minjs 0.3.0 → 0.4.0

data/lib/minjs/ecma262/{exp.rb → expression.rb}

@@ -1,46 +1,70 @@
 module Minjs
   module ECMA262
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_PRIMARY = 10
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE = 20
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_POSTFIX = 30
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_UNARY = 40
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_MULTIPLICATIVE = 50
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_ADDITIVE = 60
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_SHIFT = 70
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_RELATIONAL = 80
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_EQUALITY = 90
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_BITWISE_AND = 100
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_BITWISE_XOR = 106
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_BITWISE_OR = 108
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_LOGICAL_AND = 110
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_LOGICAL_OR = 116
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_CONDITIONAL = 120
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT = 130
+    #priority
     PRIORITY_COMMA = 140
 
-    class Exp < Base
-      def traverse
-        yield(self)
-      end
-
-      def to_js(options = {})
-        raise "internal error"
-      end
-
+    # Base class of ECMA262 expression element
+    class Expression < Base
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] true if expression is kind of LeftHandSideExpression.
       def left_hand_side_exp?
         false
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
-        9999
+        999
       end
 
+      def side_effect?
+        return true
+      end
     end
 
+    # Module of typically binary operation expression.
+    #
+    # Typically binary operation expression has two
+    # values(val, val2) and operation symbol.
     module BinaryOperation
+      attr_reader :val, :val2
+
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen and @val.val.priority <= self.priority
           @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
@@ -51,6 +75,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @val.priority > self.priority
           @val = ExpParen.new(@val)
@@ -62,19 +87,59 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and self.val == obj.val and self.val2 == obj.val2
       end
+
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
+      def deep_dup
+        self.class.new(@val.deep_dup, @val2.deep_dup)
+      end
+
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
+      def replace(from, to)
+        if @val .eql? from
+          @val = to
+        elsif @val2 .eql? from
+          @val2 = to
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
+      def traverse(parent, &block)
+        @val.traverse(self, &block)
+        @val2.traverse(self, &block)
+        yield parent, self
+      end
+
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
+      def to_js(options = {})
+        concat options, @val, sym, @val2
+      end
     end
 
+    # Module of typically unary operation expression.
+    #
+    # Typically unary operation expression has one
+    # values(val) and operation symbol.
+    #
     module UnaryOperation
+      attr_reader :val
+
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen and @val.val.priority <= self.priority
-          @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
+          @val = @val.val
         end
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @val.priority > self.priority
           @val = ExpParen.new(@val)
@@ -83,12 +148,53 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and self.val == obj.val
       end
+
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
+      def deep_dup
+        self.class.new(@val.deep_dup)
+      end
+
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
+      def replace(from, to)
+        if @val .eql? from
+          @val = to
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
+      def traverse(parent, &block)
+        @val.traverse(self, &block)
+        yield parent, self
+      end
+
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
+      def to_js(options = {})
+        concat options, sym, @val
+      end
+
+      # Returns this element has side effect or not.
+      # @return [Boolean]
+      def side_effect?
+        @val.side_effect?
+      end
     end
 
+    # Module of typically Assignment operation.
+    #
+    # Typically unary operation expression has left-hand value(val)
+    # and right-hand value(val2)
     module AssignmentOperation
+      attr_reader :val, :val2
+
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen and @val.val.priority <= PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
@@ -99,6 +205,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @val.priority > PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @val = ExpParen.new(@val)
@@ -109,10 +216,15 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and self.val == obj.val and self.val2 == obj.val2
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] type of right-side-hand expression
+      #   or nil if typeof value is undetermined.
       def ecma262_typeof
         if @val2.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof
           @val2.ecma262_typeof
@@ -120,51 +232,14 @@ module Minjs
           nil
         end
       end
-    end
-
-    class ExpArg1 < Exp
-      attr_reader :val
-
-      def initialize(val)
-        @val = val
-      end
-
-      def deep_dup
-        self.class.new(@val.deep_dup)
-      end
-
-      def replace(from, to)
-        if @val .eql? from
-          @val = to
-        end
-      end
-
-      def traverse(parent, &block)
-        @val.traverse(self, &block)
-        yield self, parent
-      end
-
-      def to_js(options = {})
-        concat options, sym, @val
-      end
-
-      def left_hand_side_exp?
-        true
-      end
-    end
-
-    class ExpArg2 < Exp
-      attr_reader :val, :val2
-
-      def initialize(val, val2)
-        @val = val
-        @val2 = val2
-      end
-
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
       def deep_dup
         self.class.new(@val.deep_dup, @val2.deep_dup)
       end
 
