modern_treasury 0.0.0 → 0.1.0.pre.alpha.15

data/lib/modern_treasury/base_model.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,1191 @@
+# frozen_string_literal: true
+
+module ModernTreasury
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  module Converter
+    # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    def coerce(value) = value
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    def dump(value) = value
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def try_strict_coerce(value) = (raise NotImplementedError)
+
+    # rubocop:enable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+
+    class << self
+      # @private
+      #
+      # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class] .
+      #
+      #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+      #
+      #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+      #
+      #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+      #
+      #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+      #
+      # @return [Proc]
+      #
+      def type_info(spec)
+        case spec
+        in Hash
+          type_info(spec.slice(:const, :enum, :union).first&.last)
+        in Proc
+          spec
+        in ModernTreasury::Converter | Class
+          -> { spec }
+        in true | false
+          -> { ModernTreasury::BooleanModel }
+        in NilClass | true | false | Symbol | Integer | Float
+          -> { spec.class }
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      #
+      # Based on `target`, transform `value` into `target`, to the extent possible:
+      #
+      #   1. if the given `value` conforms to `target` already, return the given `value`
+      #   2. if it's possible and safe to convert the given `value` to `target`, then the
+      #      converted value
+      #   3. otherwise, the given `value` unaltered
+      #
+      # @param target [ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+      # @param value [Object]
+      #
+      # @return [Object]
+      #
+      def coerce(target, value)
+        case target
+        in ModernTreasury::Converter
+          target.coerce(value)
+        in Class
+          case target
+          in -> { _1 <= NilClass }
+            nil
+          in -> { _1 <= Integer }
+            value.is_a?(Numeric) ? Integer(value) : value
+          in -> { _1 <= Float }
+            value.is_a?(Numeric) ? Float(value) : value
+          in -> { _1 <= Symbol }
+            value.is_a?(String) ? value.to_sym : value
+          in -> { _1 <= String }
+            value.is_a?(Symbol) ? value.to_s : value
+          in -> { _1 <= Date || _1 <= Time }
+            value.is_a?(String) ? target.parse(value) : value
+          in -> { _1 <= IO }
+            value.is_a?(String) ? StringIO.new(value) : value
+          else
+            value
+          end
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      #
+      # @param target [ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+      # @param value [Object]
+      #
+      # @return [Object]
+      #
+      def dump(target, value)
+        case target
+        in ModernTreasury::Converter
+          target.dump(value)
+        else
+          value
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @private
+      #
+      # The underlying algorithm for computing maximal compatibility is subject to
+      #   future improvements.
+      #
+      #   Similar to `#.coerce`, used to determine the best union variant to decode into.
+      #
+      #   1. determine if strict-ish coercion is possible
+      #   2. return either result of successful coercion or if loose coercion is possible
+      #   3. return a score for recursively tallied count for fields that can be coerced
+      #
+      # @param target [ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+      # @param value [Object]
+      #
+      # @return [Object]
+      #
+      def try_strict_coerce(target, value)
+        case target
+        in ModernTreasury::Converter
+          target.try_strict_coerce(value)
+        in Class
+          case [target, value]
+          in [-> { _1 <= NilClass }, _]
+            [true, nil, value.nil? ? 1 : 0]
+          in [-> { _1 <= Integer }, Numeric]
+            [true, Integer(value), 1]
+          in [-> { _1 <= Float }, Numeric]
+            [true, Float(value), 1]
+          in [-> { _1 <= Symbol }, String]
+            [true, value.to_sym, 1]
+          in [-> { _1 <= String }, Symbol]
+            [true, value.to_s, 1]
+          in [-> { _1 <= Date || _1 <= Time }, String]
+            ModernTreasury::Util.suppress(ArgumentError, Date::Error) do
+              return [true, target.parse(value), 1]
+            end
+            [false, false, 0]
+          in [_, ^target]
+            [true, value, 1]
+          else
+            [false, false, 0]
+          end
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  # When we don't know what to expect for the value.
