narray-nmatrix 0.6.1.0.pre

data/na_func.c

@@ -0,0 +1,1705 @@
+/*
+  na_func.c
+  Numerical Array Extention for Ruby
+    (C) Copyright 1999-2008 by Masahiro TANAKA
+
+  This program is free software.
+  You can distribute/modify this program
+  under the same terms as Ruby itself.
+  NO WARRANTY.
+*/
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include "narray.h"
+#include "narray_local.h"
+
+int
+ na_max3(int a, int b, int c)
+{
+  int m;
+
+  if ((a) > (b))
+    m = a;
+  else
+    m = b;
+  if ((c) > m)
+    m = c;
+  return m;
+}
+
+
+void
+  na_shape_max3(int ndim, int *max_shp, int *shp1, int *shp2, int *shp3)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i=0; i<ndim; ++i) {
+    max_shp[i] = na_max3(shp1[i], shp2[i], shp3[i]);
+  }
+}
+
+
+/* initialize slice structure */
+void na_init_slice( struct slice *s, int rank, int *shape, int elmsz )
+{
+  int r, i, b;
+  na_index_t *idx;
+
+  /*
+  if (rank<1)
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,"cannot execute for empty array");
+  */
+
+  /* set strides and clear index */
+  s[0].stride = 1;
+  for (r=1; r<rank; ++r)
+    s[r].stride = s[r-1].stride * shape[r-1];
+
+  for (r=0; r<rank; ++r) {
+    if ( s[r].idx == NULL )
+      /* regular interval */
+      s[r].pstep = s[r].step * s[r].stride * elmsz;
+    else {
+      /* index */
+      s[r].pstep = b = s[r].stride * elmsz;
+      /* convert index to byte-unit */
+      for (i=0; i<16; ++i)
+	if ( (1<<i) == b ) { b=i; break; }
+      if (i==16)
+	for (idx=s[r].idx,i=s[r].n; i-->0; ) { *(idx++)*=b; }
+      else
+	for (idx=s[r].idx,i=s[r].n; i-->0; ) { *(idx++)<<=b; }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /* set termination mark */
+  s[rank].n = 0;
+  s[rank].idx = NULL;
+
+  for (r=rank-1;r>=0;--r) {
+    /* set beginning pointers */
+    if ( s[r].idx == NULL )
+      s[r].pbeg = s[r].stride * s[r].beg * elmsz;
+    else
+      s[r].pbeg = s[r].idx[0];
+  }
+}
+
+
+static void
+ na_do_loop_unary( int nd, char *p1, char *p2,
+		   struct slice *s1, struct slice *s2, void (*func)() )
+{
+  int *si;
+  int  i;
+  int  ps1 = s1[0].pstep;
+  int  ps2 = s2[0].pstep;
+
+  i  = nd;
+  si = ALLOCA_N(int,nd);
+  s1[i].p = p1;
+  s2[i].p = p2;
+
+  for(;;) {
+    /* set pointers */
+    while (i > 0) {
+      --i;
+      s2[i].p = s2[i].pbeg + s2[i+1].p;
+      s1[i].p = s1[i].pbeg + s1[i+1].p;
+      si[i] = s1[i].n;
+    }
+    (*func)(s2[0].n, s1[0].p, ps1, s2[0].p, ps2);
+    /* rank up */
+    do {
+      if ( ++i >= nd ) return;
+    } while ( --si[i] == 0 );
+    /* next point */
+    s1[i].p += s1[i].pstep;
+    s2[i].p += s2[i].pstep;
+  }
+}
+
+
+static void
+ na_do_loop_binary( int nd, char *p1, char *p2, char *p3,
+		    struct slice *s1, struct slice *s2, struct slice *s3,
+		    void (*func)() )
+{
+  int i;
+  int ps1 = s1[0].pstep;
+  int ps2 = s2[0].pstep;
+  int ps3 = s3[0].pstep;
+  int *si;
+
+  si = ALLOCA_N(int,nd);
+  i  = nd;
+  s1[i].p = p1;
+  s2[i].p = p2;
+  s3[i].p = p3;
+
+  for(;;) {
+    /* set pointers */
+    while (i > 0) {
+      --i;
+      s3[i].p = s3[i].pbeg + s3[i+1].p;
+      s2[i].p = s2[i].pbeg + s2[i+1].p;
+      s1[i].p = s1[i].pbeg + s1[i+1].p;
+      si[i] = s1[i].n;
+    }
+    /* rank 0 loop */
+    (*func)(s2[0].n, s1[0].p, ps1, s2[0].p, ps2, s3[0].p, ps3);
+    /* rank up */
+    do {
+      if ( ++i >= nd ) return;
+    } while ( --si[i] == 0 );
+    /* next point */
+    s1[i].p += s1[i].pstep;
+    s2[i].p += s2[i].pstep;
+    s3[i].p += s3[i].pstep;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+void na_loop_index_ref( struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2,
+			struct slice *s1, struct slice *s2, void (*func)() )
+{
+  char *p1, *p2;
+  int nr, i, ii;
+  int ps1 = s1[0].pstep;
+  int ps2 = s2[0].pstep;
+  int *si;
+  na_index_t *idx;
+
+  /*
+  int copy;
+  if (a1->type==a2->type && s1[0].step==1 && s2[0].step==1)
+    copy = s1[0].n * na_sizeof[a1->type];
+  else
+    copy = 0;
+  */
+
+  /* Initialize */
+  nr = i = a1->rank;
+  si = ALLOCA_N(int,nr);
+  s1[i].p = a1->ptr;
+  s2[i].p = a2->ptr;
+
+  for(;;) {
+    /* set pointers */
+    while (i > 0) {
+      --i;
+      s2[i].p = s2[i].pbeg + s2[i+1].p;
+      s1[i].p = s1[i].pbeg + s1[i+1].p;
+      si[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* rank 0 loop */
+    if ( s2[0].idx == NULL ) {
+      /* regular interval */
+      /*
+      if (copy) {
+	memcpy(s1[0].p, s2[0].p, copy);
+      } else
+      */
+      (*func)(s2[0].n, s1[0].p, ps1, s2[0].p, ps2);
+    } else {
+      /* a2 has index */
+      p1 = s1[0].p;
+      p2 = s2[1].p;
+      for ( idx=s2[0].idx, ii=s2[0].n; ii-->0;) {
+	(*func)( 1, p1, 0, p2+*(idx++), 0 );
+	p1 += ps1;
+      }
+    }
+    /* rank up */
+    do {
+      if ( ++i >= nr ) return;
+    } while ( ++si[i] == s1[i].n );
+    /* next point */
+    s1[i].p += s1[i].pstep;
+    /* array2 may have index */
+    if ( s2[i].idx == NULL )
+      s2[i].p += s2[i].pstep;
+    else
+      s2[i].p = s2[i+1].p + s2[i].idx[si[i]]; /* * s2[i].pstep; */
+  }
+}
+
+
+void na_loop_general( struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2,