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
       def replace(from, to)
         if @val .eql? from
           @val = to
@@ -173,58 +248,132 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @val.traverse(self, &block)
         @val2.traverse(self, &block)
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         concat options, @val, sym, @val2
       end
-    end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
+      def reduce(parent)
+        #
+        # a = a / b => a /= b
+        #
+        if @val2.kind_of? ExpDiv and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpDivAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpMul and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpMulAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpMod and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpModAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpAdd and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpAddAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpSub and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpSubAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpLShift and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpLShiftAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpRShift and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpRShiftAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpURShift and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpURShiftAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpAnd and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpAndAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpOr and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpOrAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpXor and @val2.val == @val
+          parent.replace(self,
+                         ExpParen.new(
+                           ExpXorAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
+        end
+      end
+    end
+    # Class of the Grouping operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.1 primary expression
-    #
-    class ExpParen < Exp
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.1.6
+    class ExpParen < Expression
       attr_reader :val
 
       def initialize(val)
         @val = val
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_PRIMARY
       end
 
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
       def deep_dup
         self.class.new(@val.deep_dup)
       end
 
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
       def replace(from, to)
         if @val .eql? from
           @val = to
         end
       end
 
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @val.traverse(self, &block)
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and @val == obj.val
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         "(#{@val.to_js(options)})"
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] true if expression is kind of LeftHandSideExpression.
       def left_hand_side_exp?
         true
       end
 
+      # returns removing parenthesis is possible or not
+      #
+      # ECMA262 expression-statement should not start with
+      # "function" or "{".
+      # This method checks inner of the parenthesis' first literal.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean] true if possible
       def remove_paren?
         js = @val.to_js
         if js.match(/^function/) or js.match(/^{/)
@@ -234,6 +383,7 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen
           @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
@@ -241,16 +391,28 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         self
       end
 
+      # Returns results of ToBoolean()
+      #
+      # Returns _true_ or _false_ if trivial,
+      # otherwise nil.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]
+      #
+      # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 9.2
       def to_ecma262_boolean
         return nil unless @val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_boolean
         return nil if @val.to_ecma262_boolean.nil?
         @val.to_ecma262_boolean
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] type of val
       def ecma262_typeof
         if @val.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof
           @val.ecma262_typeof
@@ -259,38 +421,69 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Property Accessors expression element.
     #
-    # 11.2 Left-Hand-Side Expressions
-    #
-    # function expression: see st.rb:StFunc
+    # This is another expression of ExpProp.
+    # This class uses bracket instead of period.
     #
-    # 11.2.1 Property Accessors val[val2]
-    #
-    class ExpPropBrac < ExpArg2
+    # @see ExpProp
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.2.1
+    class ExpPropBrac < Expression
+      attr_reader :val, :val2
+
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
+      def deep_dup
+        self.class.new(@val.deep_dup, @val2.deep_dup)
+      end
+
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
+      def replace(from, to)
+        if @val .eql? from
+          @val = to
+        elsif @val2 .eql? from
+          @val2 = to
+        end
+      end
+
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
       end
 
