mini_racer 0.17.0.pre5 → 0.17.0.pre6

data/ext/mini_racer_extension/mini_racer_v8.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,840 @@
+#include "v8.h"
+#include "v8-profiler.h"
+#include "libplatform/libplatform.h"
+#include "mini_racer_v8.h"
+#include <memory>
+#include <vector>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <cstdlib>
+#include <cstring>
+#include <vector>
+
+struct Callback
+{
+    struct State *st;
+    int32_t id;
+};
+
+// NOTE: do *not* use thread_locals to store state. In single-threaded
+// mode, V8 runs on the same thread as Ruby and the Ruby runtime clobbers
+// thread-locals when it context-switches threads. Ruby 3.4.0 has a new
+// API rb_thread_lock_native_thread() that pins the thread but I don't
+// think we're quite ready yet to drop support for older versions, hence
+// this inelegant "everything" struct.
+struct State
+{
+    v8::Isolate *isolate;
+    // declaring as Local is safe because we take special care
+    // to ensure it's rooted in a HandleScope before being used
+    v8::Local<v8::Context> context;
+    // extra context for when we need access to built-ins like Array
+    // and want to be sure they haven't been tampered with by JS code
+    v8::Local<v8::Context> safe_context;
+    v8::Persistent<v8::Context> persistent_context;      // single-thread mode only
+    v8::Persistent<v8::Context> persistent_safe_context; // single-thread mode only
+    v8::Persistent<v8::Object> persistent_webassembly_instance;
+    v8::Local<v8::Object> webassembly_instance;
+    Context *ruby_context;
+    int64_t max_memory;
+    int err_reason;
+    bool verbose_exceptions;
+    std::vector<Callback*> callbacks;
+    std::unique_ptr<v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator> allocator;
+    inline ~State();
+};
+
+namespace {
+
+// deliberately leaked on program exit,
+// not safe to destroy after main() returns
+v8::Platform *platform;
+
+struct Serialized
+{
+    uint8_t *data = nullptr;
+    size_t   size = 0;
+
+    Serialized(State& st, v8::Local<v8::Value> v)
+    {
+        v8::ValueSerializer ser(st.isolate);
+        ser.WriteHeader();
+        if (!ser.WriteValue(st.context, v).FromMaybe(false)) return; // exception pending
+        auto pair = ser.Release();
+        data = pair.first;
+        size = pair.second;
+    }
+
+    ~Serialized()
+    {
+        free(data);
+    }
+};
+
+// throws JS exception on serialization error
+bool reply(State& st, v8::Local<v8::Value> v)
+{
+    Serialized serialized(st, v);
+    if (serialized.data)
+        v8_reply(st.ruby_context, serialized.data, serialized.size);
+    return serialized.data != nullptr; // exception pending if false
+}
+
+v8::Local<v8::Value> sanitize(State& st, v8::Local<v8::Value> v)
+{
+    // punch through proxies
+    while (v->IsProxy()) v = v8::Proxy::Cast(*v)->GetTarget();
+    // things that cannot be serialized
+    if (v->IsArgumentsObject() ||
+        v->IsPromise() ||
+        v->IsModule() ||
+        v->IsModuleNamespaceObject() ||
+        v->IsWasmMemoryObject() ||
+        v->IsWasmModuleObject() ||
+        v->IsWasmNull() ||
+        v->IsWeakRef()) {
+        return v8::Object::New(st.isolate);
+    }
+    // V8's serializer doesn't accept symbols
+    if (v->IsSymbol()) return v8::Symbol::Cast(*v)->Description(st.isolate);
+    // TODO(bnoordhuis) replace this hack with something more principled
+    if (v->IsFunction()) {
+        auto type = v8::NewStringType::kNormal;
+        const size_t size = sizeof(js_function_marker) / sizeof(*js_function_marker);
+        return v8::String::NewFromTwoByte(st.isolate, js_function_marker, type, size).ToLocalChecked();
+    }
+    if (v->IsWeakMap() || v->IsWeakSet() || v->IsMapIterator() || v->IsSetIterator()) {
+        bool is_key_value;
+        v8::Local<v8::Array> array;
+        if (v8::Object::Cast(*v)->PreviewEntries(&is_key_value).ToLocal(&array)) {
+            return array;
+        }
+    }
+    // WebAssembly.Instance objects are not serializable but there
+    // is no direct way to detect them through the V8 C++ API
+    if (!st.webassembly_instance.IsEmpty() &&
+        v->IsObject() &&
+        v->InstanceOf(st.context, st.webassembly_instance).FromMaybe(false)) {
+        return v8::Object::New(st.isolate);
+    }
+    return v;
+}
+
+v8::Local<v8::Value> to_error(State& st, v8::TryCatch *try_catch, int cause)
+{
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> t;
+    char buf[1024];
+
+    *buf = '\0';
+    if (cause == NO_ERROR) {
+        // nothing to do
+    } else if (cause == PARSE_ERROR) {
+        auto message = try_catch->Message();
+        v8::String::Utf8Value s(st.isolate, message->Get());
+        v8::String::Utf8Value name(st.isolate, message->GetScriptResourceName());
+        if (!*s || !*name) goto fallback;
+        auto line = message->GetLineNumber(st.context).FromMaybe(0);
+        auto column = message->GetStartColumn(st.context).FromMaybe(0);
