net-http 0.1.1 → 0.4.1

data/lib/net/http.rb

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# frozen_string_literal: false
+# frozen_string_literal: true
 #
 # = net/http.rb
 #
@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@
 
 require 'net/protocol'
 require 'uri'
+require 'resolv'
 autoload :OpenSSL, 'openssl'
 
 module Net   #:nodoc:
@@ -31,387 +32,717 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
   class HTTPHeaderSyntaxError < StandardError; end
   # :startdoc:
 
-  # == An HTTP client API for Ruby.
+  # \Class \Net::HTTP provides a rich library that implements the client
+  # in a client-server model that uses the \HTTP request-response protocol.
+  # For information about \HTTP, see:
+  #
+  # - {Hypertext Transfer Protocol}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol].
+  # - {Technical overview}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Technical_overview].
+  #
+  # == About the Examples
+  #
+  # :include: doc/net-http/examples.rdoc
+  #
+  # == Strategies
+  #
+  # - If you will make only a few GET requests,
+  #   consider using {OpenURI}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenURI.html].
+  # - If you will make only a few requests of all kinds,
+  #   consider using the various singleton convenience methods in this class.
+  #   Each of the following methods automatically starts and finishes
+  #   a {session}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Sessions] that sends a single request:
+  #
+  #     # Return string response body.
+  #     Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
+  #     Net::HTTP.get(uri)
+  #
+  #     # Write string response body to $stdout.
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path)
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_print(uri)
+  #
+  #     # Return response as Net::HTTPResponse object.
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path)
+  #     Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
+  #     data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
+  #     Net::HTTP.post(uri, data)
+  #     params = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
+  #     Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, params)
+  #
+  # - If performance is important, consider using sessions, which lower request overhead.
+  #   This {session}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Sessions] has multiple requests for
+  #   {HTTP methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods]
+  #   and {WebDAV methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV#Implementation]:
+  #
+  #     Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #       # Session started automatically before block execution.
+  #       http.get(path)
+  #       http.head(path)
+  #       body = 'Some text'
+  #       http.post(path, body)  # Can also have a block.
+  #       http.put(path, body)
+  #       http.delete(path)
+  #       http.options(path)
+  #       http.trace(path)
+  #       http.patch(path, body) # Can also have a block.
+  #       http.copy(path)
+  #       http.lock(path, body)
+  #       http.mkcol(path, body)
+  #       http.move(path)
+  #       http.propfind(path, body)
+  #       http.proppatch(path, body)
+  #       http.unlock(path, body)
+  #       # Session finished automatically at block exit.
+  #     end
   #
-  # Net::HTTP provides a rich library which can be used to build HTTP
-  # user-agents.  For more details about HTTP see
-  # [RFC2616](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2616.txt).
+  # The methods cited above are convenience methods that, via their few arguments,
+  # allow minimal control over the requests.
+  # For greater control, consider using {request objects}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest].
   #
-  # Net::HTTP is designed to work closely with URI.  URI::HTTP#host,
-  # URI::HTTP#port and URI::HTTP#request_uri are designed to work with
-  # Net::HTTP.
+  # == URIs
   #
-  # If you are only performing a few GET requests you should try OpenURI.
+  # On the internet, a URI
+  # ({Universal Resource Identifier}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier])
+  # is a string that identifies a particular resource.
+  # It consists of some or all of: scheme, hostname, path, query, and fragment;
+  # see {URI syntax}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Resource_Identifier#Syntax].
   #
-  # == Simple Examples
+  # A Ruby {URI::Generic}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/URI/Generic.html] object
+  # represents an internet URI.
+  # It provides, among others, methods
+  # +scheme+, +hostname+, +path+, +query+, and +fragment+.
   #
-  # All examples assume you have loaded Net::HTTP with:
+  # === Schemes
   #
-  #   require 'net/http'
+  # An internet \URI has
+  # a {scheme}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_URI_schemes].
   #
-  # This will also require 'uri' so you don't need to require it separately.
+  # The two schemes supported in \Net::HTTP are <tt>'https'</tt> and <tt>'http'</tt>:
   #
-  # The Net::HTTP methods in the following section do not persist
-  # connections.  They are not recommended if you are performing many HTTP
-  # requests.
+  #   uri.scheme                       # => "https"
+  #   URI('http://example.com').scheme # => "http"
   #
-  # === GET
+  # === Hostnames
   #
-  #   Net::HTTP.get('example.com', '/index.html') # => String
+  # A hostname identifies a server (host) to which requests may be sent:
   #
-  # === GET by URI
+  #   hostname = uri.hostname # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+  #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #     # Some HTTP stuff.
+  #   end
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?count=10')
-  #   Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
+  # === Paths
   #
-  # === GET with Dynamic Parameters
+  # A host-specific path identifies a resource on the host:
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html')
-  #   params = { :limit => 10, :page => 3 }
-  #   uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
+  #   _uri = uri.dup
+  #   _uri.path = '/todos/1'
+  #   hostname = _uri.hostname
+  #   path = _uri.path
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
   #
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
-  #   puts res.body if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
+  # === Queries
   #
-  # === POST
+  # A host-specific query adds name/value pairs to the URI:
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi')
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => 'ruby', 'max' => '50')
-  #   puts res.body
+  #   _uri = uri.dup
+  #   params = {userId: 1, completed: false}
+  #   _uri.query = URI.encode_www_form(params)
+  #   _uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com?userId=1&completed=false>
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(_uri)
   #
-  # === POST with Multiple Values
+  # === Fragments
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi')
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.post_form(uri, 'q' => ['ruby', 'perl'], 'max' => '50')
-  #   puts res.body
+  # A {URI fragment}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/URI_fragment] has no effect
+  # in \Net::HTTP;
+  # the same data is returned, regardless of whether a fragment is included.
   #
-  # == How to use Net::HTTP
+  # == Request Headers
   #
-  # The following example code can be used as the basis of an HTTP user-agent
-  # which can perform a variety of request types using persistent
-  # connections.
+  # Request headers may be used to pass additional information to the host,
+  # similar to arguments passed in a method call;
+  # each header is a name/value pair.
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/some_path?query=string')
+  # Each of the \Net::HTTP methods that sends a request to the host
+  # has optional argument +headers+,
+  # where the headers are expressed as a hash of field-name/value pairs:
   #
-  #   Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
-  #     request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri
+  #   headers = {Accept: 'application/json', Connection: 'Keep-Alive'}
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)
   #
-  #     response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object
-  #   end
+  # See lists of both standard request fields and common request fields at
+  # {Request Fields}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#Request_fields].
+  # A host may also accept other custom fields.
   #
-  # Net::HTTP::start immediately creates a connection to an HTTP server which
-  # is kept open for the duration of the block.  The connection will remain
-  # open for multiple requests in the block if the server indicates it
-  # supports persistent connections.
+  # == \HTTP Sessions
   #
-  # If you wish to re-use a connection across multiple HTTP requests without
-  # automatically closing it you can use ::new and then call #start and
-  # #finish manually.
+  # A _session_ is a connection between a server (host) and a client that:
   #
-  # The request types Net::HTTP supports are listed below in the section "HTTP
-  # Request Classes".
+  # - Is begun by instance method Net::HTTP#start.
+  # - May contain any number of requests.
+  # - Is ended by instance method Net::HTTP#finish.
   #
-  # For all the Net::HTTP request objects and shortcut request methods you may
-  # supply either a String for the request path or a URI from which Net::HTTP
-  # will extract the request path.
+  # See example sessions at {Strategies}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Strategies].
   #
-  # === Response Data
+  # === Session Using \Net::HTTP.start
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html')
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.get_response(uri)
+  # If you have many requests to make to a single host (and port),
+  # consider using singleton method Net::HTTP.start with a block;
+  # the method handles the session automatically by:
   #
-  #   # Headers
-  #   res['Set-Cookie']            # => String
-  #   res.get_fields('set-cookie') # => Array
-  #   res.to_hash['set-cookie']    # => Array
-  #   puts "Headers: #{res.to_hash.inspect}"
+  # - Calling #start before block execution.
+  # - Executing the block.
+  # - Calling #finish after block execution.
   #
-  #   # Status
-  #   puts res.code       # => '200'
-  #   puts res.message    # => 'OK'
-  #   puts res.class.name # => 'HTTPOK'
+  # In the block, you can use these instance methods,
+  # each of which that sends a single request:
   #
-  #   # Body
-  #   puts res.body if res.response_body_permitted?
+  # - {HTTP methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol#Request_methods]:
   #
-  # === Following Redirection
+  #   - #get, #request_get: GET.
+  #   - #head, #request_head: HEAD.
+  #   - #post, #request_post: POST.
+  #   - #delete: DELETE.
+  #   - #options: OPTIONS.
+  #   - #trace: TRACE.
+  #   - #patch: PATCH.
   #
-  # Each Net::HTTPResponse object belongs to a class for its response code.
+  # - {WebDAV methods}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV#Implementation]:
   #
-  # For example, all 2XX responses are instances of a Net::HTTPSuccess
-  # subclass, a 3XX response is an instance of a Net::HTTPRedirection
-  # subclass and a 200 response is an instance of the Net::HTTPOK class.  For
-  # details of response classes, see the section "HTTP Response Classes"
-  # below.
+  #   - #copy: COPY.
+  #   - #lock: LOCK.
+  #   - #mkcol: MKCOL.
+  #   - #move: MOVE.
+  #   - #propfind: PROPFIND.
+  #   - #proppatch: PROPPATCH.
+  #   - #unlock: UNLOCK.
   #
-  # Using a case statement you can handle various types of responses properly:
+  # === Session Using \Net::HTTP.start and \Net::HTTP.finish
   #
-  #   def fetch(uri_str, limit = 10)
-  #     # You should choose a better exception.
-  #     raise ArgumentError, 'too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0
+  # You can manage a session manually using methods #start and #finish:
   #
-  #     response = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri_str))
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+  #   http.start
+  #   http.get('/todos/1')
+  #   http.get('/todos/2')
+  #   http.delete('/posts/1')
+  #   http.finish # Needed to free resources.
   #
-  #     case response
-  #     when Net::HTTPSuccess then
-  #       response
-  #     when Net::HTTPRedirection then
-  #       location = response['location']
-  #       warn "redirected to #{location}"
-  #       fetch(location, limit - 1)
-  #     else
-  #       response.value
-  #     end
-  #   end
+  # === Single-Request Session
   #
-  #   print fetch('http://www.ruby-lang.org')
+  # Certain convenience methods automatically handle a session by:
   #
-  # === POST
+  # - Creating an \HTTP object
+  # - Starting a session.
+  # - Sending a single request.
+  # - Finishing the session.
+  # - Destroying the object.
   #
-  # A POST can be made using the Net::HTTP::Post request class.  This example
-  # creates a URL encoded POST body:
+  # Such methods that send GET requests:
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://www.example.com/todo.cgi')
-  #   req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
-  #   req.set_form_data('from' => '2005-01-01', 'to' => '2005-03-31')
+  # - ::get: Returns the string response body.
+  # - ::get_print: Writes the string response body to $stdout.
+  # - ::get_response: Returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
   #
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) do |http|
-  #     http.request(req)
-  #   end
+  # Such methods that send POST requests:
   #
-  #   case res
-  #   when Net::HTTPSuccess, Net::HTTPRedirection
-  #     # OK
-  #   else
-  #     res.value
-  #   end
+  # - ::post: Posts data to the host.
+  # - ::post_form: Posts form data to the host.
   #
-  # To send multipart/form-data use Net::HTTPHeader#set_form:
+  # == \HTTP Requests and Responses
   #
-  #   req = Net::HTTP::Post.new(uri)
-  #   req.set_form([['upload', File.open('foo.bar')]], 'multipart/form-data')
+  # Many of the methods above are convenience methods,
+  # each of which sends a request and returns a string
+  # without directly using \Net::HTTPRequest and \Net::HTTPResponse objects.
   #
-  # Other requests that can contain a body such as PUT can be created in the
-  # same way using the corresponding request class (Net::HTTP::Put).
+  # You can, however, directly create a request object, send the request,
+  # and retrieve the response object; see:
   #
-  # === Setting Headers
+  # - Net::HTTPRequest.
+  # - Net::HTTPResponse.
   #
-  # The following example performs a conditional GET using the
-  # If-Modified-Since header.  If the files has not been modified since the
-  # time in the header a Not Modified response will be returned.  See RFC 2616
-  # section 9.3 for further details.
+  # == Following Redirection
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/cached_response')
-  #   file = File.stat 'cached_response'
+  # Each returned response is an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+  # See the {response class hierarchy}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPResponse@Response+Subclasses].