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @val.traverse(self, &block)
         @val2.traverse(self, &block)
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and
           @val == obj.val and
           @val2 == obj.val2
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         "#{@val.to_js(options)}[#{@val2.to_js(options)}]"
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] true if expression is kind of LeftHandSideExpression.
       def left_hand_side_exp?
         true
       end
 
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen and @val.val.priority <= PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
@@ -301,6 +494,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @val.priority > PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @val = ExpParen.new(@val)
@@ -308,10 +502,16 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Property Accessors expression element.
     #
-    # => val.val2
+    # This is another expression of ExpPropBrac.
+    # This class uses period insted of bracket.
     #
-    class ExpProp < ExpArg2
+    # @see ExpPropBrac
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.2.1
+    class ExpProp < Expression
+      attr_reader :val, :val2
+
       def initialize(val, val2)
         @val = val
         if val2.kind_of? IdentifierName
@@ -321,30 +521,54 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
+      def deep_dup
+        self.class.new(@val.deep_dup, @val2.deep_dup)
+      end
+
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
       end
 
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
+      def replace(from, to)
+        if @val .eql? from
+          @val = to
+        elsif @val2 .eql? from
+          @val2 = to
+        end
+      end
+
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @val.traverse(self, &block)
         @val2.traverse(self, &block)
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and
           @val == obj.val and
           @val2 == obj.val2
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         "#{@val.to_js(options)}.#{@val2.val}"
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] true if expression is kind of LeftHandSideExpression.
       def left_hand_side_exp?
         true
       end
 
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen and @val.val.priority <= PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
@@ -352,6 +576,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @val.priority > PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @val = ExpParen.new(@val)
@@ -359,10 +584,10 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
     end
-    #11.2
-    #  => name(args)
+    # Class of the Call expression element.
     #
-    class ExpCall < Exp
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.2
+    class ExpCall < Expression
       attr_reader :name
       attr_reader :args
 
@@ -371,15 +596,20 @@ module Minjs
         @args = args
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
       end
 
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
       def deep_dup
         self.class.new(@name.deep_dup,
                        @args ? @args.collect{|x| x.deep_dup} : nil)
       end
 
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
       def replace(from, to)
         if @name .eql? from
           @name = to
@@ -394,27 +624,33 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @name.traverse(self, &block)
         @args.each do |x|
           x.traverse(self, &block)
         end
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and @name == obj.name and @args == obj.args
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         args = @args.collect{|x| x.to_js(options)}.join(",")
         "#{@name.to_js(options)}(#{args})"
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] true if expression is kind of LeftHandSideExpression.
       def left_hand_side_exp?
         true
       end
 
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @name.kind_of? ExpParen and @name.val.priority <= PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @name = @name.val if @name.remove_paren?
@@ -431,6 +667,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @name.priority > PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @name = ExpParen.new(@name)
@@ -449,11 +686,10 @@ module Minjs
 
     end
 
+    # Class of the New expression element.
     #
-    # new M
-    # new M(a,b,c...)
-    #
-    class ExpNew < Exp
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.2
+    class ExpNew < Expression
       attr_reader :name, :args
 
       def initialize(name, args)
@@ -461,15 +697,20 @@ module Minjs
         @args = args
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE + ((args == nil) ? 1 : 0)
       end
 
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
       def deep_dup
         self.class.new(@name,
                        @args ? @args.collect{|x| x.deep_dup} : nil)
       end
 
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
       def replace(from, to)
         if @name .eql? from
           @name = from
@@ -480,6 +721,8 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @name.traverse(self, &block)
         if @args
@@ -487,13 +730,16 @@ module Minjs
             arg.traverse(self, &block)
           end
         end
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and @name == obj.name and @args == obj.args
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         if @args
           args = @args.collect{|x| x.to_js(options)}.join(",")
@@ -503,10 +749,12 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # @return [Boolean] true if expression is kind of LeftHandSideExpression.
       def left_hand_side_exp?
         true
       end
 
