RubyGems - mml - Versions diffs - 2.2.1 → 2.3.1 - Mend

mml 2.2.1 → 2.3.1

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.

Files changed (410) hide show

checksums.yaml +4 -4
data/.gitmodules +9 -0
data/.rubocop.yml +4 -0
data/.rubocop_todo.yml +36 -17
data/CLAUDE.md +79 -0
data/Gemfile +0 -2
data/README.adoc +334 -82
data/Rakefile +16 -1
data/lib/mml/base/content/annotation.rb +30 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/annotation_xml.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/apply.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/arith.rb +243 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/bind.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/bvar.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/calculus.rb +103 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/cbytes.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/cerror.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/ci.rb +77 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/cn.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/condition.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/constants.rb +173 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/cs.rb +22 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/csymbol.rb +79 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/declare.rb +34 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/degree.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/elementary_functions.rb +309 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/fn.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/functions.rb +85 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/interval.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/inverse.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/lambda.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/linear_algebra.rb +122 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/logic.rb +93 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/otherwise.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/piece.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/piecewise.rb +20 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/relations.rb +113 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/reln.rb +19 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/semantics.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/sep.rb +19 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/sets.rb +163 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/share.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/statistics.rb +95 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content/vector_calculus.rb +63 -0
data/lib/mml/base/content_loader.rb +195 -0
data/lib/mml/base/deprecated_font_attributes.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/maction.rb +29 -0
data/lib/mml/base/maligngroup.rb +26 -0
data/lib/mml/base/malignmark.rb +26 -0
data/lib/mml/base/math.rb +64 -0
data/lib/mml/base/menclose.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/merror.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mfenced.rb +34 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mfrac.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mfraction.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mglyph.rb +44 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mi.rb +37 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mlabeledtr.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mlongdiv.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mmultiscripts.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mn.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mo.rb +74 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mover.rb +29 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mpadded.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mphantom.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mprescripts.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mroot.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mrow.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/ms.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mscarries.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mscarry.rb +29 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msgroup.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msline.rb +34 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mspace.rb +52 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msqrt.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msrow.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mstack.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mstyle.rb +185 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msub.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msubsup.rb +29 -0
data/lib/mml/base/msup.rb +27 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mtable.rb +65 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mtd.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mtext.rb +30 -0
data/lib/mml/base/mtr.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/base/munder.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/munderover.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/none.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/semantics.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/base/universal_presentation_attributes.rb +42 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v3_common.rb +16 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v3_only/operator_attrs.rb +24 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v3_only/style_attrs.rb +31 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v3_only/table_attrs.rb +28 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v3_only.rb +11 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v3_presentation_attributes.rb +15 -0
data/lib/mml/base/v4_attributes.rb +16 -0
data/lib/mml/base.rb +61 -0
data/lib/mml/common_elements.rb +419 -0
data/lib/mml/context_configuration.rb +147 -0
data/lib/mml/context_options.rb +64 -0
data/lib/mml/namespace.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/annotation.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/annotation_xml.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/apply.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/arith.rb +93 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/bind.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/bvar.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/calculus.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/ci.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/cn.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/common_elements.rb +34 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/condition.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/configuration.rb +13 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/constants.rb +65 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/csymbol.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/degree.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/elementary_functions.rb +121 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/fn.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/functions.rb +29 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/interval.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/inverse.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/lambda.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/linear_algebra.rb +41 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/logic.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/maction.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/maligngroup.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/malignmark.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/math.rb +11 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/menclose.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/merror.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mfenced.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mfrac.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mfraction.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mglyph.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mi.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mlabeledtr.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mlongdiv.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mmultiscripts.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mn.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mo.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mover.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mpadded.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mphantom.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mprescripts.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mroot.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mrow.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/ms.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mscarries.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mscarry.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msgroup.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msline.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mspace.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msqrt.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msrow.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mstack.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mstyle.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msub.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msubsup.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/msup.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mtable.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mtd.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mtext.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/mtr.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/munder.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/munderover.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/namespace.rb +7 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/none.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/otherwise.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/piece.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/piecewise.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/relations.rb +41 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/reln.rb +13 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/semantics.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/sep.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/sets.rb +57 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/statistics.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/v2/vector_calculus.rb +21 -0
data/lib/mml/v2.rb +311 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/annotation.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/annotation_xml.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/apply.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/arith.rb +115 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/bind.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/calculus.rb +40 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/cbytes.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/cerror.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/ci.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/cn.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/common_elements.rb +42 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/configuration.rb +4 -96
data/lib/mml/v3/constants.rb +80 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/constructs.rb +55 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/cs.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/csymbol.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/deprecated_content.rb +29 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/elementary_functions.rb +145 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/functions.rb +35 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/linear_algebra.rb +50 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/logic.rb +40 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/maction.rb +3 -15
data/lib/mml/v3/maligngroup.rb +2 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/malignmark.rb +2 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/math.rb +7 -8
data/lib/mml/v3/menclose.rb +3 -14
data/lib/mml/v3/merror.rb +3 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/mfenced.rb +3 -21
data/lib/mml/v3/mfrac.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v3/mfraction.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v3/mglyph.rb +3 -38