   #
-  #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
-  #   req['If-Modified-Since'] = file.mtime.rfc2822
+  # In particular, class Net::HTTPRedirection is the parent
+  # of all redirection classes.
+  # This allows you to craft a case statement to handle redirections properly:
   #
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http|
-  #     http.request(req)
-  #   }
+  #   def fetch(uri, limit = 10)
+  #     # You should choose a better exception.
+  #     raise ArgumentError, 'Too many HTTP redirects' if limit == 0
+  #
+  #     res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI(uri))
+  #     case res
+  #     when Net::HTTPSuccess     # Any success class.
+  #       res
+  #     when Net::HTTPRedirection # Any redirection class.
+  #       location = res['Location']
+  #       warn "Redirected to #{location}"
+  #       fetch(location, limit - 1)
+  #     else                      # Any other class.
+  #       res.value
+  #     end
+  #   end
   #
-  #   open 'cached_response', 'w' do |io|
-  #     io.write res.body
-  #   end if res.is_a?(Net::HTTPSuccess)
+  #   fetch(uri)
   #
-  # === Basic Authentication
+  # == Basic Authentication
   #
   # Basic authentication is performed according to
-  # [RFC2617](http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt).
-  #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/index.html?key=value')
+  # {RFC2617}[http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2617.txt]:
   #
   #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
-  #   req.basic_auth 'user', 'pass'
-  #
-  #   res = Net::HTTP.start(uri.hostname, uri.port) {|http|
+  #   req.basic_auth('user', 'pass')
+  #   res = Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
   #     http.request(req)
-  #   }
-  #   puts res.body
+  #   end
   #
-  # === Streaming Response Bodies
+  # == Streaming Response Bodies
   #
-  # By default Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory.  If you are
+  # By default \Net::HTTP reads an entire response into memory.  If you are
   # handling large files or wish to implement a progress bar you can instead
   # stream the body directly to an IO.
   #
-  #   uri = URI('http://example.com/large_file')
-  #
-  #   Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
-  #     request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri
-  #
-  #     http.request request do |response|
-  #       open 'large_file', 'w' do |io|
-  #         response.read_body do |chunk|
-  #           io.write chunk
+  #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+  #     req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #     http.request(req) do |res|
+  #       open('t.tmp', 'w') do |f|
+  #         res.read_body do |chunk|
+  #           f.write chunk
   #         end
   #       end
   #     end
   #   end
   #
-  # === HTTPS
-  #
-  # HTTPS is enabled for an HTTP connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=.
+  # == HTTPS
   #
-  #   uri = URI('https://secure.example.com/some_path?query=string')
+  # HTTPS is enabled for an \HTTP connection by Net::HTTP#use_ssl=:
   #
-  #   Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
-  #     request = Net::HTTP::Get.new uri
-  #     response = http.request request # Net::HTTPResponse object
+  #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname, :use_ssl => true) do |http|
+  #     req = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
+  #     res = http.request(req)
   #   end
   #
-  # Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in an URI
-  # object that has an HTTPS URL. Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS
-  # verification if the URI object has a 'https' URI scheme.
+  # Or if you simply want to make a GET request, you may pass in a URI
+  # object that has an \HTTPS URL. \Net::HTTP automatically turns on TLS
+  # verification if the URI object has a 'https' URI scheme:
+  #
+  #   uri # => #<URI::HTTPS https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/>
+  #   Net::HTTP.get(uri)
+  #
+  # == Proxy Server
+  #
+  # An \HTTP object can have
+  # a {proxy server}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxy_server].
+  #
+  # You can create an \HTTP object with a proxy server
+  # using method Net::HTTP.new or method Net::HTTP.start.
+  #
+  # The proxy may be defined either by argument +p_addr+
+  # or by environment variable <tt>'http_proxy'</tt>.
+  #
+  # === Proxy Using Argument +p_addr+ as a \String
+  #
+  # When argument +p_addr+ is a string hostname,
+  # the returned +http+ has the given host as its proxy:
+  #
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example')
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => false
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
+  #   # These use default values.
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 80
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => nil
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => nil
+  #
+  # The port, username, and password for the proxy may also be given:
   #
-  #   uri = URI('https://example.com/')
-  #   Net::HTTP.get(uri) # => String
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass')
+  #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => false
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "proxy.example"
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 8000
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"
   #
-  # In previous versions of Ruby you would need to require 'net/https' to use
-  # HTTPS. This is no longer true.
+  # === Proxy Using '<tt>ENV['http_proxy']</tt>'
+  #
+  # When environment variable <tt>'http_proxy'</tt>
+  # is set to a \URI string,
+  # the returned +http+ will have the server at that URI as its proxy;
+  # note that the \URI string must have a protocol
+  # such as <tt>'http'</tt> or <tt>'https'</tt>:
+  #
+  #   ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://example.com'
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => true
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
+  #   # These use default values.
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 80
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => nil
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => nil
+  #
+  # The \URI string may include proxy username, password, and port number:
+  #
+  #   ENV['http_proxy'] = 'http://pname:ppass@example.com:8000'
+  #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+  #   http.proxy?          # => true
+  #   http.proxy_from_env? # => true
+  #   http.proxy_address   # => "example.com"
+  #   http.proxy_port      # => 8000
+  #   http.proxy_user      # => "pname"
+  #   http.proxy_pass      # => "ppass"
+  #
+  # === Filtering Proxies
+  #
+  # With method Net::HTTP.new (but not Net::HTTP.start),
+  # you can use argument +p_no_proxy+ to filter proxies:
+  #
+  # - Reject a certain address:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # - Reject certain domains or subdomains:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # - Reject certain addresses and port combinations:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:1234')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => "proxy.example"
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'proxy.example:8000')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # - Reject a list of the types above delimited using a comma:
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'proxy.example', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  #     http = Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, 'my.proxy', 8000, 'pname', 'ppass', 'my.proxy,proxy.example:8000')
+  #     http.proxy_address # => nil
+  #
+  # == Compression and Decompression
+  #
+  # \Net::HTTP does not compress the body of a request before sending.
+  #
+  # By default, \Net::HTTP adds header <tt>'Accept-Encoding'</tt>
+  # to a new {request object}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest]:
+  #
+  #   Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)['Accept-Encoding']
+  #   # => "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3"
+  #
+  # This requests the server to zip-encode the response body if there is one;
+  # the server is not required to do so.
+  #
+  # \Net::HTTP does not automatically decompress a response body
+  # if the response has header <tt>'Content-Range'</tt>.
+  #
+  # Otherwise decompression (or not) depends on the value of header
+  # {Content-Encoding}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_HTTP_header_fields#content-encoding-response-header]:
+  #
+  # - <tt>'deflate'</tt>, <tt>'gzip'</tt>, or <tt>'x-gzip'</tt>:
+  #   decompresses the body and deletes the header.
+  # - <tt>'none'</tt> or <tt>'identity'</tt>:
+  #   does not decompress the body, but deletes the header.
+  # - Any other value:
+  #   leaves the body and header unchanged.
+  #
+  # == What's Here
+  #
+  # This is a categorized summary of methods and attributes.
+  #
+  # === \Net::HTTP Objects
+  #
+  # - {::new}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.new]:
+  #   Creates a new instance.
+  # - {#inspect}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#inspect]:
+  #   Returns a string representation of +self+.
+  #
+  # === Sessions
+  #
+  # - {::start}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.start]:
+  #   Begins a new session in a new \Net::HTTP object.
+  # - {#started?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#started?]
+  #   (aliased as {#active?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#active?]):
+  #   Returns whether in a session.
+  # - {#finish}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#finish]:
+  #   Ends an active session.
+  # - {#start}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#start]:
+  #   Begins a new session in an existing \Net::HTTP object (+self+).
+  #
+  # === Connections
+  #
+  # - {:continue_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#continue_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the continue timeout.
+  # - {#continue_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#continue_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the continue timeout seconds.
+  # - {:keep_alive_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#keep_alive_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the keep-alive timeout.
+  # - {:keep_alive_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#keep_alive_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the keep-alive timeout.
+  # - {:max_retries}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_retries]:
+  #   Returns the maximum retries.
+  # - {#max_retries=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_retries=]:
+  #   Sets the maximum retries.
+  # - {:open_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#open_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the open timeout.
+  # - {:open_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#open_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the open timeout.
+  # - {:read_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#read_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the open timeout.
+  # - {:read_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#read_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the read timeout.
+  # - {:ssl_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the ssl timeout.
+  # - {:ssl_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the ssl timeout.
+  # - {:write_timeout}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#write_timeout]:
+  #   Returns the write timeout.
+  # - {write_timeout=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#write_timeout=]:
+  #   Sets the write timeout.
+  #
+  # === Requests
+  #
+  # - {::get}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.get]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and returns the string response body.
+  # - {::get_print}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.get_print]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and write the string response body to $stdout.
+  # - {::get_response}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.get_response]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and returns a response object.
+  # - {::post_form}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.post_form]:
+  #   Sends a POST request with form data and returns a response object.
+  # - {::post}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.post]:
+  #   Sends a POST request with data and returns a response object.
+  # - {#copy}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#copy]:
+  #   Sends a COPY request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#delete}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#delete]:
+  #   Sends a DELETE request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#get}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#get]:
+  #   Sends a GET request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#head}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#head]:
+  #   Sends a HEAD request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#lock}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#lock]:
+  #   Sends a LOCK request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#mkcol}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#mkcol]:
+  #   Sends a MKCOL request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#move}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#move]:
+  #   Sends a MOVE request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#options}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#options]:
+  #   Sends a OPTIONS request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#patch}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#patch]:
+  #   Sends a PATCH request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#post}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#post]:
+  #   Sends a POST request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#propfind}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#propfind]:
+  #   Sends a PROPFIND request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#proppatch}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proppatch]:
+  #   Sends a PROPPATCH request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#put}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#put]:
+  #   Sends a PUT request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#request}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request]:
+  #   Sends a request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#request_get}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request_get]
+  #   (aliased as {#get2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#get2]):
+  #   Sends a GET request and forms a response object;
+  #   if a block given, calls the block with the object,
+  #   otherwise returns the object.
+  # - {#request_head}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request_head]
+  #   (aliased as {#head2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#head2]):
+  #   Sends a HEAD request and forms a response object;
+  #   if a block given, calls the block with the object,
+  #   otherwise returns the object.