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @name.kind_of? ExpParen and @name.val.priority <= PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @name = @name.val if @name.remove_paren?
@@ -523,6 +771,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @name.priority > PRIORITY_LEFT_HAND_SIDE
           @name = ExpParen.new(@name)
@@ -540,139 +789,238 @@ module Minjs
       end
     end
 
+    # Class of the Postfix increment operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.3 Postfix Expressions
-    #
-    class ExpPostInc < ExpArg1
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.3.1
+    class ExpPostInc < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "++"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_POSTFIX
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         concat options, @val, sym
       end
     end
-    class ExpPostDec < ExpArg1
+
+    # Class of the Postfix decrement operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.3.2
+    class ExpPostDec < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "--"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_POSTFIX
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         concat options, @val, sym
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Delete operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.4
-    # unary expression
-    #
-    class ExpDelete < ExpArg1
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpDelete < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "delete"
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
     end
-    class ExpVoid < ExpArg1
+    # Class of the Void operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpVoid < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
 
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "void"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :undefined
       def ecma262_typeof
         :undefined
       end
-
     end
-    class ExpTypeof < ExpArg1
+
+    # Class of the Typeof operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpTypeof < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "typeof"
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :string
       def ecma262_typeof
         :string
       end
     end
 
-    class ExpPreInc < ExpArg1
+    # Class of the Prefix Increment operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpPreInc < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "++"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
-    class ExpPreDec < ExpArg1
+
+    # Class of the Prefix Decrement operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpPreDec < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "--"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
-    class ExpPositive < ExpArg1
+
+    # Class of the Positive operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpPositive < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "+"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         if @val.kind_of? ECMA262Numeric
           parent.replace(self, @val)
         end
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
 
-    class ExpNegative < ExpArg1
+    # Class of the Negative operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpNegative < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "-"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         if @val.kind_of? ECMA262Numeric
           if @val.integer.match(/^\-/)
@@ -685,41 +1033,68 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
 
-    class ExpBitwiseNot < ExpArg1
+    # Class of the Bitwise Not operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpBitwiseNot < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "~"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
-    class ExpLogicalNot < ExpArg1
+
+    # Class of the Logical Not operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.4
+    class ExpLogicalNot < Expression
       include UnaryOperation
+      def initialize(val)
+        @val = val
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "!"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_UNARY
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         if @val.kind_of? ECMA262Numeric and (@val.to_js == "0" || @val.to_js == "1")
           return
         end
 
-        if (e = ecma262_eval(:boolean)) != nil
+        if (e = to_ecma262_boolean) != nil and @val.side_effect? == false
           if e
             parent.replace(self, ExpLogicalNot.new(ECMA262Numeric.new(0)))
           else
@@ -732,12 +1107,28 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # Returns results of ToBoolean()
+      #
+      # Returns _true_ or _false_ if trivial,
+      # otherwise nil.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]
+      #
+      # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 9.2
       def to_ecma262_boolean
         return nil unless @val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_boolean
         return nil if @val.to_ecma262_boolean.nil?
         !@val.to_ecma262_boolean
       end
 
+      # Returns results of ToNumber()
+      #
+      # Returns number if value is trivial,
+      # otherwise nil.
+      #
+      # @return [Numeric]
+      #
+      # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 9.3
       def to_ecma262_number
         if @val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_number
           v = @val.to_ecma262_number
@@ -746,43 +1137,37 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
-      def ecma262_eval(type)
-        if @val.respond_to? :ecma262_eval
-          e = @val.ecma262_eval(type)
-          if e.nil?
-            return nil
-          else
-            return !e
-          end
-        else
-          nil
-        end
-      end
-
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+
+    # Class of the Multiprication operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.5.1 Applying the * Operator
-    #
-    class ExpMul < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.5
+    class ExpMul < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
 
-      def sym
-        "*"
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
       end
 
