moby 1.0.5 → 1.0.6

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+ We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union,
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+ establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common
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+ defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty
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+ to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution
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+ for the United States of America.
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+
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+ Article I
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+
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+ Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a
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+ Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of
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+ Representatives.
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+
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+ Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen
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+ every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in
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+ each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most
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+ numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
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+
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+ No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age
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+ of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States,
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+ and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he
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+ shall be chosen.
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+
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+ Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several
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+ States which may be included within this Union, according to their
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+ respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number
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+ of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and
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+ excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual
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+ Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the
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+ Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten
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+ Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The Number of
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+ Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each
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+ State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enumeration
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+ shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three,
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+ Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one,
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+ Connecticut five, New-York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
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+ Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
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+ Carolina five, and Georgia three.
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+
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+ When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, The Executive
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+ Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies. The
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+ House of Representatives shall chuse their speaker and other Officers; and
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+ shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
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+
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+ Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two
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+ Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years;
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+ and each Senator shall have one Vote.
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+
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+ Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first
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+ Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes.
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+ The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the
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+ Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the
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+ fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year, so
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+ that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen by
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+ Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any
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+ State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next
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+ Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
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+
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+ No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of
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+ thirty years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who
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+ shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall
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+ be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of
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+ the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
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+
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+ The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro
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+ tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise
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+ the Office of President of the United States.
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+
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+ The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting
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+ for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath of Affirmation. When the President
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+ of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no
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+ Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the
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+ Members present. Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further
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+ than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any
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+ Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party
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+ convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial,
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+ Judgment and Punishment, according to law.
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+
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+ Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators
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+ and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature
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+ thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such
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+ Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
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+
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+ The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting
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+ shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by Law appoint
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+ a different Day.
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+ Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and
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+ Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute
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+ a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day,
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+ and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such
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+ Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide. Each House may
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+ determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly
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+ Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member. Each
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+ House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time
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+ publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require
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+ Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any
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+ question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on
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+ the Journal. Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without
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+ the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
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+ other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
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+
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+ Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation
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+ for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury
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+ of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and
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+ Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at
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+ the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from
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+ the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be
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+ questioned in any other Place.
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+
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+ No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was
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+ elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United
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+ States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have
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+ been encreased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the
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+ United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in
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+ Office.
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+
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+ Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of
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+ Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on
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+ other Bills.
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+
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+ Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the
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+ Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the
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+ United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return
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+ it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated,
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+ who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to
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+ reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall
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+ agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to
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+ the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if
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+ approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a Law. But in all
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+ such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays,
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+ and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the bill shall be
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+ entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be
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+ returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall
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+ have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if
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+ he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its
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+ Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law. Every Order, Resolution, or
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+ Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives
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+ may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented
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+ to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take
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+ Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be
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+ repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives,
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+ according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
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+
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+ Section 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties,
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+ Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence
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+ and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and
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+ Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
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+
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+ To Borrow Money on the Credit of the United States;
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+
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+ To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States,
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+ and with the Indian Tribes;
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+
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+ To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the
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+ subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
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+
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+ To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the
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+ Standard of Weights and Measures;
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+
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+ To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current
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+ Coin of the United States;
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+
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+ To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
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+
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+ To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited
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+ Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective
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+ Writings and Discoveries;
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+
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+ To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court; To define and punish
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+ Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offences against the
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+ Law of Nations;
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+
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+ To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules
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+ concerning Captures on Land and Water;
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+
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+ To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use
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+ shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
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+
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+ To provide and maintain a navy;
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+
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+ To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval
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+ Forces; To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the
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+ Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
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+
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+ To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for
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+ governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United
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+ States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the
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+ Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the
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+ discipline prescribed by Congress;
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+
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+ To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such
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+ District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular
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+ States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government
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+ of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places
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+ purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same
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+ shall be for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and
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+ other needful Buildings;�And To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
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+ proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other
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+ Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States,
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+ or in any Department or Officer thereof.
