mystiko 0.0.1 → 0.1.0

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data/README.md

@@ -3,20 +3,10 @@
 The word mystikó is from the Greek language and means secret. Keeping
 secrets safe from unauthorized eyes is the very core purpose of encryption.
 
-Over the next few months, this code repo will grow to contain an introduction
-to encryption aimed at those who are curious about how it works.
+This gem is only intended for educational purposes and should not be used in
+serious data security applications.
 
-This will be done in a number of parts:
-
- - A look at the basic machinery common to all encryption systems.
- - A look at some famous (and infamous) encryption systems used through history.
-   In addition to seeing how they work, we'll also take a look at how they
-   failed and/or went obsolete.
- - The mystiko gem, written in ruby, that serves as a simple demonstration of
-   the principles of data encryption.
- - A challenge. For as long as secret codes have existed, secret code breakers
-   have tried to defeat them. Coming soon, see if you can decode a secret
-   message created by the above ruby code. Prizes, if any, to be determined!
+Any use for unlawful purposes is strictly forbidden.
 
 ## Installation
 
@@ -34,17 +24,141 @@ Or install it yourself as:
 
     $ gem install mystiko
 
-The mystiko gem itself will soon be found at: ( https://rubygems.org/gems/mystiko )
+The mystiko gem itself is found at: ( https://rubygems.org/gems/mystiko )
 
 ## Usage
 
-TODO: Write usage instructions here
+Mystikó is both a ruby gem and a command line utility. In order to work
+with the encryption engine two things must be done:
+
+ - An instance must be created. This is easily done with the new method.
+ - Encryption is done with the encrypt method and appropriate parameters.
+ - Decryption is done with the decrypt method and appropriate parameters.
+
+The parameters take the form of classical named/hashed parameters. Supported
+parameters include:
+
+ - in_str: "value" -- a string of input data.
+ - in_file: "name" -- the name of a file of input data. Overrides in_str.
+ - key: "value" -- the key to use for processing
+ - generator: object -- a seeded, pseudo-random number generator. Overrides key.
+ - out_str: "value" -- the string output is appended to this string.
+ - out_file: "name" -- the name of a file of output data. Overrides out_str.
+ - window: value -- the size, in bytes, of the shuffling window.
+
+The methods encrypt and decrypt both also return the resultant string of data.
+
+The command line utility displays the following message if started with no
+arguments or the "--help", "-h", or "-?" options.
+
+    Mystiko version 0.1.0
+
+    Usage summary:
+
+    $ mystiko <options>
+
+    --help,    -h, -?            # Display this help message.
+    --encrypt, -e                # Data is to be encrypted.
+    --decrypt, -d                # Data is to be decrypted.
+    --input,   -i <input data>   # Specify the input data string.
+    --read,    -r <file name>    # Specify the input data file name.
+    --write,   -w <file name>    # Specify the input data file name.
+    --key,     -k <key data>     # Specify the key data string.
+
+    Notes:
+     - A command option and a key are always required.
+     - Data input defaults to STDIN.
+     - Data output defaults to STDOUT.
+     - If -r is specified, -i is ignored.
+     - String data may be optionally enclosed in " ... "
+
+## Princples of Operation
+
+#### The Vernam Cypher
+
+The mystik&oacute; gem is a modified Vernam cypher. The classic approach to
