net-dns 0.1

data/lib/net/dns/question.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+#---
+# $Id: Question.rb,v 1.8 2006/07/28 19:00:03 bluemonk Exp $     
+#+++
+
+require 'net/dns/dns'
+require 'net/dns/names/names'
+require 'net/dns/rr/types'
+require 'net/dns/rr/classes'
+
+module Net # :nodoc:
+  module DNS 
+
+    #
+    # =Name
+    #
+    # Net::DNS::Question - DNS packet question class
+    #
+    # =Synopsis
+    # 
+    #   require 'net/dns/question'
+    #
+    # =Description
+    #
+    # This class represent the Question portion of a DNS packet. The number
+    # of question entries is stored in the +qdCount+ variable of an Header
+    # object. 
+    #
+    # A new object can be created passing the name of the query and the type
+    # of answer desired, plus an optional argument containing the class:
+    #
+    #   question = Net::DNS::Question.new("google.com.", Net::DNS::A)
+    #      #=> "google.com.                   A       IN"
+    #
+    # Alternatevly, a new object is created when processing a binary
+    # packet, as when an answer is received.
+    # To obtain the binary data from a question object you can use
+    # the method Question#data:
+    # 
+    #   question.data
+    #      #=> "\006google\003com\000\000\001\000\001"
+    #
+    # A lot of methods were written to keep a compatibility layer with
+    # the Perl version of the library, as long as methods name which are
+    # more or less the same. 
+    #
+    # =Error classes
+    #
+    # Some error classes has been defined for the Net::DNS::Header class,
+    # which are listed here to keep a light and browsable main documentation.
+    # We have:
+    #
+    # * QuestionArgumentError: generic argument error
+    # * QuestionNameError:     an error in the +name+ part of a Question entry
+    #
+    # =Copyright
+    # 
+    # Copyright (c) 2006 Marco Ceresa
+    #
+    # All rights reserved. This program is free software; you may redistribute 
+    # it and/or modify it under the same terms as Ruby itself.
+    #
+    class Question
+      
+      include Net::DNS::Names
+      
+      # +name+ part of a Question entry
+      attr_reader :qName 
+      # +type+ part of a Question entry
+      attr_reader :qType 
+      # +class+ part of a Question entry
+      attr_reader :qClass 
+      
+      # Creates a new Net::DNS::Question object:
+      #
+      #   question = Net::DNS::Question.new("example.com")
+      #      #=> "example.com                   A       IN"
+      #   question = Net::DNS::Question.new("example.com", Net::DNS::MX)
+      #      #=> "example.com                   MX      IN"
+      #   question = Net::DNS::Question.new("example.com", Net::DNS::TXT, Net::DNS::HS)
+      #      #=> "example.com                   TXT     HS"
+      
+      # If not specified, +type+ and +cls+ arguments defaults 
+      # to Net::DNS::A and Net::DNS::IN respectively.
+      #
+      def initialize(name,type=Net::DNS::A,cls=Net::DNS::IN)
+        @qName = check_name name
+        @qType = Net::DNS::RR::Types.new type
+        @qClass = Net::DNS::RR::Classes.new cls
+      end
+
+      # Return a new Net::DNS::Question object created by
+      # parsing binary data, such as an answer from the
+      # nameserver.
+      #
+      #   question = Net::DNS::Question.parse(data)
+      #   puts "Queried for #{question.qName} type #{question.qType.to_s}"
+      #     #=> Queried for example.com type A
+      #
+      def self.parse(arg)
+        if arg.kind_of? String
+          o = allocate
+          o.send(:new_from_binary,arg)
+          o
+        else
+          raise QuestionArgumentError, "Wrong argument format, must be a String"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Known inspect method with nice formatting
+      def inspect
+        if @qName.size > 29 then 
+          len = @qName.size + 1 
+        else
+          len = 29
+        end
+        [@qName,@qClass.to_s,@qType.to_s].pack("A#{len} A8 A8")
+      end
+      
+      # Outputs binary data from a Question object
+      #
+      #   question.data
+      #      #=> "\006google\003com\000\000\001\000\001"
+      #
+      def data
+        [pack_name(@qName),@qType.to_i,@qClass.to_i].pack("a*nn")
+      end
+      
+      # Return the binary data of the objects, plus an offset
+      # and an Hash with references to compressed names. For use in 
+      # Net::DNS::Packet compressed packet creation.
+      #
+      def comp_data
+        arr = @qName.split(".")
+        str = pack_name(@qName)
+        string = ""
+        names = {}
+        offset = Net::DNS::HFIXEDSZ
+        arr.size.times do |i|
+          x = i+1
+          elem = arr[-x]
+          len = elem.size
+          string = ((string.reverse)+([len,elem].pack("Ca*")).reverse).reverse
+          names[string] = offset
+          offset += len
+        end
+        offset += 2 * Net::DNS::INT16SZ
+        str += "\000"
+        [[str,@qType.to_i,@qClass.to_i].pack("a*nn"),offset,names]
+      end
+      
+      private
+      
+      def build_qName(str)
+        result = ""
+        offset = 0
+        loop do
+          len = str.unpack("@#{offset} C")[0]
+          break if len == 0
+          offset += 1
+          result += str[offset..offset+len-1]
+          result += "."
+          offset += len
+        end
+        result
+      end
+      
+      def check_name(name)
+        name.strip!