data/lib/mml/v3/mi.rb +4 -30
data/lib/mml/v3/mlabeledtr.rb +2 -23
data/lib/mml/v3/mlongdiv.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v3/mmultiscripts.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v3/mn.rb +4 -30
data/lib/mml/v3/mo.rb +5 -78
data/lib/mml/v3/mover.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v3/mpadded.rb +3 -22
data/lib/mml/v3/mphantom.rb +3 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/mprescripts.rb +2 -10
data/lib/mml/v3/mroot.rb +3 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/mrow.rb +4 -18
data/lib/mml/v3/ms.rb +5 -36
data/lib/mml/v3/mscarries.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v3/mscarry.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v3/msgroup.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v3/msline.rb +2 -20
data/lib/mml/v3/mspace.rb +3 -50
data/lib/mml/v3/msqrt.rb +3 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/msrow.rb +3 -14
data/lib/mml/v3/mstack.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v3/mstyle.rb +6 -204
data/lib/mml/v3/msub.rb +3 -14
data/lib/mml/v3/msubsup.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v3/msup.rb +3 -14
data/lib/mml/v3/mtable.rb +3 -53
data/lib/mml/v3/mtd.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v3/mtext.rb +4 -30
data/lib/mml/v3/mtr.rb +2 -21
data/lib/mml/v3/munder.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v3/munderover.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v3/namespace.rb +1 -4
data/lib/mml/v3/none.rb +2 -10
data/lib/mml/v3/relations.rb +50 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/semantics.rb +3 -12
data/lib/mml/v3/sets.rb +70 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/statistics.rb +40 -0
data/lib/mml/v3/vector_calculus.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/v3.rb +74 -75
data/lib/mml/v4/a.rb +3 -13
data/lib/mml/v4/annotation.rb +10 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/annotation_xml.rb +14 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/apply.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/arith.rb +93 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/calculus.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/cbytes.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/cerror.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/ci.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/cn.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/common_elements.rb +46 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/configuration.rb +4 -97
data/lib/mml/v4/constants.rb +65 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/constructs.rb +49 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/cs.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/csymbol.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/deprecated_content.rb +25 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/elementary_functions.rb +118 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/factorof.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/functions.rb +30 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/limit.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/linear_algebra.rb +41 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/logic.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/maction.rb +3 -19
data/lib/mml/v4/maligngroup.rb +3 -17
data/lib/mml/v4/malignmark.rb +3 -17
data/lib/mml/v4/math.rb +4 -14
data/lib/mml/v4/menclose.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v4/merror.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v4/mfenced.rb +3 -25
data/lib/mml/v4/mfrac.rb +3 -24
data/lib/mml/v4/mfraction.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v4/mglyph.rb +3 -35
data/lib/mml/v4/mi.rb +4 -30
data/lib/mml/v4/mlabeledtr.rb +5 -23
data/lib/mml/v4/mlongdiv.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v4/mmultiscripts.rb +3 -24
data/lib/mml/v4/mn.rb +4 -29
data/lib/mml/v4/mo.rb +4 -75
data/lib/mml/v4/mover.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v4/mpadded.rb +3 -26
data/lib/mml/v4/mphantom.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v4/mprescripts.rb +3 -11
data/lib/mml/v4/mroot.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v4/mrow.rb +4 -20
data/lib/mml/v4/ms.rb +4 -34
data/lib/mml/v4/mscarries.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v4/mscarry.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v4/msgroup.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v4/msline.rb +3 -21
data/lib/mml/v4/mspace.rb +3 -49
data/lib/mml/v4/msqrt.rb +3 -16
data/lib/mml/v4/msrow.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v4/mstack.rb +3 -24
data/lib/mml/v4/mstyle.rb +4 -186
data/lib/mml/v4/msub.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v4/msubsup.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v4/msup.rb +3 -18
data/lib/mml/v4/mtable.rb +3 -55
data/lib/mml/v4/mtd.rb +3 -20
data/lib/mml/v4/mtext.rb +4 -29
data/lib/mml/v4/mtr.rb +3 -25
data/lib/mml/v4/munder.rb +3 -22
data/lib/mml/v4/munderover.rb +3 -22
data/lib/mml/v4/namespace.rb +1 -4
data/lib/mml/v4/none.rb +5 -11
data/lib/mml/v4/relations.rb +37 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/semantics.rb +3 -12
data/lib/mml/v4/sets.rb +57 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/statistics.rb +33 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/tendsto.rb +9 -0
data/lib/mml/v4/vector_calculus.rb +21 -0
data/lib/mml/v4.rb +426 -71
data/lib/mml/version.rb +1 -1
data/lib/mml/versioned_parser.rb +46 -0
data/lib/mml.rb +36 -6
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/pubtext/mathmlspec.dtd +150 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/pubtext/xmlspec.dtd +2649 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/readme.txt +40 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/run +296 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/html2xhtml.xsl +216 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/images.xsl +98 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/mml6.xsl +1156 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/mmldiff.xsl +566 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/mmlspec.xsl +2531 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/slices-common.xsl +312 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/slices.xsl +48 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/html/xmlspec.xsl +2542 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/style/pdf/mathmlspec.xsl +2510 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/changes.xml +773 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/character-set.xml +1011 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/content-element-def.xml +6143 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/content-markup.xml +8178 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/contributors.xml +425 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/dom-bindings.xml +20 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/dom-intro.xml +114 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/fundamentals.xml +1646 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/glossary.xml +519 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/interface.xml +1096 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/introduction.xml +724 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/mathml-css-sample.xml +304 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/mathml-dom.xml +3813 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/mathml-spec.xml +356 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/mixing.xml +982 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/operator-dict.xml +551 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/parsing.xml +2565 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/presentation-markup.xml +6834 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/references.xml +323 -0
data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/validation-grammar.xml +877 -0
data/schemas/README.adoc +15 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/CVS/Entries +4 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/CVS/Repository +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/CVS/Root +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/common/CVS/Entries +4 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/common/CVS/Repository +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/common/CVS/Root +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/common/common-attribs.xsd +41 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/common/math.xsd +126 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/common/xlink-href.xsd +20 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/CVS/Entries +16 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/CVS/Repository +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/CVS/Root +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/arith.xsd +90 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/calculus.xsd +146 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/common-attrib.xsd +30 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/constants.xsd +83 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/constructs.xsd +260 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/elementary-functions.xsd +117 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/functions.xsd +73 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/linear-algebra.xsd +173 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/logic.xsd +53 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/relations.xsd +55 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/semantics.xsd +85 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/sets.xsd +236 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/statistics.xsd +136 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/tokens.xsd +120 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/tokens.xsd.~1.3.~ +119 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/content/vector-calculus.xsd +88 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/mathml2.xsd +59 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/CVS/Entries +12 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/CVS/Repository +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/CVS/Root +1 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/action.xsd +44 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/characters.xsd +37 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/common-attribs.xsd +113 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/common-types.xsd +103 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/error.xsd +40 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/layout.xsd +195 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/scripts.xsd +186 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/space.xsd +52 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/style.xsd +69 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/table.xsd +216 -0
data/schemas/mathml2/presentation/tokens.xsd +124 -0
data/schemas/mathml3/mathml3-common.xsd +99 -0
data/schemas/mathml3/mathml3-content.xsd +684 -0
data/schemas/mathml3/mathml3-presentation.xsd +2151 -0
data/schemas/mathml3/mathml3-strict-content.xsd +186 -0
data/schemas/mathml3/mathml3.xsd +9 -0
metadata +308 -4
data/lib/mml/v3/common_attributes.rb +0 -22
data/lib/mml/v4/common_attributes.rb +0 -26

data/reference-docs/mathml-source/xml/character-set.xml ADDED Viewed

@@ -0,0 +1,1011 @@
+<div1 id="chars" role="chapter6"><head>Characters, Entities and Fonts</head>
+<!-- $Id: character-set.xml,v 1.74 2003/09/15 13:50:10 davidc Exp $ -->
+<div2 id="chars_intro"><head>Introduction</head>
+<p>
+Notation and symbols have proved very important for
+mathematics. Mathematics has grown in part because <phrase diff="del"> of the
+succinctness and suggestiveness of its evolving notation</phrase>
+<phrase diff="add">its notation continually changes toward being succinct and
+suggestive</phrase>. There
+have been many new signs <phrase diff="chg">developed</phrase> for use in mathematical
+notation, and mathematicians have not held back from making use
+of many symbols originally <phrase diff="chg">introduced</phrase> elsewhere. The result is
+that mathematics makes use of a very large collection of
+symbols.  It is difficult to write mathematics fluently if these
+characters are not available for use<phrase diff="del"> in coding</phrase>. It is difficult
+to read mathematics if corresponding glyphs are not available
+for presentation on specific display devices.