+  class Unknown
+    extend ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    # rubocop:disable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.===(other) = true
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.==(other) = other.is_a?(Class) && other <= ModernTreasury::Unknown
+
+    # @!parse
+    #   # @private
+    #   #
+    #   # @param value [Object]
+    #   #
+    #   # @return [Object]
+    #   #
+    #   def self.coerce(value) = super
+
+    # @!parse
+    #   # @private
+    #   #
+    #   # @param value [Object]
+    #   #
+    #   # @return [Object]
+    #   #
+    #   def self.dump(value) = super
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def self.try_strict_coerce(value)
+      # prevent unknown variant from being chosen during the first coercion pass
+      [false, true, 0]
+    end
+
+    # rubocop:enable Lint/UnusedMethodArgument
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  # Ruby has no Boolean class; this is something for models to refer to.
+  class BooleanModel
+    extend ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.===(other) = other == true || other == false
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.==(other) = other.is_a?(Class) && other <= ModernTreasury::BooleanModel
+
+    # @!parse
+    #   # @private
+    #   #
+    #   # @param value [Boolean, Object]
+    #   #
+    #   # @return [Boolean, Object]
+    #   #
+    #   def self.coerce(value) = super
+
+    # @!parse
+    #   # @private
+    #   #
+    #   # @param value [Boolean, Object]
+    #   #
+    #   # @return [Boolean, Object]
+    #   #
+    #   def self.dump(value) = super
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def self.try_strict_coerce(value)
+      case value
+      in true | false
+        [true, value, 1]
+      else
+        [false, false, 0]
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  # A value from among a specified list of options. OpenAPI enum values map to Ruby
+  #   values in the SDK as follows:
+  #
+  #   1. boolean => true | false
+  #   2. integer => Integer
+  #   3. float => Float
+  #   4. string => Symbol
+  #
+  #   We can therefore convert string values to Symbols, but can't convert other
+  #   values safely.
+  class Enum
+    extend ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    # All of the valid Symbol values for this enum.
+    #
+    # @return [Array<NilClass, Boolean, Integer, Float, Symbol>]
+    #
+    def self.values = (@values ||= constants.map { const_get(_1) })
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # Guard against thread safety issues by instantiating `@values`.
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.finalize! = values
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.===(other) = values.include?(other)
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.==(other)
+      other.is_a?(Class) && other <= ModernTreasury::Enum && other.values.to_set == values.to_set
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [String, Symbol, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Symbol, Object]
+    #
+    def self.coerce(value) = (value.is_a?(String) ? value.to_sym : value)
+
+    # @!parse
+    #   # @private
+    #   #
+    #   # @param value [Symbol, Object]
+    #   #
+    #   # @return [Symbol, Object]
+    #   #
+    #   def self.dump(value) = super
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def self.try_strict_coerce(value)
+      return [true, value, 1] if values.include?(value)
+
+      case value
+      in String if values.include?(val = value.to_sym)
+        [true, val, 1]
+      else
+        case [value, values.first]
+        in [true | false, true | false] | [Integer, Integer] | [Symbol | String, Symbol]
+          [false, true, 0]
+        else
+          [false, false, 0]
+        end
+      end
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  class Union
+    extend ModernTreasury::Extern
+    extend ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # All of the specified variant info for this union.
+    #
+    # @return [Array<Array(Symbol, Proc)>]
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.known_variants = (@known_variants ||= [])
+
+    class << self
+      # @private
+      #
+      # All of the specified variants for this union.
+      #
+      # @return [Array<Array(Symbol, Object)>]
+      #
+      protected def variants
+        @known_variants.map { |key, variant_fn| [key, variant_fn.call] }
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param property [Symbol]
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.discriminator(property)
+      case property
+      in Symbol
+        @discriminator = property
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param key [Symbol, Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class] .