+		      struct slice *s1, struct slice *s2, void (*func)() )
+{
+  char *p1, *p2;
+  int nr, i, ii;
+  int ps1 = s1[0].pstep;
+  int ps2 = s2[0].pstep;
+  int *si;
+  na_index_t *idx1, *idx2;
+
+  /* Initialize */
+  nr = i = a1->rank;
+  si = ALLOCA_N(int,nr);
+  s1[i].p = a1->ptr;
+  s2[i].p = a2->ptr;
+
+  for(;;) {
+    /* set pointers */
+    while (i > 0) {
+      --i;
+      s2[i].p = s2[i].pbeg + s2[i+1].p;
+      s1[i].p = s1[i].pbeg + s1[i+1].p;
+      si[i] = 0;
+    }
+
+    /* rank 0 loop */
+    if ( s1[0].idx == NULL ) {
+      if ( s2[0].idx == NULL ) {
+	/* normal interval */
+	(*func)(s2[0].n, s1[0].p, ps1, s2[0].p, ps2);
+      } else {
+	/* s2 has index */
+	p1 = s1[0].p;
+	p2 = s2[1].p;
+	for ( idx2=s2[0].idx, ii=s2[0].n; ii-->0; ) {
+	  (*func)( 1, p1, 0, p2+*(idx2++), 0 );
+	  p1 += ps1;
+	}
+      }
+    } else {
+      if ( s2[0].idx == NULL ) {
+	/* s1 has index */
+	p1 = s1[1].p;
+	p2 = s2[0].p;
+	for ( idx1=s1[0].idx, ii=s2[0].n; ii-->0; ) {
+	  (*func)( 1, p1+*(idx1++), 0, p2, 0 );
+	  p2 += ps2;
+	}
+      } else {
+	/* s1 & s2 has index */
+	p1 = s1[1].p;
+	p2 = s2[1].p;
+	for ( idx1=s1[0].idx, idx2=s2[0].idx, ii=s2[0].n; ii-->0; ) {
+	  (*func)( 1, p1+*(idx1++), 0, p2+*(idx2++), 0 );
+	}
+      }
+    }
+
+    /* rank up */
+    do {
+      if ( ++i >= nr ) return;
+    } while ( ++si[i] == s1[i].n );
+
+    /* next point for a1 */
+    if ( s1[i].idx == NULL )
+      s1[i].p += s1[i].pstep;
+    else
+      s1[i].p = s1[i+1].p + s1[i].idx[si[i]];
+    /* next point for a2 */
+    if ( s2[i].idx == NULL )
+      s2[i].p += s2[i].pstep;
+    else
+      s2[i].p = s2[i+1].p + s2[i].idx[si[i]];
+  }
+}
+
+
+void
+ na_shape_copy( int ndim, int *shape, struct NARRAY *a )
+{
+  int i;
+
+  for (i=0; i<a->rank; ++i)
+    shape[i] = a->shape[i];
+  for (   ; i<ndim; ++i)
+    shape[i] = 1;
+}
+
+
+void
+ na_set_slice_1obj( int ndim, struct slice *slc, int *shape )
+{
+  int i;
+
+  /* for normal access */
+  for (i=0; i<ndim; ++i) {
+    slc[i].n    = shape[i];
+    slc[i].beg  = 0;
+    slc[i].step = 1;
+    slc[i].idx  = NULL;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+static int
+ na_set_slice_2obj( int ndim, struct slice *s1, struct slice *s2,
+		    int *shp1, int *shp2 )
+{
+  int i, j;
+
+  for (i=j=0; i<ndim; ++i) {
+
+    if ( shp1[i]==1 && shp2[i]>1 ) {
+      s1[j].n    =
+      s2[j].n    = shp2[i];
+      s1[j].step = 0;
+      s2[j].step = 1;
+    } else
+    if ( shp2[i]==1 && shp1[i]>1 ) {
+      s1[j].n    =
+      s2[j].n    = shp1[i];
+      s1[j].step = 1;
+      s2[j].step = 0;
+    } else
+    if ( shp1[i] == shp2[i] ) {
+      s1[j].n    =
+      s2[j].n    = shp1[i];
+      s1[j].step = 1;
+      s2[j].step = 1;
+    } else
+      rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Array size mismatch: %i != %i in %i-th dim",
+	       shp1[i], shp2[i], i);
+
+    if (j<i) {
+      shp1[j] = shp1[i];
+      shp2[j] = shp2[i];
+    }
+
+    if (j>0)
+      if ( s1[j].step == s1[j-1].step &&
+	   s2[j].step == s2[j-1].step   ) {   /* contract dimension */
+	s1[j-1].n  =
+	s2[j-1].n *= s2[j].n;
+	shp1[j-1] *= shp1[j];
+	shp2[j-1] *= shp2[j];
+	continue;
+      }
+    s1[j].beg =
+    s2[j].beg = 0;
+    s1[j].idx =
+    s2[j].idx = NULL;
+    ++j;
+  }
+
+  return j;
+}
+
+
+static int
+ na_set_slice_check(int ary_sz, int itr_sz, int i)
+{
+  if ( ary_sz == itr_sz )
+    return 1;
+  else if ( ary_sz == 1 )
+    return 0;
+  else
+    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Array size mismatch: %i != %i at %i-th dim",
+	     ary_sz, itr_sz, i);
+}
+
+
+int
+ na_set_slice_3obj( int ndim,
+		    struct slice *s1, struct slice *s2, struct slice *s3,
+		    int *shp1, int *shp2, int *shp3, int *shape )
+{
+  int i, j;
+
+  /* for repetitous access */
+  for (i=j=0; i<ndim; ++i) {
+
+    s1[j].step = na_set_slice_check(shp1[i],shape[i],i);
+    s2[j].step = na_set_slice_check(shp2[i],shape[i],i);
+    s3[j].step = na_set_slice_check(shp3[i],shape[i],i);
+
+    if (j<i) {
+      shp1[j] = shp1[i];
+      shp2[j] = shp2[i];
+      shp3[j] = shp3[i];
+    }
+
+    if (j>0) {
+      if ( s1[j].step == s1[j-1].step &&
+	   s2[j].step == s2[j-1].step &&
+	   s3[j].step == s3[j-1].step   )   /* contract dimension */
+      {
+	s1[j-1].n =
+	s2[j-1].n =
+	s3[j-1].n *= shape[i];
+
+	shp1[j-1] *= shp1[j];
+	shp2[j-1] *= shp2[j];
+	shp3[j-1] *= shp3[j];
+	continue;
+      }
+    }
+
+    s1[j].n   =
+    s2[j].n   =
+    s3[j].n   = shape[i];
+
+    s1[j].beg =
+    s2[j].beg =
+    s3[j].beg = 0;
+
+    s1[j].idx =
+    s2[j].idx =
+    s3[j].idx = NULL;
+
+    ++j;
+  }
+
+  return j;
+}
+
+
+static void
+ na_exec_unary(struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2, void (*func)())
+{
+  int  ndim;
+  int *shp1, *shp2;
+  struct slice *s1, *s2;
+
+  /* empty check */
+  if ( a1->total==0 || a2->total==0 )
+    /* rb_raise( rb_eTypeError, "cannot execute for empty array" ); */
+    return; /* do nothing */
+
+  ndim = NA_MAX(a1->rank,a2->rank);
+
+  NA_ALLOC_SLICE(s1,(ndim+1)*2,shp1,ndim*2);
+  shp2 = &shp1[ndim];