-      def priority
-        PRIORITY_MULTIPLICATIVE
+      # symbol of expression
+      def sym
+        "*"
       end
 
-      def swap
-        t = @val
-        @val = @val2
-        @val2 = t
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
+      def priority
+        PRIORITY_MULTIPLICATIVE
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         # A * B
         if @val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_number and @val2.respond_to? :to_ecma262_number
@@ -794,61 +1179,85 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
 
+    # Class of the Division operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.5.2 Applying the / Operator
-    #
-    class ExpDiv < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.5
+    class ExpDiv < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "/"
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_MULTIPLICATIVE
       end
     end
 
+    # Class of the Remainder operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.5.3 Applying the % Operator
-    #
-    class ExpMod < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.5
+    class ExpMod < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "%"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_MULTIPLICATIVE
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
 
+    # Class of the Additionr operator expression element.
     #
-    #11.6.1 The Addition operator ( + )
-    #
-    class ExpAdd < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.6
+    class ExpAdd < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "+"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ADDITIVE
       end
 
-      def swap
-        t = @val
-        @val = @val2
-        @val2 = t
-      end
-
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         #
         # String + String/
@@ -878,20 +1287,28 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Subtraction operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.6.2 The Subtraction Operator ( - )
-    #
-    class ExpSub < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.6
+    class ExpSub < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
 
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "-"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ADDITIVE
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         # A - B
         if @val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_number and @val2.respond_to? :to_ecma262_number
@@ -903,212 +1320,334 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
 
+    # Class of the Left Shift operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.7.1 The Left Shift Operator ( << )
-    #
-    class ExpLShift < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.7
+    class ExpLShift < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "<<"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_SHIFT
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Right Shift operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.7.2 The Signed Right Shift Operator ( >> )
-    #
-    class ExpRShift < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.7
+    class ExpRShift < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ">>"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_SHIFT
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Unsigned Right Shift operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.7.3 The Unsigned Right Shift Operator ( >>> )
-    #
-    class ExpURShift < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.7
+    class ExpURShift < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ">>>"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_SHIFT
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Less-than operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.8.1 The Less-than Operator ( < )
-    #
-    class ExpLt < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.8
+    class ExpLt < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "<"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_RELATIONAL
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
 
+    # Class of the Greater-than operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.8.2 The Greater-than Operator ( > )
-    #
-    class ExpGt < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.8
+    class ExpGt < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ">"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_RELATIONAL
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Less-than-or-equal operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.8.3 The Less-than-or-equal Operator ( <= )
-    #
-    class ExpLtEq < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.8
+    class ExpLtEq < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "<="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_RELATIONAL
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Greater-than-or-equal operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.8.4 The Greater-than-or-equal Operator ( >= )
-    #
-    class ExpGtEq < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.8
+    class ExpGtEq < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ">="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_RELATIONAL
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the instanceof operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.8.6 The instanceof operator
-    #
-    class ExpInstanceOf < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.8
+    class ExpInstanceOf < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "instanceof"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_RELATIONAL
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the in operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.8.7 The in operator
-    #
-    class ExpIn < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.8
+    class ExpIn < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "in"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_RELATIONAL
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Equals operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.9.1 The Equals Operator ( == )
-    #
-    class ExpEq < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.9
+    class ExpEq < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "=="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_EQUALITY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Does-not-equals operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.9.2 The Does-not-equals Operator ( != )
-    #
-    class ExpNotEq < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.9
+    class ExpNotEq < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "!="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_EQUALITY
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Strict Equals operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.9.4 The Strict Equals Operator ( === )
-    #
-    class ExpStrictEq < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.9
+    class ExpStrictEq < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "==="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_EQUALITY
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         if @val.respond_to?(:ecma262_typeof) and @val2.respond_to?(:ecma262_typeof) and
            (t = @val.ecma262_typeof) == @val2.ecma262_typeof and !t.nil?
@@ -1116,23 +1655,35 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Strict Does-not-equals operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.9.5 The Strict Does-not-equal Operator ( !== )
-    #
-    class ExpStrictNotEq < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.9
+    class ExpStrictNotEq < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "!=="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_EQUALITY
       end
 