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+
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+ Section 9. The Migration or Importion of such Persons as any of the States
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+ now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the
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+ Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax
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+ or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for
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+ each Person. The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be
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+ suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety
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+ may require it.
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+
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+ No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
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+
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+ No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to
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+ the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.
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+
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+ No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
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+
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+ No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to
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+ the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to,
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+ or form, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
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+
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+ No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of
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+ Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the
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+ Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time
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+ to time.
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+
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+ No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: And no Person
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+ holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the
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+ Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or
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+ Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
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+
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+ Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
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+ Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills
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+ of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of
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+ Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the
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+ Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.
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+
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+ No State Shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or
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+ Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for
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+ executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and
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+ Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of
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+ the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to
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+ the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
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+
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+ No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any Duty of
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+ Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any
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+ Agreement of Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage
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+ in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not
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+ admit of delay.
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+
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+ Article II
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+
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+ Section I. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United
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+ States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years,
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+ and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the same term, be
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+ elected, as follows:
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+
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+ Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may
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+ direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and
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+ Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no
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+ Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit
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+ under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
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+
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+ The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for
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+ two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same
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+ State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted
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+ for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and
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+ certify and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United
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+ States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the
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+ Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
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+ open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person
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+ having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number
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+ be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be
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+ more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of Votes,
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+ then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of
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+ them for President: and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five
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+ highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the
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+ President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by
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+ States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; A quorum for
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+ this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the
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+ States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In
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+ every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the
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+ greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But
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+ if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall
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+ chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.
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+
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+ The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on
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+ which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout
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+ the United States.
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+
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+ No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States,
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+ at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the
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+ Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office
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+ who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been
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+ fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
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+
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+ In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death,
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+ Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said
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+ Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may
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+ by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability,
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+ both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then
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+ act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the
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+ Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.
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+
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+ The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a
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+ Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the
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+ Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
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+ within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of
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+ them.
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+
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+ Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following
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+ Oath or Affirmation:�-"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will
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+ faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will
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+ to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of
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+ the United States."
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+
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+ Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy
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+ of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called
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+ into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion,
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+ in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments,
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+ upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he
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+ shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the
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+ United States, except in Cases of Impeachment. He shall have Power, by and
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+ with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two
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+ thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and
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+ with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other
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+ public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other
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+ Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise
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+ provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may
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+ by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think
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+ proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of
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+ Departments.
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+
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+ The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen
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+ during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire
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+ at the End of their Next Session.
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+
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+ Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of
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+ the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures
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+ as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
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+ Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of
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+ Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may
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+ adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
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+ Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be
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+ faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United
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+ States.
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+
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+ Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the
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+ United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and
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+ Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other High Crimes and Misdemeanors.
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+
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+ Article III
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+
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+ Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one
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+ supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to
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+ time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior
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+ Courts, shall hold their Offices during good Behaviour, and shall, at
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+ stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not
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+ be diminished during their continuance in Office.
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+
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+ Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and
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+ Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and
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+ Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;�to all Cases
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+ affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;�to all Cases of
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+ admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;�to Controversies to which the United
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+ States shall be a Party;�to Controversies between two or more States;
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+ between a State and Citizens of another State;�between Citizens of
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+ different States;�between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under
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+ Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,
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+ and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
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+
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+ In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and
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+ those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have
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+ original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme
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+ Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such
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+ Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
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+
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+ The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury;
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+ and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have
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+ been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be
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+ at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.
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+
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+ Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying
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+ War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and
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+ Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of
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+ two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court. The
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+ Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of Treason, but no
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+ Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except
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+ during the Life of the Person attainted.
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+
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+ Article IV
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+
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+ Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public
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+ Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the
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+ Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,
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+ Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.
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+
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+ Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges
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+ and immunities of Citizens in the several States. A Person charged in any
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+ State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice,
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+ and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority
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+ of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the
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+ State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. No Person held to Service or Labour
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+ in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in
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+ Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such
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+ Service or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom
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+ such Service or Labour may be due.