+        if name =~ /[^\w\.\-_]/
+          raise QuestionNameError, "Question name #{name.inspect} not valid"          
+        else
+          name
+        end
+      rescue
+        raise QuestionNameError, "Question name #{name.inspect} not valid"                  
+      end
+      
+      def new_from_binary(data)
+        str,type,cls = data.unpack("a#{data.size-4}nn")
+        @qName = build_qName(str)
+        @qType = Net::DNS::RR::Types.new type
+        @qClass = Net::DNS::RR::Classes.new cls
+      rescue StandardError => e
+        raise QuestionArgumentError, "Invalid data: #{data.inspect}\n{e.backtrace}"
+      end
+
+    end # class Question
+    
+  end # class DNS
+end # module Net
+
+class QuestionArgumentError < ArgumentError # :nodoc:
+end
+class QuestionNameError < StandardError # :nodoc:
+end

data/lib/net/dns/resolver.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1199 @@
+#
+#       $Id: Resolver.rb,v 1.11 2006/07/30 16:55:35 bluemonk Exp $      
+#
+
+
+
+require 'socket'
+require 'timeout'
+require 'ipaddr'
+require 'logger'
+require 'net/dns/packet'
+require 'net/dns/resolver/timeouts'
+
+
+module Net # :nodoc:
+  module DNS 
+    
+
+
+    # =Name
+    # 
+    # Net::DNS::Resolver - DNS resolver class
+    #
+    # =Synopsis
+    #
+    #    require 'net/dns/resolver'
+    #
+    # =Description
+    # 
+    # The Net::DNS::Resolver class implements a complete DNS resolver written
+    # in pure Ruby, without a single C line of code. It has all of the 
+    # tipical properties of an evoluted resolver, and a bit of OO which 
+    # comes from having used Ruby. 
+    # 
+    # This project started as a porting of the Net::DNS Perl module, 
+    # written by Martin Fuhr, but turned out (in the last months) to be
+    # an almost complete rewriting. Well, maybe some of the features of
+    # the Perl version are still missing, but guys, at least this is
+    # readable code! 
+    #
+    # FIXME
+    #
+    # =Environment
+    #
+    # The Following Environment variables can also be used to configure 
+    # the resolver:
+    #
+    # * +RES_NAMESERVERS+: A space-separated list of nameservers to query.
+    #
+    #      # Bourne Shell
+    #      $ RES_NAMESERVERS="192.168.1.1 192.168.2.2 192.168.3.3"
+    #      $ export RES_NAMESERVERS
+    #
+    #      # C Shell
+    #      % setenv RES_NAMESERVERS "192.168.1.1 192.168.2.2 192.168.3.3"
+    #
+    # * +RES_SEARCHLIST+: A space-separated list of domains to put in the 
+    #   search list.
+    #
+    #      # Bourne Shell
+    #      $ RES_SEARCHLIST="example.com sub1.example.com sub2.example.com"
+    #      $ export RES_SEARCHLIST
+    #
+    #      # C Shell
+    #      % setenv RES_SEARCHLIST "example.com sub1.example.com sub2.example.com"
+    #  
+    # * +LOCALDOMAIN+: The default domain.
+    #
+    #      # Bourne Shell
+    #      $ LOCALDOMAIN=example.com
+    #      $ export LOCALDOMAIN
+    #
+    #      # C Shell
+    #      % setenv LOCALDOMAIN example.com
+    #
+    # * +RES_OPTIONS+: A space-separated list of resolver options to set.  
+    #   Options that take values are specified as option:value.
+    #
+    #      # Bourne Shell
+    #      $ RES_OPTIONS="retrans:3 retry:2 debug"
+    #      $ export RES_OPTIONS
+    #
+    #      # C Shell
+    #      % setenv RES_OPTIONS "retrans:3 retry:2 debug"
+    #        
+    class Resolver
+
+      # An hash with the defaults values of almost all the
+      # configuration parameters of a resolver object. See
+      # the description for each parameter to have an 
+      # explanation of its usage.
+      Defaults = {
+        :config_file => "/etc/resolv.conf",
+        :log_file => $stdout,
+        :port => 53,
+        :searchlist => [],
+        :nameservers => [IPAddr.new("127.0.0.1")],
+        :domain => "",
+        :source_port => 0,
+        :source_address => IPAddr.new("0.0.0.0"),
+        :retry_interval => 5,
+        :retry_number => 4,
+        :recursive => true,
+        :defname => true,
+        :dns_search => true,
+        :use_tcp => false,
+        :ignore_trucated => false,
+        :packet_size => 512,
+        :tcp_timeout => TcpTimeout.new(120),
+        :udp_timeout => UdpTimeout.new(0)}
+        
+      
+      # Create a new resolver object.
+      # 
+      # Argument +config+ can either be empty or be an hash with 
+      # some configuration parameters. To know what each parameter
+      # do, look at the description of each.
+      # Some example:
+      #
+      #   # Use the sistem defaults
+      #   res = Net::DNS::Resolver.new
+      #
+      #   # Specify a configuration file
+      #   res = Net::DNS::Resolver.new(:config_file => '/my/dns.conf')
+      #   
+      #   # Set some option
+      #   res = Net::DNS::Resolver.new(:nameservers => "172.16.1.1",
+      #                                :recursive => false,
+      #                                :retry => 10)
+      #
+      # ===Config file
+      # 
+      # Net::DNS::Resolver uses a config file to read the usual
+      # values a resolver needs, such as nameserver list and
+      # domain names. On UNIX systems the defaults are read from the 
+      # following files, in the order indicated:
+      #
+      # * /etc/resolv.conf
+      # * $HOME/.resolv.conf
+      # * ./.resolv.conf
+      #
+      # The following keywords are recognized in resolver configuration files:
+      #
+      # * domain: the default domain.
+      # * search: a space-separated list of domains to put in the search list.