+      # reduce expression if available
+      # @param parent [Base] parent element
       def reduce(parent)
         if @val.respond_to?(:ecma262_typeof) and @val2.respond_to?(:ecma262_typeof) and
            (t = @val.ecma262_typeof) == @val2.ecma262_typeof and !t.nil?
@@ -1140,91 +1691,126 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :boolean
       def ecma262_typeof
         :boolean
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Bitwise And operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.10 Binary Bitwise Operators
-    #
-    class ExpAnd < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.10
+    class ExpAnd < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "&"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_BITWISE_AND
       end
 
-      def swap
-        t = @val
-        @val = @val2
-        @val2 = t
-      end
-
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
-    # ^
-    class ExpXor < ExpArg2
+
+    # Class of the Bitwise Xor operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.10
+    class ExpXor < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "^"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_BITWISE_XOR
       end
 
-      def swap
-        t = @val
-        @val = @val2
-        @val2 = t
-      end
-
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
 
-    # |
-    class ExpOr < ExpArg2
+    # Class of the Bitwise Or operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.10
+    class ExpOr < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "|"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_BITWISE_OR
       end
 
-      def swap
-        t = @val
-        @val = @val2
-        @val2 = t
-      end
-
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] :number
       def ecma262_typeof
         :number
       end
     end
+
+    # Class of the Bitwise Logical And operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.11 Binary Logical Operators
-    #
-    # &&
-    class ExpLogicalAnd < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.11
+    class ExpLogicalAnd < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
 
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "&&"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_LOGICAL_AND
       end
 
+      # Returns results of ToBoolean()
+      #
+      # Returns _true_ or _false_ if trivial,
+      # otherwise nil.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]
+      #
+      # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 9.2
       def to_ecma262_boolean
         return nil if !(@val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_boolean)
         return nil if @val.to_ecma262_boolean == nil
@@ -1235,6 +1821,9 @@ module Minjs
         true
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] typeof val if typeof val equals to val2
       def ecma262_typeof
         if @val.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof and @val2.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof
            if @val.ecma262_typeof == @val2.ecma262_typeof
@@ -1244,17 +1833,34 @@ module Minjs
         nil
       end
     end
-    # ||
-    class ExpLogicalOr < ExpArg2
+    # Class of the Bitwise Logical Or operator expression element.
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.11
+    class ExpLogicalOr < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "||"
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_LOGICAL_OR
       end
 
+      # Returns results of ToBoolean()
+      #
+      # Returns _true_ or _false_ if trivial,
+      # otherwise nil.
+      #
+      # @return [Boolean]
+      #
+      # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 9.2
       def to_ecma262_boolean
         return nil if !(@val.respond_to? :to_ecma262_boolean)
         return nil if @val.to_ecma262_boolean == nil
@@ -1265,6 +1871,9 @@ module Minjs
         false
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] typeof val if typeof val equals to val2
       def ecma262_typeof
         if @val.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof and @val2.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof
           if @val.ecma262_typeof == @val2.ecma262_typeof
@@ -1274,12 +1883,10 @@ module Minjs
         nil
       end
     end
+    # Class of the Conditional operator expression element.
     #
-    # 11.12 Conditional Operator ( ? : )
-    #
-    # val ? val2 : val3
-    #
-    class ExpCond < Exp
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.12
+    class ExpCond < Expression
       attr_reader :val, :val2, :val3
       alias :cond :val
 
@@ -1289,10 +1896,12 @@ module Minjs
         @val3 = val3
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_CONDITIONAL
       end
 