+this type of cypher is to have a random string of data of the same length as
+the plain text data. The two streams of data are combined using the XOR
+operation. To recover the original data, the cypher data is again combined with
+the random data with the XOR operation. After one use, the random data is
+never reused.
+
+This works because the XOR operator exhibits the following identity:
+
+```ruby
+(A ^ B ^ B) == A
+```
+This is the result of the fact that:
+
+```ruby
+(X ^ X) == 0
+```
+and
+
+```ruby
+(X ^ 0) == X
+```
+
+Excepting "end run" code cracking (getting the data before/after encryption or
+getting a copy of the random data) or incompetence (poor quality or reusing the
+random data) this code can be shown to be unbreakable.
+
+It is also very cumbersome to use. It requires that both parties have access to
+large amounts of high quality random data that can only be used once. It
+requires that random data to be kept secret and that these random data remain
+synchronized.
+
+#### The Pseudo-Random Shortcut
+
+Given that large quantities of random data are bothersome to deal with, it was
+only natural that someone would start taking short-cuts. In this case, the
+one-time use random data was replaced by a pseudo-random data generator (PRNG).
+This transforms the Vernam cypher from unbreakable to laughably weak. Why?
+
+ - Any PRNG used in this way, requires an initial seed value. This seed value
+is effectively the key of the cypher. To crack the code, the attacker only
+needs to compute the seed value.
+ - Many messages start with a known sequence of bytes. A header if you will.
+These known bytes make it possible know what values were generated during the
+encryption process. This in turn allows the internal state of the PRNG to be
+modeled, greatly reducing the number of seed values that must be tested.
+ - Once a sequence of random values is known, it is often easy to determine
+what values will follow. At this point, the code is broken.
+
+The problem with the Vernam cypher is that it only maps input symbols to
+output symbols. The order of the symbols is not changed. With one-use truly
+random data, this is not a problem. Knowledge of a few random values tells
+us nothing about the values to follow. With a PRNG, they tell us a very great
+deal.
+
+#### The Scrambled Vernam Cypher
+
+To avoid the problems of the classical Vernam cypher, mystik&oacute; makes one
+significant change: The PRNG not only maps input symbols to output symbols, it
+also performs a controlled shuffle on those symbols.
+
+To recover data, in addition to anti-mapping the symbols, we need to perform a
+controlled anti-shuffle of the data.
+
+This data shuffling denies any would-be attacker knowledge of the order of the
+input data. Thus even with standard message headers, the content of the
+original message is no longer relevant.
+
+#### References
+
+- One time pads and the Vernam cypher https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One-time_pad
+- Random number generation https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_number_generation
+- The Mersenne twister  https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mersenne_Twister
+- The Random library http://ruby-doc.org/core-2.2.0/Random.html
+- Testing random number generators https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TestU01 and
+http://www.iro.umontreal.ca/~simardr/testu01/tu01.html
+- Random key generator http://randomkeygen.com/ The 256 bit WEP keys work especially well.
 