+      # * nameserver: a space-separated list of nameservers to query.
+      #
+      # Files except for /etc/resolv.conf must be owned by the effective userid 
+      # running the program or they won't be read.  In addition, several environment 
+      # variables can also contain configuration information; see Environment 
+      # in the main description for Resolver class.
+      # 
+      # On Windows Systems, an attempt is made to determine the system defaults 
+      # using the registry.  This is still a work in progress; systems with many 
+      # dynamically configured network interfaces may confuse Net::DNS.
+      #
+      # You can include a configuration file of your own when creating a resolver 
+      # object:
+      #
+      #   # Use my own configuration file
+      #   my $res = Net::DNS::Resolver->new(config_file => '/my/dns.conf');
+      #
+      # This is supported on both UNIX and Windows.  Values pulled from a custom 
+      # configuration file override the the system's defaults, but can still be 
+      # overridden by the other arguments to Resolver::new.
+      #
+      # Explicit arguments to Resolver::new override both the system's defaults 
+      # and the values of the custom configuration file, if any.
+      #
+      # ===Parameters
+      # 
+      # The following arguments to Resolver::new are supported:
+      # 
+      # - nameservers: an array reference of nameservers to query.
+      # - searchlist:  an array reference of domains.
+      # - recurse
+      # - debug
+      # - domain
+      # - port
+      # - srcaddr
+      # - srcport
+      # - tcp_timeout
+      # - udp_timeout
+      # - retrans
+      # - retry
+      # - usevc
+      # - stayopen
+      # - igntc
+      # - defnames
+      # - dnsrch
+      # - persistent_tcp
+      # - persistent_udp
+      # - dnssec
+      #
+      # For more information on any of these options, please consult the 
+      # method of the same name.
+      #
+      # ===Disclaimer
+      # 
+      # Part of the above documentation is taken from the one in the 
+      # Net::DNS::Resolver Perl module.
+      #
+      def initialize(config = {})
+        raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument has to be Hash" unless config.kind_of? Hash
+        # config.key_downcase!
+        @config = Defaults.merge config
+        @raw = false
+
+        # New logger facility
+        @logger = Logger.new(@config[:log_file])
+        @logger.level = Logger::WARN
+        
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Resolver configuration will be set in order from:
+        # 1) initialize arguments
+        # 2) ENV variables
+        # 3) config file
+        # 4) defaults (and /etc/resolv.conf for config)
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+
+        
+        
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Parsing config file
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        parse_config_file
+        
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Parsing ENV variables
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        parse_environment_variables
+        
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        # Parsing arguments
+        #------------------------------------------------------------
+        config.each do |key,val|
+          next if key == :log_file or key == :config_file
+          begin
+            eval "self.#{key.to_s} = val"
+          rescue NoMethodError
+            raise ResolverArgumentError, "Option #{key} not valid"
+          end
+        end
+      end
+        
+      def Resolver.cname_addr(names,packet)
+        addr = []
+        oct2 = RegExp.new('(?:2[0-4]\d|25[0-5]|[0-1]?\d\d|\d)')
+
+        packet.answer.each do |rr|
+          next unless begin
+                        ret = false
+                        names.each {|x| ret = true if rr.name.include? x}
+                        ret
+                      end
+          if rr.type == Net::DNS::CNAME
+            names.push(rr.cname)
+          elsif rr.type == Net::DNS::A
+            next unless rr.address =~ /^(#{oct2}\.#{oct2}\.#{oct2}\.#{oct2})$/
+            addr.push($1)
+          end
+        end
+        addr
+      end
+      
+      def _packetsz
+        if @udppacketsize > Net::DNS::PACKETSZ
+          @udppacketsize
+        else
+          Net::DNS::PACKETSZ
+        end
+      end
+
+      def send_tcp(packet, packet_data)
+        if @nameservers.size == 0
+          @errorstring = "no nameservers"
+          puts ";; ERROR: send_tcp: no nameservers\n" if $DEBUG
+          return nil # ?
+        end
+
+        self._reset_errorstring
+
+        timeout = @tcp_timeout
+
+        @nameservers.each do |ns|
+          srcport = @srcport
+          srcaddr = @srcaddr
+          dstport = @port
+
+          puts ";; send_tcp(#{ns}:#{dstport}) (src port = #{srcport})" if $DEBUG
+
+          sock = TCPSocket.new(ns,dstport)
+          
+          # TODO !!!
+        end
+      end
+
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+
+
+
+
+module Net
+  module DNS
+    class Resolver
+      
+      # Get the resolver searchlist, returned as an array of entries
+      #
+      #   res.searchlist
+      #     #=> ["example.com","a.example.com","b.example.com"]
+      #
+      def searchlist
+        @config[:searchlist].inspect
+      end
+
+      # Set the resolver searchlist. 