+  s2   = &s1[ndim+1];
+
+  na_shape_copy( ndim, shp1, a1 );
+  na_shape_copy( ndim, shp2, a2 );
+
+  ndim = na_set_slice_2obj( ndim, s1, s2, shp1, shp2 );
+  na_init_slice( s1, ndim, shp1, na_sizeof[a1->type] );
+  na_init_slice( s2, ndim, shp2, na_sizeof[a2->type] );
+
+  na_do_loop_unary( ndim, a1->ptr, a2->ptr, s1, s2, func );
+
+  xfree(s1);
+}
+
+
+/* a1 and/or a2 and/or a3 have extensible index */
+static void
+ na_exec_binary( struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2,
+		 struct NARRAY *a3, void (*func)() )
+{
+  int   ndim;
+  int  *itr, *shp1, *shp2, *shp3;
+  struct slice *s1, *s2, *s3;
+
+  /* empty check */
+  if (a1->total==0) return; /* do nothing */
+
+  ndim = na_max3(a1->rank, a2->rank, a3->rank);
+
+  NA_ALLOC_SLICE(s1,(ndim+1)*3,shp1,ndim*4);
+  shp2 = &shp1[ndim];
+  shp3 = &shp2[ndim];
+  itr  = &shp3[ndim];
+  s2   = &s1[ndim+1];
+  s3   = &s2[ndim+1];
+
+  na_shape_copy( ndim, shp1, a1 );
+  na_shape_copy( ndim, shp2, a2 );
+  na_shape_copy( ndim, shp3, a3 );
+  na_shape_max3( ndim, itr, shp1, shp2, shp3 );
+
+  ndim = na_set_slice_3obj( ndim, s1, s2, s3, shp1, shp2, shp3, itr );
+
+  na_init_slice(s1, ndim, shp1, na_sizeof[a1->type] );
+  na_init_slice(s2, ndim, shp2, na_sizeof[a2->type] );
+  na_init_slice(s3, ndim, shp3, na_sizeof[a3->type] );
+
+  na_do_loop_binary( ndim, a1->ptr, a2->ptr, a3->ptr, s1, s2, s3, func );
+  xfree(s1);
+}
+
+
+static void
+ na_shape_max_2obj(int ndim, int *shape, struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *tmp;
+  int  i;
+
+  /* empty check */
+  if ( a1->total==0 || a2->total==0 )
+    rb_raise( rb_eTypeError, "cannot execute for empty array" );
+
+  if (a1->rank < a2->rank) {
+    NA_SWAP(a1,a2,tmp);
+  }
+
+  for (i=0; i<a2->rank; ++i) {
+    shape[i] = NA_MAX(a1->shape[i],a2->shape[i]);
+  }
+  for (   ; i<a1->rank; ++i) {
+    shape[i] = a1->shape[i];
+  }
+  for (   ; i<ndim; ++i) {
+    shape[i] = 1;
+  }
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_make_object_extend(struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2,
+		       int type, VALUE klass)
+{
+  int  ndim;
+  int *shape;
+
+  /* empty check */
+  if ( a1->total==0 || a2->total==0 )
+    return na_make_empty(type, klass); /* return empty */
+
+  ndim  = NA_MAX(a1->rank, a2->rank);
+  shape = ALLOCA_N(int, ndim);
+  na_shape_max_2obj( ndim, shape, a1, a2 );
+
+  return na_make_object( type, ndim, shape, klass );
+}
+
+
+static ID na_bifunc_to_id(na_bifunc_t funcs)
+{
+  if (funcs==AddBFuncs)	return na_id_add;
+  if (funcs==SbtBFuncs)	return na_id_sbt;
+  if (funcs==MulBFuncs)	return na_id_mul;
+  if (funcs==DivBFuncs)	return na_id_div;
+  if (funcs==ModBFuncs)	return na_id_mod;
+  return 0;
+  /* if (funcs==PowFuncs)	return na_id_power;
+     rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "coerce_rev: function not soppurted");
+  */
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_bifunc_class(VALUE klass1, VALUE klass2)
+{
+  if ( klass2==cNArray || klass2==cNArrayScalar ) {
+    if ( klass1==cNArrayScalar ) return cNArray;
+    else return klass1;
+  }
+  return Qnil;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_bifunc(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2, VALUE klass, na_bifunc_t funcs)
+{
+  VALUE obj3;
+  ID id;
+  int type;
+
+  Check_Type(obj1, T_DATA);
+  obj2 = na_upcast_object(obj2,NA_STRUCT(obj1)->type);
+  obj1 = na_upcast_type(obj1,type=NA_STRUCT(obj2)->type);
+
+  if (klass==Qnil) {
+    klass = na_bifunc_class(CLASS_OF(obj1),CLASS_OF(obj2));
+
+    if (klass==Qnil) { /* coerce_rev */
+      if ((id=na_bifunc_to_id(funcs))!=0)
+	return rb_funcall( obj2, na_id_coerce_rev, 2, obj1, ID2SYM(id) );
+      else
+	klass = cNArray;
+    }
+  }
+
+  obj3 = na_make_object_extend(NA_STRUCT(obj1),NA_STRUCT(obj2),type,klass);
+
+  na_exec_binary( NA_STRUCT(obj3), NA_STRUCT(obj1), NA_STRUCT(obj2),
+		  funcs[type] );
+
+  return obj3;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_power(VALUE val1, VALUE val2)
+{
+  volatile VALUE obj1, obj2, obj3;
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+
+  obj1 = val1;
+  obj2 = val2;
+  GetNArray(obj1,a1);
+  obj2 = na_to_narray(obj2);
+  GetNArray(obj2,a2);
+
+  if (a1->type==NA_ROBJ && a2->type!=NA_ROBJ) {
+    obj2 = na_change_type(obj2,NA_ROBJ);
+    GetNArray(obj2,a2);
+  } else
+  if (a2->type==NA_ROBJ && a1->type!=NA_ROBJ) {
+    obj1 = na_change_type(obj1,NA_ROBJ);
+    GetNArray(obj1,a1);
+  } else
+  if (!NA_IsCOMPLEX(a1) && NA_IsCOMPLEX(a2)) {
+    obj1 = na_upcast_type(obj1,a2->type);
+    GetNArray(obj1,a1);
+  }
+
+  obj3 = na_make_object_extend( a1, a2, na_upcast[a1->type][a2->type],
+				CLASS_OF(obj1) );
+
+  na_exec_binary( NA_STRUCT(obj3), a1, a2,
+		  PowFuncs[a1->type][a2->type] );
+
+  return obj3;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_set_func(VALUE obj1, volatile VALUE obj2, na_ufunc_t funcs)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a1;
+
+  GetNArray(obj1,a1);
+  obj2 = na_cast_object(obj2,a1->type);
+
+  na_exec_unary( NA_STRUCT(obj1), NA_STRUCT(obj2), funcs[a1->type] );
+