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%c%s at %s:%d:%d", cause, *s, *name, line, column);
+    } else if (try_catch->StackTrace(st.context).ToLocal(&t)) {
+        v8::String::Utf8Value s(st.isolate, t);
+        if (!*s) goto fallback;
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%c%s", cause, *s);
+    } else {
+    fallback:
+        v8::String::Utf8Value s(st.isolate, try_catch->Exception());
+        const char *message = *s ? *s : "unexpected failure";
+        if (cause == MEMORY_ERROR) message = "out of memory";
+        if (cause == TERMINATED_ERROR) message = "terminated";
+        snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%c%s", cause, message);
+    }
+    v8::Local<v8::String> s;
+    if (v8::String::NewFromUtf8(st.isolate, buf).ToLocal(&s)) return s;
+    return v8::String::Empty(st.isolate);
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_global_init(void)
+{
+    char *p;
+    size_t n;
+
+    v8_get_flags(&p, &n);
+    if (p) {
+        for (char *s = p; s < p+n; s += 1 + strlen(s)) {
+            v8::V8::SetFlagsFromString(s);
+        }
+        free(p);
+    }
+    v8::V8::InitializeICU();
+    if (single_threaded) {
+        platform = v8::platform::NewSingleThreadedDefaultPlatform().release();
+    } else {
+        platform = v8::platform::NewDefaultPlatform().release();
+    }
+    v8::V8::InitializePlatform(platform);
+    v8::V8::Initialize();
+}
+
+void v8_gc_callback(v8::Isolate*, v8::GCType, v8::GCCallbackFlags, void *data)
+{
+    State& st = *static_cast<State*>(data);
+    v8::HeapStatistics s;
+    st.isolate->GetHeapStatistics(&s);
+    int64_t used_heap_size = static_cast<int64_t>(s.used_heap_size());
+    if (used_heap_size > st.max_memory) {
+        st.err_reason = MEMORY_ERROR;
+        st.isolate->TerminateExecution();
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" State *v8_thread_init(Context *c, const uint8_t *snapshot_buf,
+                                 size_t snapshot_len, int64_t max_memory,
+                                 int verbose_exceptions)
+{
+    State *pst = new State{};
+    State& st = *pst;
+    st.verbose_exceptions = (verbose_exceptions != 0);
+    st.ruby_context = c;
+    st.allocator.reset(v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator());
+    v8::StartupData blob{nullptr, 0};
+    v8::Isolate::CreateParams params;
+    params.array_buffer_allocator = st.allocator.get();
+    if (snapshot_len) {
+        blob.data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(snapshot_buf);
+        blob.raw_size = snapshot_len;
+        params.snapshot_blob = &blob;
+    }
+    st.isolate = v8::Isolate::New(params);
+    st.max_memory = max_memory;
+    if (st.max_memory > 0)
+        st.isolate->AddGCEpilogueCallback(v8_gc_callback, pst);
+    {
+        v8::Locker locker(st.isolate);
+        v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(st.isolate);
+        v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+        st.safe_context = v8::Context::New(st.isolate);
+        st.context = v8::Context::New(st.isolate);
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.context);
+        auto global = st.context->Global();
+        // globalThis.WebAssembly is missing in --jitless mode
+        auto key = v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(st.isolate, "WebAssembly");
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> wasm_v;
+        if (global->Get(st.context, key).ToLocal(&wasm_v) && wasm_v->IsObject()) {
+            auto key = v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(st.isolate, "Instance");
+            st.webassembly_instance =
+                wasm_v.As<v8::Object>()
+                ->Get(st.context, key).ToLocalChecked().As<v8::Object>();
+        }
+        if (single_threaded) {
+            st.persistent_webassembly_instance.Reset(st.isolate, st.webassembly_instance);
+            st.persistent_safe_context.Reset(st.isolate, st.safe_context);
+            st.persistent_context.Reset(st.isolate, st.context);
+            return pst; // intentionally returning early and keeping alive
+        }
+        v8_thread_main(c, pst);
+    }
+    delete pst;
+    return nullptr;
+}
+
+void v8_api_callback(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& info)
+{
+    auto ext = v8::External::Cast(*info.Data());
+    Callback *cb = static_cast<Callback*>(ext->Value());
+    State& st = *cb->st;
+    v8::Local<v8::Array> request;
+    {
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.safe_context);
+        request = v8::Array::New(st.isolate, 2);
+    }
+    for (int i = 0, n = info.Length(); i < n; i++) {
+        request->Set(st.context, i, sanitize(st, info[i])).Check();
+    }
+    auto id = v8::Int32::New(st.isolate, cb->id);
+    request->Set(st.context, info.Length(), id).Check(); // callback id
+    {
+        Serialized serialized(st, request);
+        if (!serialized.data) return; // exception pending