+  # - {#request_post}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#request_post]
+  #   (aliased as {#post2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#post2]):
+  #   Sends a POST request and forms a response object;
+  #   if a block given, calls the block with the object,
+  #   otherwise returns the object.
+  # - {#send_request}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#send_request]:
+  #   Sends a request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#trace}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#trace]:
+  #   Sends a TRACE request and returns a response object.
+  # - {#unlock}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#unlock]:
+  #   Sends an UNLOCK request and returns a response object.
+  #
+  # === Responses
+  #
+  # - {:close_on_empty_response}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#close_on_empty_response]:
+  #   Returns whether to close connection on empty response.
+  # - {:close_on_empty_response=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#close_on_empty_response=]:
+  #   Sets whether to close connection on empty response.
+  # - {:ignore_eof}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ignore_eof]:
+  #   Returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body
+  #   with <tt>Content-Length</tt> headers.
+  # - {:ignore_eof=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ignore_eof=]:
+  #   Sets whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body
+  #   with <tt>Content-Length</tt> headers.
+  # - {:response_body_encoding}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#response_body_encoding]:
+  #   Returns the encoding to use for the response body.
+  # - {#response_body_encoding=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#response_body_encoding=]:
+  #   Sets the response body encoding.
   #
   # === Proxies
   #
-  # Net::HTTP will automatically create a proxy from the +http_proxy+
-  # environment variable if it is present.  To disable use of +http_proxy+,
-  # pass +nil+ for the proxy address.
-  #
-  # You may also create a custom proxy:
-  #
-  #   proxy_addr = 'your.proxy.host'
-  #   proxy_port = 8080
-  #
-  #   Net::HTTP.new('example.com', nil, proxy_addr, proxy_port).start { |http|
-  #     # always proxy via your.proxy.addr:8080
-  #   }
-  #
-  # See Net::HTTP.new for further details and examples such as proxies that
-  # require a username and password.
-  #
-  # === Compression
-  #
-  # Net::HTTP automatically adds Accept-Encoding for compression of response
-  # bodies and automatically decompresses gzip and deflate responses unless a
-  # Range header was sent.
-  #
-  # Compression can be disabled through the Accept-Encoding: identity header.
-  #
-  # == HTTP Request Classes
-  #
-  # Here is the HTTP request class hierarchy.
-  #
-  # * Net::HTTPRequest
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Get
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Head
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Post
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Patch
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Put
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Proppatch
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Lock
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Unlock
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Options
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Propfind
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Delete
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Move
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Copy
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Mkcol
-  #   * Net::HTTP::Trace
-  #
-  # == HTTP Response Classes
-  #
-  # Here is HTTP response class hierarchy.  All classes are defined in Net
-  # module and are subclasses of Net::HTTPResponse.
-  #
-  # HTTPUnknownResponse:: For unhandled HTTP extensions
-  # HTTPInformation::                    1xx
-  #   HTTPContinue::                        100
-  #   HTTPSwitchProtocol::                  101
-  # HTTPSuccess::                        2xx
-  #   HTTPOK::                              200
-  #   HTTPCreated::                         201
-  #   HTTPAccepted::                        202
-  #   HTTPNonAuthoritativeInformation::     203
-  #   HTTPNoContent::                       204
-  #   HTTPResetContent::                    205
-  #   HTTPPartialContent::                  206
-  #   HTTPMultiStatus::                     207
-  #   HTTPIMUsed::                          226
-  # HTTPRedirection::                    3xx
-  #   HTTPMultipleChoices::                 300
-  #   HTTPMovedPermanently::                301
-  #   HTTPFound::                           302
-  #   HTTPSeeOther::                        303
-  #   HTTPNotModified::                     304
-  #   HTTPUseProxy::                        305
-  #   HTTPTemporaryRedirect::               307
-  # HTTPClientError::                    4xx
-  #   HTTPBadRequest::                      400
-  #   HTTPUnauthorized::                    401
-  #   HTTPPaymentRequired::                 402
-  #   HTTPForbidden::                       403
-  #   HTTPNotFound::                        404
-  #   HTTPMethodNotAllowed::                405
-  #   HTTPNotAcceptable::                   406
-  #   HTTPProxyAuthenticationRequired::     407
-  #   HTTPRequestTimeOut::                  408
-  #   HTTPConflict::                        409
-  #   HTTPGone::                            410
-  #   HTTPLengthRequired::                  411
-  #   HTTPPreconditionFailed::              412
-  #   HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge::           413
-  #   HTTPRequestURITooLong::               414
-  #   HTTPUnsupportedMediaType::            415
-  #   HTTPRequestedRangeNotSatisfiable::    416
-  #   HTTPExpectationFailed::               417
-  #   HTTPUnprocessableEntity::             422
-  #   HTTPLocked::                          423
-  #   HTTPFailedDependency::                424
-  #   HTTPUpgradeRequired::                 426
-  #   HTTPPreconditionRequired::            428
-  #   HTTPTooManyRequests::                 429
-  #   HTTPRequestHeaderFieldsTooLarge::     431
-  #   HTTPUnavailableForLegalReasons::      451
-  # HTTPServerError::                    5xx
-  #   HTTPInternalServerError::             500
-  #   HTTPNotImplemented::                  501
-  #   HTTPBadGateway::                      502
-  #   HTTPServiceUnavailable::              503
-  #   HTTPGatewayTimeOut::                  504
-  #   HTTPVersionNotSupported::             505
-  #   HTTPInsufficientStorage::             507
-  #   HTTPNetworkAuthenticationRequired::   511
-  #
-  # There is also the Net::HTTPBadResponse exception which is raised when
-  # there is a protocol error.
+  # - {:proxy_address}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_address]:
+  #   Returns the proxy address.
+  # - {:proxy_address=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_address=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy address.
+  # - {::proxy_class?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.proxy_class?]:
+  #   Returns whether +self+ is a proxy class.
+  # - {#proxy?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy?]:
+  #   Returns whether +self+ has a proxy.
+  # - {#proxy_address}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_address]
+  #   (aliased as {#proxyaddr}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxyaddr]):
+  #   Returns the proxy address.
+  # - {#proxy_from_env?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_from_env?]:
+  #   Returns whether the proxy is taken from an environment variable.
+  # - {:proxy_from_env=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_from_env=]:
+  #   Sets whether the proxy is to be taken from an environment variable.
+  # - {:proxy_pass}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_pass]:
+  #   Returns the proxy password.
+  # - {:proxy_pass=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_pass=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy password.
+  # - {:proxy_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_port]:
+  #   Returns the proxy port.
+  # - {:proxy_port=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_port=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy port.
+  # - {#proxy_user}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_user]:
+  #   Returns the proxy user name.
+  # - {:proxy_user=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#proxy_user=]:
+  #   Sets the proxy user.
+  #
+  # === Security
+  #
+  # - {:ca_file}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_file]:
+  #   Returns the path to a CA certification file.
+  # - {:ca_file=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_file=]:
+  #   Sets the path to a CA certification file.
+  # - {:ca_path}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_path]:
+  #   Returns the path of to CA directory containing certification files.
+  # - {:ca_path=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ca_path=]:
+  #   Sets the path of to CA directory containing certification files.
+  # - {:cert}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert]:
+  #   Returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.
+  # - {:cert=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert=]:
+  #   Sets the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object to be used for client certification.
+  # - {:cert_store}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert_store]:
+  #   Returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
+  # - {:cert_store=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#cert_store=]:
+  #   Sets the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
+  # - {:ciphers}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ciphers]:
+  #   Returns the available SSL ciphers.
+  # - {:ciphers=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ciphers=]:
+  #   Sets the available SSL ciphers.
+  # - {:extra_chain_cert}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#extra_chain_cert]:
+  #   Returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+  # - {:extra_chain_cert=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#extra_chain_cert=]:
+  #   Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+  # - {:key}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#key]:
+  #   Returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
+  # - {:key=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#key=]:
+  #   Sets the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
+  # - {:max_version}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_version]:
+  #   Returns the maximum SSL version.
+  # - {:max_version=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#max_version=]:
+  #   Sets the maximum SSL version.
+  # - {:min_version}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#min_version]:
+  #   Returns the minimum SSL version.
+  # - {:min_version=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#min_version=]:
+  #   Sets the minimum SSL version.
+  # - {#peer_cert}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#peer_cert]:
+  #   Returns the X509 certificate chain for the session's socket peer.
+  # - {:ssl_version}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_version]:
+  #   Returns the SSL version.
+  # - {:ssl_version=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ssl_version=]:
+  #   Sets the SSL version.
+  # - {#use_ssl=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#use_ssl=]:
+  #   Sets whether a new session is to use Transport Layer Security.
+  # - {#use_ssl?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#use_ssl?]:
+  #   Returns whether +self+ uses SSL.
+  # - {:verify_callback}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_callback]:
+  #   Returns the callback for the server certification verification.
+  # - {:verify_callback=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_callback=]:
+  #   Sets the callback for the server certification verification.
+  # - {:verify_depth}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_depth]:
+  #   Returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
+  # - {:verify_depth=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_depth=]:
+  #   Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
+  # - {:verify_hostname}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_hostname]:
+  #   Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  # - {:verify_hostname=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_hostname=]:
+  #   Sets he flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  # - {:verify_mode}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_mode]:
+  #   Returns the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  # - {:verify_mode=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#verify_mode=]:
+  #   Sets the flags for server the certification verification at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
+  #
+  # === Addresses and Ports
+  #
+  # - {:address}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#address]:
+  #   Returns the string host name or host IP.
+  # - {::default_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.default_port]:
+  #   Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.
+  # - {::http_default_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.http_default_port]:
+  #   Returns integer 80, the default port to use for HTTP requests.
+  # - {::https_default_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.https_default_port]:
+  #   Returns integer 443, the default port to use for HTTPS requests.
+  # - {#ipaddr}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ipaddr]:
+  #   Returns the IP address for the connection.
+  # - {#ipaddr=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#ipaddr=]:
+  #   Sets the IP address for the connection.
+  # - {:local_host}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_host]:
+  #   Returns the string local host used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:local_host=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_host=]:
+  #   Sets the string local host used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:local_port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_port]:
+  #   Returns the integer local port used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:local_port=}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#local_port=]:
+  #   Sets the integer local port used to establish the connection.
+  # - {:port}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#port]:
+  #   Returns the integer port number.
+  #
+  # === \HTTP Version
+  #
+  # - {::version_1_2?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.version_1_2?]
+  #   (aliased as {::is_version_1_2?}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.is_version_1_2?]
+  #   and {::version_1_2}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP.version_1_2]):
+  #   Returns true; retained for compatibility.
+  #
+  # === Debugging
+  #
+  # - {#set_debug_output}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP#set_debug_output]:
+  #   Sets the output stream for debugging.
   #
   class HTTP < Protocol
 
