mini_racer 0.3.0

data/Rakefile

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+require "bundler/gem_tasks"
+require "rake/testtask"
+require "rake/extensiontask"
+
+Rake::TestTask.new(:test) do |t|
+  t.libs << "test"
+  t.libs << "lib"
+  t.test_files = FileList['test/**/*_test.rb']
+end
+
+task :default => [:compile, :test]
+
+gem = Gem::Specification.load( File.dirname(__FILE__) + '/mini_racer.gemspec' )
+Rake::ExtensionTask.new( 'mini_racer_extension', gem )
+
+
+# via http://blog.flavorjon.es/2009/06/easily-valgrind-gdb-your-ruby-c.html
+namespace :test do
+  desc "run test suite with Address Sanitizer"
+  task :asan do
+    ENV["CONFIGURE_ARGS"] = [ENV["CONFIGURE_ARGS"], '--enable-asan'].compact.join(' ')
+    Rake::Task['compile'].invoke
+
+    asan_path = `ldconfig -N -p |grep libasan | grep -v 32 | sed 's/.* => \\(.*\\)$/\\1/'`.chomp.split("\n")[-1]
+
+
+    cmdline = "env LD_PRELOAD=\"#{asan_path}\" ruby test/test_leak.rb"
+    puts cmdline
+    system cmdline
+
+    cmdline = "env LD_PRELOAD=\"#{asan_path}\" rake test"
+    puts cmdline
+    system cmdline
+  end
+  # partial-loads-ok and undef-value-errors necessary to ignore
+  # spurious (and eminently ignorable) warnings from the ruby
+  # interpreter
+  VALGRIND_BASIC_OPTS = "--num-callers=50 --error-limit=no \
+                         --partial-loads-ok=yes --undef-value-errors=no"
+
+  desc "run test suite under valgrind with basic ruby options"
+  task :valgrind => :compile do
+    cmdline = "valgrind #{VALGRIND_BASIC_OPTS} ruby test/test_leak.rb"
+    puts cmdline
+    system cmdline
+  end
+
+  desc "run test suite under valgrind with leak-check=full"
+  task :valgrind_leak_check => :compile do
+    cmdline = "valgrind #{VALGRIND_BASIC_OPTS} --leak-check=full ruby test/test_leak.rb"
+    puts cmdline
+    require 'open3'
+    _, stderr = Open3.capture3(cmdline)
+
+    section = ""
+    stderr.split("\n").each do |line|
+
+      if line =~ /==.*==\s*$/
+        if (section =~ /mini_racer|SUMMARY/)
+          puts
+          puts section
+          puts
+        end
+        section = ""
+      else
+        section << line << "\n"
+      end
+    end
+  end
+end
+
+desc 'run clang-tidy linter on mini_racer_extension.cc'
+task :lint do
+  require 'mkmf'
+  require 'libv8'
+
+  Libv8.configure_makefile
+
+  conf = RbConfig::CONFIG.merge('hdrdir' => $hdrdir.quote, 'srcdir' => $srcdir.quote,
+                                'arch_hdrdir' => $arch_hdrdir.quote,
+                                'top_srcdir' => $top_srcdir.quote)
+  if $universal and (arch_flag = conf['ARCH_FLAG']) and !arch_flag.empty?
+    conf['ARCH_FLAG'] = arch_flag.gsub(/(?:\G|\s)-arch\s+\S+/, '')
+  end
+
+  checks = %W(bugprone-*
+              cert-*
+              cppcoreguidelines-*
+              clang-analyzer-*
+              performance-*
+              portability-*
+              readability-*).join(',')
+
+  sh RbConfig::expand("clang-tidy -checks='#{checks}' ext/mini_racer_extension/mini_racer_extension.cc -- #$INCFLAGS #$CPPFLAGS", conf)
+end

data/bin/console

@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env ruby
+
+require "bundler/setup"
+require "mini_racer"
+
+# You can add fixtures and/or initialization code here to make experimenting
+# with your gem easier. You can also use a different console, if you like.
+
+# (If you use this, don't forget to add pry to your Gemfile!)
+# require "pry"
+# Pry.start
+
+require "irb"
+IRB.start