+        uint8_t marker = 'c'; // callback marker
+        v8_reply(st.ruby_context, &marker, 1);
+        v8_reply(st.ruby_context, serialized.data, serialized.size);
+    }
+    const uint8_t *p;
+    size_t n;
+    for (;;) {
+        v8_roundtrip(st.ruby_context, &p, &n);
+        if (*p == 'c') // callback reply
+            break;
+        if (*p == 'e') // ruby exception pending
+            return st.isolate->TerminateExecution();
+        v8_dispatch(st.ruby_context);
+    }
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p+1, n-1);
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+    if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&result)) return; // exception pending
+    v8::Local<v8::Object> response; // [result, err]
+    if (!result->ToObject(st.context).ToLocal(&response)) return;
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> err;
+    if (!response->Get(st.context, 1).ToLocal(&err)) return;
+    if (err->IsUndefined()) {
+        if (!response->Get(st.context, 0).ToLocal(&result)) return;
+        info.GetReturnValue().Set(result);
+    } else {
+        v8::Local<v8::String> message;
+        if (!err->ToString(st.context).ToLocal(&message)) return;
+        st.isolate->ThrowException(v8::Exception::Error(message));
+    }
+}
+
+// response is err or empty string
+extern "C" void v8_attach(State *pst, const uint8_t *p, size_t n)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(st.verbose_exceptions);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p, n);
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    int cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> request_v;
+        if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&request_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> request; // [name, id]
+        if (!request_v->ToObject(st.context).ToLocal(&request)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> name_v;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 0).ToLocal(&name_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> id_v;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 1).ToLocal(&id_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> name;
+        if (!name_v->ToString(st.context).ToLocal(&name)) goto fail;
+        int32_t id;
+        if (!id_v->Int32Value(st.context).To(&id)) goto fail;
+        Callback *cb = new Callback{pst, id};
+        st.callbacks.push_back(cb);
+        v8::Local<v8::External> ext = v8::External::New(st.isolate, cb);
+        v8::Local<v8::Function> function;
+        if (!v8::Function::New(st.context, v8_api_callback, ext).ToLocal(&function)) goto fail;
+        // support foo.bar.baz paths
+        v8::String::Utf8Value path(st.isolate, name);
+        if (!*path) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> obj = st.context->Global();
+        v8::Local<v8::String> key;
+        for (const char *p = *path;;) {
+            size_t n = strcspn(p, ".");
+            auto type = v8::NewStringType::kNormal;
+            if (!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(st.isolate, p, type, n).ToLocal(&key)) goto fail;
+            if (p[n] == '\0') break;
+            p += n + 1;
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> val;
+            if (!obj->Get(st.context, key).ToLocal(&val)) goto fail;
+            if (!val->IsObject() && !val->IsFunction()) {
+                val = v8::Object::New(st.isolate);
+                if (!obj->Set(st.context, key, val).FromMaybe(false)) goto fail;
+            }
+            obj = val.As<v8::Object>();
+        }
+        if (!obj->Set(st.context, key, function).FromMaybe(false)) goto fail;
+    }
+    cause = NO_ERROR;
+fail:
+    if (!cause && try_catch.HasCaught()) cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+    auto err = to_error(st, &try_catch, cause);
+    if (!reply(st, err)) abort();
+}
+
+// response is errback [result, err] array
+extern "C" void v8_call(State *pst, const uint8_t *p, size_t n)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(st.verbose_exceptions);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p, n);
+    std::vector<v8::Local<v8::Value>> args;
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    v8::Local<v8::Array> response;
+    {
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.safe_context);
+        response = v8::Array::New(st.isolate, 2);
+    }
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+    int cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> request_v;
+        if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&request_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> request;
+        if (!request_v->ToObject(st.context).ToLocal(&request)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> name_v;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 0).ToLocal(&name_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> name;