+      # +arg+ can be a single string or an array of strings
+      #
+      #   res.searchstring = "example.com"
+      #   res.searchstring = ["example.com","a.example.com","b.example.com"]
+      #
+      # Note that you can also append a new name to the searchlist
+      #
+      #   res.searchlist << "c.example.com"
+      #   res.searchlist
+      #     #=> ["example.com","a.example.com","b.example.com","c.example.com"]
+      #
+      # The default is an empty array
+      #
+      def searchlist=(arg)
+        case arg
+        when String
+          @config[:searchlist] = [arg] if valid? arg
+          @logger.info "Searchlist changed to value #{@config[:searchlist].inspect}"
+        when Array
+          @config[:searchlist] = arg if arg.all? {|x| valid? x}
+          @logger.info "Searchlist changed to value #{@config[:searchlist].inspect}"          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Wrong argument format, neither String nor Array"
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Get the list of resolver nameservers, in a dotted decimal format
+      #
+      #   res.nameservers
+      #     #=> ["192.168.0.1","192.168.0.2"]
+      #
+      def nameservers
+        arr = []
+        @config[:nameservers].each do |x| 
+          arr << x.to_s
+        end
+        arr.inspect
+      end
+      alias_method :nameserver, :nameservers
+
+      # Set the list of resolver nameservers
+      # +arg+ can be a single ip address or an array of addresses
+      #
+      #   res.nameservers = "192.168.0.1"
+      #   res.nameservers = ["192.168.0.1","192.168.0.2"]
+      #
+      # If you want you can specify the addresses as IPAddr instances
+      #
+      #   ip = IPAddr.new("192.168.0.3")
+      #   res.nameservers << ip
+      #     #=> ["192.168.0.1","192.168.0.2","192.168.0.3"]
+      #
+      # The default is 127.0.0.1 (localhost)
+      #
+      def nameservers=(arg)
+        case arg
+        when String
+          begin
+            @config[:nameservers] = [IPAddr.new(arg)]
+            @logger.info "Nameservers list changed to value #{@config[:nameservers].inspect}"
+          rescue ArgumentError # arg is in the name form, not IP
+            nameservers_from_name(arg)
+          end
+        when IPAddr
+          @config[:nameservers] = [arg]
+          @logger.info "Nameservers list changed to value #{@config[:nameservers].inspect}"          
+        when Array
+          @config[:nameservers] = []
+          arg.each do |x|
+            @config[:nameservers] << case x
+                                     when String
+                                       begin
+                                         IPAddr.new(x)
+                                       rescue ArgumentError
+                                         nameservers_from_name(arg)
+                                         return
+                                       end
+                                     when IPAddr
+                                       x
+                                     else
+                                       raise ResolverArgumentError, "Wrong argument format"
+                                     end
+          end
+          @logger.info "Nameservers list changed to value #{@config[:nameservers].inspect}"          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Wrong argument format, neither String, Array nor IPAddr"
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method("nameserver=","nameservers=")
+      
+      # Return a string with the default domain 
+      #
+      def domain
+        @config[:domain].inspect
+      end
+
+      # Set the domain for the query
+      #
+      def domain=(name)
+        @config[:domain] = name if valid? name
+      end
+      
+      # Return the defined size of the packet
+      #
+      def packet_size
+        @config[:packet_size]
+      end
+
+      # Get the port number to which the resolver sends queries.
+      #
+      #   puts "Sending queries to port #{res.port}"
+      #
+      def port
+        @config[:port]
+      end
+
+      # Set the port number to which the resolver sends queries.  This can be useful 
+      # for testing a nameserver running on a non-standard port.  
+      #
+      #   res.port = 10053
+      #
+      # The default is port 53.
+      #
+      def port=(num)
+        if (0..65535).include? num
+          @config[:port] = num
+          @logger.info "Port number changed to #{num}"          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Wrong port number #{num}"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get the value of the source port number
+      #
+      #   puts "Sending queries using port #{res.source_port}"
+      #
+      def source_port
+        @config[:source_port]
+      end
+      alias srcport source_port
+
+      # Set the local source port from which the resolver sends its queries.
+      #
+      #   res.source_port = 40000
+      #
+      # Note that if you want to set a port you need root priviledges, as 
+      # raw sockets will be used to generate packets. The class will then 
+      # generate the exception ResolverPermissionError if you're not root.
+      #
+      # The default is 0, which means that the port will be chosen by the
+      # underlaying layers.
+      #
+      def source_port=(num)
+        unless root?
+          raise ResolverPermissionError, "Are you root?"
+        end
+        if (0..65535).include?(num) 
+          @config[:source_port] = num
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Wrong port number #{num}"
+        end
+      end
+      alias srcport= source_port= 
+      
+      # Get the local address from which the resolver sends queries
+      #
+      #   puts "Sending queries using source address #{res.source_address}"
+      #
+      def source_address
+        @config[:source_address].to_s
+      end
+      alias srcaddr source_address 
+
+      # Set the local source address from which the resolver sends its 
+      # queries.
+      #
+      #   res.source_address = "172.16.100.1"
+      #   res.source_address = IPAddr.new("172.16.100.1")
+      #
+      # You can specify +arg+ as either a string containing the ip address
+      # or an instance of IPAddr class.
+      #
+      # Normally this can be used to force queries out a specific interface
+      # on a multi-homed host. In this case, you should of course need to 
+      # know the addresses of the interfaces.
+      #
+      # Another way to use this option is for some kind of spoofing attacks
+      # towards weak nameservers, to probe the security of your network. 
+      # This includes specifing ranged attacks such as DoS and others. For 
+      # a paper on DNS security, checks http://www.marcoceresa.com/security/
+      #
+      # Note that if you want to set a non-binded source address you need 
+      # root priviledges, as raw sockets will be used to generate packets. 
+      # The class will then generate an exception if you're not root.
+      #
+      # The default is 0.0.0.0, meaning any local address (chosen on routing
+      # needs).
+      #
+      def source_address=(addr)
+        unless addr.respond_to? :to_s
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Wrong address argument #{addr}"
+        end
+
+        begin
+          port = rand(64000)+1024
+          @logger.warn "Try to determine state of source address #{addr} with port #{port}"
+          a = TCPServer.new(addr.to_s,port)
+        rescue SystemCallError => e
+          case e.errno
+          when 98 # Port already in use!