+</p>
+<p diff="del">
+This situation posed a problem for the first W3C Math Working Group
+when it was brought into existence.  It did not fall naturally within
+the purview of developing a specification enabling mathematics to be
+used with HTML and producing a DTD for <phrase diff="chg">the Working
+Group</phrase> to worry about more than
+the entities allowed in the DTD. However, as experience has shown, a
+long list of entities with no means to display them is of little use,
+and a cause of frequent frustrations in trying to use a standard. On
+the other hand, a large collection of glyphs and fonts representing
+characters without a standard way to refer to them is not of much use
+either.
+</p>
+<p>
+The W3C Math Working Group therefore took on directly the task of
+specifying part of the full mechanism needed to proceed from
+notation to final presentation, and started collaboration with
+organizations undertaking specification of the rest.
+</p>
+<p>
+This chapter of the MathML specification contains a listing of character names for
+use <phrase diff="chg">with</phrase> MathML, recommendations for their use, and
+warnings to pay attention to the correct form of the corresponding code points
+given in the UCS (Universal Character Set) as codified in Unicode and ISO 10646
+[see <bibref ref="Unicode"/> and the <loc href="http://www.unicode.org/">Unicode
+Web site</loc>].  For simplicity we shall refer to this character set by the short
+name Unicode.  Though Unicode changes from time to time so that it is specified
+exactly by using version numbers, unless this brings clarity on some point we
+shall not use them.  <phrase diff="chg">The specification of MathML 2.0
+<bibref diff="add" ref="MathML2"/> used to make use of some characters that were
+not part of Unicode 3.0 but which had been proposed to the Unicode Technical
+Committee (UTC), and thus for inclusion in ISO 10646.  They have been included in
+the revisions Unicode 3.1 and 3.2.  As of the publication of the MathML 2.0 (Second Edition) the current version is Unicode 4.0.</phrase> (For more detail about this see
+<specref ref="chars_char-status"/>.)</p>
+<p>
+<phrase diff="chg">
+While a long process of review and adoption by UTC and ISO/IEC of the
+characters of special interest to mathematics and MathML is now</phrase>
+complete <phrase diff="del">(<loc
+href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/alloc/Pipeline.html">Unicode Work
+in Progress</loc>)</phrase> there remains the possibility of some further
+modification of the lists of characters accepted<phrase diff="del">, of the code
+assignments for those adopted, or of the names given them by Unicode</phrase>.
+To make sure any possible corrections to relevant standards are taken
+into account, and for the latest character tables and font information,
+see the <loc href="http://www.w3.org/Math/">W3C Math Working Group
+home page</loc> and the <loc href="http://www.unicode.org/">Unicode
+site</loc> <phrase diff="add">(see, for instance, <loc
+href="http://www.unicode.org/unicode/alloc/Pipeline.html">Unicode Work
+in Progress</loc>)</phrase>.
+</p>
+</div2>
+<div2 id="chars_mathmlchars"><head>MathML Characters</head>
+<p>
+A MathML token element <specref ref="presm_tokel"/>, and <specref
+ref="contm_tokenel"/> takes as content a sequence of <emph>MathML
+Characters</emph>.  MathML Characters are defined to be either
+Unicode characters legal in XML documents or <el>mglyph</el> elements.
+The latter are used to represent
+characters that do not have a Unicode encoding, as described in
+<specref ref="presm_mglyph"/>.
+<phrase diff="chg"> Because the Unicode UCS provided
+approximately one thousand special alphabetic characters for the use
+of mathematics with Unicode 3.1, and  over 900 further
+special symbols in Unicode 3.2, the need for
+<el>mglyph</el> should be rare. </phrase>
+</p>
+<div3 id="chars_unicodechars"><head>Unicode Character Data</head>
+<p>
+As always in XML, any character allowed by XML may be used in MathML
+in an XML document.  The legal characters have the hexadecimal code
+numbers 09 (tab = U+0009), 0A (line feed = U+000A), 0D (carriage
+return = U+000D), 20-D7FF (U+0020..U+D7FF), E000-FFFD
+(U+E000..U+FFFD), and 10000-10FFFF (U+010000..U+10FFFF). The
+<phrase diff="chg">notation, just introduced in parentheses,</phrase>
+beginning with U+ is <phrase diff="chg">that</phrase> recommended by Unicode
+for referring to Unicode characters [see <bibref ref="Unicode"/>, page
+xxviii]. The exclusions above code number D7FF are of the blocks used
+in surrogate pairs, and the two characters guaranteed not to be
+Unicode characters at all.  U+FFFE is excluded to allow determination
+of byte order in certain encodings.