     # :stopdoc:
-    VERSION = "0.1.1"
-    Revision = %q$Revision$.split[1]
+    VERSION = "0.4.1"
     HTTPVersion = '1.1'
     begin
       require 'zlib'
-      require 'stringio'  #for our purposes (unpacking gzip) lump these together
       HAVE_ZLIB=true
     rescue LoadError
       HAVE_ZLIB=false
     end
     # :startdoc:
 
-    # Turns on net/http 1.2 (Ruby 1.8) features.
-    # Defaults to ON in Ruby 1.8 or later.
+    # Returns +true+; retained for compatibility.
     def HTTP.version_1_2
       true
     end
 
-    # Returns true if net/http is in version 1.2 mode.
-    # Defaults to true.
+    # Returns +true+; retained for compatibility.
     def HTTP.version_1_2?
       true
     end
 
+    # Returns +false+; retained for compatibility.
     def HTTP.version_1_1?  #:nodoc:
       false
     end
@@ -421,25 +752,12 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       alias is_version_1_2? version_1_2?   #:nodoc:
     end
 
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Net::HTTP.get_print(hostname, path, port = 80) -> nil
+    #   Net::HTTP:get_print(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) -> nil
     #
-    # short cut methods
-    #
-
-    #
-    # Gets the body text from the target and outputs it to $stdout.  The
-    # target can either be specified as
-    # (+uri+, +headers+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
-    #
-    #    Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html')
-    #
-    # or:
-    #
-    #    Net::HTTP.get_print 'www.example.com', '/index.html'
-    #
-    # you can also specify request headers:
-    #
-    #    Net::HTTP.get_print URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' }
-    #
+    # Like Net::HTTP.get, but writes the returned body to $stdout;
+    # returns +nil+.
     def HTTP.get_print(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
       get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port) {|res|
         res.read_body do |chunk|
@@ -449,40 +767,48 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       nil
     end
 
-    # Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response
-    # as a string.  The target can either be specified as
-    # (+uri+, +headers+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
-    #
-    #    print Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path, port = 80) -> body
+    #   Net::HTTP:get(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) -> body
     #
-    # or:
+    # Sends a GET request and returns the \HTTP response body as a string.
     #
-    #    print Net::HTTP.get('www.example.com', '/index.html')
+    # With string arguments +hostname+ and +path+:
     #
-    # you can also specify request headers:
+    #   hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
+    #   path = '/todos/1'
+    #   puts Net::HTTP.get(hostname, path)
     #
-    #    Net::HTTP.get(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' })
+    # Output:
     #
-    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
-      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
-    end
-
-    # Sends a GET request to the target and returns the HTTP response
-    # as a Net::HTTPResponse object.  The target can either be specified as
-    # (+uri+, +headers+), or as (+host+, +path+, +port+ = 80); so:
+    #   {
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 1,
+    #     "title": "delectus aut autem",
+    #     "completed": false
+    #   }
     #
-    #    res = Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'))
-    #    print res.body
+    # With URI object +uri+ and optional hash argument +headers+:
     #
-    # or:
+    #   uri = URI('https://jsonplaceholder.typicode.com/todos/1')
+    #   headers = {'Content-type' => 'application/json; charset=UTF-8'}
+    #   Net::HTTP.get(uri, headers)
     #
-    #    res = Net::HTTP.get_response('www.example.com', '/index.html')
-    #    print res.body
+    # Related:
     #
-    # you can also specify request headers:
+    # - Net::HTTP::Get: request class for \HTTP method +GET+.
+    # - Net::HTTP#get: convenience method for \HTTP method +GET+.
     #
-    #    Net::HTTP.get_response(URI('http://www.example.com/index.html'), { 'Accept' => 'text/html' })
+    def HTTP.get(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil)
+      get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers, port).body
+    end
+
+    # :call-seq:
+    #   Net::HTTP.get_response(hostname, path, port = 80) -> http_response
+    #   Net::HTTP:get_response(uri, headers = {}, port = uri.port) -> http_response
     #
+    # Like Net::HTTP.get, but returns a Net::HTTPResponse object
+    # instead of the body string.
     def HTTP.get_response(uri_or_host, path_or_headers = nil, port = nil, &block)
       if path_or_headers && !path_or_headers.is_a?(Hash)
         host = uri_or_host
@@ -500,16 +826,31 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    # Posts data to the specified URI object.
+    # Posts data to a host; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
     #
-    # Example:
+    # Argument +url+ must be a URL;
+    # argument +data+ must be a string:
+    #
+    #   _uri = uri.dup
+    #   _uri.path = '/posts'
+    #   data = '{"title": "foo", "body": "bar", "userId": 1}'
+    #   headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
+    #   res = Net::HTTP.post(_uri, data, headers) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #   puts res.body
+    #
+    # Output:
     #
-    #   require 'net/http'
-    #   require 'uri'
+    #   {
+    #     "title": "foo",
+    #     "body": "bar",
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 101
+    #   }
     #
-    #   Net::HTTP.post URI('http://www.example.com/api/search'),
-    #                  { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }.to_json,
-    #                  "Content-Type" => "application/json"
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Post: request class for \HTTP method +POST+.
+    # - Net::HTTP#post: convenience method for \HTTP method +POST+.
     #
     def HTTP.post(url, data, header = nil)
       start(url.hostname, url.port,
@@ -518,23 +859,25 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       }
     end
 
-    # Posts HTML form data to the specified URI object.
-    # The form data must be provided as a Hash mapping from String to String.
-    # Example:
+    # Posts data to a host; returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
     #
-    #   { "cmd" => "search", "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
+    # Argument +url+ must be a URI;
+    # argument +data+ must be a hash:
     #
-    # This method also does Basic Authentication iff +url+.user exists.
-    # But userinfo for authentication is deprecated (RFC3986).
-    # So this feature will be removed.
-    #
-    # Example:
+    #   _uri = uri.dup
+    #   _uri.path = '/posts'
+    #   data = {title: 'foo', body: 'bar', userId: 1}
+    #   res = Net::HTTP.post_form(_uri, data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #   puts res.body
     #
-    #   require 'net/http'
-    #   require 'uri'
+    # Output:
     #
-    #   Net::HTTP.post_form URI('http://www.example.com/search.cgi'),
-    #                       { "q" => "ruby", "max" => "50" }
+    #   {
+    #     "title": "foo",
+    #     "body": "bar",
+    #     "userId": "1",
+    #     "id": 101
+    #   }
     #
     def HTTP.post_form(url, params)
       req = Post.new(url)
@@ -547,20 +890,29 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     end
 
     #
-    # HTTP session management
+    # \HTTP session management
     #
 
-    # The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.
+    # Returns integer +80+, the default port to use for \HTTP requests:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.default_port # => 80
+    #
     def HTTP.default_port
       http_default_port()
     end
 
-    # The default port to use for HTTP requests; defaults to 80.
+    # Returns integer +80+, the default port to use for \HTTP requests:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.http_default_port # => 80
+    #
     def HTTP.http_default_port
       80
     end
 
-    # The default port to use for HTTPS requests; defaults to 443.
+    # Returns integer +443+, the default port to use for HTTPS requests:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.https_default_port # => 443
+    #
     def HTTP.https_default_port
       443
     end
@@ -570,35 +922,91 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     end
 
     # :call-seq:
-    #   HTTP.start(address, port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass, &block)
-    #   HTTP.start(address, port=nil, p_addr=:ENV, p_port=nil, p_user=nil, p_pass=nil, opt, &block)
-    #
-    # Creates a new Net::HTTP object, then additionally opens the TCP
-    # connection and HTTP session.
-    #
-    # Arguments are the following:
-    # _address_ :: hostname or IP address of the server
-    # _port_    :: port of the server
-    # _p_addr_  :: address of proxy
-    # _p_port_  :: port of proxy
-    # _p_user_  :: user of proxy
-    # _p_pass_  :: pass of proxy
-    # _opt_     :: optional hash
-    #
-    # _opt_ sets following values by its accessor.
-    # The keys are ipaddr, ca_file, ca_path, cert, cert_store, ciphers, keep_alive_timeout,
-    # close_on_empty_response, key, open_timeout, read_timeout, write_timeout, ssl_timeout,
-    # ssl_version, use_ssl, verify_callback, verify_depth and verify_mode.
-    # If you set :use_ssl as true, you can use https and default value of
-    # verify_mode is set as OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER.
-    #
-    # If the optional block is given, the newly
-    # created Net::HTTP object is passed to it and closed when the
-    # block finishes.  In this case, the return value of this method
-    # is the return value of the block.  If no block is given, the
-    # return value of this method is the newly created Net::HTTP object
-    # itself, and the caller is responsible for closing it upon completion
-    # using the finish() method.
+    #   HTTP.start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) -> http
+    #   HTTP.start(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, opts) {|http| ... } -> object
+    #
+    # Creates a new \Net::HTTP object, +http+, via \Net::HTTP.new:
+    #
+    # - For arguments +address+ and +port+, see Net::HTTP.new.
+    # - For proxy-defining arguments +p_addr+ through +p_pass+,
+    #   see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
+    # - For argument +opts+, see below.
+    #
+    # With no block given:
+    #
+    # - Calls <tt>http.start</tt> with no block (see #start),
+    #   which opens a TCP connection and \HTTP session.
+    # - Returns +http+.
+    # - The caller should call #finish to close the session:
+    #
+    #     http = Net::HTTP.start(hostname)
+    #     http.started? # => true
+    #     http.finish
+    #     http.started? # => false
+    #
+    # With a block given:
+    #
+    # - Calls <tt>http.start</tt> with the block (see #start), which:
+    #
+    #   - Opens a TCP connection and \HTTP session.
+    #   - Calls the block,
+    #     which may make any number of requests to the host.
+    #   - Closes the \HTTP session and TCP connection on block exit.
+    #   - Returns the block's value +object+.
+    #
+    # - Returns +object+.
+    #
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   hostname = 'jsonplaceholder.typicode.com'
+    #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+    #     puts http.get('/todos/1').body
+    #     puts http.get('/todos/2').body
+    #   end
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   {
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 1,
+    #     "title": "delectus aut autem",
+    #     "completed": false
+    #   }
+    #   {
+    #     "userId": 1,
+    #     "id": 2,
+    #     "title": "quis ut nam facilis et officia qui",
+    #     "completed": false
+    #   }
+    #
+    # If the last argument given is a hash, it is the +opts+ hash,
+    # where each key is a method or accessor to be called,
+    # and its value is the value to be set.
+    #
+    # The keys may include:
+    #
+    # - #ca_file
+    # - #ca_path
+    # - #cert
+    # - #cert_store
+    # - #ciphers
+    # - #close_on_empty_response
+    # - +ipaddr+ (calls #ipaddr=)
+    # - #keep_alive_timeout
+    # - #key
+    # - #open_timeout
+    # - #read_timeout
+    # - #ssl_timeout
+    # - #ssl_version
+    # - +use_ssl+ (calls #use_ssl=)
+    # - #verify_callback
+    # - #verify_depth
+    # - #verify_mode
+    # - #write_timeout
+    #
+    # Note: If +port+ is +nil+ and <tt>opts[:use_ssl]</tt> is a truthy value,
+    # the value passed to +new+ is Net::HTTP.https_default_port, not +port+.
+    #
     def HTTP.start(address, *arg, &block) # :yield: +http+
       arg.pop if opt = Hash.try_convert(arg[-1])
       port, p_addr, p_port, p_user, p_pass = *arg
@@ -625,25 +1033,34 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       alias newobj new # :nodoc:
     end
 