+            @logger.warn "Port already in use"
+            retry
+          when 99 # Address is not valid: raw socket
+            @raw = true
+            @logger.warn "Using raw sockets"
+          else
+            raise SystemCallError, e
+          end
+        ensure
+          a.close
+        end
+        
+        case addr
+        when String
+          @config[:source_address] = IPAddr.new(string)
+          @logger.info "Using new source address: #{@config[:source_address]}"
+        when IPAddr
+          @config[:source_address] = addr
+          @logger.info "Using new source address: #{@config[:source_address]}"          
+        else
+          raise ArgumentError, "Unknown dest_address format"
+        end
+      end
+      alias srcaddr= source_address= 
+      
+      # Return the retrasmission interval (in seconds) the resolvers has 
+      # been set on
+      #
+      def retry_interval
+        @config[:retry_interval]
+      end
+      alias retrans retry_interval 
+
+      # Set the retrasmission interval in seconds. Default 5 seconds
+      #
+      def retry_interval=(num)
+        if num > 0
+          @config[:retry_interval] = num
+          @logger.info "Retransmission interval changed to #{num} seconds"          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Interval must be positive"
+        end
+      end
+      alias retrans= retry_interval= 
+
+      # The number of times the resolver will try a query
+      #
+      #   puts "Will try a max of #{res.retry_number} queries"
+      #
+      def retry_number
+        @config[:retry_number]
+      end
+
+      # Set the number of times the resolver will try a query.
+      # Default 4 times
+      #
+      def retry_number=(num)
+        if num.kind_of? Integer and num > 0
+          @config[:retry_number] = num
+          @logger.info "Retrasmissions number changed to #{num}"
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Retry value must be a positive integer"
+        end
+      end        
+      alias_method('retry=', 'retry_number=') 
+
+      # This method will return true if the resolver is configured to 
+      # perform recursive queries.
+      #
+      #   print "The resolver will perform a "
+      #   print res.recursive? ? "" : "not "
+      #   puts "recursive query"
+      #
+      def recursive?
+        @config[:recursive]
+      end
+      alias_method :recurse, :recursive? 
+      alias_method :recursive, :recursive? 
+
+      # Sets whether or not the resolver should perform recursive
+      # queries. Default is true.
+      #
+      #   res.recursive = false # perform non-recursive query
+      #
+      def recursive=(bool)
+        case bool
+        when TrueClass,FalseClass
+          @config[:recursive] = bool
+          @logger.info("Recursive state changed to #{bool}")
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument must be boolean"
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method :recurse=, :recursive= 
+      
+      # Return a string rapresenting the resolver state, suitable
+      # for printing on the screen.
+      #
+      #   puts "Resolver state:"
+      #   puts res.state
+      #
+      def state
+        str = ";; RESOLVER state:\n;; " 
+        i = 1
+        @config.each do |key,val|
+          if key == :log_file or key == :config_file
+            str << "#{key}: #{val} \t"
+            else
+            str << "#{key}: #{eval(key.to_s)} \t"
+          end
+          str << "\n;; " if i % 2 == 0
+          i += 1
+        end
+        str
+      end
+      alias print state 
+      alias inspect state 
+      
+      # Checks whether the +defname+ flag has been activate.
+      def defname?
+        @config[:defname]
+      end
+      alias defname defname? 
+
+      # Set the flag +defname+ in a boolean state. if +defname+ is true, 
+      # calls to Resolver#query will append the default domain to names 
+      # that contain no dots.
+      # Example:
+      #
+      #   # Domain example.com
+      #   res.defname = true
+      #   res.query("machine1")
+      #     #=> This will perform a query for machine1.example.com
+      #
+      # Default is true.
+      #
+      def defname=(bool)
+        case bool
+        when TrueClass,FalseClass
+          @config[:defname] = bool
+          @logger.info("Defname state changed to #{bool}")          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument must be boolean"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Get the state of the dns_search flag
+      def dns_search
+        @config[:dns_search]
+      end
+      alias_method :dnsrch, :dns_search 
+      
+      # Set the flag +dns_search+ in a boolean state. If +dns_search+
+      # is true, when using the Resolver#search method will be applied
+      # the search list. Default is true.
+      #
+      def dns_search=(bool)
+        case bool
+        when TrueClass,FalseClass
+          @config[:dns_search] = bool
+          @logger.info("DNS search state changed to #{bool}")          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument must be boolean"
+        end
+      end
+      alias_method("dnsrch=","dns_search=")
+      
+      # Get the state of the use_tcp flag.
+      #
+      def use_tcp?
+        @config[:use_tcp]
+      end
+      alias_method :usevc, :use_tcp? 
+      alias_method :use_tcp, :use_tcp? 
+
+      # If +use_tcp+ is true, the resolver will perform all queries 
+      # using TCP virtual circuits instead of UDP datagrams, which 
+      # is the default for the DNS protocol.
+      #
+      #   res.use_tcp = true
+      #   res.query "host.example.com"
+      #     #=> Sending TCP segments...
+      #
+      # Default is false.
+      #
+      def use_tcp=(bool)
+        case bool
+        when TrueClass,FalseClass
+          @config[:use_tcp] = bool
+          @logger.info("Use tcp flag changed to #{bool}")          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument must be boolean"
+        end
+      end
+      alias usevc= use_tcp= 
+
+      def ignore_trucated?
+        @config[:ignore_trucated]
+      end
+      alias_method :ignore_trucated, :ignore_trucated?