+</p>
+<p>
+There are essentially three different ways of encoding character data.
+<ulist>
+<item>
+  <p>
+  Using characters directly: For example, an A may be entered as 'A'
+  from a keyboard (character <phrase diff="chg">U+0041</phrase>).  This option is only available
+  if the character encoding specified for the XML document includes
+  the character.  Most commonly used encodings will have 'A' in the
+  ASCII position.  In many encodings, characters may need more than
+  one byte.  Note that if the document is, for example, encoded in
+  Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) then <emph>only</emph> the characters in that
+  encoding are available directly.  <phrase diff="del">Unfortunately, most mathematical
+  symbols may not be encoded as character data in this way.</phrase>
+<phrase diff="add">Using UTF-8 or UTF-16, the only two encodings that
+all XML processors are required to accept, mathematical symbols can
+be encoded as character data.</phrase>
+  </p>
+</item>
+<item>
+<p>
+Using numeric XML character references: Using this notation, 'A' may be
+represented as &amp;<phrase diff="chg">#65;</phrase> (decimal) or  &amp;#x41; (hex).
+Note that the numbers always refer to the Unicode encoding (and not to
+the character encoding used in the XML file). By using <phrase diff="chg">character</phrase>
+references it is always possible to access the entire Unicode range.
+For a general XML vocabulary, there is a disadvantage to this approach:
+character references may not be used in XML element or attribute
+names.  However, this is not an issue for MathML, as all element names in
+MathML are restricted to ASCII characters.
+</p>
+</item>
+<item>
+<p>
+Using entity references: The MathML DTD defines internal entities that
+expand to character data. Thus for example the entity reference
+&amp;eacute; may be used rather than the character reference
+"&amp;#xE9; or, if, for example, the document is encoded in
+ISO-8859-1, the character &#xE9;. An XML fragment that uses an entity
+reference which is not defined in a DTD is not well-formed; therefore
+it will be rejected by an XML parser. For this reason
+<emph>every</emph> fragment using entity references <emph>must</emph>
+use a DOCTYPE declaration which specifies the MathML DTD, or a DTD
+that at least declares any entity reference used in the MathML
+instance.  The need to use a DOCTYPE complicates inclusion of MathML in
+some documents. However, entity references are very useful for small
+illustrative examples, and are used in most examples in this document.
+</p>
+<p diff="del">
+For this reason entity references are perhaps not optimal for use in
+generated MathML, however they are very useful for small illustrative
+examples, as used in this document.
+</p>
+</item>
+</ulist>
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_mglyph"><head>Special Characters Not in Unicode</head>
+<p>
+For special purposes, one may need to use a character which is not in
+Unicode<phrase diff="del">, even with the expected additions</phrase>.
+In these cases
+one may use the <intref ref="presm_mglyph"><el>mglyph</el></intref>
+element for direct access to a glyph from some font and creation of
+a MathML <phrase diff="chg">substitute for the corresponding character</phrase>.
+All MathML token elements that accept character data also accept an
+<el>mglyph</el> in their content.
+</p>
+<p>
+Beware, however, that the font chosen may not be available to all
+MathML processors.
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_BMP-SMP"><head>Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
+Characters</head>
+<p>
+A noticeable feature of mathematical and scientific writing is the use
+of single letters to denote variables and constants in a given
+context.  The increasing complexity of science has led to the use of
+certain common alphabet and font variations to provide enough special
+symbols of this letter-like type.  These denotations are in fact
+<emph>not</emph> letters that may be used to make up words with
+recognized meanings, but individual carriers of semantics themselves.
+Writing a string of such symbols is usually interpreted in terms of
+some composition law, for instance, multiplication.  Many letter-like
+symbols may be quickly interpreted by specialists in a given area as
+of a certain mathematical type: for instance, bold symbols, whether
+based on Latin or Greek letters, as vectors in physics or engineering,
+or fraktur symbols as Lie algebras in part of pure mathematics.  Again,
+in given areas of science, some constants are recognizable letter
+forms.  When you look carefully at the range of letter-like
+mathematical symbols in common use today, as the STIX project
+supported by major scientific and technical publishers did, you come
+up with perhaps surprisingly many.  A proposal to facilitate
+mathematical publishing by inclusion of mathematical alphabetic
+symbols in the UCS was made, and has been favorably handled.
+</p>
+<p>
+The <phrase diff="chg">additional</phrase> Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols
+<phrase diff="chg">provided</phrase> in Unicode 3.1 have
+<phrase diff="del">provisional </phrase>code points in <emph>Plane 1</emph>, that is, in the first
+plane with Unicode values higher than 2<sup>16</sup>.  This plane of
+characters is also known as the Secondary Multilingual Plane (SMP),
+in contrast to the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) which <phrase diff="chg">
+was originally the entire extent of Unicode</phrase>.  Support for Plane 1 characters in currently
+deployed software is not always reliable, and in particular support
+for these Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbol characters is not likely to be
+widespread until after <phrase diff="chg">public fonts covering the characters
+adopted for mathematics are available</phrase>.
+</p>
+<p>
+As discussed in <specref ref="presm_commatt"/>, MathML offers an
+alternative mechanism to specify mathematical alphabetic
+characters<phrase diff="chg">.  This alternative spans the gap between the
+specification of Unicode 3.1 and its associated deployment in software and
+fonts.</phrase>
+Namely, one uses the <att>mathvariant</att>
+attribute on the surrounding token element, which will most commonly
+be <el>mi</el>.  In this section we detail the
+correspondence that a MathML processor should apply between certain
+characters in <emph>Plane 0</emph> (BMP) of Unicode, modified by the
+<att>mathvariant</att> attribute, and the Plane 1
+Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbol characters.
+</p>
+<p>The basic idea of the correspondence is fairly simple.
+For example, a Mathematical Fraktur alphabet is <phrase diff="chg">
+in Plane 1</phrase>, and
+the code point for Mathematical Fraktur A is
+<phrase diff="chg">U+1D504</phrase>.