+    #
+    #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.variant(key, spec = nil)
+      variant_info =
+        case key
+        in Symbol
+          [key, ModernTreasury::Converter.type_info(spec)]
+        in Proc | ModernTreasury::Converter | Class | Hash
+          [nil, ModernTreasury::Converter.type_info(key)]
+        end
+
+      known_variants << variant_info
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [ModernTreasury::Converter, Class, nil]
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.resolve_variant(value)
+      case [@discriminator, value]
+      in [_, ModernTreasury::BaseModel]
+        value.class
+      in [Symbol, Hash]
+        key =
+          if value.key?(@discriminator)
+            value.fetch(@discriminator)
+          elsif value.key?((discriminator = @discriminator.to_s))
+            value.fetch(discriminator)
+          end
+
+        key = key.to_sym if key.is_a?(String)
+        _, resolved = known_variants.find { |k,| k == key }
+        resolved.nil? ? ModernTreasury::Unknown : resolved.call
+      else
+        nil
+      end
+    end
+
+    # rubocop:disable Style/HashEachMethods
+    # rubocop:disable Style/CaseEquality
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.===(other)
+      known_variants.any? do |_, variant_fn|
+        variant_fn.call === other
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def self.==(other)
+      other.is_a?(Class) && other <= ModernTreasury::Union && other.variants == variants
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    def self.coerce(value)
+      if (variant = resolve_variant(value))
+        return ModernTreasury::Converter.coerce(variant, value)
+      end
+
+      matches = []
+
+      known_variants.each do |_, variant_fn|
+        variant = variant_fn.call
+
+        case ModernTreasury::Converter.try_strict_coerce(variant, value)
+        in [true, coerced, _]
+          return coerced
+        in [false, true, score]
+          matches << [score, variant]
+        in [false, false, _]
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      # rubocop:disable Style/NumberedParametersLimit
+      _, variant = matches.sort! { _2.first <=> _1.first }.find { |score,| !score.zero? }
+      # rubocop:enable Style/NumberedParametersLimit
+      variant.nil? ? value : ModernTreasury::Converter.coerce(variant, value)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Object]
+    #
+    def self.dump(value)
+      if (variant = resolve_variant(value))
+        return ModernTreasury::Converter.dump(variant, value)
+      end
+
+      known_variants.each do |_, variant_fn|
+        variant = variant_fn.call
+        if variant === value
+          return ModernTreasury::Converter.dump(variant, value)
+        end
+      end
+      value
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def self.try_strict_coerce(value)
+      # TODO(ruby) this will result in super linear decoding behaviour for nested unions
+      # follow up with a decoding context that captures current strictness levels
+      if (variant = resolve_variant(value))
+        return Converter.try_strict_coerce(variant, value)
+      end
+
+      coercible = false
+      max_score = 0
+
+      known_variants.each do |_, variant_fn|
+        variant = variant_fn.call
+
+        case ModernTreasury::Converter.try_strict_coerce(variant, value)
+        in [true, coerced, score]
+          return [true, coerced, score]
+        in [false, true, score]
+          coercible = true
+          max_score = [max_score, score].max
+        in [false, false, _]
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      [false, coercible, max_score]
+    end
+
+    # rubocop:enable Style/CaseEquality
+    # rubocop:enable Style/HashEachMethods
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  # Array of items of a given type.
+  class ArrayOf
+    include ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    def self.[](...) = new(...)