+  return obj1;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_imag_set(VALUE obj1, volatile VALUE obj2)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a1;
+
+  GetNArray(obj1,a1);
+  obj2 = na_cast_object(obj2, na_cast_real[a1->type]);
+
+  na_exec_unary( NA_STRUCT(obj1), NA_STRUCT(obj2), ImgSetFuncs[a1->type] );
+
+  return obj1;
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_unary_func(VALUE self, const int *cast, na_ufunc_t funcs)
+{
+  VALUE ans;
+  struct NARRAY *a2;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a2);
+  ans = na_make_object(cast[a2->type], a2->rank, a2->shape, CLASS_OF(self));
+
+  na_exec_unary( NA_STRUCT(ans), a2, funcs[a2->type] );
+  return ans;
+}
+
+
+
+/* local function for comparison */
+static VALUE
+ na_compare_func(VALUE self, VALUE other, na_bifunc_t funcs)
+{
+  VALUE ans;
+  int type;
+
+  Check_Type(self, T_DATA);
+  /*if (NA_IsComplex(a1)) rb_raise();*/
+  other = na_upcast_object(other,NA_STRUCT(self)->type);
+  self = na_upcast_type(self,type=NA_STRUCT(other)->type);
+
+  ans = na_make_object_extend( NA_STRUCT(self), NA_STRUCT(other),
+			       NA_BYTE, cNArray );
+
+  na_exec_binary( NA_STRUCT(ans), NA_STRUCT(self), NA_STRUCT(other),
+		  funcs[type] );
+  return ans;
+}
+
+
+/* method: self + other */
+static VALUE na_add(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, AddBFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self - other */
+static VALUE na_sbt(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, SbtBFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self * other */
+static VALUE na_mul(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, MulBFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self / other */
+static VALUE na_div(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, DivBFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self / other */
+static VALUE na_mod(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, ModBFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self & other */
+static VALUE na_bit_and(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, BAnFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self | other */
+static VALUE na_bit_or(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, BOrFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self ^ other */
+static VALUE na_bit_xor(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, Qnil, BXoFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: atan2(y,x) */
+static VALUE na_math_atan2(VALUE module, volatile VALUE y, volatile VALUE x)
+{
+  VALUE ans;
+  struct NARRAY *ya, *xa, *aa;
+
+  if (TYPE(y) == T_ARRAY) {
+    y = na_ary_to_nary(y,cNArray);
+  } else
+  if (!IsNArray(y)) {
+    y = na_make_scalar(y,na_object_type(y));
+  }
+
+  if (TYPE(x) == T_ARRAY) {
+    x = na_ary_to_nary(x,cNArray);
+  } else
+  if (!IsNArray(x)) {
+    x = na_make_scalar(x,na_object_type(x));
+  }
+
+  GetNArray(y,ya);
+  GetNArray(x,xa);
+  if (NA_IsINTEGER(ya) && NA_IsINTEGER(xa)) {
+    y = na_upcast_type(y,NA_DFLOAT);
+    x = na_upcast_type(x,NA_DFLOAT);
+  }
+
+  ans = na_bifunc( y, x, Qnil, atan2Funcs );
+  GetNArray(ans,aa);
+
+  if (CLASS_OF(y) == cNArrayScalar && CLASS_OF(x) == cNArrayScalar)
+    SetFuncs[NA_ROBJ][aa->type](1,&ans,0,aa->ptr,0);
+
+  return ans;
+}
+
+
+
+/* singleton method: NArray.mul( obj1, obj2 ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_s_mul(VALUE klass, VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, klass, MulBFuncs ); }
+
+/* singleton method: NArray.div( obj1, obj2 ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_s_div(VALUE klass, VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_bifunc( obj1, obj2, klass, DivBFuncs ); }
+
+
+
+/* method: self.add!(other) */
+static VALUE na_add_bang(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_set_func( obj1, obj2, AddUFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.sbt!(other) */
+static VALUE na_sbt_bang(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_set_func( obj1, obj2, SbtUFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.div!(other) */
+static VALUE na_div_bang(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_set_func( obj1, obj2, DivUFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.mul!(other) */
+static VALUE na_mul_bang(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_set_func( obj1, obj2, MulUFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.mod!(other) */
+static VALUE na_mod_bang(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_set_func( obj1, obj2, ModUFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.conj! */
+static VALUE na_conj_bang(VALUE self)
+{ return na_set_func( self, self, ConjFuncs ); }
+
+
+/* method: self.swap_byte */
+static VALUE na_swap_byte(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, SwpFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.hton , self.ntoh */
+static VALUE na_hton(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, H2NFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.htov , self.vtoh */
+static VALUE na_htov(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, H2VFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: ~self */