 ## Contributing
 
-Creating a good introduction to encryption is quite an undertaking. For
-this reason, any input is most welcomed. There are two basic plans by which
-this can be accomplished.
+Creating any encryption system is quite an undertaking. For this reason,
+any input is most welcomed. There are two basic plans by which this can
+be accomplished.
 
 #### Plan A
 

data/bin/mystiko

@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+#
+# Standalone execution of the Mystiko gem.
+#
+
+begin
+  require 'mystiko'
+rescue LoadError
+  require_relative '..\lib\mystiko'
+end
+
+require 'getoptlong'
+
+#Display help and exit.
+def help(message=nil)
+  puts "Mystiko version #{Mystiko::VERSION}"
+  puts
+
+  if message
+    puts message
+    puts
+  end
+
+  puts "Usage summary:"
+  puts
+  puts "$ mystiko <options>"
+  puts
+  puts "--help,    -h, -?            # Display this help message."
+  puts "--encrypt, -e                # Data is to be encrypted."
+  puts "--decrypt, -d                # Data is to be decrypted."
+  puts "--input,   -i <input data>   # Specify the input data string."
+  puts "--read,    -r <file name>    # Specify the input data file name."
+  puts "--write,   -w <file name>    # Specify the input data file name."
+  puts "--key,     -k <key data>     # Specify the key data string."
+  puts
+  puts "Notes:"
+  puts " - A command option and a key are always required."
+  puts " - Data input defaults to STDIN."
+  puts " - Data output defaults to STDOUT."
+  puts " - If -r is specified, -i is ignored."
+  puts " - String data may be optionally enclosed in \" ... \" "
+  exit
+end
+
+#Read data from stdin.
+def grab_stdin
+  result = ""
+
+  while (line = gets)
+    result << line
+  end
+
+  result
+end
+
+opts = GetoptLong.new(
+  [ "--help",    "-h", "-?", GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--encrypt", "-e", GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--decrypt", "-d", GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--input",   "-i", GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--read",    "-r", GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--write",   "-w", GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--key",     "-k", GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT ],
+  [ "--test",    "-t", GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT ])
+
+options_found = false
+parameters = {}
+command = nil
+use_stdin = use_stdout = true
+
+begin
+  opts.each do |opt, arg|
+    case opt
+    when "--help"
+      help
+    when "--encrypt"
+      fail "Only one encrypt or decrypt may be specified." if command
+      command = :encrypt
+    when "--decrypt"
+      fail "Only one encrypt or decrypt may be specified." if command
+      command = :decrypt
+    when "--input"
+      parameters[:in_str] = arg
+      use_stdin = false
+    when "--read"
+      parameters[:in_file] = arg
+      use_stdin = false
+    when "--write"
+      parameters[:out_file] = arg
+      use_stdout = false
+    when "--key"
+      parameters[:key] = arg
+    when "--test"
+      parameters[:filler] = 32
+    end
+
+    options_found = true
+  end
+
+  help unless options_found
+  fail "A key must be specified" unless parameters[:key]
+  fail "Either encrypt or decrypt must be specified." unless command
+  parameters[:in_str] = grab_stdin if use_stdin
+  result = Mystiko.new.send(command, parameters)
+  print result if use_stdout
+
+rescue => err
+  help "Error: #{err.message}"
+end

data/irbt.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+# An IRB + mystiko test bed
+
+require 'irb'
+$force_alias_read_line_module = true
+require 'mini_readline'
+
+puts "Starting an IRB console with mystiko loaded."
+
+if ARGV[0] == 'local'
+  require_relative 'lib/mystiko'
+  puts "mystiko loaded locally: #{Mystiko::VERSION}"
+
+  ARGV.shift
+else
+  require 'mystiko'
+  puts "mystiko loaded from gem: #{Mystiko::VERSION}"
+end
+
+IRB.start

data/lib/mystiko.rb

@@ -1,8 +1,23 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 
+require_relative "mystiko/encrypt"
+require_relative "mystiko/decrypt"
+require_relative "mystiko/generator"
+require_relative "mystiko/inputs"
+require_relative "mystiko/outputs"
 require_relative "mystiko/version"
 
-# The Mystiko module is where all the data encryption classes reside.
-module Mystiko
-  # Your code goes here...
+# The Mystiko class is where all the data encryption code resides.
+class Mystiko
+
+  #Set up an encryption object.
+  def initialize
+    @filler = Random.new
+  end
+
+  #Get a decoy filler byte.
+  def filler_byte
+    @fill_value || @filler.rand(256)
+  end
+
 end