-    # Creates a new Net::HTTP object without opening a TCP connection or
-    # HTTP session.
+    # Returns a new \Net::HTTP object +http+
+    # (but does not open a TCP connection or \HTTP session).
     #
-    # The +address+ should be a DNS hostname or IP address, the +port+ is the
-    # port the server operates on.  If no +port+ is given the default port for
-    # HTTP or HTTPS is used.
+    # With only string argument +address+ given
+    # (and <tt>ENV['http_proxy']</tt> undefined or +nil+),
+    # the returned +http+:
     #
-    # If none of the +p_+ arguments are given, the proxy host and port are
-    # taken from the +http_proxy+ environment variable (or its uppercase
-    # equivalent) if present.  If the proxy requires authentication you must
-    # supply it by hand.  See URI::Generic#find_proxy for details of proxy
-    # detection from the environment.  To disable proxy detection set +p_addr+
-    # to nil.
+    # - Has the given address.
+    # - Has the default port number, Net::HTTP.default_port (80).
+    # - Has no proxy.
     #
-    # If you are connecting to a custom proxy, +p_addr+ specifies the DNS name
-    # or IP address of the proxy host, +p_port+ the port to use to access the
-    # proxy, +p_user+ and +p_pass+ the username and password if authorization
-    # is required to use the proxy, and p_no_proxy hosts which do not
-    # use the proxy.
+    # Example:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+    #   http.address # => "jsonplaceholder.typicode.com"
+    #   http.port    # => 80
+    #   http.proxy?  # => false
+    #
+    # With integer argument +port+ also given,
+    # the returned +http+ has the given port:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname, 8000)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:8000 open=false>
+    #   http.port # => 8000
+    #
+    # For proxy-defining arguments +p_addr+ through +p_no_proxy+,
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     #
     def HTTP.new(address, port = nil, p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil, p_no_proxy = nil)
       http = super address, port
@@ -657,7 +1074,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       elsif p_addr == :ENV then
         http.proxy_from_env = true
       else
-        if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(p_addr, p_addr, p_port, p_no_proxy)
+        if p_addr && p_no_proxy && !URI::Generic.use_proxy?(address, address, port, p_no_proxy)
           p_addr = nil
           p_port = nil
         end
@@ -670,10 +1087,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       http
     end
 
-    # Creates a new Net::HTTP object for the specified server address,
-    # without opening the TCP connection or initializing the HTTP session.
+    # Creates a new \Net::HTTP object for the specified server address,
+    # without opening the TCP connection or initializing the \HTTP session.
     # The +address+ should be a DNS hostname or IP address.
-    def initialize(address, port = nil)
+    def initialize(address, port = nil) # :nodoc:
       @address = address
       @port    = (port || HTTP.default_port)
       @ipaddr = nil
@@ -691,6 +1108,8 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       @continue_timeout = nil
       @max_retries = 1
       @debug_output = nil
+      @response_body_encoding = false
+      @ignore_eof = true
 
       @proxy_from_env = false
       @proxy_uri      = nil
@@ -708,6 +1127,11 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
+    # Returns a string representation of +self+:
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.new(hostname).inspect
+    #   # => "#<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>"
+    #
     def inspect
       "#<#{self.class} #{@address}:#{@port} open=#{started?}>"
     end
@@ -715,71 +1139,184 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     # *WARNING* This method opens a serious security hole.
     # Never use this method in production code.
     #
-    # Sets an output stream for debugging.
+    # Sets the output stream for debugging:
     #
     #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
-    #   http.set_debug_output $stderr
-    #   http.start { .... }
+    #   File.open('t.tmp', 'w') do |file|
+    #     http.set_debug_output(file)
+    #     http.start
+    #     http.get('/nosuch/1')
+    #     http.finish
+    #   end
+    #   puts File.read('t.tmp')
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   opening connection to jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80...
+    #   opened
+    #   <- "GET /nosuch/1 HTTP/1.1\r\nAccept-Encoding: gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3\r\nAccept: */*\r\nUser-Agent: Ruby\r\nHost: jsonplaceholder.typicode.com\r\n\r\n"
+    #   -> "HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found\r\n"
+    #   -> "Date: Mon, 12 Dec 2022 21:14:11 GMT\r\n"
+    #   -> "Content-Type: application/json; charset=utf-8\r\n"
+    #   -> "Content-Length: 2\r\n"
+    #   -> "Connection: keep-alive\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Powered-By: Express\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Ratelimit-Limit: 1000\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Ratelimit-Remaining: 999\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Ratelimit-Reset: 1670879660\r\n"
+    #   -> "Vary: Origin, Accept-Encoding\r\n"
+    #   -> "Access-Control-Allow-Credentials: true\r\n"
+    #   -> "Cache-Control: max-age=43200\r\n"
+    #   -> "Pragma: no-cache\r\n"
+    #   -> "Expires: -1\r\n"
+    #   -> "X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff\r\n"
+    #   -> "Etag: W/\"2-vyGp6PvFo4RvsFtPoIWeCReyIC8\"\r\n"
+    #   -> "Via: 1.1 vegur\r\n"
+    #   -> "CF-Cache-Status: MISS\r\n"
+    #   -> "Server-Timing: cf-q-config;dur=1.3000000762986e-05\r\n"
+    #   -> "Report-To: {\"endpoints\":[{\"url\":\"https:\\/\\/a.nel.cloudflare.com\\/report\\/v3?s=yOr40jo%2BwS1KHzhTlVpl54beJ5Wx2FcG4gGV0XVrh3X9OlR5q4drUn2dkt5DGO4GDcE%2BVXT7CNgJvGs%2BZleIyMu8CLieFiDIvOviOY3EhHg94m0ZNZgrEdpKD0S85S507l1vsEwEHkoTm%2Ff19SiO\"}],\"group\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
+    #   -> "NEL: {\"success_fraction\":0,\"report_to\":\"cf-nel\",\"max_age\":604800}\r\n"
+    #   -> "Server: cloudflare\r\n"
+    #   -> "CF-RAY: 778977dc484ce591-DFW\r\n"
+    #   -> "alt-svc: h3=\":443\"; ma=86400, h3-29=\":443\"; ma=86400\r\n"
+    #   -> "\r\n"
+    #   reading 2 bytes...
+    #   -> "{}"
+    #   read 2 bytes
+    #   Conn keep-alive
     #
     def set_debug_output(output)
       warn 'Net::HTTP#set_debug_output called after HTTP started', uplevel: 1 if started?
       @debug_output = output
     end
 
-    # The DNS host name or IP address to connect to.
+    # Returns the string host name or host IP given as argument +address+ in ::new.
     attr_reader :address
 
-    # The port number to connect to.
+    # Returns the integer port number given as argument +port+ in ::new.
     attr_reader :port
 
-    # The local host used to establish the connection.
+    # Sets or returns the string local host used to establish the connection;
+    # initially +nil+.
     attr_accessor :local_host
 
-    # The local port used to establish the connection.
+    # Sets or returns the integer local port used to establish the connection;
+    # initially +nil+.
     attr_accessor :local_port
 
+    # Returns the encoding to use for the response body;
+    # see #response_body_encoding=.
+    attr_reader :response_body_encoding
+
+    # Sets the encoding to be used for the response body;
+    # returns the encoding.
+    #
+    # The given +value+ may be:
+    #
+    # - An Encoding object.
+    # - The name of an encoding.
+    # - An alias for an encoding name.
+    #
+    # See {Encoding}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/Encoding.html].
+    #
+    # Examples:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.response_body_encoding = Encoding::US_ASCII # => #<Encoding:US-ASCII>
+    #   http.response_body_encoding = 'US-ASCII'         # => "US-ASCII"
+    #   http.response_body_encoding = 'ASCII'            # => "ASCII"
+    #
+    def response_body_encoding=(value)
+      value = Encoding.find(value) if value.is_a?(String)
+      @response_body_encoding = value
+    end
+
+    # Sets whether to determine the proxy from environment variable
+    # '<tt>ENV['http_proxy']</tt>';
+    # see {Proxy Using ENV['http_proxy']}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Using+-27ENV-5B-27http_proxy-27-5D-27].
     attr_writer :proxy_from_env
+
+    # Sets the proxy address;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_address
+
+    # Sets the proxy port;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_port
+
+    # Sets the proxy user;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_user
+
+    # Sets the proxy password;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     attr_writer :proxy_pass
 
-    # The IP address to connect to/used to connect to
+    # Returns the IP address for the connection.
+    #
+    # If the session has not been started,
+    # returns the value set by #ipaddr=,
+    # or +nil+ if it has not been set:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.ipaddr # => nil
+    #   http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
+    #   http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
+    #
+    # If the session has been started,
+    # returns the IP address from the socket:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
+    #   http.finish
+    #
     def ipaddr
       started? ?  @socket.io.peeraddr[3] : @ipaddr
     end
 
-    # Set the IP address to connect to
+    # Sets the IP address for the connection:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.ipaddr # => nil
+    #   http.ipaddr = '172.67.155.76'
+    #   http.ipaddr # => "172.67.155.76"
+    #
+    # The IP address may not be set if the session has been started.
     def ipaddr=(addr)
       raise IOError, "ipaddr value changed, but session already started" if started?
       @ipaddr = addr
     end
 
-    # Number of seconds to wait for the connection to open. Any number
-    # may be used, including Floats for fractional seconds. If the HTTP
-    # object cannot open a connection in this many seconds, it raises a
-    # Net::OpenTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
+    # Sets or returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to wait for a connection to open;
+    # initially 60.
+    # If the connection is not made in the given interval,
+    # an exception is raised.
     attr_accessor :open_timeout
 