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+
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+ Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but
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+ no new State shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any
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+ other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States,
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+ or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States
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+ concerned as well as of the Congress.
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+
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+ The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and
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+ Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the
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+ United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed as to
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+ Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.
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+
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+ Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a
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+ Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against
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+ Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when
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+ the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.
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+
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+ Article V
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+
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+ The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary,
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+ shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of
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+ the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a
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+ Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid
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+ to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by
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+ the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions
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+ in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may
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+ be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made
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+ prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner
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+ affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first
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+ Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its
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+ equal Suffrage in the Senate.
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+
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+ Article VI
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+
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+ All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of
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+ this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this
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+ Constitution, as under the Confederation.
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+
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+ This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in
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+ Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
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+ Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and
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+ the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the
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+ Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
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+
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+ The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the
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+ several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both
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+ of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or
453
+ Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever
454
+ be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the
455
+ United States.
456
+
457
+ Article VII
458
+
459
+ The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for
460
+ the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the
461
+ Same. DONE in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the
462
+ Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven
463
+ hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of
464
+ America the Twelfth IN WITNESS whereof We have hereunto subscribed our
465
+ Names.
466
+
467
+ Signed:
468
+ -George Washington-President and deputy from Virginia
469
+
470
+ Amendments to the Constitution of the United States
471
+
472
+ (The first 10 Amendments were ratified December 15, 1791, and are known as
473
+ the "Bill of Rights")
474
+
475
+ Amendment 1
476
+
477
+ Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or
478
+ prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech,
479
+ or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to
480
+ petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
481
+
482
+ Amendment 2
483
+
484
+ A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State,
485
+ the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed.
486
+
487
+ Amendment 3
488
+
489
+ No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any house, without the
490
+ consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed
491
+ by law.
492
+
493
+ Amendment 4
494
+
495
+ The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
496
+ effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,
497
+ and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or
498
+ affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the
499
+ persons or things to be seized.
500
+
501
+ Amendment 5
502
+
503
+ No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous
504
+ crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury, except in
505
+ cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in
506
+ actual service in time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be
507
+ subject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;
508
+ nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against
509
+ himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process
510
+ of law; nor shall private property be taken for public use, without just
511
+ compensation.
512
+
513
+ Amendment 6
514
+
515
+ In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy
516
+ and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein
517
+ the crime shall have been committed, which district shall have been
518
+ previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and cause
519
+ of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses against him; to have
520
+ compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the
521
+ Assistance of Counsel for his defence.
522
+
523
+ Amendment 7
524
+
525
+ In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty
526
+ dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried
527
+ by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States,
528
+ than according to the rules of the common law.
529
+
530
+ Amendment 8
531
+
532
+ Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
533
+ cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
534
+
535
+ Amendment 9 The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall
536
+ not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
537
+ Amendment 10 The powers not delegated to the United States by the
538
+ Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the
539
+ States respectively, or to the people.
540
+
541
+ Amendment 11 (Ratified February 7, 1795) The Judicial power of the United
542
+ States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity,
543
+ commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of
544
+ another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.
545
+
546
+ Amendment 12 (Ratified July 27, 1804)
547
+
548
+ The Electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for
549
+ President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an
550
+ inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their
551
+ ballots the person voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the
552
+ person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make distinct lists of
553
+ all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as
554
+ Vice-Presidents, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they
555
+ shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government
556
+ of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate;�The
557
+ President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
558
+ Representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be
559
+ counted;�The person having the greatest number of votes for President,
560
+ shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of
561
+ Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the
562
+ persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those
563
+ voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose
564
+ immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the
565
+ votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having
566
+ one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members
567
+ from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be
568
+ necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall not choose
569
+ a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before
570
+ the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act
571
+ as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
572
+ disability of the President.�The person having the greatest number of
573
+ votes as Vice-President, shall be Vice-President, if such number be a
574
+ majority of the whole number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a
575
+ majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall
576
+ choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of
577
+ two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole
578
+ number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally
579
+ ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of
580
+ Vice-President of the United States.