+
+      def ignore_truncated=(bool)
+        case bool
+        when TrueClass,FalseClass
+          @config[:ignore_truncated] = bool
+          @logger.info("Ignore truncated flag changed to #{bool}")          
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument must be boolean"
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Return an object representing the value of the stored TCP 
+      # timeout the resolver will use in is queries. This object
+      # is an instance of the class +TcpTimeout+, and two methods
+      # are available for printing informations: TcpTimeout#to_s
+      # and TcpTimeout#pretty_to_s.
+      #
+      # Here's some example:
+      # 
+      #   puts "Timeout of #{res.tcp_timeout} seconds" # implicit to_s
+      #     #=> Timeout of 150 seconds
+      #
+      #   puts "You set a timeout of " + res.tcp_timeout.pretty_to_s
+      #     #=> You set a timeout of 2 minutes and 30 seconds
+      #
+      # If the timeout is infinite, a string "infinite" will
+      # be returned.
+      #
+      def tcp_timeout
+        @config[:tcp_timeout].to_s
+      end
+
+      # Set the value of TCP timeout for resolver queries that
+      # will be performed using TCP. A value of 0 means that
+      # the timeout will be infinite.
+      # The value is stored internally as a +TcpTimeout+ object, see
+      # the description for Resolver#tcp_timeout
+      #
+      # Default is 120 seconds
+      def tcp_timeout=(secs)
+        @config[:tcp_timeout] = TcpTimeout.new(secs)
+        @logger.info("New TCP timeout value: #{@config[:tcp_timeout]} seconds")        
+      end
+
+      # Return an object representing the value of the stored UDP 
+      # timeout the resolver will use in is queries. This object
+      # is an instance of the class +UdpTimeout+, and two methods
+      # are available for printing informations: UdpTimeout#to_s
+      # and UdpTimeout#pretty_to_s.
+      #
+      # Here's some example:
+      # 
+      #   puts "Timeout of #{res.udp_timeout} seconds" # implicit to_s
+      #     #=> Timeout of 150 seconds
+      #
+      #   puts "You set a timeout of " + res.udp_timeout.pretty_to_s
+      #     #=> You set a timeout of 2 minutes and 30 seconds
+      #
+      # If the timeout is zero, a string "not defined" will
+      # be returned.
+      #
+      def udp_timeout
+        @config[:udp_timeout].to_s
+      end
+
+      # Set the value of UDP timeout for resolver queries that
+      # will be performed using UDP. A value of 0 means that
+      # the timeout will not be used, and the resolver will use 
+      # only +retry_number+ and +retry_interval+ parameters.
+      # That is the default.
+      #
+      # The value is stored internally as a +UdpTimeout+ object, see
+      # the description for Resolver#udp_timeout
+      #
+      def udp_timeout=(secs)
+        @config[:udp_timeout] = UdpTimeout.new(secs)
+        @logger.info("New UDP timeout value: #{@config[:udp_timeout]} seconds")                
+      end
+
+      # Set a new log file for the logger facility of the resolver
+      # class. Could be a file descriptor too:
+      #
+      #   res.log_file = $stderr
+      #
+      # Note that a new logging facility will be create, destroing
+      # the old one, which will then be impossibile to recover.
+      #
+      def log_file=(log)
+        @logger.close
+        @config[:log_file] = log
+        @logger = Logger.new(@config[:log_file])
+        @logger.level = $DEBUG ? Logger::Debug : Logger::WARN
+      end
+      
+      # This one permits to have a personal logger facility to handle
+      # resolver messages, instead of new built-in one, which is set up
+      # for a +$stdout+ (or +$stderr+) use.
+      # 
+      # If you want your own logging facility you can create a new instance
+      # of the +Logger+ class:
+      #
+      #   log = Logger.new("/tmp/resolver.log","weekly",2*1024*1024)
+      #   log.level = Logger::DEBUG
+      #   log.progname = "ruby_resolver"
+      #
+      # and then pass it to the resolver:
+      #
+      #   res.logger = log
+      #
+      # Note that this will destroy the precedent logger.
+      #
+      # This is the only mode user will have to control their logger, such
+      # as setting the level threshold, because no reader is set for this 
+      # instance variable.
+      #
+      def logger=(logger)
+        if logger.kind_of? Logger
+          @logger.close
+          @logger = logger
+        else
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Argument must be an instance of Logger class"
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Performs a DNS query for the given name, applying the searchlist if 
+      # appropriate.  The search algorithm is as follows:
+      #
+      # 1. If the name contains at least one dot, try it as is.
+      # 2. If the name doesn't end in a dot then append each item in the search 
+      #    list to the name.  This is only done if +dns_search+ is true.
+      # 3. If the name doesn't contain any dots, try it as is.
+      #
+      # The record type and class can be omitted; they default to +A+ and +IN+.
+      #
+      #   packet = res.search('mailhost')
+      #   packet = res.search('mailhost.example.com')
+      #   packet = res.search('example.com', Net::DNS::MX)
+      #   packet = res.search('user.passwd.example.com', Net::DNS::TXT, Net::DNS::HS)
+      #
+      # If the name is an IP address (Ipv4 or IPv6), in the form of a string 
+      # or a +IPAddr+ object, then an appropriate PTR query will be performed:
+      #
+      #   ip = IPAddr.new("172.16.100.2")
+      #   packet = res.search(ip)
+      #   packet = res.search("192.168.10.254")
+      #
+      # Returns a Net::DNS::Packet object. If you need to examine the response packet
+      # whether it contains any answers or not, use the send() method instead.
+      #
+      def search(name,type=Net::DNS::A,cls=Net::DNS::IN)
+
+        # If the name contains at least one dot then try it as is first.        
+        if name.include? "."