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def ===(other)
+      type = item_type
+      case other
+      in Array
+        # rubocop:disable Style/CaseEquality
+        other.all? { type === _1 }
+        # rubocop:enable Style/CaseEquality
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def ==(other) = other.is_a?(ModernTreasury::ArrayOf) && other.item_type == item_type
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Enumerable, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array<Object>, Object]
+    #
+    def coerce(value)
+      type = item_type
+      case value
+      in Enumerable unless value.is_a?(Hash)
+        value.map { ModernTreasury::Converter.coerce(type, _1) }
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Enumerable, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array<Object>, Object]
+    #
+    def dump(value)
+      type = item_type
+      case value
+      in Enumerable unless value.is_a?(Hash)
+        value.map { ModernTreasury::Converter.dump(type, _1) }.to_a
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def try_strict_coerce(value)
+      case value
+      in Array
+        type = item_type
+        great_success = true
+        tally = 0
+
+        mapped =
+          value.map do |item|
+            case ModernTreasury::Converter.try_strict_coerce(type, item)
+            in [true, coerced, score]
+              tally += score
+              coerced
+            in [false, true, score]
+              great_success = false
+              tally += score
+              item
+            in [false, false, _]
+              great_success &&= item.nil?
+              item
+            end
+          end
+
+        if great_success
+          [true, mapped, tally]
+        else
+          [false, true, tally]
+        end
+      else
+        [false, false, 0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @return [ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    protected def item_type = @item_type_fn.call
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param type_info [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}] .
+    #
+    #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+    #
+    def initialize(type_info, spec = {})
+      @item_type_fn = ModernTreasury::Converter.type_info(type_info || spec)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  # Hash of items of a given type.
+  class HashOf
+    include ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    private_class_method :new
+
+    def self.[](...) = new(...)
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def ===(other)
+      type = item_type
+      case other
+      in Hash
+        other.all? do |key, val|
+          case [key, val]
+          in [Symbol | String, ^type]
+            true
+          else
+            false
+          end
+        end
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def ==(other) = other.is_a?(ModernTreasury::HashOf) && other.item_type == item_type
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Hash{Object=>Object}, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Object]
+    #
+    def coerce(value)
+      type = item_type
+      case value
+      in Hash
+        value.to_h do |key, val|
+          coerced = ModernTreasury::Converter.coerce(type, val)
+          [key.is_a?(String) ? key.to_sym : key, coerced]
+        end
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Hash{Object=>Object}, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Object]
+    #
+    def dump(value)
+      type = item_type
+      case value
+      in Hash
+        value.transform_values do |val|
+          ModernTreasury::Converter.dump(type, val)
+        end
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def try_strict_coerce(value)
+      case value
+      in Hash
+        type = item_type
+        great_success = true
+        tally = 0
+
+        mapped =
+          value.transform_values do |val|
+            case ModernTreasury::Converter.try_strict_coerce(type, val)
+            in [true, coerced, score]
+              tally += score
+              coerced
+            in [false, true, score]
+              great_success = false
+              tally += score
+              val
+            in [false, false, _]
+              great_success &&= val.nil?
+              val
+            end
+          end
+
+        if great_success
+          [true, mapped, tally]
+        else
+          [false, true, tally]
+        end
+      else
+        [false, false, 0]
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @return [ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    protected def item_type = @item_type_fn.call
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param type_info [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}] .
+    #
+    #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+    #
+    def initialize(type_info, spec = {})
+      @item_type_fn = ModernTreasury::Converter.type_info(type_info || spec)
+    end
+  end
+
+  # @private
+  #
+  # @abstract
+  #
+  class BaseModel
+    extend ModernTreasury::Extern
+    extend ModernTreasury::Converter
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # Assumes superclass fields are totally defined before fields are accessed /
+    #   defined on subclasses.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Hash{Symbol=>Object}}]
+    #
+    def self.known_fields
+      @known_fields ||= (self < ModernTreasury::BaseModel ? superclass.known_fields.dup : {})
+    end
+
+    class << self
+      # @private
+      #
+      # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Hash{Symbol=>Object}}]
+      #
+      def fields
+        known_fields.transform_values do |field|
+          {**field.except(:type_fn), type: field.fetch(:type_fn).call}
+        end
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Proc}]
+    #
+    def self.defaults = (@defaults ||= {})
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param name_sym [Symbol]
+    #
+    # @param required [Boolean]
+    #
+    # @param type_info [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}] .