+        if (!name_v->ToString(st.context).ToLocal(&name)) goto fail;
+        cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+        // support foo.bar.baz paths
+        v8::String::Utf8Value path(st.isolate, name);
+        if (!*path) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> obj = st.context->Global();
+        v8::Local<v8::String> key;
+        for (const char *p = *path;;) {
+            size_t n = strcspn(p, ".");
+            auto type = v8::NewStringType::kNormal;
+            if (!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(st.isolate, p, type, n).ToLocal(&key)) goto fail;
+            if (p[n] == '\0') break;
+            p += n + 1;
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> val;
+            if (!obj->Get(st.context, key).ToLocal(&val)) goto fail;
+            if (!val->ToObject(st.context).ToLocal(&obj)) goto fail;
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> function_v;
+        if (!obj->Get(st.context, key).ToLocal(&function_v)) goto fail;
+        if (!function_v->IsFunction()) {
+            // XXX it's technically possible for |function_v| to be a callable
+            // object but those are effectively extinct; regexp objects used
+            // to be callable but not anymore
+            auto message = v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(st.isolate, "not a function");
+            auto exception = v8::Exception::TypeError(message);
+            st.isolate->ThrowException(exception);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        auto function = v8::Function::Cast(*function_v);
+        assert(request->IsArray());
+        int n = v8::Array::Cast(*request)->Length();
+        for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) {
+            v8::Local<v8::Value> val;
+            if (!request->Get(st.context, i).ToLocal(&val)) goto fail;
+            args.push_back(val);
+        }
+        auto maybe_result_v = function->Call(st.context, obj, args.size(), args.data());
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> result_v;
+        if (!maybe_result_v.ToLocal(&result_v)) goto fail;
+        result = sanitize(st, result_v);
+    }
+    cause = NO_ERROR;
+fail:
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) {
+        st.isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+        cause = st.err_reason ? st.err_reason : TERMINATED_ERROR;
+        st.err_reason = NO_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (!cause && try_catch.HasCaught()) cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+    if (cause) result = v8::Undefined(st.isolate);
+    auto err = to_error(st, &try_catch, cause);
+    response->Set(st.context, 0, result).Check();
+    response->Set(st.context, 1, err).Check();
+    if (!reply(st, response)) {
+        assert(try_catch.HasCaught());
+        goto fail; // retry; can be termination exception
+    }
+}
+
+// response is errback [result, err] array
+extern "C" void v8_eval(State *pst, const uint8_t *p, size_t n)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(st.verbose_exceptions);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p, n);
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    v8::Local<v8::Array> response;
+    {
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.safe_context);
+        response = v8::Array::New(st.isolate, 2);
+    }
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+    int cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> request_v;
+        if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&request_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> request; // [filename, source]
+        if (!request_v->ToObject(st.context).ToLocal(&request)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> filename;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 0).ToLocal(&filename)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> source_v;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 1).ToLocal(&source_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> source;
+        if (!source_v->ToString(st.context).ToLocal(&source)) goto fail;
+        v8::ScriptOrigin origin(filename);
+        v8::Local<v8::Script> script;
+        cause = PARSE_ERROR;
+        if (!v8::Script::Compile(st.context, source, &origin).ToLocal(&script)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> result_v;
+        cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+        auto maybe_result_v = script->Run(st.context);
+        if (!maybe_result_v.ToLocal(&result_v)) goto fail;
+        result = sanitize(st, result_v);
+    }
+    cause = NO_ERROR;
+fail:
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) {
+        st.isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+        cause = st.err_reason ? st.err_reason : TERMINATED_ERROR;
+        st.err_reason = NO_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (!cause && try_catch.HasCaught()) cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+    if (cause) result = v8::Undefined(st.isolate);
