    components == vector.components
+  end
+
+  def norm
+    Math.sqrt(dot(self))
+  end
+
+  def dot(vector)
+    if vector.dimension != dimension
+      raise Newtonian::DimensionError
+    end
+
+    components.zip(vector.components).map {|(vi,wi)| vi*wi }.inject(&:+)
+  end
+end

data/newtonian.gemspec

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+# coding: utf-8
+lib = File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(lib) unless $LOAD_PATH.include?(lib)
+require 'newtonian/version'
+
+Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
+  spec.name          = "newtonian"
+  spec.version       = Newtonian::VERSION
+  spec.authors       = ["Tobi Lehman"]
+  spec.email         = ["mail@tobilehman.com"]
+
+  spec.summary       = %q{An elementary Newtonian physics engine}
+  spec.description   = %q{Newtonian physics gives a way to predict the future state of a system of massive objects in a Euclidean space. This gem provides a library of classes such as Point, Vector, Force. This gem enables a system built from these classes to be evolved forward in time according to Newton's laws of motion.}
+  spec.homepage      = "https://github.com/tlehman/newtonian"
+  spec.license       = "MIT"
+
+  spec.files         = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(test|spec|features)/}) }
+  spec.bindir        = "exe"
+  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
+
+  spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", "~> 1.10"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rake", "~> 10.0"
+  spec.add_development_dependency "rspec"
+end

metadata

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+--- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
+name: newtonian
+version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+  version: 0.2.1
+platform: ruby
+authors:
+- Tobi Lehman
+autorequire: 
+bindir: exe
+cert_chain: []
+date: 2016-02-22 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: bundler
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.10'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '1.10'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rake
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '10.0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - "~>"
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '10.0'
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: rspec
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0'
+  type: :development
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: '0'
+description: Newtonian physics gives a way to predict the future state of a system
+  of massive objects in a Euclidean space. This gem provides a library of classes
+  such as Point, Vector, Force. This gem enables a system built from these classes
+  to be evolved forward in time according to Newton's laws of motion.
+email:
+- mail@tobilehman.com
+executables: []
+extensions: []
+extra_rdoc_files: []
+files:
+- ".gitignore"
+- ".rspec"
+- ".travis.yml"
+- Gemfile
+- LICENSE.txt
+- README.md
+- Rakefile
+- bin/console
+- bin/setup
+- img/f21_gravity.png
+- lib/body.rb
+- lib/newtonian.rb
+- lib/newtonian/version.rb
+- lib/point.rb
+- lib/trigonometry.rb
+- lib/universe.rb
+- lib/vector.rb
+- newtonian.gemspec
+homepage: https://github.com/tlehman/newtonian
+licenses:
+- MIT
+metadata: {}
+post_install_message: 
+rdoc_options: []
+require_paths:
+- lib
+required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+  requirements:
+  - - ">="
+    - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+      version: '0'
+requirements: []
+rubyforge_project: 
+rubygems_version: 2.2.2
+signing_key: 
+specification_version: 4
+summary: An elementary Newtonian physics engine
+test_files: []