+Thus using these <phrase diff="del">proposed</phrase> characters, a typical example might be
+<eg role="mathml">
+<![CDATA[<mi>&#x1D504;</mi>]]>
+</eg>
+However, an alternative, equivalent markup would be to use
+the standard A and modify the identifier using the
+<att>mathvariant</att> attribute, as follows:
+<eg role="mathml">
+<![CDATA[<mi mathvariant="fraktur">A</mi>]]>
+</eg>
+</p>
+<p>
+The exact correspondence between a mathematical alphabetic character
+and an unstyled character is complicated by the fact that certain
+characters that were already present in Unicode are not in the
+'expected' sequence.
+</p>
+<p>
+The detailed correspondence is shown in the tables given in
+<specref ref="chars_letter-like-tables"/>.
+</p>
+<p>
+Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbol characters should not be used for styled text.
+For example, Mathematical Fraktur A must not be used to just select
+a blackletter font for an uppercase A. Doing this sort of thing
+would create problems for searching, restyling (e.g. for accessibility),
+and many other kinds of processing.
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_nonmark"><head>Non-Marking Characters</head>
+<p>
+Some characters, although important for the quality of print or
+alternative rendering, do not have glyph marks that correspond
+directly <phrase diff="add">to them</phrase>.  They are called here non-marking characters.<phrase diff="del">Below we have
+a table of those adopted for the purposes of MathML.</phrase>
+Their roles are
+discussed in <specref ref="presm"/> and <specref ref="contm"/><phrase diff="del">,
+respectively.  The values of the spaces given are
+recommendations. Some of these characters are among those with new
+Unicode values, and some are given as combinations of Unicode
+characters employing the new special mathematics modifier character
+(U0FE00). The correspondence between the spacing amounts mentioned
+below and those in the Unicode descriptions is not exact, but the
+matches are good</phrase>.</p>
+<p>In MathML 2 control of page composition, such as line-breaking, is
+effected by the use of the proper attributes on the <el>mspace</el> element.</p>
+<p diff="chg">The characters below are not simple spacers.  They are
+especially important new additions to the UCS because they provide
+textual clues which can increase the quality of print rendering,
+permit correct audio rendering, and allow the unique recovery of
+mathematical semantics from text which is visually ambiguous.</p>
+<p>
+<table id="chars_table-white">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<td>Character name</td>
+<td>Unicode</td>
+<td>Description</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">Tab</kw></td>
+<td>00009</td>
+<td>tabulator stop; horizontal tabulation</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">NewLine</kw></td>
+<td>0000A</td>
+<td>force a line break; line feed</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">Space</kw></td>
+<td>00020</td>
+<td>one em of space in the current font</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">NonBreakingSpace</kw></td>
+<td>000A0</td>
+<td>space that is not a legal breakpoint</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">ZeroWidthSpace</kw></td>
+<td>0200B</td>
+<td>space of no width at all</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">VeryThinSpace</kw></td>
+<td>0200A</td>
+<td>space of width 1/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">ThinSpace</kw></td>
+<td>02009</td>
+<td>space of width 3/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">MediumSpace</kw></td>
+<td>02005</td>
+<td>space of width 4/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr  diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">ThickSpace</kw></td>
+<td>02009-0200A-0200A</td>
+<td>space of width 5/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">NegativeVeryThinSpace</kw></td>
+<td>0200A-0FE00</td>
+<td>space of width -1/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">NegativeThinSpace</kw></td>
+<td>02009-0FE00</td>
+<td>space of width -3/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">NegativeMediumSpace</kw></td>
+<td>0205F-0FE00</td>
+<td>space of width -4/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr diff="del">
+<td><kw role="entity">NegativeThickSpace</kw></td>
+<td>02005-0FE00</td>
+<td>space of width -5/18 em</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><kw role="entity">InvisibleTimes</kw></td>
+<td>02062</td>
+<td>marks multiplication when it is understood without a mark
+(<specref ref="presm_mo"/></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><kw role="entity">InvisibleComma</kw></td>
+<td>02063</td>
+<td>used as a separator, e.g., in indices (<specref ref="presm_mo"/></td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><kw role="entity">ApplyFunction</kw></td>
+<td>02061</td>
+<td>character showing function application in presentation tagging
+(<specref ref="presm_mo"/></td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</p>
+</div3>
+</div2>
+<div2><head>Character Symbol Listings</head>
+<p>The Universal Character Set (UCS) of Unicode and ISO 10646
+continues to evolve, see <specref ref="chars_char-status"/>.
+<phrase diff="add">At the time of writing the standard is Unicode 4.0.</phrase>
+<phrase diff="del">A small
+number of the changes recently introduced, relative to those resulting
+from the needs of Asian languages, are those designed exactly to
+facilitate the use of Unicode by the 'equation-writing' community.
+This specification is written on the assumption that the code
+assignments suggested to ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 by the UTC will be
+confirmed as they are in public draft forms of Unicode 3.1 and 3.2.</phrase>
+<phrase diff="chg">As before, we can only reiterate that for latest developments on
+details of character standards as far as they influence mathematical
+formalism the  <loc href="http://www.w3.org/Math/">home page of the
+W3C Math Activity</loc> should be consulted.</phrase></p>
+<p>The characters are given with entity names as well as Unicode
+numbers.  To facilitate comprehension of a fairly large list of names,
+which totals over 2000 in this case, we offer more than one way to find
+to a given character.  A corresponding full set of entity declarations
+is in the DTD in <specref ref="parsing"/>. For discussion of entity
+declarations see that appendix.
+</p>
+<p>
+The characters are listed by name, and sample glyphs provided for all
+of them.  Each character name is accompanied by a code for a character
+grouping chosen from a list given below, a short verbal description,
+and a Unicode hex code drawn from ISO 10646<phrase diff="del">, now extended in
+accordance with the proposal forwarded by the UTC to ISO/IEC WG2 in
+March 2000</phrase>.
+</p>
+<p>The character listings by alphabetical and Unicode order in
+<specref ref="chars_entity_tables"/> are in harmony with the ISO
+character sets given, in that if some part of a set is included then
+the entire set is included.