data/bin/setup

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env bash
+set -euo pipefail
+IFS=$'\n\t'
+set -vx
+
+bundle install
+
+# Do any other automated setup that you need to do here

data/ext/mini_racer_extension/extconf.rb

@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+require 'mkmf'
+require 'libv8'
+
+IS_DARWIN = RUBY_PLATFORM =~ /darwin/
+
+have_library('pthread')
+have_library('objc') if IS_DARWIN
+$CPPFLAGS += " -Wall" unless $CPPFLAGS.split.include? "-Wall"
+$CPPFLAGS += " -g" unless $CPPFLAGS.split.include? "-g"
+$CPPFLAGS += " -rdynamic" unless $CPPFLAGS.split.include? "-rdynamic"
+$CPPFLAGS += " -fPIC" unless $CPPFLAGS.split.include? "-rdynamic" or IS_DARWIN
+$CPPFLAGS += " -std=c++0x"
+$CPPFLAGS += " -fpermissive"
+$CPPFLAGS += " -DV8_COMPRESS_POINTERS"
+
+$CPPFLAGS += " -Wno-reserved-user-defined-literal" if IS_DARWIN
+
+$LDFLAGS.insert(0, " -stdlib=libc++ ") if IS_DARWIN
+
+if ENV['CXX']
+  puts "SETTING CXX"
+  CONFIG['CXX'] = ENV['CXX']
+end
+
+CXX11_TEST = <<EOS
+#if __cplusplus <= 199711L
+#   error A compiler that supports at least C++11 is required in order to compile this project.
+#endif
+EOS
+
+`echo "#{CXX11_TEST}" | #{CONFIG['CXX']} -std=c++0x -x c++ -E -`
+unless $?.success?
+  warn <<EOS
+
+
+WARNING: C++11 support is required for compiling mini_racer. Please make sure
+you are using a compiler that supports at least C++11. Examples of such
+compilers are GCC 4.7+ and Clang 3.2+.
+
+If you are using Travis, consider either migrating your build to Ubuntu Trusty or
+installing GCC 4.8. See mini_racer's README.md for more information.
+
+
+EOS
+end
+
+CONFIG['LDSHARED'] = '$(CXX) -shared' unless IS_DARWIN
+if CONFIG['warnflags']
+  CONFIG['warnflags'].gsub!('-Wdeclaration-after-statement', '')
+  CONFIG['warnflags'].gsub!('-Wimplicit-function-declaration', '')
+end
+
+if enable_config('debug') || enable_config('asan')
+  CONFIG['debugflags'] << ' -ggdb3 -O0'
+end
+
+Libv8.configure_makefile
+
+if enable_config('asan')
+  $CPPFLAGS.insert(0, " -fsanitize=address ")
+  $LDFLAGS.insert(0, " -fsanitize=address ")
+end
+
+create_makefile 'mini_racer_extension'