+static VALUE na_bit_rev(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, BRvFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: -self */
+static VALUE na_neg(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, NegFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.recip */
+static VALUE na_recip(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, RcpFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.abs */
+static VALUE na_abs(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_real, AbsFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.real */
+static VALUE na_real(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_real, RealFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.imag */
+static VALUE na_imag(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_real, ImagFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.imag */
+static VALUE na_angle(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_real, AnglFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.im */
+static VALUE na_imag_mul(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_comp, ImagMulFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.conj */
+static VALUE na_conj(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_no_cast, ConjFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.floor */
+static VALUE na_floor(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_round, FloorFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.ceil */
+static VALUE na_ceil(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_round, CeilFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.round */
+static VALUE na_round(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_round, RoundFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.not */
+static VALUE na_not(VALUE self)
+{ return na_unary_func( self, na_cast_byte, NotFuncs ); }
+
+
+/* method: self.and other */
+static VALUE
+ na_cond_and(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, AndFuncs ); }
+
+/* method: self.or other */
+static VALUE
+ na_cond_or(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, Or_Funcs ); }
+
+/* method: self.xor other */
+static VALUE
+ na_cond_xor(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, XorFuncs ); }
+
+
+
+/* method: self <=> other */
+static VALUE
+ na_compare(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{ return na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, CmpFuncs ); }
+
+
+
+/* method: self.eq(other) */
+static VALUE
+ na_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+  return na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, EqlFuncs );
+}
+
+/* method: self.ne(other) */
+static VALUE
+ na_not_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+  VALUE obj;
+  int  i;  char *p;
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+
+  obj = na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, EqlFuncs );
+  GetNArray(obj,a);
+  p = a->ptr;
+  for( i=a->total; i-->0; ) {
+    *p = *p==0 ? 1 : 0;
+    ++p;
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/* method: self > other */
+static VALUE
+ na_greater_than(VALUE self, VALUE obj2)
+{
+  int  i;  char *p;
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+
+  self = na_compare_func( self, obj2, CmpFuncs );
+  GetNArray(self,a);
+  p = a->ptr;
+  for( i=a->total; i-->0; ) {
+    if (*p!=1) *p=0;
+    ++p;
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+/* method: self >= other */
+static VALUE
+ na_greater_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+  VALUE obj;
+  int  i;  char *p;
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+
+  obj = na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, CmpFuncs );
+  GetNArray(obj,a);
+  p = a->ptr;
+  for( i=a->total; i-->0; ) {
+    if (*p==1 || *p==0) *p=1;
+    else *p=0;
+    ++p;
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/* method: self < other */
+static VALUE
+ na_less_than(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+  VALUE obj;
+  int  i;  char *p;
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+
+  obj = na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, CmpFuncs );
+  GetNArray(obj,a);
+  p = a->ptr;
+  for( i=a->total; i-->0; ) {
+    if (*p==2) *p=1;
+    else *p=0;
+    ++p;
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/* method: self <= other */
+static VALUE
+ na_less_equal(VALUE obj1, VALUE obj2)
+{
+  VALUE obj;
+  int  i;  char *p;
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+
+  obj = na_compare_func( obj1, obj2, CmpFuncs );
+  GetNArray(obj,a);
+  p = a->ptr;
+  for( i=a->total; i-->0; ) {
+    if (*p==2 || *p==0) *p=1;
+    else *p=0;
+    ++p;
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+
+
+/*
+ ------- Sum, Min, Max, Transpose --------
+*/
+VALUE
+ rb_range_beg_len(VALUE range, long *begp, long *lenp, long len, int err );
+
+static int
+ na_arg_to_rank(int argc, VALUE *argv, int rankc, int *rankv, int flag)
+/* e.g.: argv=[1,3..5]
+	if flag==0
+	  rankv = [0,1,0,1,1,1,0,..]