+    auto err = to_error(st, &try_catch, cause);
+    response->Set(st.context, 0, result).Check();
+    response->Set(st.context, 1, err).Check();
+    if (!reply(st, response)) {
+        assert(try_catch.HasCaught());
+        goto fail; // retry; can be termination exception
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_heap_stats(State *pst)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::HeapStatistics s;
+    st.isolate->GetHeapStatistics(&s);
+    v8::Local<v8::Object> response = v8::Object::New(st.isolate);
+#define PROP(name)                                                      \
+    do {                                                                \
+        auto key = v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(st.isolate, #name);   \
+        auto val = v8::Number::New(st.isolate, s.name());               \
+        response->Set(st.context, key, val).Check();                    \
+    } while (0)
+    PROP(total_heap_size);
+    PROP(total_heap_size);
+    PROP(total_heap_size_executable);
+    PROP(total_physical_size);
+    PROP(total_available_size);
+    PROP(total_global_handles_size);
+    PROP(used_global_handles_size);
+    PROP(used_heap_size);
+    PROP(heap_size_limit);
+    PROP(malloced_memory);
+    PROP(external_memory);
+    PROP(peak_malloced_memory);
+    PROP(number_of_native_contexts);
+    PROP(number_of_detached_contexts);
+#undef PROP
+    if (!reply(st, response)) abort();
+}
+
+struct OutputStream : public v8::OutputStream
+{
+    std::vector<uint8_t> buf;
+
+    void EndOfStream() final {}
+    int GetChunkSize() final { return 65536; }
+
+    WriteResult WriteAsciiChunk(char* data, int size)
+    {
+        const uint8_t *p = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(data);
+        buf.insert(buf.end(), p, p+size);
+        return WriteResult::kContinue;
+    }
+};
+
+extern "C" void v8_heap_snapshot(State *pst)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    auto snapshot = st.isolate->GetHeapProfiler()->TakeHeapSnapshot();
+    OutputStream os;
+    snapshot->Serialize(&os, v8::HeapSnapshot::kJSON);
+    v8_reply(st.ruby_context, os.buf.data(), os.buf.size()); // not serialized because big
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_pump_message_loop(State *pst)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(st.verbose_exceptions);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    bool ran_task = v8::platform::PumpMessageLoop(platform, st.isolate);
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) goto fail;
+    if (try_catch.HasCaught()) goto fail;
+    if (ran_task) v8::MicrotasksScope::PerformCheckpoint(st.isolate);
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) goto fail;
+    if (platform->IdleTasksEnabled(st.isolate)) {
+        double idle_time_in_seconds = 1.0 / 50;
+        v8::platform::RunIdleTasks(platform, st.isolate, idle_time_in_seconds);
+        if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) goto fail;
+        if (try_catch.HasCaught()) goto fail;
+    }
+fail:
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) {
+        st.isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+        st.err_reason = NO_ERROR;
+    }
+    auto result = v8::Boolean::New(st.isolate, ran_task);
+    if (!reply(st, result)) abort();
+}
+
+int snapshot(bool is_warmup, bool verbose_exceptions,
+             const v8::String::Utf8Value& code,
+             v8::StartupData blob, v8::StartupData *result,
+             char (*errbuf)[512])
+{
+    // SnapshotCreator takes ownership of isolate
+    v8::Isolate *isolate = v8::Isolate::Allocate();
+    v8::StartupData *existing_blob = is_warmup ? &blob : nullptr;
+    v8::SnapshotCreator snapshot_creator(isolate, nullptr, existing_blob);
+    v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(verbose_exceptions);
+    auto filename = is_warmup
+        ? v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate, "<warmup>")
+        : v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate, "<snapshot>");
+    auto mode = is_warmup
+        ? v8::SnapshotCreator::FunctionCodeHandling::kKeep
+        : v8::SnapshotCreator::FunctionCodeHandling::kClear;
+    int cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    {
+        auto context = v8::Context::New(isolate);
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+        v8::Local<v8::String> source;
+        auto type = v8::NewStringType::kNormal;
+        if (!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, *code, type, code.length()).ToLocal(&source)) {
+            v8::String::Utf8Value s(isolate, try_catch.Exception());
+            if (*s) snprintf(*errbuf, sizeof(*errbuf), "%c%s", cause, *s);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        v8::ScriptOrigin origin(filename);
+        v8::Local<v8::Script> script;