+    #
+    #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.add_field(name_sym, required:, type_info:, spec:)
+      type_fn, info =
+        case type_info
+        in Proc | Class | ModernTreasury::Converter
+          [ModernTreasury::Converter.type_info({**spec, union: type_info}), spec]
+        in Hash
+          [ModernTreasury::Converter.type_info(type_info), type_info]
+        end
+
+      fallback = info[:const]
+      defaults[name_sym] = fallback if required && !info[:nil?] && info.key?(:const)
+
+      key = info.fetch(:api_name, name_sym)
+      setter = "#{name_sym}="
+
+      if known_fields.key?(name_sym)
+        [name_sym, setter].each { undef_method(_1) }
+      end
+
+      known_fields[name_sym] = {mode: @mode, key: key, required: required, type_fn: type_fn}
+
+      define_method(setter) do |val|
+        @data[key] = val
+      end
+
+      define_method(name_sym) do
+        field_type = type_fn.call
+        value = @data.fetch(key) { self.class.defaults[key] }
+        ModernTreasury::Converter.coerce(field_type, value)
+      rescue StandardError
+        name = self.class.name.split("::").last
+        raise ModernTreasury::ConversionError.new(
+          "Failed to parse #{name}.#{name_sym} as #{field_type.inspect}. " \
+          "To get the unparsed API response, use #{name}[:#{key}]."
+        )
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param name_sym [Symbol]
+    #
+    # @param type_info [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}] .
+    #
+    #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+    #
+    def self.required(name_sym, type_info, spec = {})
+      add_field(name_sym, required: true, type_info: type_info, spec: spec)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param name_sym [Symbol]
+    #
+    # @param type_info [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, Proc, ModernTreasury::Converter, Class]
+    #
+    # @param spec [Hash{Symbol=>Object}] .
+    #
+    #   @option spec [NilClass, TrueClass, FalseClass, Integer, Float, Symbol] :const
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :enum
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Proc] :union
+    #
+    #   @option spec [Boolean] :"nil?"
+    #
+    def self.optional(name_sym, type_info, spec = {})
+      add_field(name_sym, required: false, type_info: type_info, spec: spec)
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # `request_only` attributes not excluded from `.#coerce` when receiving responses
+    #   even if well behaved servers should not send them
+    #
+    # @param blk [Proc]
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.request_only(&blk)
+      @mode = :dump
+      blk.call
+    ensure
+      @mode = nil
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # `response_only` attributes are omitted from `.#dump` when making requests
+    #
+    # @param blk [Proc]
+    #
+    private_class_method def self.response_only(&blk)
+      @mode = :coerce
+      blk.call
+    ensure
+      @mode = nil
+    end
+
+    # @param other [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Boolean]
+    #
+    def ==(other)
+      case other
+      in ModernTreasury::BaseModel
+        self.class.fields == other.class.fields && @data == other.to_h
+      else
+        false
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [ModernTreasury::BaseModel, Hash{Object=>Object}, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [ModernTreasury::BaseModel, Object]
+    #
+    def self.coerce(value)
+      case ModernTreasury::Util.coerce_hash(value)
+      in Hash => coerced
+        new(coerced)
+      else
+        value
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [ModernTreasury::BaseModel, Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Object=>Object}, Object]
+    #
+    def self.dump(value)
+      unless (coerced = ModernTreasury::Util.coerce_hash(value)).is_a?(Hash)
+        return value
+      end
+
+      values = coerced.filter_map do |key, val|
+        name = key.to_sym
+        case (field = known_fields[name])
+        in nil
+          [name, val]