+</p>
+<div3 id="chars_special"><head>Special Constants</head>
+<p> To begin we list separately a few of the special characters which
+MathML has introduced.  These <phrase diff="chg">now have</phrase>
+Unicode values.  Rather like the non-marking <phrase
+diff="chg">characters</phrase> above, they provide very useful
+capabilities in the context of machinable mathematics.<phrase diff="del">  It might be
+imagined there could also be entries below for <kw
+role="entity">true</kw>, <kw role="entity">false</kw> and <kw
+role="entity">NotANumber</kw>, but these do not yet have Unicode
+points assigned.  They can be introduced by the character extension
+mechanisms provided by the <el>mglyph</el> and <el>csymbol</el> elements.</phrase>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<td>Entity name</td>
+<td>Unicode</td>
+<td>Description</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><kw role="entity">CapitalDifferentialD</kw></td>
+<td>02145</td>
+<td>D for use in differentials, e.g. within integrals</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><kw role="entity">DifferentialD</kw></td>
+<td>02146</td>
+<td>d for use in differentials, e.g. within integrals</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><kw role="entity">ExponentialE</kw></td>
+<td>02147</td>
+<td>e for use for the exponential base of the natural logarithms</td>
+</tr>
+<tr><td><kw role="entity">ImaginaryI</kw></td>
+<td>02148</td>
+<td>i for use as a square root of -1</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_byxxx"><head>Character Tables (ASCII format)</head>
+<p>The first table offered is a very large ASCII listing of characters
+considered particularly relevant to mathematics.  This is given in
+<loc href="bycodes.html" diff="chg">Unicode order</loc>.
+Most, but not all, of these characters have MathML names
+defined via entity declarations in the DTD.  Those that do not are
+usually symbols which seem mathematically peripheral, such as dingbats,
+machine graphics or technical symbols.
+</p>
+<p>
+A second table lists those characters that do have MathML entity
+names, <loc href="byalpha.html">ordered alphabetically</loc>, with
+a lower-case letter preceding its upper-case counterpart.
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_16x16-tables"><head>Tables arranged by Unicode block</head>
+<p>
+The tables in this section detail Unicode code points (displayed with
+256 code points per table) that have mathematically significant
+characters. The sample glyph images link to the <loc
+href="bycodes.html">table of characters ordered by Unicode</loc> given
+in the previous section.<phrase diff="del"> As shown in the key for each table, the
+status of each character (for example in Unicode 3.0 or in the
+proposed additions) is indicated by a CSS class on the table cell
+(which by default is indicated by varying the background color).</phrase>  The
+names of the blocks are those of the Unicode blocks included in the
+numerical range given; bracketing indicates <phrase diff="add">glyphs
+for</phrase> characters of that type are not shown in these tables.</p>
+<table id="chars_table-unicode-block">
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<td>Block Range</td>
+<td>Description</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="000.html">00000 - 000FF</loc></td>
+<td>Controls and Basic Latin, and Latin-1 Supplement</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="001.html">00100 - 001FF</loc></td>
+<td>Latin Extended-A, Latin Extended-B</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="002.html">00200 - 002FF</loc></td>
+<td>IPA Extensions, Spacing Modifier Letters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="003.html">00300 - 003FF</loc></td>
+<td>Combining Diacritical Marks, Greek [and Coptic]
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="004.html">00400 - 004FF</loc></td>
+<td>Cyrillic</td>
+</tr>
+<!--
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="005.html">00500 - 005FF</loc></td>
+<td>Cyrillic Supplement, [Armenian, Hebrew]</td>
+</tr>
+-->
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="020.html">02000 - 020FF</loc></td>
+<td>General Punctuation, Superscripts and Subscripts, Currency Symbols,
+Combining Diacritical Marks for Symbols</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="021.html">02100 - 021FF</loc></td>
+<td>Letter-like Symbols, Number Forms, Arrows</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="022.html">02200 - 022FF</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Operators</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="023.html">02300 - 023FF</loc></td>
+<td>Miscellaneous
+Technical</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="024.html">02400 - 024FF</loc></td>
+<td>Control Pictures, Optical Character Recognition, Enclosed Alphanumerics</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="025.html">02500 - 025FF</loc></td>
+<td>Box Drawing, Block Elements, Geometric Shapes</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="026.html">02600 - 026FF</loc></td>
+<td>Miscellaneous Symbols  </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="027.html">02700 - 027FF</loc></td>
+<td>Dingbats</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="029.html">02900 - 029FF</loc></td>
+<td>Supplemental Arrows,  Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="02A.html">02A00 - 02AFF</loc></td>
+<td>Supplemental Mathematical Operators</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="030.html">03000 - 030FF</loc></td>
+<td>CJK Symbols and Punctuation, [Hiragana, Katakana]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="0FB.html">0FB00 - 0FBFF</loc></td>
+<td>Alphabetic Presentation Forms </td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="0FE.html">0FE00 - 0FEFF</loc></td>
+<td>[Combining Half Marks, CJK Compatibility Forms, Small Form Variants,
+Arabic Presentation Forms-B]</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="1D4.html">1D400 - 1D4FF</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Styled Latin (Bold, Italic, Bold Italic, Script,
+Bold Script begins)
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="1D5.html">1D500 - 1D5FF</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Styled Latin (Bold Script ends, Fraktur, Double-struck,
+Bold Fraktur, Sans-serif, Sans-serif Bold begins)
+</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="1D6.html">1D600 - 1D6FF</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Styled Latin (Sans-serif Bold ends, Sans-serif Italic,
+Sans-serif Bold Italic, Monospace, Bold), Mathematical Styled Greek (Bold, Italic begins)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="1D7.html">1D700 - 1D7FF</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Styled Greek (Italic continued, Bold Italic,
+Sans-serif Bold), Mathematical Styled Digits </td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_math-negated-tables"><head>Negated
+Mathematical Characters</head>
+<p>
+In addition to the Unicode Characters so far listed, one may use the
+combining characters <phrase diff="chg">U+0338</phrase> (/),
+<phrase diff="chg">U+20D2</phrase> (|) and <phrase diff="chg">U+20E5</phrase> (\) to produce
+negated or <phrase diff="chg">canceled</phrase> forms of characters. A combining character
+should be placed immediately after its 'base' character, with no
+intervening markup or space, just as is the case for combining accents.