data/lib/mystiko/decrypt.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+require 'English'
+
+#* decrypt.rb -- Data decryption.
+class Mystiko
+
+  #Perform data decryption
+  def decrypt(args={})
+    process_inputs(args)
+    setup_cypher_input
+    do_decryption
+    setup_clear_output
+    process_outputs(args)
+  end
+
+  #Get the cypher (aka encrypted) input data set up.
+  def setup_cypher_input
+    @input   = @input.bytes
+    @offsets = (0...@window).to_a
+    @offset  = @window
+  end
+
+  #Do the actual decryption work.
+  #<br>Endemic Code Smells
+  #* :reek:TooManyStatements
+  def do_decryption
+    result = Array.new(@input.length + @window, 32)
+
+    @input.each do | value |
+      index = @generator.rand(@window)
+      result[@offsets[index]] = value ^ @generator.rand(256)
+
+      @offsets.delete_at(index)
+      @offsets << @offset
+      @offset += 1
+    end
+
+    @output = result.pack("C*")
+  end
+
+  #Get the clear (aka unencrypted) output data set up.
+  def setup_clear_output
+    @offsets = @offset = nil
+
+    if /^[0-9a-z]+;/ =~ @output
+      @output = $POSTMATCH[0...($MATCH.to_i(36))]
+    else
+      fail "Unable to recover data."
+    end
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/mystiko/encrypt.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+#* encrypt.rb -- Data encryption.
+class Mystiko
+
+  #Perform data encryption
+  def encrypt(args={})
+    process_inputs(args)
+    setup_clear_input
+    do_encryption
+    setup_cypher_output
+    process_outputs(args)
+  end
+
+  #Get the clear (aka unencrypted) input data set up.
+  def setup_clear_input
+    temp    = @input.bytes
+    @input  = "#{temp.length.to_s(36)};".bytes + temp
+    @length = @input.length
+    @data   = @input[0...@window]
+
+    (@window - (@offset = @data.length)).times do
+      @data << filler_byte
+    end
+  end
+
+  #Do the actual encryption work.
+  def do_encryption
+    result, processed = [], 0
+
+    while processed < @length
+      index = @generator.rand(@window)
+      result << (@data.delete_at(index) ^ @generator.rand(256))
+
+      @data << (@input[@offset] || filler_byte)
+      @offset += 1
+
+      processed += 1 if (index + processed) < @length
+    end
+
+    @output = result.pack("C*")
+  end
+
+  #Get the cypher (aka encrypted) output data set up.
+  def setup_cypher_output
+    @data = @offset = nil   # Just cleanup.
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/mystiko/generator.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+require 'fibonacci_rng'
+require 'composite_rng'
+
+#* generator.rb -- The internal pseudo-random number generator.
+class Mystiko
+
+  #A specialized variant of the composite pseudo RNG.
+  class Generator < CompositeRng
+
+    #Create the default pseudo random data generator.
+    #<br> Endemic Code Smells
+    #* :reek:FeatureEnvy
+    def initialize(key)
+      parent = FibonacciRng.new(key)
+      child = Random.new(parent.hash_value)
+      super(parent, child, 31, 31)
+    end
+
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/mystiko/inputs.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+#* inputs.rb -- Common input parameter processing.
+class Mystiko
+
+  # The array of input bytes
+  attr_reader :input
+
+  # The sliding window size.
+  attr_reader :window
+
+  # The source of simulated entropy
+  attr_reader :generator
+
+  #Perform common input argument processing.
+  def process_inputs(args)
+    @input = ((name = args[:in_file]) && (IO.read(name, mode: "rb"))) ||
+             args[:in_str]                                            ||
+             fail("An input must be specified.")
+
+    @generator = args[:generator]                              ||
+                 ((key = args[:key]) && Generator.new(key))    ||
+                 fail("A key or generator must be specified.")
+
+    @window = args[:window] || 16
+
+    #The filler value is for testing purposes only. It should
+    #not be specified when secure operation is desired.
+    @fill_value = args[:filler]
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/mystiko/outputs.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+# coding: utf-8
+
+#* outputs.rb -- Common output parameter processing.
+class Mystiko
+
+  #Access to the output instance variable
+  #<br>Endemic Code Smells
+  # :reek:Attribute -- Access needed for testing only.
+  attr_accessor :output
+
+  #Perform common output argument processing.
+  #<br>Returns
+  #* The output string.
+  def process_outputs(args)
+    @input = @generator = @window = @fill_value = nil   # Cover our tracks.
+
+    if (name = args[:out_file])
+      IO.write(name, @output, mode: "wb")
+    elsif (out_str = args[:out_str])
+      out_str << @output
+    end
+
+    (_, @output = @output, nil)[0]    # Return output and erase it.
+  end
+
+end

data/lib/mystiko/version.rb

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 # coding: utf-8
 
-module Mystiko
+class Mystiko
   #The version of this encryption library.
-  VERSION = "0.0.1"
+  VERSION = "0.1.0"
 end

data/mystiko.gemspec

@@ -9,22 +9,21 @@ Gem::Specification.new do |spec|
   spec.authors       = ["Peter Camilleri"]
   spec.email         = ["peter.c.camilleri@gmail.com"]
 