+        cause = PARSE_ERROR;
+        if (!v8::Script::Compile(context, source, &origin).ToLocal(&script)) {
+            goto err;
+        }
+        cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+        if (script->Run(context).IsEmpty()) {
+        err:
+            auto m = try_catch.Message();
+            v8::String::Utf8Value s(isolate, m->Get());
+            v8::String::Utf8Value name(isolate, m->GetScriptResourceName());
+            auto line = m->GetLineNumber(context).FromMaybe(0);
+            auto column = m->GetStartColumn(context).FromMaybe(0);
+            snprintf(*errbuf, sizeof(*errbuf), "%c%s\n%s:%d:%d",
+                     cause, *s, *name, line, column);
+            goto fail;
+        }
+        cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+        if (!is_warmup) snapshot_creator.SetDefaultContext(context);
+    }
+    if (is_warmup) {
+        isolate->ContextDisposedNotification(false);
+        auto context = v8::Context::New(isolate);
+        snapshot_creator.SetDefaultContext(context);
+    }
+    *result = snapshot_creator.CreateBlob(mode);
+    cause = NO_ERROR;
+fail:
+    return cause;
+}
+
+// response is errback [result, err] array
+// note: currently needs --stress_snapshot in V8 debug builds
+// to work around a buggy check in the snapshot deserializer
+extern "C" void v8_snapshot(State *pst, const uint8_t *p, size_t n)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(st.verbose_exceptions);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p, n);
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    v8::Local<v8::Array> response;
+    {
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.safe_context);
+        response = v8::Array::New(st.isolate, 2);
+    }
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+    v8::StartupData blob{nullptr, 0};
+    int cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    char errbuf[512] = {0};
+    {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> code_v;
+        if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&code_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value code(st.isolate, code_v);
+        if (!*code) goto fail;
+        v8::StartupData init{nullptr, 0};
+        cause = snapshot(/*is_warmup*/false, st.verbose_exceptions, code, init, &blob, &errbuf);
+        if (cause) goto fail;
+    }
+    if (blob.data) {
+        auto data = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(blob.data);
+        auto type = v8::NewStringType::kNormal;
+        bool ok = v8::String::NewFromOneByte(st.isolate, data, type,
+                                             blob.raw_size).ToLocal(&result);
+        delete[] blob.data;
+        blob = v8::StartupData{nullptr, 0};
+        if (!ok) goto fail;
+    }
+    cause = NO_ERROR;
+fail:
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) {
+        st.isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+        cause = st.err_reason ? st.err_reason : TERMINATED_ERROR;
+        st.err_reason = NO_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (!cause && try_catch.HasCaught()) cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+    if (cause) result = v8::Undefined(st.isolate);
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> err;
+    if (*errbuf) {
+        if (!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(st.isolate, errbuf).ToLocal(&err)) {
+            err = v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(st.isolate, "unexpected error");
+        }
+    } else {
+        err = to_error(st, &try_catch, cause);
+    }
+    response->Set(st.context, 0, result).Check();
+    response->Set(st.context, 1, err).Check();
+    if (!reply(st, response)) {
+        assert(try_catch.HasCaught());
+        goto fail; // retry; can be termination exception
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_warmup(State *pst, const uint8_t *p, size_t n)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    try_catch.SetVerbose(st.verbose_exceptions);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    std::vector<uint8_t> storage;
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p, n);
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    v8::Local<v8::Array> response;
+    {
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.safe_context);
+        response = v8::Array::New(st.isolate, 2);
+    }
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> result;
+    v8::StartupData blob{nullptr, 0};
+    int cause = INTERNAL_ERROR;
+    char errbuf[512] = {0};
+    {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> request_v;
+        if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&request_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Object> request; // [snapshot, warmup_code]
+        if (!request_v->ToObject(st.context).ToLocal(&request)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> blob_data_v;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 0).ToLocal(&blob_data_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::Local<v8::String> blob_data;