+	else
+	  rankv = [1,3,4,5]
+*/
+{
+  int i, j, c=0;
+  long r, n;
+  VALUE v;
+
+  if (flag==0)
+    MEMZERO(rankv,int,rankc);
+
+  for (i=0;i<argc;++i) {
+    if ( c >= rankc )
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many ranks");
+
+    v = argv[i];
+
+    if (TYPE(v)==T_FIXNUM) {
+      r = NUM2INT(v);
+      if (r<0) r += rankc;     /* negative for from end */
+      if (r<0 || r>=rankc)
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "rank %ld out of range", r);
+      if (flag)
+	rankv[c] = r;
+      else
+	rankv[r] = 1;
+      ++c;
+    }
+    else
+    if (CLASS_OF(v)==rb_cRange) {
+      rb_range_beg_len( v, &r, &n, rankc, 1 );
+      if ( c+n > rankc )
+	rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many ranks");
+      if (flag) {
+	for(j=0; j<n; ++j)
+	  rankv[c++] = r++;
+      } else {
+	for(j=0; j<n; ++j) {
+	  rankv[r++] = 1;
+	  ++c;
+	}
+      }
+    }
+    else
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type");
+  }
+  return c;
+}
+
+
+
+/*  Transpose procedure  */
+static struct NARRAY *
+ na_transpose_bifunc(struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2, int *trans)
+{
+  int  i, ndim=a2->rank;
+  struct slice *s1, *s2;
+
+  s1 = ALLOC_N(struct slice, (ndim+1)*2);
+  s2 = &s1[ndim+1];
+
+  /* for Source array -- s1 is temporarily used */
+  na_set_slice_1obj(a2->rank,s1,a2->shape);
+  na_init_slice( s1, ndim, a2->shape, na_sizeof[a2->type] );
+
+  /* Transpose Slice */
+  for (i=0; i<ndim; ++i)
+    s2[i] = s1[trans[i]];
+  s2[ndim] = s1[ndim];
+
+  /* for Destination */
+  na_set_slice_1obj(a1->rank,s1,a1->shape);
+  na_init_slice( s1, ndim, a1->shape, na_sizeof[a1->type] );
+
+  /* Loop */
+  na_do_loop_unary( ndim, a1->ptr, a2->ptr, s1, s2,
+		    SetFuncs[a1->type][a2->type] );
+  xfree(s1);
+  return a1;
+}
+
+
+/* method: self.transpose( ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_transpose(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a2;
+  int i, rankc, *rankv, *shape;
+  VALUE obj;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a2);
+
+  /* Parse Argument */
+  rankv = ALLOC_N( int, NA_MAX_RANK*2 );
+  shape = &rankv[NA_MAX_RANK];
+  rankc = na_arg_to_rank( argc, argv, a2->rank, rankv, 1 );
+  if (rankc > a2->rank)
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "too many args");
+  for ( ;rankc<a2->rank; ++rankc)
+    rankv[rankc] = rankc;
+
+  /* Argument Check */
+  MEMZERO(shape,int,rankc);
+  for (i=0; i<rankc; ++i) {
+    if (shape[rankv[i]] != 0)
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"rank doublebooking");
+    shape[rankv[i]] = 1;
+  }
+
+  for (i=0; i<a2->rank; ++i)
+    shape[i] = a2->shape[rankv[i]];
+
+  obj = na_make_object(a2->type, a2->rank, shape, CLASS_OF(self));
+
+  na_transpose_bifunc( NA_STRUCT(obj), a2, rankv );
+  xfree(rankv);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+
+
+static void
+ na_accum_set_shape(int *itr_shape, int rank, int *ary_shape,
+		    int rankc, int *rankv)
+{
+  int i;
+
+  if (rankc==0) {
+    /* Accumulate all elements */
+    for (i=0; i<rank; ++i) {
+      itr_shape[i] = 1;
+      rankv[i] = 1;
+    }
+  } else {
+    /* Select Accumulate ranks */
+    for (i=0; i<rank; ++i) {
+      if (rankv[i]==1)
+	itr_shape[i] = 1;
+      else
+	itr_shape[i] = ary_shape[i];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+
+static void
+ na_zero_obj(struct NARRAY *ary)
+{
+  int i;
+  VALUE zero = INT2FIX(0);
+  VALUE *v = (VALUE*)ary->ptr;
+
+  for (i=ary->total; i>0; --i)
+    *(v++) = zero;
+}
+
+static void
+ na_zero_data(struct NARRAY *ary)
+{
+  if (ary->type==NA_ROBJ)
+    na_zero_obj(ary);
+  else
+    na_clear_data(ary);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+ na_sum_body(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int flag)
+{
+  int *shape, rankc, *rankv, cl_dim;
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+  VALUE obj, klass;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  rankv = ALLOC_N(int,a1->rank*2);
+  rankc = na_arg_to_rank( argc, argv, a1->rank, rankv, 0 );
+
+  shape = &rankv[a1->rank];
+  na_accum_set_shape( shape, a1->rank, a1->shape, rankc, rankv );
+
+  klass  = CLASS_OF(self);
+  cl_dim = na_class_dim(klass);
+  if (flag==0 && cl_dim>0 && na_shrink_class(cl_dim,rankv))
+    klass = cNArray;
+
+  obj = na_make_object(a1->type,a1->rank,shape,klass);
+  GetNArray(obj,a2);
+
+  na_zero_data(a2);
+  na_exec_unary( a2, a1, AddUFuncs[a1->type] );
+
+  if (flag==0)
+    obj = na_shrink_rank(obj,cl_dim,rankv);
+
+  xfree(rankv);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/* method: sum( rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_sum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{ return na_sum_body(argc,argv,self,0); }
+
+/* method: accum( rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_accum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{ return na_sum_body(argc,argv,self,1); }
+
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_prod_body(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, int flag)
+{
+  int *shape, rankc, *rankv, cl_dim;
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+  VALUE obj, klass;
+  int32_t one = 1;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  rankv = ALLOC_N(int,a1->rank*2);
+  rankc = na_arg_to_rank( argc, argv, a1->rank, rankv, 0 );
+
+  shape = &rankv[a1->rank];
+  na_accum_set_shape( shape, a1->rank, a1->shape, rankc, rankv );
+
+  klass  = CLASS_OF(self);
+  cl_dim = na_class_dim(klass);
+  if (flag==0 && cl_dim>0 && na_shrink_class(cl_dim,rankv))
+    klass = cNArray;
+
+  obj = na_make_object(a1->type,a1->rank,shape,klass);
+  GetNArray(obj,a2);
+
+  SetFuncs[a2->type][NA_LINT](a2->total, a2->ptr, na_sizeof[a2->type], &one, 0);
+
+  na_exec_unary( a2, a1, MulUFuncs[a1->type] );
+
+  if (flag==0)
+    obj = na_shrink_rank(obj,cl_dim,rankv);
+
+  xfree(rankv);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+/* method: prod( rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_prod(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{ return na_prod_body(argc,argv,self,0); }
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_mul_add_body(int argc, VALUE *argv, volatile VALUE self, volatile VALUE other,
+		 VALUE wrap_klass, int flag)
+{
+  VALUE ans, op_klass;
+  int  rank, cl_dim;
+  int *dst_shape, *max_shape;
+  int  rankc, *rankv;
+  int  type;
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+  other = na_upcast_object(other,a1->type);
+  GetNArray(other,a2);
+  self  = na_upcast_type(self,type=a2->type);