+          @logger.debug "Search(#{name},#{Net::DNS::RR::Types.new(type)},#{Net::DNS::RR::Classes.new(cls)})"
+          ans = query(name,type,cls)
+          return ans if ans.header.anCount > 0
+        end
+        
+        # If the name doesn't end in a dot then apply the search list.
+        if name !~ /\.$/ and @config[:dns_search]
+          @config[:searchlist].each do |domain|
+            newname = name + "." + domain
+            @logger.debug "Search(#{newname},#{Net::DNS::RR::Types.new(type)},#{Net::DNS::RR::Classes.new(cls)})"
+            ans = query(newname,type,cls)
+            return ans if ans.header.anCount > 0
+          end
+        end
+
+        # Finally, if the name has no dots then try it as is.
+        @logger.debug "Search(#{name},#{Net::DNS::RR::Types.new(type)},#{Net::DNS::RR::Classes.new(cls)})"
+        query(name+".",type,cls)
+        
+      end
+      
+      # Performs a DNS query for the given name; the search list 
+      # is not applied.  If the name doesn't contain any dots and 
+      # +defname+ is true then the default domain will be appended.
+      #
+      # The record type and class can be omitted; they default to +A+ 
+      # and +IN+.  If the name looks like an IP address (IPv4 or IPv6), 
+      # then an appropriate PTR query will be performed.
+      #
+      #   packet = res.query('mailhost')
+      #   packet = res.query('mailhost.example.com')
+      #   packet = res.query('example.com', Net::DNS::MX)
+      #   packet = res.query('user.passwd.example.com', Net::DNS::TXT, Net::DNS::HS)
+      #
+      # If the name is an IP address (Ipv4 or IPv6), in the form of a string 
+      # or a +IPAddr+ object, then an appropriate PTR query will be performed:
+      #
+      #   ip = IPAddr.new("172.16.100.2")
+      #   packet = res.query(ip)
+      #   packet = res.query("192.168.10.254")
+      #
+      # Returns a Net::DNS::Packet object. If you need to examine the response 
+      # packet whether it contains any answers or not, use the Resolver#send 
+      # method instead.
+      #
+      def query(name,type=Net::DNS::A,cls=Net::DNS::IN)
+        
+        # If the name doesn't contain any dots then append the default domain.        
+        if name !~ /\./ and name !~ /:/ and @config[:defnames]
+          name += "." + @config[:domain]
+        end
+        
+        @logger.debug "Query(#{name},#{Net::DNS::RR::Types.new(type)},#{Net::DNS::RR::Classes.new(cls)})"
+        
+        send(name,type,cls)
+        
+      end
+      
+      
+      # Performs a DNS query for the given name.  Neither the 
+      # searchlist nor the default domain will be appended.
+      #
+      # The argument list can be either a Net::DNS::Packet object 
+      # or a name string plus optional type and class, which if 
+      # omitted default to +A+ and +IN+.  
+      #
+      # Returns a Net::DNS::Packet object.
+      #
+      #   # Sending a +Packet+ object
+      #   send_packet = Net::DNS::Packet.new("host.example.com",Net::DNS::NS,Net::DNS::HS)
+      #   packet = res.send(send_packet)
+      #
+      #   # Performing a query
+      #   packet = res.send("host.example.com")
+      #   packet = res.send("host.example.com",Net::DNS::NS)
+      #   packet = res.send("host.example.com",Net::DNS::NS,Net::DNS::HS)
+      #
+      # If the name is an IP address (Ipv4 or IPv6), in the form of a string 
+      # or a IPAddr object, then an appropriate PTR query will be performed:
+      #
+      #   ip = IPAddr.new("172.16.100.2")
+      #   packet = res.send(ip)
+      #   packet = res.send("192.168.10.254")
+      #
+      # Use +packet.header.ancount+ or +packet.answer+ to find out if there 
+      # were any records in the answer section.
+      #
+      def send(argument,type=Net::DNS::A,cls=Net::DNS::IN)
+        if @config[:nameservers].size == 0
+          raise ResolverError, "No nameservers specified!"
+        end
+
+        if argument.kind_of? Net::DNS::Packet
+          packet = argument
+        else
+          packet = make_query_packet(argument,type,cls)
+        end
+        
+        # Store packet_data for performance improvements,
+        # so methods don't keep on calling Packet#data
+        packet_data = packet.data
+        packet_size = packet_data.size
+
+        # Choose whether use TCP, UDP or RAW
+        if packet_size > @config[:packet_size] # Must use TCP, either plain or raw
+          if @raw # Use raw sockets?
+            @logger.info "Sending #{packet_size} bytes using TCP over RAW socket"
+            ans = send_raw_tcp(packet,packet_data)
+          else
+            @logger.info "Sending #{packet_size} bytes using TCP"            
+            ans = send_tcp(packet,packet_data)
+          end
+        else # Packet size is inside the boundaries
+          if @raw # Use raw sockets?
+            @logger.info "Sending #{packet_size} bytes using UDP over RAW socket"            
+            ans = send_raw_udp(packet,packet_data)
+          elsif use_tcp? # User requested TCP
+            @logger.info "Sending #{packet_size} bytes using TCP"            
+            ans = send_tcp(packet,packet_data)
+          else # Finally use UDP
+            @logger.info "Sending #{packet_size} bytes using UDP"            
+            ans = send_udp(packet,packet_data)            
+          end
+        end
+
+        if ans.header.truncated? and not ignore_truncated?
+          @logger.warn "Packet truncated, retrying using TCP"
+          ans = send_tcp(packet,packet_data)
+        end
+
+        ans
+      end
+      
+      
+      private
+      
+      # Parse a configuration file specified as the argument. 