-    # Number of seconds to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2)
-    # call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional
-    # seconds. If the HTTP object cannot read data in this many seconds,
-    # it raises a Net::ReadTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
+    # Returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to wait for one block to be read (via one read(2) call);
+    # see #read_timeout=.
     attr_reader :read_timeout
 
-    # Number of seconds to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2)
-    # call). Any number may be used, including Floats for fractional
-    # seconds. If the HTTP object cannot write data in this many seconds,
-    # it raises a Net::WriteTimeout exception. The default value is 60 seconds.
-    # Net::WriteTimeout is not raised on Windows.
+    # Returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to wait for one block to be written (via one write(2) call);
+    # see #write_timeout=.
     attr_reader :write_timeout
 
-    # Maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of
-    # Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET,
+    # Sets the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request in case of
+    # \Net::ReadTimeout, IOError, EOFError, Errno::ECONNRESET,
     # Errno::ECONNABORTED, Errno::EPIPE, OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError,
     # Timeout::Error.
-    # Should be a non-negative integer number. Zero means no retries.
-    # The default value is 1.
+    # The initial value is 1.
+    #
+    # Argument +retries+ must be a non-negative numeric value:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.max_retries = 2   # => 2
+    #   http.max_retries       # => 2
+    #
     def max_retries=(retries)
       retries = retries.to_int
       if retries < 0
@@ -788,55 +1325,113 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       @max_retries = retries
     end
 
+    # Returns the maximum number of times to retry an idempotent request;
+    # see #max_retries=.
     attr_reader :max_retries
 
-    # Setter for the read_timeout attribute.
+    # Sets the read timeout, in seconds, for +self+ to integer +sec+;
+    # the initial value is 60.
+    #
+    # Argument +sec+ must be a non-negative numeric value:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.read_timeout # => 60
+    #   http.get('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #   http.read_timeout = 0
+    #   http.get('/todos/1') # Raises Net::ReadTimeout.
+    #
     def read_timeout=(sec)
       @socket.read_timeout = sec if @socket
       @read_timeout = sec
     end
 
-    # Setter for the write_timeout attribute.
+    # Sets the write timeout, in seconds, for +self+ to integer +sec+;
+    # the initial value is 60.
+    #
+    # Argument +sec+ must be a non-negative numeric value:
+    #
+    #   _uri = uri.dup
+    #   _uri.path = '/posts'
+    #   body = 'bar' * 200000
+    #   data = <<EOF
+    #   {"title": "foo", "body": "#{body}", "userId": "1"}
+    #   EOF
+    #   headers = {'content-type': 'application/json'}
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.write_timeout # => 60
+    #   http.post(_uri.path, data, headers)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #   http.write_timeout = 0
+    #   http.post(_uri.path, data, headers) # Raises Net::WriteTimeout.
+    #
     def write_timeout=(sec)
       @socket.write_timeout = sec if @socket
       @write_timeout = sec
     end
 
-    # Seconds to wait for 100 Continue response. If the HTTP object does not
-    # receive a response in this many seconds it sends the request body. The
-    # default value is +nil+.
+    # Returns the continue timeout value;
+    # see continue_timeout=.
     attr_reader :continue_timeout
 
-    # Setter for the continue_timeout attribute.
+    # Sets the continue timeout value,
+    # which is the number of seconds to wait for an expected 100 Continue response.
+    # If the \HTTP object does not receive a response in this many seconds
+    # it sends the request body.
     def continue_timeout=(sec)
       @socket.continue_timeout = sec if @socket
       @continue_timeout = sec
     end
 
-    # Seconds to reuse the connection of the previous request.
-    # If the idle time is less than this Keep-Alive Timeout,
-    # Net::HTTP reuses the TCP/IP socket used by the previous communication.
-    # The default value is 2 seconds.
+    # Sets or returns the numeric (\Integer or \Float) number of seconds
+    # to keep the connection open after a request is sent;
+    # initially 2.
+    # If a new request is made during the given interval,
+    # the still-open connection is used;
+    # otherwise the connection will have been closed
+    # and a new connection is opened.
     attr_accessor :keep_alive_timeout
 
-    # Returns true if the HTTP session has been started.
+    # Sets or returns whether to ignore end-of-file when reading a response body
+    # with <tt>Content-Length</tt> headers;
+    # initially +true+.
+    attr_accessor :ignore_eof
+
+    # Returns +true+ if the \HTTP session has been started:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish # => nil
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    #   Net::HTTP.start(hostname) do |http|
+    #     http.started?
+    #   end # => true
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
     def started?
       @started
     end
 
     alias active? started?   #:nodoc: obsolete
 
+    # Sets or returns whether to close the connection when the response is empty;
+    # initially +false+.
     attr_accessor :close_on_empty_response
 
-    # Returns true if SSL/TLS is being used with HTTP.
+    # Returns +true+ if +self+ uses SSL, +false+ otherwise.
+    # See Net::HTTP#use_ssl=.
     def use_ssl?
       @use_ssl
     end
 
-    # Turn on/off SSL.
-    # This flag must be set before starting session.
-    # If you change use_ssl value after session started,
-    # a Net::HTTP object raises IOError.
+    # Sets whether a new session is to use
+    # {Transport Layer Security}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security]:
+    #
+    # Raises IOError if attempting to change during a session.
+    #
+    # Raises OpenSSL::SSL::SSLError if the port is not an HTTPS port.
     def use_ssl=(flag)
       flag = flag ? true : false
       if started? and @use_ssl != flag
@@ -861,7 +1456,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       :@verify_depth,
       :@verify_mode,
       :@verify_hostname,
-    ]
+    ] # :nodoc:
     SSL_ATTRIBUTES = [
       :ca_file,
       :ca_path,
@@ -878,64 +1473,67 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       :verify_depth,
       :verify_mode,
       :verify_hostname,
-    ]
+    ] # :nodoc:
 
-    # Sets path of a CA certification file in PEM format.
-    #
-    # The file can contain several CA certificates.
+    # Sets or returns the path to a CA certification file in PEM format.
     attr_accessor :ca_file
 
-    # Sets path of a CA certification directory containing certifications in
-    # PEM format.
+    # Sets or returns the path of to CA directory
+    # containing certification files in PEM format.
     attr_accessor :ca_path
 
-    # Sets an OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object as client certificate.
-    # (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension).
+    # Sets or returns the OpenSSL::X509::Certificate object
+    # to be used for client certification.
     attr_accessor :cert
 
-    # Sets the X509::Store to verify peer certificate.
+    # Sets or returns the X509::Store to be used for verifying peer certificate.
     attr_accessor :cert_store
 
-    # Sets the available ciphers.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=
+    # Sets or returns the available SSL ciphers.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ciphers=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-ciphers-3D].
     attr_accessor :ciphers
 
-    # Sets the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
-    # See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#extra_chain_cert=
+    # Sets or returns the extra X509 certificates to be added to the certificate chain.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#add_certificate}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-add_certificate].
     attr_accessor :extra_chain_cert
 
-    # Sets an OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
-    # (This method is appeared in Michal Rokos's OpenSSL extension.)
+    # Sets or returns the OpenSSL::PKey::RSA or OpenSSL::PKey::DSA object.
     attr_accessor :key
 
-    # Sets the SSL timeout seconds.
+    # Sets or returns the SSL timeout seconds.
     attr_accessor :ssl_timeout
 
-    # Sets the SSL version.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=
+    # Sets or returns the SSL version.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#ssl_version=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-ssl_version-3D].
     attr_accessor :ssl_version
 
-    # Sets the minimum SSL version.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=
+    # Sets or returns the minimum SSL version.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#min_version=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-min_version-3D].
     attr_accessor :min_version
 
-    # Sets the maximum SSL version.  See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=
+    # Sets or returns the maximum SSL version.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#max_version=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#method-i-max_version-3D].
     attr_accessor :max_version
 
-    # Sets the verify callback for the server certification verification.
+    # Sets or returns the callback for the server certification verification.
     attr_accessor :verify_callback
 
-    # Sets the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
+    # Sets or returns the maximum depth for the certificate chain verification.
     attr_accessor :verify_depth
 
-    # Sets the flags for server the certification verification at beginning of
-    # SSL/TLS session.
-    #
+    # Sets or returns the flags for server the certification verification
+    # at the beginning of the SSL/TLS session.
     # OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE or OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_PEER are acceptable.
     attr_accessor :verify_mode
 
-    # Sets to check the server certificate is valid for the hostname.
-    # See OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=
+    # Sets or returns whether to verify that the server certificate is valid
+    # for the hostname.
+    # See {OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext#verify_hostname=}[https://docs.ruby-lang.org/en/master/OpenSSL/SSL/SSLContext.html#attribute-i-verify_mode].
     attr_accessor :verify_hostname
 
-    # Returns the X.509 certificates the server presented.
+    # Returns the X509 certificate chain (an array of strings)
+    # for the session's socket peer,
+    # or +nil+ if none.
     def peer_cert
       if not use_ssl? or not @socket
         return nil
@@ -943,14 +1541,26 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       @socket.io.peer_cert
     end
 
-    # Opens a TCP connection and HTTP session.
+    # Starts an \HTTP session.
     #
-    # When this method is called with a block, it passes the Net::HTTP
-    # object to the block, and closes the TCP connection and HTTP session
-    # after the block has been executed.
+    # Without a block, returns +self+:
     #
-    # When called with a block, it returns the return value of the
-    # block; otherwise, it returns self.
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+    #   http.start
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=true>
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish
+    #
+    # With a block, calls the block with +self+,
+    # finishes the session when the block exits,
+    # and returns the block's value:
+    #
+    #   http.start do |http|
+    #     http
+    #   end
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTP jsonplaceholder.typicode.com:80 open=false>
+    #   http.started? # => false
     #
     def start  # :yield: http
       raise IOError, 'HTTP session already opened' if @started
@@ -973,6 +1583,12 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     private :do_start
 
     def connect
+      if use_ssl?
+        # reference early to load OpenSSL before connecting,
+        # as OpenSSL may take time to load.
+        @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
+      end
+
       if proxy? then
         conn_addr = proxy_address
         conn_port = proxy_port
@@ -981,7 +1597,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         conn_port = port
       end
 