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  rank = NA_MAX(a1->rank,a2->rank);
+
+  rankv = ALLOC_N(int,rank*3);
+  rankc = na_arg_to_rank( argc, argv, rank, rankv, 0 );
+
+  max_shape = &rankv[rank];
+  na_shape_max_2obj(rank,max_shape,a1,a2);
+
+  dst_shape = &max_shape[rank];
+  na_accum_set_shape( dst_shape, rank, max_shape, rankc, rankv );
+
+  op_klass = na_bifunc_class(CLASS_OF(self),CLASS_OF(other));
+  if (op_klass==Qnil) /* coerce_rev --- unsupported */
+    op_klass = cNArray;
+
+  cl_dim = na_class_dim(op_klass);
+  if (flag==0 && cl_dim>0 && na_shrink_class(cl_dim,rankv))
+    op_klass = cNArray;
+
+  ans = na_make_object( type, rank, dst_shape,
+			(wrap_klass==Qnil) ? op_klass : wrap_klass);
+
+  na_zero_data( NA_STRUCT(ans) );
+  na_exec_binary( NA_STRUCT(ans), a1, a2, MulAddFuncs[type] );
+
+  if (flag==0)
+    ans = na_shrink_rank(ans,cl_dim,rankv);
+
+  xfree(rankv);
+  return ans;
+}
+
+
+
+/* method: mul_add( other, rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_mul_add(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  if (argc<2)
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments (%d for >=2)", argc);
+  return na_mul_add_body(argc-1,argv+1,self,argv[0],Qnil,0);
+}
+
+/* method: mul_accum( other, rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_mul_accum(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  if (argc<2)
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments (%d for >=2)", argc);
+  return na_mul_add_body(argc-1,argv+1,self,argv[0],Qnil,1);
+}
+
+/* singleton method: NArray.mul_add( obj1, obj2, rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_s_mul_add(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE klass)
+{
+  if (argc<3)
+    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong # of arguments (%d for >=3)", argc);
+  return na_mul_add_body(argc-2,argv+2,argv[0],argv[1],klass,0);
+}
+
+
+/* cumsum!
+ [1 2 3 4 5] -> [1 3 6 10 15]
+*/
+static VALUE
+  na_cumsum_bang(VALUE self)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+  int step;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a);
+
+  if ( a->rank != 1 )
+    rb_raise( rb_eTypeError, "only for 1-dimensional array" );
+  if ( a->total < 2 )
+    return self; /* do nothing */
+
+  step = na_sizeof[a->type];
+  AddUFuncs[a->type](a->total-1, a->ptr+step,step, a->ptr,step);
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+/* cumsum */
+static VALUE
+  na_cumsum(VALUE self)
+{
+  return na_cumsum_bang(na_clone(self));
+}
+
+
+/* cumprod!
+ [1 2 3 4 5] -> [1 3 6 10 15]
+*/
+static VALUE
+  na_cumprod_bang(VALUE self)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a;
+  int step;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a);
+
+  if ( a->rank != 1 )
+    rb_raise( rb_eTypeError, "only for 1-dimensional array" );
+  if ( a->total < 2 )
+    return self; /* do nothing */
+
+  step = na_sizeof[a->type];
+  MulUFuncs[a->type](a->total-1, a->ptr+step,step, a->ptr,step);
+
+  return self;
+}
+
+/* cumprod */
+static VALUE
+  na_cumprod(VALUE self)
+{
+  return na_cumprod_bang(na_clone(self));
+}
+
+
+/*  Copy element of idx=0  from a2 to a1, as start of accumulation */
+/*   a1->rank <= a2->rank is assumed  */
+static void
+ na_minmax_copy0(struct NARRAY *a1, struct NARRAY *a2)
+{
+  int  i, ndim=a2->rank; /* a2 has larger rank */
+  struct slice *s1, *s2;
+
+  /* Allocate Structure */
+  s1 = ALLOC_N(struct slice, (ndim+1)*2);
+  s2 = &s1[ndim+1];
+
+  na_set_slice_1obj(a1->rank,s1,a1->shape);
+  for (i=0; i<ndim; ++i) {
+    s2[i].n    = a1->shape[i]; /* no-repeat if a1->shape[i]==1 */
+    s2[i].beg  = 0;	       /* copy idx=0 */
+    s2[i].step = 1;
+    s2[i].idx  = NULL;
+  }
+
+  /* Initialize */
+  na_init_slice(s1, ndim, a1->shape, na_sizeof[a1->type] );
+  na_init_slice(s2, ndim, a2->shape, na_sizeof[a2->type] );
+  /* Loop */
+  na_do_loop_unary( ndim, a1->ptr, a2->ptr, s1, s2,
+		    SetFuncs[a1->type][a2->type] );
+  xfree(s1);
+}
+
+
+static VALUE
+ na_minmax_func(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self, na_ufunc_t funcs)
+{
+  VALUE obj, klass;
+  int *shape, rankc, *rankv, cl_dim;
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  rankv = ALLOC_N(int,a1->rank*2);
+  rankc = na_arg_to_rank( argc, argv, a1->rank, rankv, 0 );
+
+  shape = &rankv[a1->rank];
+  na_accum_set_shape( shape, a1->rank, a1->shape, rankc, rankv );
+
+  klass  = CLASS_OF(self);
+  cl_dim = na_class_dim(klass);
+  if (na_shrink_class(cl_dim,rankv)) klass = cNArray;
+
+  obj = na_make_object(a1->type,a1->rank,shape,klass);
+  GetNArray(obj,a2);
+
+  na_minmax_copy0( a2, a1 );
+  na_exec_unary( a2, a1, funcs[a1->type] );
+
+  obj = na_shrink_rank(obj, cl_dim, rankv);
+
+  xfree(rankv);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+/* method: min( rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_min(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{ return na_minmax_func(argc,argv,self,MinFuncs); }
+
+/* method: max( rank, ... ) */
+static VALUE
+ na_max(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{ return na_minmax_func(argc,argv,self,MaxFuncs); }
+
+
+
+static int
+ na_sort_number(int argc, VALUE *argv, struct NARRAY *a1)
+{
+  int i, nsort, rank;
+
+  if (argc==0) {
+    rank = a1->rank-1;
+  } else {
+    rank = NUM2INT(argv[0]);
+    if (rank >= a1->rank || rank < -a1->rank)
+      rb_raise(rb_eArgError,"illeagal rank:%i out of %i",rank,a1->rank);
+    if (rank < 0) rank += a1->rank;
+  }
+
+  nsort = 1;
+  for (i=0; i<=rank; ++i)
+    nsort *= a1->shape[i];
+  return nsort;
+}
+
+
+/* method: sort([rank]) */
+static VALUE
+ na_sort(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+  VALUE obj;
+  int  (*func)(const void*, const void*);
+  int   i, size, step, nloop, nsort;
+  char *ptr;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  nsort = na_sort_number(argc,argv,a1);
+  nloop = a1->total/nsort;
+
+  obj = na_make_object(a1->type,a1->rank,a1->shape,CLASS_OF(self));
+  GetNArray(obj,a2);
+  memcpy(a2->ptr, a1->ptr, a1->total*na_sizeof[a1->type]);
+  func = SortFuncs[a2->type];
+  size = na_sizeof[a2->type];
+  ptr  = a2->ptr;
+  step = size * nsort;
+
+  for (i=0; i<nloop; ++i) {
+    qsort( ptr, nsort, size, func );
+    ptr += step;
+  }
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+/* method: sort!([rank]) */
+static VALUE
+ na_sort_bang(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a1;
+  int  (*func)(const void*, const void*);
+  int   i, size, step, nloop, nsort;