+</p>
+<p>
+In principle, the negation characters may be applied to any Unicode
+character, although fonts designed for mathematics typically have some
+negated glyphs ready composed. A MathML renderer should be able to use
+these pre-composed glyphs in these cases.  A compound character code
+either represents a UCS character that is already available, as in the
+case of <phrase diff="chg">U+003D+00338</phrase> which amounts to
+<phrase diff="chg">U+2260</phrase>, or it does not as is the
+case for <phrase diff="chg">U+2202+0338</phrase>. The common cases of
+negations, <phrase diff="chg">of the latter  type</phrase>,
+that have been identified are listed in the table
+</p>
+<ulist>
+<item><p><loc href="cancellations.html">cancellations</loc></p></item>
+</ulist>
+<p>
+Note that it is the policy of the W3C and of Unicode that if a single
+character is already defined for what can be achieved with a combining
+character, that character must be used instead of the decomposed form.
+It is also intended that no new single characters representing what
+can be done by with existing compositions will be introduced.
+<phrase diff="add">For further information on these matters see
+the Unicode Standard Annex 15, Unicode Normalization Forms
+<bibref ref="UAX15"/>, especially
+the discussion of Normalization Form C.</phrase>
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_math-variant-tables"><head>Variant
+Mathematical Characters</head>
+<p>
+Unicode attempts to avoid having several character codes for simple
+font variants.  For a code point to be assigned there should be
+more than a nuance in glyphs to be recorded.  To record
+variants worth noting there is a special character <phrase diff="chg">in</phrase>
+Unicode 3.2, U+FE00 (VARIATION SELECTOR-1), which
+acts as a postfix modifier.  However the legally allowed
+combinations with this variation selector are restricted to a
+list recorded as part of Unicode. The  VARIATION SELECTOR-1
+character may only be applied to the characters listed here.
+The resulting combination is not regarded by Unicode as a separate
+character, but a variation on the base character. Unicode aware systems
+may render the combination as the base if the available fonts do not
+support the variant glyph shape.
+</p>
+<ulist>
+<item><p><loc href="variants.html">variants</loc></p></item>
+</ulist>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_letter-like-tables"><head>Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols</head>
+<p>
+Here we list the special mathematical alphabets.  Note that the names
+for these alphabetic runs should be regarded as conventions resulting
+from recent tradition in the typesetting of mathematical formulas,
+rather than as fixing exactly and forever the styles which are to be
+used.  Of course, they do correspond to the styles presently most
+common.  But, for instance, there may be font variations in the glyphs
+from double-struck, open-face or blackboard bold fonts, all of which
+would naturally be used for the characters in the range here labelled
+Double-struck.  Similar considerations would apply to appellations
+such as fraktur and gothic, or script and calligraphic.
+</p>
+<p>
+As discussed above, the use of these characters is formally equivalent
+to the use of characters in Plane 0, together with a suitable value
+for the <att>mathvariant</att> attribute.  The
+correspondence is given in the character tables. Most of these
+characters come from the <phrase diff="del">proposed</phrase> additions to Plane 1, however a few
+characters (such as the double-struck letters N, P, Z, Q, R, C, H
+representing common number sets) were already present in Unicode 3.0
+and retain their original positions. These characters are highlighted
+in the tables.
+</p>
+<ulist>
+<item><p><loc href="bold.html">Bold</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="italic.html">Italic</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="bold-italic.html">Bold Italic</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="double-struck.html">Double-struck</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="script.html">Script</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="bold-script.html">Bold Script</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="fraktur.html">Fraktur</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="bold-fraktur.html">Bold Fraktur</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="sans-serif.html">Sans-serif</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="bold-sans-serif.html">Bold Sans-serif</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="sans-serif-italic.html">Sans-serif Italic</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="sans-serif-bold-italic.html">Sans-serif Bold Italic</loc></p></item>
+<item><p><loc href="monospace.html">Monospace</loc></p></item>
+</ulist>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_entity_tables"><head>MathML Character Names</head>
+<p>
+This section corresponds closely with the entity definitions in the DTD
+described in <specref ref="parsing"/>. All of the entity sets except the
+last correspond to entity sets defined by ISO 8879 or ISO 9573-13.
+</p>
+<table>
+<thead>
+<tr>
+<td>ISO Handle</td>
+<td>Description</td>
+</tr>
+</thead>
+<tbody>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isoamsa.html">ISOAMSA</loc></td>
+<td> Added Mathematical Symbols: Arrows</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isoamsb.html">ISOAMSB</loc></td>
+<td>Added Mathematical Symbols: Binary Operators</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isoamsc.html">ISOAMSC</loc></td>
+<td>Added Mathematical Symbols: Delimiters</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isoamsn.html">ISOAMSN</loc></td>
+<td>Added Mathematical Symbols: Negated Relations</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isoamso.html">ISOAMSO</loc></td>
+<td>Added Mathematical Symbols: Ordinary</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isoamsr.html">ISOAMSR</loc></td>
+<td>Added Mathematical Symbols: Relations</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isobox.html">ISOBOX</loc></td>
+<td>Box and Line Drawing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isocyr1.html">ISOCYR1</loc></td>
+<td>Cyrillic-1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isocyr2.html">ISOCYR2</loc></td>
+<td>Cyrillic-2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isodia.html">ISODIA</loc></td>
+<td>Diacritical Marks</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isogrk3.html">ISOGRK3</loc></td>
+<td>Greek-3</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isolat1.html">ISOLAT1</loc></td>
+<td>Latin-1</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isolat2.html">ISOLAT2</loc></td>
+<td>Latin-2</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isomfrk.html">ISOMFRK</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Fraktur</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isomopf.html">ISOMOPF</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Openface (Double-struck)</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isomscr.html">ISOMSCR</loc></td>
+<td>Mathematical Script</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isonum.html">ISONUM</loc></td>
+<td>Numeric and Special Graphic</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isopub.html">ISOPUB</loc></td>
+<td>Publishing</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="isotech.html">ISOTECH</loc></td>
+<td>General Technical</td>
+</tr>
+<tr>
+<td><loc href="mmlextra.html">MMLEXTRA</loc></td>
+<td>Extra Names added by MathML</td>
+</tr>
+</tbody>
+</table>
+</div3>
+</div2>
+<div2><head>Differences from Characters in MathML 1</head>
+<div3><head>Coverage</head>
+<p>
+We have excluded a very few other characters that may have appeared in
+the corresponding lists in MathML 1.  Those characters thus
+<emph>lost</emph> will be found to be used very infrequently in the
+experience of mathematical publishers, or simply to be completely
+unacceptable for inclusion in Unicode.  However MathML 2 does provide
+the <el>mglyph</el> element to accommodate new
+characters that authors may wish to introduce.