+        if (!blob_data_v->ToString(st.context).ToLocal(&blob_data)) goto fail;
+        assert(blob_data->IsOneByte());
+        assert(blob_data->ContainsOnlyOneByte());
+        if (const size_t len = blob_data->Length()) {
+            auto flags = v8::String::NO_NULL_TERMINATION
+                       | v8::String::PRESERVE_ONE_BYTE_NULL;
+            storage.resize(len);
+            blob_data->WriteOneByte(st.isolate, storage.data(), 0, len, flags);
+        }
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> code_v;
+        if (!request->Get(st.context, 1).ToLocal(&code_v)) goto fail;
+        v8::String::Utf8Value code(st.isolate, code_v);
+        if (!*code) goto fail;
+        auto data = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(storage.data());
+        auto size = static_cast<int>(storage.size());
+        v8::StartupData init{data, size};
+        cause = snapshot(/*is_warmup*/true, st.verbose_exceptions, code, init, &blob, &errbuf);
+        if (cause) goto fail;
+    }
+    if (blob.data) {
+        auto data = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(blob.data);
+        auto type = v8::NewStringType::kNormal;
+        bool ok = v8::String::NewFromOneByte(st.isolate, data, type,
+                                             blob.raw_size).ToLocal(&result);
+        delete[] blob.data;
+        blob = v8::StartupData{nullptr, 0};
+        if (!ok) goto fail;
+    }
+    cause = NO_ERROR;
+fail:
+    if (st.isolate->IsExecutionTerminating()) {
+        st.isolate->CancelTerminateExecution();
+        cause = st.err_reason ? st.err_reason : TERMINATED_ERROR;
+        st.err_reason = NO_ERROR;
+    }
+    if (!cause && try_catch.HasCaught()) cause = RUNTIME_ERROR;
+    if (cause) result = v8::Undefined(st.isolate);
+    v8::Local<v8::Value> err;
+    if (*errbuf) {
+        if (!v8::String::NewFromUtf8(st.isolate, errbuf).ToLocal(&err)) {
+            err = v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(st.isolate, "unexpected error");
+        }
+    } else {
+        err = to_error(st, &try_catch, cause);
+    }
+    response->Set(st.context, 0, result).Check();
+    response->Set(st.context, 1, err).Check();
+    if (!reply(st, response)) {
+        assert(try_catch.HasCaught());
+        goto fail; // retry; can be termination exception
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_idle_notification(State *pst, const uint8_t *p, size_t n)
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::TryCatch try_catch(st.isolate);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::ValueDeserializer des(st.isolate, p, n);
+    des.ReadHeader(st.context).Check();
+    double idle_time_in_seconds = .01;
+    {
+        v8::Local<v8::Value> idle_time_in_seconds_v;
+        if (!des.ReadValue(st.context).ToLocal(&idle_time_in_seconds_v)) goto fail;
+        if (!idle_time_in_seconds_v->NumberValue(st.context).To(&idle_time_in_seconds)) goto fail;
+    }
+fail:
+    double now = platform->MonotonicallyIncreasingTime();
+    bool stop = st.isolate->IdleNotificationDeadline(now + idle_time_in_seconds);
+    auto result = v8::Boolean::New(st.isolate, stop);
+    if (!reply(st, result)) abort();
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_low_memory_notification(State *pst)
+{
+    pst->isolate->LowMemoryNotification();
+}
+
+// called from ruby thread
+extern "C" void v8_terminate_execution(State *pst)
+{
+    pst->isolate->TerminateExecution();
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_single_threaded_enter(State *pst, Context *c, void (*f)(Context *c))
+{
+    State& st = *pst;
+    v8::Locker locker(st.isolate);
+    v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(st.isolate);
+    v8::HandleScope handle_scope(st.isolate);
+    {
+        st.webassembly_instance = v8::Local<v8::Object>::New(st.isolate, st.persistent_webassembly_instance);
+        st.safe_context = v8::Local<v8::Context>::New(st.isolate, st.persistent_safe_context);
+        st.context = v8::Local<v8::Context>::New(st.isolate, st.persistent_context);
+        v8::Context::Scope context_scope(st.context);
+        f(c);
+        st.context = v8::Local<v8::Context>();
+        st.safe_context = v8::Local<v8::Context>();
+        st.webassembly_instance = v8::Local<v8::Object>();
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" void v8_single_threaded_dispose(struct State *pst)
+{
+    delete pst; // see State::~State() below
+}
+
+} // namespace anonymous
+
+State::~State()
+{
+    {
+        v8::Locker locker(isolate);
+        v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+        persistent_webassembly_instance.Reset();
+        persistent_safe_context.Reset();
+        persistent_context.Reset();
+    }
+    isolate->Dispose();
+    for (Callback *cb : callbacks)
+        delete cb;
+}