581
+
582
+ Amendment 13 (Ratified December 6, 1895)
583
+
584
+ Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
585
+ punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted,
586
+ shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their
587
+ jurisdiction.
588
+
589
+ Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
590
+ legislation.
591
+
592
+ Amendment 14 (Ratified July 9, 1868)
593
+
594
+ Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and
595
+ subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and
596
+ of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law
597
+ which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United
598
+ States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or
599
+ property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its
600
+ jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.
601
+
602
+ Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States
603
+ according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons
604
+ in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at
605
+ any election for the choice of electors for President and Vice President of
606
+ the United States, Representatives in Congress, the Executive and Judicial
607
+ officers of a State, or the Members of the Legislature thereof, is denied
608
+ to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of
609
+ age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for
610
+ participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation
611
+ therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male
612
+ citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years
613
+ of age in such State.
614
+
615
+ Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or
616
+ elector of President and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or
617
+ military, under the United States, or under any State, who, having
618
+ previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the
619
+ United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive
620
+ or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United
621
+ States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same,
622
+ or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But congress may by a vote
623
+ of two-thirds of each House, remove such disability.
624
+
625
+ Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized
626
+ by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for
627
+ services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.
628
+ But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or
629
+ obligation incurred in aid of insurrection of rebellion against the United
630
+ States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all
631
+ such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
632
+
633
+ Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate
634
+ legislation, the provisions of this article.
635
+
636
+ Amendment 15 (Ratified February 3, 1870)
637
+
638
+ Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
639
+ denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race,
640
+ color, or previous condition of servitude. Section 2. The Congress shall
641
+ have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
642
+
643
+ Amendment 16 (Ratified February 3, 1913)
644
+
645
+ The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from
646
+ whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States,
647
+ and without regard to any census or enumeration.
648
+
649
+ Amendment 17 (Ratified April 8, 1913)
650
+
651
+ The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each
652
+ State, elected by the people thereof for six years; and each Senator shall
653
+ have one vote. The electors in each State shall have the qualifications
654
+ requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
655
+ legislatures. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in
656
+ the Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
657
+ election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the legislature of any
658
+ State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary appointments
659
+ until the people fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may
660
+ direct. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election
661
+ or term of any Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the
662
+ Constitution.
663
+
664
+ Amendment 18 (Ratified January 16, 1919)
665
+
666
+ Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article that
667
+ manufacture, sale, or transprotation of intoxicating liquors within, the
668
+ importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States
669
+ and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes
670
+ is hereby prohibited.
671
+
672
+ Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power
673
+ to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
674
+
675
+ Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
676
+ ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of the
677
+ several States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from
678
+ the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
679
+
680
+ Amendment 19 (Ratified August 18, 1920)
681
+
682
+ The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
683
+ abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex. Congress
684
+ shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
685
+
686
+ Amendment 20 (Ratified January 23, 1933)
687
+
688
+ Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon
689
+ on the 20th day of January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives
690
+ at noon on the 3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would
691
+ have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the terms of their
692
+ successors shall then begin.
693
+
694
+ Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and
695
+ such meeting shall begin at noon on the 3d day of January, unless they
696
+ shall by law appoint a different day.
697
+
698
+ Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the
699
+ President, the President elect shall have died, the Vice President elect
700
+ shall become President. If a President shall not have been chosen before
701
+ the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect
702
+ shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as
703
+ President until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by
704
+ law provide for the case wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice
705
+ President elect shall have qualified, declaring who shall then act as
706
+ President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and
707
+ such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice President shall
708
+ have qualified.