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3><head>Fewer Non-marking Characters </head>
+<p>It used to be in MathML 1.0 that there were a number more
+non-marking character entities listed.  These were concerned with
+composition control, such as line-breaking. In MathML 2 such control
+is effected by the use of the proper attributes on the <el>mspace</el> element.
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3><head>ISO Tables</head>
+<p>
+The character listings by alphabetical and Unicode order in <specref
+ref="chars_entity_tables"/> have now been brought more into line with
+the corresponding ISO character sets than was the case in MathML 1.0,
+in that if some part of a set is included then the entire set is
+included. In addition, the group ISOCHEM has been dropped as more
+properly the concern of chemists.  All the ISO mathematical alphabets
+are listed, since there are now Unicode characters to point to,
+in particular the bold Greek of ISOGRK3.  These changes have also been
+reflected in the entity declarations in the DTD in <specref
+ref="parsing"/>.
+</p>
+</div3>
+<div3 id="chars_char-status">
+<head>Status of Character Encodings</head>
+<p>A significant change
+<phrase diff="chg">after MathML 1.0 occurred in</phrase> the movement toward
+adoption of more characters for mathematics in the UCS
+ and availability of public fonts for mathematics.  The
+encoding of characters in the UCS is done
+jointly by the Unicode Technical Committee and by ISO/IEC
+JTC1/SC2/WG2.  The process of encoding takes quite some time from the
+deliberation of first proposals to the final approval.
+The characters mentioned in this chapter and listed in the associated
+tables <phrase diff="chg">have been though the</phrase> various stages
+of this approval process.<phrase diff="del">  This section
+gives detailed information about the stages relevant to this
+specification and gives an overview of the characters affected.  The
+lists, as well as other places that discuss characters, mention
+<phrase>any cases </phrase>when
+characters are not fully approved or show this graphically.
+Updates on the status of the characters will be provided by updates
+to this specification, by errata to this
+specification, and by notices on the
+<loc href="http://www.w3.org/Math/">W3C Math home page</loc>.
+The final word on all Unicode matters is naturally to be found
+at <loc href="http://www.unicode.org/">the Unicode Consortium</loc>.</phrase></p>
+<p>
+<phrase diff="chg">At the time of the preparation of the MathML 2.0
+specification <bibref diff="add" ref="MathML2"/> the characters relevant to mathematics fell </phrase>
+into three categories:
+<phrase diff="chg">fully</phrase> accepted characters, characters in final (JTC1) ISO/IEC ballot,
+and characters before the final ISO/IEC ballot.
+</p>
+<ulist>
+<item>
+<p>
+Fully accepted characters <phrase diff="chg">included </phrase>a large number of Latin, Greek, and
+Cyrillic letters, a large number of Mathematical Operators and
+symbols, including arrows, and so on.  Fully accepted characters
+<phrase diff="chg">were</phrase> exactly those that are
+<phrase diff="chg">in</phrase> both Unicode 3.0 <bibref
+ref="Unicode"/> and ISO/IEC 10646-1:2000 <bibref
+ref="ISOIEC10646-1"/>, which are identical code point by code point.
+<phrase diff="del">Fully
+accepted characters are not specially marked or mentioned in this
+specification; they do not pose any unusual implementation problems
+other than possibly finding fonts to display them</phrase>  Those of obvious
+special interest to mathematics <phrase diff="chg">numbered</phrase> over
+1,500, depending on how you count.
+</p>
+</item>
+<item>
+<p diff="chg">
+In April 2001, the Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols came up for a final ballot
+together with a large number of ideographs and other
+characters not directly relevant for mathematics.  There were just
+about 1,000 of these.   The additions were published as ISO/IEC 10646-2,
+and became part of Unicode 3.1.
+</p>
+<p diff="del">
+While acceptance of this ballot seems more likely than rejection,
+implementers and users of MathML have to be aware that until the final
+acceptance, they are using the code points of characters in final
+ballot at their own risk. Entities (see <specref
+ref="chars_entity_tables"/>) and the <att>mathvariant</att> attribute (see <specref
+ref="presm_commatt"/>) can be used to avoid that risk.
+</p>
+</item>
+<item>
+<p diff="chg">
+Characters relevant to MathML that were before final ballot made up a long list
+of operators and symbols, including some special constants and
+non-marking characters (see <specref ref="chars_nonmark"/> and
+<specref ref="chars_special"/>).  They numbered about 590 in all.
+With some small technical improvements and compromises the proposed additions
+accepted were published as an amendment to [ISO/IEC
+10646-1], and became part of Unicode 3.2.
+</p>
+<p diff="chg">
+Even with the good will shown to the mathematical community by the
+Unicode process a small number of characters of special interest
+to some may not yet have been included.  The obvious solution of
+avoiding their use may not satisfy all.  For these characters the
+Unicode mechanism involving Private Use Area codes could be deployed,
+in spite of all the dangers of confusion and collisions of conventions
+this brings with it. However, this is the situation for which
+<intref ref="presm_mglyph"><el>mglyph</el></intref>
+was introduced. The use of <intref ref="presm_mglyph"><el>mglyph</el></intref>
+is recommended to refer to symbols not included in Unicode.</p>
+</item>
+</ulist>
+</div3>
+</div2>
+</div1>