-#  spec.summary       = "A introduction to the world of encryption."
-#  spec.description   = "A brief primer on the fundamentals of encryption."
-
-  spec.summary       = "A temp place holder."
-  spec.description   = "A temp place holder. Work in progress."
+  spec.summary       = "A simple data security system."
+  spec.description   = "An example of a simple data security system."
 
   spec.homepage      = "http://teuthida-technologies.com/"
   spec.license       = "MIT"
 
   spec.files         = `git ls-files -z`.split("\x0").reject { |f| f.match(%r{^(tests)/}) }
-  spec.bindir        = "exe"
-  spec.executables   = spec.files.grep(%r{^exe/}) { |f| File.basename(f) }
+  spec.executables   = ["mystiko"]
   spec.require_paths = ["lib"]
 
   spec.platform      = Gem::Platform::RUBY
-  spec.required_ruby_version = '>=1.9.3'
+  spec.required_ruby_version = '>=2.1.0'
+
+  spec.add_runtime_dependency 'fibonacci_rng', ">= 1.1.1"
+  spec.add_runtime_dependency 'composite_rng', ">= 0.1.0"
 
   spec.add_development_dependency "bundler", "~> 1.11"
   spec.add_development_dependency "rake", "~> 10.0"

data/mystiko.reek

@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+---
+Attribute:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+BooleanParameter:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+ClassVariable:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+ControlParameter:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+DataClump:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_copies: 2
+  min_clump_size: 2
+DuplicateMethodCall:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_calls: 1
+  allow_calls: []
+FeatureEnvy:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+IrresponsibleModule:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+LongParameterList:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_params: 3
+  overrides:
+    initialize:
+      max_params: 5
+LongYieldList:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_params: 3
+NestedIterators:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_allowed_nesting: 1
+  ignore_iterators: []
+NilCheck:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+PrimaDonnaMethod:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+RepeatedConditional:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_ifs: 2
+TooManyInstanceVariables:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_instance_variables: 9
+TooManyMethods:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_methods: 25
+TooManyStatements:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude:
+  - initialize
+  max_statements: 7
+UncommunicativeMethodName:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  reject:
+  - !ruby/regexp /^[a-z]$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[0-9]$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[A-Z]/
+  accept: []
+UncommunicativeModuleName:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  reject:
+  - !ruby/regexp /^.$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[0-9]$/
+  accept:
+  - Inline::C
+UncommunicativeParameterName:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  reject:
+  - !ruby/regexp /^.$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[0-9]$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[A-Z]/
+  - !ruby/regexp /^_/
+  accept: []
+UncommunicativeVariableName:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  reject:
+  - !ruby/regexp /^.$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[0-9]$/
+  - !ruby/regexp /[A-Z]/
+  accept:
+  - _
+UnusedParameters:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+UtilityFunction:
+  enabled: true
+  exclude: []
+  max_helper_calls: 1
+UnusedPrivateMethod:
+  enabled: false
+  exclude: []

data/rakefile.rb

@@ -34,6 +34,11 @@ task :reek do |t|
   `reek --no-color lib > reek.txt`
 end
 
+desc "Run an IRB Session with mystiko loaded."
+task :console do
+  system "ruby irbt.rb local"
+end
+
 desc "What version of mystiko is this?"
 task :vers do |t|
   puts