709
+
710
+ Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any
711
+ of the persons from whom the House of Representatives may choose a
712
+ President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them, and
713
+ for the case of the death of any of the persons from whom the Senate may
714
+ choose a Vice President whenever the right of choice shall have devolved
715
+ upon them.
716
+
717
+ Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October
718
+ following the ratification of this article.
719
+
720
+ Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
721
+ ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of
722
+ three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its
723
+ submission.
724
+
725
+ Amendment 21 (Ratified December 5, 1933)
726
+
727
+ Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the
728
+ United States is hereby repealed.
729
+
730
+ Section 2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or
731
+ possession of the United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating
732
+ liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
733
+
734
+ Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
735
+ ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by conventions in the several
736
+ States, as provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date
737
+ of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
738
+
739
+ Amendment 22 (Ratified February 27, 1951)
740
+
741
+ Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more
742
+ than twice, and no person who has held the office of President, or acted as
743
+ President, for more than two years of a term to which some other person was
744
+ elected President shall be elected to the office of the President more than
745
+ once. But this Article shall not apply to any person holding the office of
746
+ President when this Article was proposed by the Congress, and shall not
747
+ prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as
748
+ President, during the term within which this Article becomes operative from
749
+ holding the office of President or acting as President during the remainder
750
+ of such term.
751
+
752
+ Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been
753
+ ratified as an amendment to the Constitution by the legislatures of
754
+ three-fourths of the several States within seven years from the date of its
755
+ submission to the States by the Congress.
756
+
757
+ Amendment 23 (Ratified March 29, 1961)
758
+
759
+ Section 1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United
760
+ States shall appoint in such manner as the Congress may direct: A number of
761
+ electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of
762
+ Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be
763
+ entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the least populous
764
+ State; they shall be in addition to those appointed by the States, but they
765
+ shall be considered, for the purposes of the election of President and Vice
766
+ President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they shall meet in the
767
+ District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article of
768
+ amendment.
769
+
770
+ Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
771
+ appropriate legislation.
772
+
773
+ Amendment 24 (Ratified January 23, 1964)
774
+
775
+ Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any
776
+ primary or other election for President or Vice President, for electors for
777
+ President or Vice President, or for Senator or Representative in Congress,
778
+ shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State by reason
779
+ of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
780
+
781
+ Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
782
+ appropriate legislation.
783
+
784
+ Amendment 25 (Ratified February 10, 1967)
785
+
786
+ Section 1. In case of the removal of the President from office or his death
787
+ orresignation, the Vice President shall become President.
788
+
789
+ Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President,
790
+ the President shall nominate a Vice President who shall take the office
791
+ upon confirmation by a majority vote of both houses of Congress.
792
+
793
+ Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of
794
+ the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
795
+ declaration that he is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
796
+ office, and until he transmits to them a written declaration to the
797
+ contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice President
798
+ as Acting President.
799
+
800
+ Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the
801
+ principal officers of the executive departments or of such other body as
802
+ Congress may by law provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the
803
+ Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their written
804
+ declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties
805
+ of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and
806
+ duties of the office as Acting President.
807
+
808
+ Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of
809
+ the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written
810
+ declaration that no inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties
811
+ of his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either the
812
+ principal officers of the executive department or of such other body as
813
+ Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the President pro
814
+ tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
815
+ written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers
816
+ and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue,
817
+ assembling within 48 hours for that purpose if not in session. If the
818
+ Congress, within 21 days after receipt of the latter written declaration,
819
+ or, if Congress is not in session, within 21 days after Congress is
820
+ required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both houses that the
821
+ President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the
822
+ Vice President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting President;
823
+ otherwise, the President shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
824
+
825
+ Amendment 26 (Ratified June 30, 1971)
826
+
827
+ Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen
828
+ years of age or older, to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the
829
+ United States or by any State on account of age.
830
+
831
+ Section 2. The congress shall have power to enforce this article by
832
+ appropriate legislation.