+      # remove parenthesis if possible
       def remove_paren
         if @val.kind_of? ExpParen and @val.val.priority < PRIORITY_CONDITIONAL
           @val = @val.val if @val.remove_paren?
@@ -1306,6 +1915,7 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # add parenthesis if need
       def add_paren
         if @val.priority > PRIORITY_CONDITIONAL
           @val = ExpParen.new(@val)
@@ -1319,10 +1929,14 @@ module Minjs
         self
       end
 
+      # duplicate object
+      # @see Base#deep_dup
       def deep_dup
         self.class.new(@val.deep_dup, @val2.deep_dup, @val3.deep_dup)
       end
 
+      # Replaces children object.
+      # @see Base#replace
       def replace(from, to)
         if from .eql? @val
           @val = to
@@ -1333,13 +1947,16 @@ module Minjs
         end
       end
 
+      # Traverses this children and itself with given block.
+      # @see Base#traverse
       def traverse(parent, &block)
         @val.traverse(self, &block)
         @val2.traverse(self, &block)
         @val3.traverse(self, &block)
-        yield self, parent
+        yield parent, self
       end
 
+      # compare object
       def ==(obj)
         self.class == obj.class and
           @val == obj.val and
@@ -1347,10 +1964,15 @@ module Minjs
           @val3 == obj.val3
       end
 
+      # Returns a ECMAScript string containg the representation of element.
+      # @see Base#to_js
       def to_js(options = {})
         "#{@val.to_js(options)}?#{@val2.to_js(options)}:#{@val3.to_js(options)}"
       end
 
+      # return results of 'typeof' operator.
+      #
+      # @return [Symbol] typeof val2 if typeof val2 equals to val3
       def ecma262_typeof
         if @val2.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof and @val3.respond_to? :ecma262_typeof
           if @val2.ecma262_typeof == @val3.ecma262_typeof
@@ -1360,178 +1982,263 @@ module Minjs
         nil
       end
     end
+
+    # Class of '=' operator
     #
-    # 11.13 Assignment Operators
-    #
-    class ExpAssign < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "="
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
-
-      def reduce(parent)
-        #
-        # a = a / b => a /= b
-        #
-        if @val2.kind_of? ExpDiv and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpDivAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpMul and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpMulAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpMod and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpModAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpAdd and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpAddAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpSub and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpSubAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpLShift and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpLShiftAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpRShift and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpRShiftAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpURShift and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpURShiftAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpAnd and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpAndAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpOr and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpOrAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        elsif @val2.kind_of? ExpXor and @val2.val == @val
-          parent.replace(self,
-                         ExpParen.new(
-                           ExpXorAssign.new(@val, @val2.val2)))
-        end
-      end
     end
-    class ExpDivAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '/=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpDivAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "/="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpMulAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '*=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpMulAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "*="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpModAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '%=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpModAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "%="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpAddAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '+=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpAddAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "+="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpSubAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '-=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpSubAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "-="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpLShiftAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '<<=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpLShiftAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "<<="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpRShiftAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '>>=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpRShiftAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ">>="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpURShiftAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '>>>=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpURShiftAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ">>>="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpAndAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '&=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpAndAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "&="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpOrAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '|=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpOrAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "|="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
-    class ExpXorAssign < ExpAssign
+
+    # Class of '^=' operator
+    #
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.13
+    class ExpXorAssign < Expression
       include AssignmentOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         "^="
       end
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_ASSIGNMENT
       end
     end
+    # Class of comma operator ( , )
     #
-    # Comma Operator ( , )
-    #
-    class ExpComma < ExpArg2
+    # @see http://www.ecma-international.org/ecma-262 ECMA262 11.14
+    class ExpComma < Expression
       include BinaryOperation
+      def initialize(val, val2)
+        @val = val
+        @val2 = val2
+      end
+
+      # symbol of expression
       def sym
         ","
       end
 
+      # @return [Fixnum] expression priority
       def priority
         PRIORITY_COMMA
       end