+  char *ptr;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  nsort = na_sort_number(argc,argv,a1);
+  nloop = a1->total/nsort;
+
+  func = SortFuncs[a1->type];
+  size = na_sizeof[a1->type];
+  ptr  = a1->ptr;
+  step = size * nsort;
+
+  for (i=0; i<nloop; ++i) {
+    qsort( ptr, nsort, size, func );
+    ptr += step;
+  }
+  return self;
+}
+
+
+/* method: sort_index([rank]) */
+static VALUE
+ na_sort_index(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self)
+{
+  struct NARRAY *a1, *a2;
+  VALUE obj;
+  int  (*func)(const void*, const void*);
+  int   i, size, nloop, nsort;
+  char **ptr_ptr, **ptr_p;
+  char  *ptr_ary,  *ptr_a;
+  int32_t *ptr_i;
+
+  GetNArray(self,a1);
+
+  nsort = na_sort_number(argc,argv,a1);
+  nloop = a1->total/nsort;
+
+  size = na_sizeof[a1->type];
+  ptr_p = ptr_ptr = ALLOC_N(char*, a1->total);
+  ptr_a = ptr_ary = a1->ptr;
+
+  for (i=a1->total; i>0; --i) {
+    *(ptr_p++) = ptr_a;
+    ptr_a += size;
+  }
+
+  func = SortIdxFuncs[a1->type];
+  ptr_p = ptr_ptr;
+
+  for (i=0; i<nloop; ++i) {
+    qsort( ptr_p, nsort, sizeof(char*), func );
+    ptr_p += nsort;
+  }
+
+  obj = na_make_object(NA_LINT,a1->rank,a1->shape,CLASS_OF(self));
+  GetNArray(obj,a2);
+  ptr_p = ptr_ptr;
+  ptr_i = (int32_t*)(a2->ptr);
+  for (i=a2->total; i>0; --i) {
+    *(ptr_i++) = (int32_t)(*(ptr_p++)-ptr_ary)/size;
+  }
+  xfree(ptr_ptr);
+  return obj;
+}
+
+
+
+void Init_na_funcs(void)
+{
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "+",  na_add, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "-",  na_sbt, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "*",  na_mul, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "/",  na_div, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "%",  na_mod, 1);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "mod", "%");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "&",  na_bit_and, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "|",  na_bit_or, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "^",  na_bit_xor, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "**", na_power, 1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "add!", na_add_bang, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "sbt!", na_sbt_bang, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "mul!", na_mul_bang, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "div!", na_div_bang, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "mod!", na_mod_bang, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "imag=",na_imag_set, 1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "swap_byte", na_swap_byte, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "hton", na_hton, 0);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "ntoh", "hton");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "htov", na_htov, 0);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "vtoh", "htov");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "-@",   na_neg, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "recip",na_recip, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "abs",  na_abs, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "real", na_real, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "imag", na_imag, 0);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "image", "imag");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "angle", na_angle, 0);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "arg", "angle");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "conj", na_conj, 0);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "conjugate", "conj");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "conj!", na_conj_bang, 0);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "conjugate!", "conj!");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "im",   na_imag_mul, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "floor",na_floor, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "ceil", na_ceil, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "round",na_round, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "~",    na_bit_rev, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "not",  na_not, 0);
+
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "<=>", na_compare, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "eq",  na_equal, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "ne",  na_not_equal, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "gt",  na_greater_than, 1);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, ">",   "gt");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "ge",  na_greater_equal, 1);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, ">=",  "ge");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "lt",  na_less_than, 1);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "<",   "lt");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "le",  na_less_equal, 1);
+  rb_define_alias (cNArray, "<=",  "le");
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "and", na_cond_and, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "or",  na_cond_or, 1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "xor", na_cond_xor, 1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "mul_add",   na_mul_add, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "mul_accum", na_mul_accum, -1);
+
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "sum", na_sum, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "accum", na_accum, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "prod", na_prod, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "min", na_min, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "max", na_max, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "cumsum!", na_cumsum_bang, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "cumsum", na_cumsum, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "cumprod!", na_cumprod_bang, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "cumprod", na_cumprod, 0);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "sort", na_sort, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "sort!", na_sort_bang, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "sort_index", na_sort_index, -1);
+  rb_define_method(cNArray, "transpose", na_transpose, -1);
+
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cNArray,"mul",na_s_mul,2);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cNArray,"div",na_s_div,2);
+  rb_define_singleton_method(cNArray,"mul_add",na_s_mul_add,-1);
+
+  rb_define_module_function(rb_mNMath,"atan2",na_math_atan2,2);
+}