-      D "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
+      debug "opening connection to #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
       s = Timeout.timeout(@open_timeout, Net::OpenTimeout) {
         begin
           TCPSocket.open(conn_addr, conn_port, @local_host, @local_port)
@@ -991,15 +1607,15 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         end
       }
       s.setsockopt(Socket::IPPROTO_TCP, Socket::TCP_NODELAY, 1)
-      D "opened"
+      debug "opened"
       if use_ssl?
         if proxy?
           plain_sock = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                                       write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                       continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                       debug_output: @debug_output)
-          buf = "CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n"
-          buf << "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
+          buf = +"CONNECT #{conn_address}:#{@port} HTTP/#{HTTPVersion}\r\n" \
+            "Host: #{@address}:#{@port}\r\n"
           if proxy_user
             credential = ["#{proxy_user}:#{proxy_pass}"].pack('m0')
             buf << "Proxy-Authorization: Basic #{credential}\r\n"
@@ -1020,35 +1636,56 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
             end
           end
         end
-        @ssl_context = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext.new
         @ssl_context.set_params(ssl_parameters)
-        @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
-          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
-          OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
-        @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
-        D "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
+        unless @ssl_context.session_cache_mode.nil? # a dummy method on JRuby
+          @ssl_context.session_cache_mode =
+              OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_CLIENT |
+                  OpenSSL::SSL::SSLContext::SESSION_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL_STORE
+        end
+        if @ssl_context.respond_to?(:session_new_cb) # not implemented under JRuby
+          @ssl_context.session_new_cb = proc {|sock, sess| @ssl_session = sess }
+        end
+
+        # Still do the post_connection_check below even if connecting
+        # to IP address
+        verify_hostname = @ssl_context.verify_hostname
+
+        # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546/6066
+        case @address
+        when Resolv::IPv4::Regex, Resolv::IPv6::Regex
+          # don't set SNI, as IP addresses in SNI is not valid
+          # per RFC 6066, section 3.
+
+          # Avoid openssl warning
+          @ssl_context.verify_hostname = false
+        else
+          ssl_host_address = @address
+        end
+
+        debug "starting SSL for #{conn_addr}:#{conn_port}..."
         s = OpenSSL::SSL::SSLSocket.new(s, @ssl_context)
         s.sync_close = true
-        # Server Name Indication (SNI) RFC 3546
-        s.hostname = @address if s.respond_to? :hostname=
+        s.hostname = ssl_host_address if s.respond_to?(:hostname=) && ssl_host_address
+
         if @ssl_session and
            Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_REALTIME) < @ssl_session.time.to_f + @ssl_session.timeout
           s.session = @ssl_session
         end
         ssl_socket_connect(s, @open_timeout)
-        if (@ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE) && @ssl_context.verify_hostname
+        if (@ssl_context.verify_mode != OpenSSL::SSL::VERIFY_NONE) && verify_hostname
           s.post_connection_check(@address)
         end
-        D "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
+        debug "SSL established, protocol: #{s.ssl_version}, cipher: #{s.cipher[0]}"
       end
       @socket = BufferedIO.new(s, read_timeout: @read_timeout,
                                write_timeout: @write_timeout,
                                continue_timeout: @continue_timeout,
                                debug_output: @debug_output)
+      @last_communicated = nil
       on_connect
     rescue => exception
       if s
-        D "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
+        debug "Conn close because of connect error #{exception}"
         s.close
       end
       raise
@@ -1059,8 +1696,15 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     end
     private :on_connect
 
-    # Finishes the HTTP session and closes the TCP connection.
-    # Raises IOError if the session has not been started.
+    # Finishes the \HTTP session:
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.start
+    #   http.started? # => true
+    #   http.finish   # => nil
+    #   http.started? # => false
+    #
+    # Raises IOError if not in a session.
     def finish
       raise IOError, 'HTTP session not yet started' unless started?
       do_finish
@@ -1087,12 +1731,12 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     @proxy_user = nil
     @proxy_pass = nil
 
-    # Creates an HTTP proxy class which behaves like Net::HTTP, but
+    # Creates an \HTTP proxy class which behaves like \Net::HTTP, but
     # performs all access via the specified proxy.
     #
     # This class is obsolete.  You may pass these same parameters directly to
-    # Net::HTTP.new.  See Net::HTTP.new for details of the arguments.
-    def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil)
+    # \Net::HTTP.new.  See Net::HTTP.new for details of the arguments.
+    def HTTP.Proxy(p_addr = :ENV, p_port = nil, p_user = nil, p_pass = nil) #:nodoc:
       return self unless p_addr
 
       Class.new(self) {
@@ -1114,31 +1758,37 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     end
 
     class << HTTP
-      # returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
+      # Returns true if self is a class which was created by HTTP::Proxy.
       def proxy_class?
         defined?(@is_proxy_class) ? @is_proxy_class : false
       end
 
-      # Address of proxy host. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
+      # Returns the address of the proxy host, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
       attr_reader :proxy_address
 
-      # Port number of proxy host. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
+      # Returns the port number of the proxy host, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
       attr_reader :proxy_port
 
-      # User name for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy, nil.
+      # Returns the user name for accessing the proxy, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
       attr_reader :proxy_user
 
-      # User password for accessing proxy. If Net::HTTP does not use a proxy,
-      # nil.
+      # Returns the password for accessing the proxy, or +nil+ if none;
+      # see Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server.
       attr_reader :proxy_pass
     end
 
-    # True if requests for this connection will be proxied
+    # Returns +true+ if a proxy server is defined, +false+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     def proxy?
       !!(@proxy_from_env ? proxy_uri : @proxy_address)
     end
 
-    # True if the proxy for this connection is determined from the environment
+    # Returns +true+ if the proxy server is defined in the environment,
+    # +false+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     def proxy_from_env?
       @proxy_from_env
     end
@@ -1147,12 +1797,13 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     def proxy_uri # :nodoc:
       return if @proxy_uri == false
       @proxy_uri ||= URI::HTTP.new(
-        "http".freeze, nil, address, port, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
+        "http", nil, address, port, nil, nil, nil, nil, nil
       ).find_proxy || false
       @proxy_uri || nil
     end
 
-    # The address of the proxy server, if one is configured.
+    # Returns the address of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     def proxy_address
       if @proxy_from_env then
         proxy_uri&.hostname
@@ -1161,7 +1812,8 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    # The port of the proxy server, if one is configured.
+    # Returns the port number of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     def proxy_port
       if @proxy_from_env then
         proxy_uri&.port
@@ -1170,26 +1822,23 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end
     end
 
-    # [Bug #12921]
-    if /linux|freebsd|darwin/ =~ RUBY_PLATFORM
-      ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE = true
-    else
-      ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE = false
-    end
-
-    # The username of the proxy server, if one is configured.
+    # Returns the user name of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     def proxy_user
-      if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
-        proxy_uri&.user
+      if @proxy_from_env
+        user = proxy_uri&.user
+        unescape(user) if user
       else
         @proxy_user
       end
     end
 
-    # The password of the proxy server, if one is configured.
+    # Returns the password of the proxy server, if defined, +nil+ otherwise;
+    # see {Proxy Server}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTP@Proxy+Server].
     def proxy_pass
-      if ENVIRONMENT_VARIABLE_IS_MULTIUSER_SAFE && @proxy_from_env
-        proxy_uri&.password
+      if @proxy_from_env
+        pass = proxy_uri&.password
+        unescape(pass) if pass
       else
         @proxy_pass
       end
@@ -1200,6 +1849,11 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
 
     private
 
+    def unescape(value)
+      require 'cgi/util'
+      CGI.unescape(value)
+    end
+
     # without proxy, obsolete
 
     def conn_address # :nodoc:
@@ -1228,45 +1882,38 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
 
     public
 
-    # Retrieves data from +path+ on the connected-to host which may be an
-    # absolute path String or a URI to extract the path from.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    get(path, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
+    #
+    # Sends a GET request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
     #
-    # +initheader+ must be a Hash like { 'Accept' => '*/*', ... },
-    # and it defaults to an empty hash.
-    # If +initheader+ doesn't have the key 'accept-encoding', then
-    # a value of "gzip;q=1.0,deflate;q=0.6,identity;q=0.3" is used,
-    # so that gzip compression is used in preference to deflate
-    # compression, which is used in preference to no compression.
-    # Ruby doesn't have libraries to support the compress (Lempel-Ziv)
-    # compression, so that is not supported.  The intent of this is
-    # to reduce bandwidth by default.   If this routine sets up
-    # compression, then it does the decompression also, removing
-    # the header as well to prevent confusion.  Otherwise
-    # it leaves the body as it found it.
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Get object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
     #
-    # This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body:
     #
-    # If called with a block, yields each fragment of the
-    # entity body in turn as a string as it is read from
-    # the socket.  Note that in this case, the returned response
-    # object will *not* contain a (meaningful) body.
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.get('/todos/1') do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
     #
-    # +dest+ argument is obsolete.
-    # It still works but you must not use it.
+    #   "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false\n}"
     #
-    # This method never raises an exception.
+    # With no block given, simply returns the response object:
     #
-    #     response = http.get('/index.html')
+    #   http.get('/') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
     #
-    #     # using block
-    #     File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
-    #       http.get('/~foo/') do |str|
-    #         f.write str
-    #       end
-    #     }
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Get: request class for \HTTP method GET.
+    # - Net::HTTP.get: sends GET request, returns response body.
     #
     def get(path, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
       res = nil
+
       request(Get.new(path, initheader)) {|r|
         r.read_body dest, &block
         res = r
@@ -1274,198 +1921,312 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       res
     end
 
-    # Gets only the header from +path+ on the connected-to host.
-    # +header+ is a Hash like { 'Accept' => '*/*', ... }.
+    # Sends a HEAD request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
     #
-    # This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Head object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+:
     #
-    # This method never raises an exception.
-    #
-    #     response = nil
-    #     Net::HTTP.start('some.www.server', 80) {|http|
-    #       response = http.head('/index.html')
-    #     }
-    #     p response['content-type']
+    #   res = http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #   res.body                    # => nil
+    #   res.to_hash.take(3)
+    #   # =>
+    #   [["date", ["Wed, 15 Feb 2023 15:25:42 GMT"]],
+    #    ["content-type", ["application/json; charset=utf-8"]],
+    #    ["connection", ["close"]]]
     #
     def head(path, initheader = nil)
       request(Head.new(path, initheader))
     end
 
-    # Posts +data+ (must be a String) to +path+. +header+ must be a Hash
-    # like { 'Accept' => '*/*', ... }.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    post(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
     #
-    # This method returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a POST request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
     #
-    # If called with a block, yields each fragment of the
-    # entity body in turn as a string as it is read from
-    # the socket.  Note that in this case, the returned response
-    # object will *not* contain a (meaningful) body.
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Post object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
     #
-    # +dest+ argument is obsolete.
-    # It still works but you must not use it.
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body:
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.post('/todos', data) do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
     #
-    # This method never raises exception.
+    # Output:
     #
-    #     response = http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo')
+    #   "{\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"
     #
-    #     # using block
-    #     File.open('result.txt', 'w') {|f|
-    #       http.post('/cgi-bin/search.rb', 'query=foo') do |str|
-    #         f.write str
-    #       end
-    #     }
+    # With no block given, simply returns the response object:
     #
-    # You should set Content-Type: header field for POST.
-    # If no Content-Type: field given, this method uses
-    # "application/x-www-form-urlencoded" by default.
+    #   http.post('/todos', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Related:
+    #
+    # - Net::HTTP::Post: request class for \HTTP method POST.
+    # - Net::HTTP.post: sends POST request, returns response body.
     #
     def post(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
       send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Post, &block)
     end
 