+      #
+      def parse_config_file
+        IO.foreach(@config[:config_file]) do |line|
+          line.gsub!(/\s*[;#].*/,"")
+          next unless line =~ /\S/
+          case line
+          when /^\s*domain\s+(\S+)/
+            self.domain = $1
+          when /^\s*search\s+(.*)/
+            self.searchlist = $1.split(" ")
+          when /^\s*nameserver\s+(.*)/
+            self.nameservers = $1.split(" ")
+          end
+        end
+      end
+      
+      # Parse environment variables
+      def parse_environment_variables
+        if ENV['RES_NAMESERVERS']
+          self.nameservers = ENV['RES_NAMESERVERS'].split(" ")
+        end
+        if ENV['RES_SEARCHLIST']
+          self.searchlist = ENV['RES_SEARCHLIST'].split(" ")
+        end
+        if ENV['LOCALDOMAIN']
+          self.domain = ENV['LOCALDOMAIN']
+        end
+        if ENV['RES_OPTIONS']
+          ENV['RES_OPTIONS'].split(" ").each do |opt|
+            name,val = opt.split(":")
+            begin
+              eval("self.#{name} = #{val}")
+            rescue NoMethodError
+              raise ResolverArgumentError, "Invalid ENV option #{name}"
+            end
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      def nameservers_from_name(arg)
+        arr = []
+        arg.split(" ").each do |name|
+          Resolver.new.search(name).each_address do |ip|
+            arr << ip
+          end
+        end
+        @config[:nameservers] << arr
+      end
+
+      def make_query_packet(string,type,cls)
+        case string
+        when IPAddr
+          name = string.reverse
+          type = Net::DNS::PTR
+          @logger.warn "PTR query required for address #{string}, changing type to PTR"
+        when /\d/ # Contains a number, try to see if it's an IP or IPv6 address
+          begin
+            name = IPAddr.new(string).reverse
+            type = Net::DNS::PTR            
+          rescue ArgumentError
+            name = string if valid? string
+          end
+        else
+          name = string if valid? string
+        end
+
+        # Create the packet
+        packet = Net::DNS::Packet.new(name,type,cls)
+
+        if packet.query?
+          packet.header.recursive = @config[:recursive] ? 1 : 0
+        end
+        
+        # DNSSEC and TSIG stuff to be inserted here
+        
+        packet
+
+      end
+
+      def send_tcp(packet,packet_data)
+        # Generate new TCP socket or use persistent one
+        if @config[:persistent_tcp] and @@tcp_socket
+          socket = @@tcp_socket
+          @logger.info "Using persistent socket #{socket.inspect}"
+        else
+          socket = Socket.new(Socket::AF_INET,Socket::SOCK_STREAM,0)
+          socket.bind(Socket.pack_sockaddr_in(@config[:source_port],@config[:source_address].to_s))
+          @@tcp_socket = socket if @config[:persistent_tcp]
+        end
+
+        ans = ""
+        response = ""
+        length = [packet_data.size].pack("n")
+        @config[:nameservers].each do |ns|
+          @config[:tcp_timeout].timeout do
+            sockaddr = Socket.pack_sockaddr_in(@config[:port],ns.to_s)
+            socket.connect(sockaddr)
+            socket.write(length+packet_data)
+            ans = socket.recv(Net::DNS::INT16SZ)
+            len = ans.unpack("n")[0]
+            p len
+            next if len == 0
+            ans = socket.recv(len)
+            next if ans.size == 0
+            p ans.size
+            ans = [ans,["",@config[:port],ns.to_s,ns.to_s]]
+            @logger.info "Received #{ans[0].size} bytes from #{ans[1][2]+":"+ans[1][1].to_s}"
+          end
+          response = Net::DNS::Packet.parse(ans[0],ans[1])
+        end
+        return response
+      end
+      
+      
+      def send_udp(packet,packet_data)
+        # Generate new UDP socket or use persistent one
+        if @config[:persistent_udp] and @@udp_socket
+          socket = @@udp_socket
+          @logger.info "Using persistent socket #{socket.inspect}"
+        else
+          socket = UDPSocket.new
+          socket.bind(@config[:source_address].to_s,@config[:source_port])
+          @@udp_socket = socket if @config[:persistent_udp]
+        end
+
+        ans = ""
+        response = ""
+        @config[:nameservers].each do |ns|
+          @config[:udp_timeout].timeout do
+            socket.send(packet_data,0,ns.to_s,@config[:port])
+            ans = socket.recvfrom(@config[:packet_size])
+            @logger.info "Received #{ans[0].size} bytes from #{ans[1][2]+":"+ans[1][1].to_s}"
+          end
+          response = Net::DNS::Packet.parse(ans[0],ans[1])
+        end
+        return response
+      end
+
+      def valid?(name)
+        if name =~ /[^-\w\.]/
+          raise ResolverArgumentError, "Invalid domain name #{name}"
+        else
+          true
+        end
+      end
+          
+    end # class Resolver
+  end # module DNS
+end # module Net
+
+class ResolverArgumentError < ArgumentError # :nodoc:
+end
+     
+class Hash # :nodoc: 
+  # Returns an hash with all the 
+  # keys turned into downcase
+  #
+  #   hsh = {"Test" => 1, "FooBar" => 2}
+  #   hsh.key_downcase!
+  #      #=> {"test"=>1,"foobar"=>2}
+  #
+  def key_downcase!
+    hsh = Hash.new
+    self.each do |key,val|
+      hsh[key.downcase] = val
+    end
+    self.replace(hsh)
+  end
+end
+      
+       
+      
+      
+      
+      
+      
+        
+      
+        
+