+        else
+          mode, type_fn, api_name = field.fetch_values(:mode, :type_fn, :key)
+          case mode
+          in :coerce
+            next
+          else
+            target = type_fn.call
+            [api_name, ModernTreasury::Converter.dump(target, val)]
+          end
+        end
+      end.to_h
+
+      defaults.each do |key, val|
+        next if values.key?(key)
+
+        values[key] = val
+      end
+
+      values
+    end
+
+    # @private
+    #
+    # @param value [Object]
+    #
+    # @return [Array(true, Object, nil), Array(false, Boolean, Integer)]
+    #
+    def self.try_strict_coerce(value)
+      case value
+      in Hash | ModernTreasury::BaseModel
+        value = value.to_h
+      else
+        return [false, false, 0]
+      end
+
+      keys = value.keys.to_set
+      great_success = true
+      tally = 0
+      acc = {}
+
+      known_fields.each_value do |field|
+        mode, required, type_fn, api_name = field.fetch_values(:mode, :required, :type_fn, :key)
+        keys.delete(api_name)
+
+        case [required && mode != :dump, value.key?(api_name)]
+        in [_, true]
+          target = type_fn.call
+          item = value.fetch(api_name)
+          case ModernTreasury::Converter.try_strict_coerce(target, item)
+          in [true, coerced, score]
+            tally += score
+            acc[api_name] = coerced
+          in [false, true, score]
+            great_success = false
+            tally += score
+            acc[api_name] = item
+          in [false, false, _]
+            great_success &&= item.nil?
+          end
+        in [true, false]
+          great_success = false
+        in [false, false]
+          nil
+        end
+      end
+
+      keys.each do |key|
+        acc[key] = value.fetch(key)
+      end
+
+      great_success ? [true, new(acc), tally] : [false, true, tally]
+    end
+
+    # Returns the raw value associated with the given key, if found. Otherwise, nil is
+    #   returned.
+    #
+    #   It is valid to lookup keys that are not in the API spec, for example to access
+    #   undocumented features. This method does not parse response data into
+    #   higher-level types. Lookup by anything other than a Symbol is an ArgumentError.
+    #
+    # @param key [Symbol]
+    #
+    # @return [Object, nil]
+    #
+    def [](key)
+      unless key.instance_of?(Symbol)
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Expected symbol key for lookup, got #{key.inspect}")
+      end
+
+      @data[key]
+    end
+
+    # Returns a Hash of the data underlying this object. O(1)
+    #
+    #   Keys are Symbols and values are the raw values from the response. The return
+    #   value indicates which values were ever set on the object. i.e. there will be a
+    #   key in this hash if they ever were, even if the set value was nil.
+    #
+    #   This method is not recursive. The returned value is shared by the object, so it
+    #   should not be mutated.
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Object}]
+    #
+    def to_h = @data
+
+    alias_method :to_hash, :to_h
+
+    # @param keys [Array<Symbol>, nil]
+    #
+    # @return [Hash{Symbol=>Object}]
+    #
+    def deconstruct_keys(keys)
+      (keys || self.class.known_fields.keys).filter_map do |k|
+        unless self.class.known_fields.key?(k)
+          next
+        end
+
+        [k, method(k).call]
+      end
+      .to_h
+    end
+
+    # Create a new instance of a model.
+    #
+    # @param data [Hash{Symbol=>Object}, ModernTreasury::BaseModel]
+    #
+    def initialize(data = {})
+      case ModernTreasury::Util.coerce_hash(data)
+      in Hash => coerced
+        @data = coerced.transform_keys(&:to_sym)
+      else
+        raise ArgumentError.new("Expected a #{Hash} or #{ModernTreasury::BaseModel}, got #{data.inspect}")
+      end
+    end
+
+    # @return [String]
+    #
+    def to_s = @data.to_s
+
+    # @return [String]
+    #
+    def inspect
+      "#<#{self.class.name}:0x#{object_id.to_s(16)} #{deconstruct_keys(nil).map do |k, v|
+        "#{k}=#{v.inspect}"
+      end.join(' ')}>"
+    end
+  end
+end