-    # Sends a PATCH request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # :call-seq:
+    #    patch(path, data, initheader = nil) {|res| ... }
+    #
+    # Sends a PATCH request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Patch object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body:
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.patch('/todos/1', data) do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   "{\n  \"userId\": 1,\n  \"id\": 1,\n  \"title\": \"delectus aut autem\",\n  \"completed\": false,\n  \"{\\\"userId\\\": 1, \\\"id\\\": 1, \\\"title\\\": \\\"delectus aut autem\\\", \\\"completed\\\": false}\": \"\"\n}"
+    #
+    # With no block given, simply returns the response object:
+    #
+    #   http.patch('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
     def patch(path, data, initheader = nil, dest = nil, &block) # :yield: +body_segment+
       send_entity(path, data, initheader, dest, Patch, &block)
     end
 
-    def put(path, data, initheader = nil)   #:nodoc:
+    # Sends a PUT request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Put object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.put('/todos/1', data) # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    def put(path, data, initheader = nil)
       request(Put.new(path, initheader), data)
     end
 
-    # Sends a PROPPATCH request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a PROPPATCH request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Proppatch object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.proppatch('/todos/1', data)
+    #
     def proppatch(path, body, initheader = nil)
       request(Proppatch.new(path, initheader), body)
     end
 
-    # Sends a LOCK request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a LOCK request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Lock object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.lock('/todos/1', data)
+    #
     def lock(path, body, initheader = nil)
       request(Lock.new(path, initheader), body)
     end
 
-    # Sends a UNLOCK request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends an UNLOCK request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Unlock object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.unlock('/todos/1', data)
+    #
     def unlock(path, body, initheader = nil)
       request(Unlock.new(path, initheader), body)
     end
 
-    # Sends a OPTIONS request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends an Options request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Options object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.options('/')
+    #
     def options(path, initheader = nil)
       request(Options.new(path, initheader))
     end
 
-    # Sends a PROPFIND request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a PROPFIND request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Propfind object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.propfind('/todos/1', data)
+    #
     def propfind(path, body = nil, initheader = {'Depth' => '0'})
       request(Propfind.new(path, initheader), body)
     end
 
-    # Sends a DELETE request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a DELETE request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Delete object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.delete('/todos/1')
+    #
     def delete(path, initheader = {'Depth' => 'Infinity'})
       request(Delete.new(path, initheader))
     end
 
-    # Sends a MOVE request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a MOVE request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Move object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.move('/todos/1')
+    #
     def move(path, initheader = nil)
       request(Move.new(path, initheader))
     end
 
-    # Sends a COPY request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a COPY request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Copy object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.copy('/todos/1')
+    #
     def copy(path, initheader = nil)
       request(Copy.new(path, initheader))
     end
 
-    # Sends a MKCOL request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a MKCOL request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Mkcol object
+    # created from string +path+, string +body+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   data = '{"userId": 1, "id": 1, "title": "delectus aut autem", "completed": false}'
+    #   http.mkcol('/todos/1', data)
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #
     def mkcol(path, body = nil, initheader = nil)
       request(Mkcol.new(path, initheader), body)
     end
 
-    # Sends a TRACE request to the +path+ and gets a response,
-    # as an HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a TRACE request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Trace object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.trace('/todos/1')
+    #
     def trace(path, initheader = nil)
       request(Trace.new(path, initheader))
     end
 
-    # Sends a GET request to the +path+.
-    # Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a GET request to the server;
+    # forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Get object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
     #
-    # When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse object to the block.
-    # The body of the response will not have been read yet;
-    # the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body,
-    # if desired.
+    # With no block given, returns the response object:
     #
-    # Returns the response.
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.request_get('/todos') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response object
+    # and returns the response object:
     #
-    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
+    #   http.request_get('/todos') do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
     #
-    #     response = http.request_get('/index.html')
-    #     # The entity body is already read in this case.
-    #     p response['content-type']
-    #     puts response.body
+    # Output:
     #
-    #     # Using a block
-    #     http.request_get('/index.html') {|response|
-    #       p response['content-type']
-    #       response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
-    #         print str
-    #       end
-    #     }
+    #   #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>
     #
     def request_get(path, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
       request(Get.new(path, initheader), &block)
     end
 
-    # Sends a HEAD request to the +path+ and returns the response
-    # as a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # Sends a HEAD request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
     #
-    # Returns the response.
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Head object
+    # created from string +path+ and initial headers hash +initheader+.
     #
-    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
-    #
-    #     response = http.request_head('/index.html')
-    #     p response['content-type']
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.head('/todos/1') # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
     #
     def request_head(path, initheader = nil, &block)
       request(Head.new(path, initheader), &block)
     end
 
-    # Sends a POST request to the +path+.
+    # Sends a POST request to the server;
+    # forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.
     #
-    # Returns the response as a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Post object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
     #
-    # When called with a block, the block is passed an HTTPResponse
-    # object.  The body of that response will not have been read yet;
-    # the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body, if desired.
+    # With no block given, returns the response object:
     #
-    # Returns the response.
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response body
+    # and returns the response object:
     #
-    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
+    #   http.post('/todos', 'xyzzy') do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
     #
-    #     # example
-    #     response = http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...')
-    #     p response.status
-    #     puts response.body          # body is already read in this case
+    # Output:
     #
-    #     # using block
-    #     http.request_post('/cgi-bin/nice.rb', 'datadatadata...') {|response|
-    #       p response.status
-    #       p response['content-type']
-    #       response.read_body do |str|   # read body now
-    #         print str
-    #       end
-    #     }
+    #   "{\n  \"xyzzy\": \"\",\n  \"id\": 201\n}"
     #
     def request_post(path, data, initheader = nil, &block) # :yield: +response+
       request Post.new(path, initheader), data, &block
     end
 
+    # Sends a PUT request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
+    #
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTP::Put object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +initheader+.
+    #
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.put('/todos/1', 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
     def request_put(path, data, initheader = nil, &block)   #:nodoc:
       request Put.new(path, initheader), data, &block
     end
@@ -1475,16 +2236,25 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
     alias post2  request_post   #:nodoc: obsolete
     alias put2   request_put    #:nodoc: obsolete
 
-
-    # Sends an HTTP request to the HTTP server.
-    # Also sends a DATA string if +data+ is given.
+    # Sends an \HTTP request to the server;
+    # returns an instance of a subclass of Net::HTTPResponse.
     #
-    # Returns a Net::HTTPResponse object.
+    # The request is based on the Net::HTTPRequest object
+    # created from string +path+, string +data+, and initial headers hash +header+.
+    # That object is an instance of the
+    # {subclass of Net::HTTPRequest}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest@Request+Subclasses],
+    # that corresponds to the given uppercase string +name+,
+    # which must be
+    # an {HTTP request method}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HTTP#Request_methods]
+    # or a {WebDAV request method}[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebDAV#Implementation].
     #
-    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
+    # Examples:
     #
-    #    response = http.send_request('GET', '/index.html')
-    #    puts response.body
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #   http.send_request('GET', '/todos/1')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #   http.send_request('POST', '/todos', 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
     #
     def send_request(name, path, data = nil, header = nil)
       has_response_body = name != 'HEAD'
@@ -1492,20 +2262,35 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       request r, data
     end
 
-    # Sends an HTTPRequest object +req+ to the HTTP server.
+    # Sends the given request +req+ to the server;
+    # forms the response into a Net::HTTPResponse object.
     #
-    # If +req+ is a Net::HTTP::Post or Net::HTTP::Put request containing
-    # data, the data is also sent. Providing data for a Net::HTTP::Head or
-    # Net::HTTP::Get request results in an ArgumentError.
+    # The given +req+ must be an instance of a
+    # {subclass of Net::HTTPRequest}[rdoc-ref:Net::HTTPRequest@Request+Subclasses].
+    # Argument +body+ should be given only if needed for the request.
     #
-    # Returns an HTTPResponse object.
+    # With no block given, returns the response object:
     #
-    # When called with a block, passes an HTTPResponse object to the block.
-    # The body of the response will not have been read yet;
-    # the block can process it using HTTPResponse#read_body,
-    # if desired.
+    #   http = Net::HTTP.new(hostname)
+    #
+    #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
+    #   http.request(req)
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    #   req = Net::HTTP::Post.new('/todos')
+    #   http.request(req, 'xyzzy')
+    #   # => #<Net::HTTPCreated 201 Created readbody=true>
+    #
+    # With a block given, calls the block with the response and returns the response:
     #
-    # This method never raises Net::* exceptions.
+    #   req = Net::HTTP::Get.new('/todos/1')
+    #   http.request(req) do |res|
+    #     p res
+    #   end # => #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=true>
+    #
+    # Output:
+    #
+    #   #<Net::HTTPOK 200 OK readbody=false>
     #
     def request(req, body = nil, &block)  # :yield: +response+
       unless started?
@@ -1556,6 +2341,8 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
           begin
             res = HTTPResponse.read_new(@socket)
             res.decode_content = req.decode_content
+            res.body_encoding = @response_body_encoding
+            res.ignore_eof = @ignore_eof
           end while res.kind_of?(HTTPInformation)
 
           res.uri = req.uri
@@ -1575,10 +2362,10 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         if count < max_retries && IDEMPOTENT_METHODS_.include?(req.method)
           count += 1
           @socket.close if @socket
-          D "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
+          debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}, and retry"
           retry
         end
-        D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
+        debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
         @socket.close if @socket
         raise
       end
@@ -1586,7 +2373,7 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       end_transport req, res
       res
     rescue => exception
-      D "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
+      debug "Conn close because of error #{exception}"
       @socket.close if @socket
       raise exception
     end
@@ -1596,11 +2383,11 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
         connect
       elsif @last_communicated
         if @last_communicated + @keep_alive_timeout < Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
-          D 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
+          debug 'Conn close because of keep_alive_timeout'
           @socket.close
           connect
         elsif @socket.io.to_io.wait_readable(0) && @socket.eof?
-          D "Conn close because of EOF"
+          debug "Conn close because of EOF"
           @socket.close
           connect
         end
@@ -1618,15 +2405,15 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       @curr_http_version = res.http_version
       @last_communicated = nil
       if @socket.closed?
-        D 'Conn socket closed'
+        debug 'Conn socket closed'
       elsif not res.body and @close_on_empty_response
-        D 'Conn close'
+        debug 'Conn close'
         @socket.close
       elsif keep_alive?(req, res)
-        D 'Conn keep-alive'
+        debug 'Conn keep-alive'
         @last_communicated = Process.clock_gettime(Process::CLOCK_MONOTONIC)
       else
-        D 'Conn close'
+        debug 'Conn close'
         @socket.close
       end
     end
@@ -1681,11 +2468,14 @@ module Net   #:nodoc:
       default_port == port ? addr : "#{addr}:#{port}"
     end
 
-    def D(msg)
+    # Adds a message to debugging output
+    def debug(msg)
       return unless @debug_output
       @debug_output << msg
       @debug_output << "\n"
     end
+
+    alias_method :D, :debug
   end
 
 end