metadata

@@ -1,15 +1,43 @@
 --- !ruby/object:Gem::Specification
 name: mystiko
 version: !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-  version: 0.0.1
+  version: 0.1.0
 platform: ruby
 authors:
 - Peter Camilleri
 autorequire: 
-bindir: exe
+bindir: bin
 cert_chain: []
-date: 2016-05-29 00:00:00.000000000 Z
+date: 2016-06-14 00:00:00.000000000 Z
 dependencies:
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: fibonacci_rng
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 1.1.1
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 1.1.1
+- !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
+  name: composite_rng
+  requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.1.0
+  type: :runtime
+  prerelease: false
+  version_requirements: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
+    requirements:
+    - - ">="
+      - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
+        version: 0.1.0
 - !ruby/object:Gem::Dependency
   name: bundler
   requirement: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
@@ -66,10 +94,11 @@ dependencies:
     - - ">="
       - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
         version: 0.4.8
-description: A temp place holder. Work in progress.
+description: An example of a simple data security system.
 email:
 - peter.c.camilleri@gmail.com
-executables: []
+executables:
+- mystiko
 extensions: []
 extra_rdoc_files: []
 files:
@@ -77,10 +106,17 @@ files:
 - Gemfile
 - LICENSE.txt
 - README.md
-- crypto_101/part_01/README.md
+- bin/mystiko
+- irbt.rb
 - lib/mystiko.rb
+- lib/mystiko/decrypt.rb
+- lib/mystiko/encrypt.rb
+- lib/mystiko/generator.rb
+- lib/mystiko/inputs.rb
+- lib/mystiko/outputs.rb
 - lib/mystiko/version.rb
 - mystiko.gemspec
+- mystiko.reek
 - rakefile.rb
 - reek.txt
 homepage: http://teuthida-technologies.com/
@@ -95,7 +131,7 @@ required_ruby_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
   requirements:
   - - ">="
     - !ruby/object:Gem::Version
-      version: 1.9.3
+      version: 2.1.0
 required_rubygems_version: !ruby/object:Gem::Requirement
   requirements:
   - - ">="
@@ -106,6 +142,6 @@ rubyforge_project:
 rubygems_version: 2.2.2
 signing_key: 
 specification_version: 4
-summary: A temp place holder.
+summary: A simple data security system.
 test_files: []
 has_rdoc: 

data/crypto_101/part_01/README.md

@@ -1,40 +0,0 @@
-# Welcome to Cyrpto 101
-
-This series of lessons is a basic level primer on encryption. The target
-audience is programmers curious about how encryption works but not in love
-with pages of confusing mathematical scribblings. It is not really solid
-enough to use as a basis for those wishing to delve deeply into the field
-but may still serve as a starting point for such a path.
-
-The examination of encryption will look at a number of sources.
-
-- The theory behind how encryption works.
-- An examination of actual encryption systems that are deployed in the field.
-- A look at some examples of epic failures through the years.
-- We will build up a simple example encryption system in the ruby language.
-
-Keep in my that this primer will keep things on a basic level. As a result
-we will avoid digging into the leading edge of security apparatus. The NSA
-most certainly has nothing to fear here.
-
-Finally, it is a goal to keep the tone light and informal. Furthermore, since
-I am not particularly learned, this will _not_ be a learned dissertation.
-
-## Encryption Basics
-
-There are many occasions that require moving and/or storing information in a
-secure manner. Some of these include:
-
-- Protecting personal information for customers or citizens.
-- Protecting financial information during business transactions.
-- Protecting the secrecy during military operations.
-- Protecting intellectual property from industrial espionage.
-- Protecting the operation of banking systems or power grids.
-- Protecting... well you get it. There's a lot that needs protecting.
-
-So, just what does protecting mean in this context? In each case above, there
-is information. That information is plainly visible to the originator of the
-information. It needs to be made plainly visible to the intended recipient of
-that information. It needs to be kept out of the hands who are not authorized
-to possess or use that information.
-