data/ext/mini_racer_extension/mini_racer_extension.cc

@@ -0,0 +1,1714 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <ruby.h>
+#include <ruby/thread.h>
+#include <ruby/io.h>
+#include <v8.h>
+#include <v8-profiler.h>
+#include <libplatform/libplatform.h>
+#include <ruby/encoding.h>
+#include <pthread.h>
+#include <unistd.h>
+#include <mutex>
+#include <atomic>
+#include <math.h>
+
+using namespace v8;
+
+typedef struct {
+    const char* data;
+    int raw_size;
+} SnapshotInfo;
+
+class IsolateInfo {
+public:
+    Isolate* isolate;
+    ArrayBuffer::Allocator* allocator;
+    StartupData* startup_data;
+    bool interrupted;
+    bool added_gc_cb;
+    pid_t pid;
+    VALUE mutex;
+
+    class Lock {
+        VALUE &mutex;
+
+    public:
+        Lock(VALUE &mutex) : mutex(mutex) {
+            rb_mutex_lock(mutex);
+        }
+        ~Lock() {
+            rb_mutex_unlock(mutex);
+        }
+    };
+
+
+    IsolateInfo() : isolate(nullptr), allocator(nullptr), startup_data(nullptr),
+        interrupted(false), added_gc_cb(false), pid(getpid()), refs_count(0) {
+        VALUE cMutex = rb_const_get(rb_cThread, rb_intern("Mutex"));
+        mutex = rb_class_new_instance(0, nullptr, cMutex);
+    }
+
+    ~IsolateInfo();
+
+    void init(SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info = nullptr);
+
+    void mark() {
+        rb_gc_mark(mutex);
+    }
+
+    Lock createLock() {
+        Lock lock(mutex);
+        return lock;
+    }
+
+    void hold() {
+        refs_count++;
+    }
+    void release() {
+        if (--refs_count <= 0) {
+            delete this;
+        }
+    }
+
+    int refs() {
+        return refs_count;
+    }
+
+    static void* operator new(size_t size) {
+        return ruby_xmalloc(size);
+    }
+
+    static void operator delete(void *block) {
+        xfree(block);
+    }
+private:
+    // how many references to this isolate exist
+    // we can't rely on Ruby's GC for this, because Ruby could destroy the
+    // isolate before destroying the contexts that depend on them. We'd need to
+    // keep a list of linked contexts in the isolate to destroy those first when
+    // isolate destruction was requested. Keeping such a list would require
+    // notification from the context VALUEs when they are constructed and
+    // destroyed. With a ref count, those notifications are still needed, but
+    // we keep a simple int rather than a list of pointers.
+    std::atomic_int refs_count;
+};
+
+typedef struct {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info;
+    Persistent<Context>* context;
+} ContextInfo;
+
+typedef struct {
+    bool parsed;
+    bool executed;
+    bool terminated;
+    bool json;
+    Persistent<Value>* value;
+    Persistent<Value>* message;
+    Persistent<Value>* backtrace;
+} EvalResult;
+
+typedef struct {
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Local<String>* eval;
+    Local<String>* filename;
+    useconds_t timeout;
+    EvalResult* result;
+    size_t max_memory;
+} EvalParams;
+
+typedef struct {
+    ContextInfo *context_info;
+    char *function_name;
+    int argc;
+    bool error;
+    Local<Function> fun;
+    Local<Value> *argv;
+    EvalResult result;
+    size_t max_memory;
+} FunctionCall;
+
+enum IsolateFlags {
+    IN_GVL,
+    DO_TERMINATE,
+    MEM_SOFTLIMIT_VALUE,
+    MEM_SOFTLIMIT_REACHED,
+};
+
+static VALUE rb_cContext;
+static VALUE rb_cSnapshot;
+static VALUE rb_cIsolate;
+
+static VALUE rb_eScriptTerminatedError;
+static VALUE rb_eV8OutOfMemoryError;
+static VALUE rb_eParseError;
+static VALUE rb_eScriptRuntimeError;
+static VALUE rb_cJavaScriptFunction;
+static VALUE rb_eSnapshotError;
+static VALUE rb_ePlatformAlreadyInitializedError;
+static VALUE rb_mJSON;
+
+static VALUE rb_cFailedV8Conversion;
+static VALUE rb_cDateTime = Qnil;
+
+static std::unique_ptr<Platform> current_platform = NULL;
+static std::mutex platform_lock;
+
+static pthread_attr_t *thread_attr_p;
+static pthread_rwlock_t exit_lock = PTHREAD_RWLOCK_INITIALIZER;
+static bool ruby_exiting; // guarded by exit_lock
+
+static VALUE rb_platform_set_flag_as_str(VALUE _klass, VALUE flag_as_str) {
+    bool platform_already_initialized = false;
+
+    if(TYPE(flag_as_str) != T_STRING) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type argument %" PRIsVALUE" (should be a string)",
+                rb_obj_class(flag_as_str));
+    }
+
+    platform_lock.lock();
+
+    if (current_platform == NULL) {
+        V8::SetFlagsFromString(RSTRING_PTR(flag_as_str), (int)RSTRING_LEN(flag_as_str));
+    } else {
+        platform_already_initialized = true;
+    }
+
+    platform_lock.unlock();
+
+    // important to raise outside of the lock
+    if (platform_already_initialized) {
+        rb_raise(rb_ePlatformAlreadyInitializedError, "The V8 platform is already initialized");
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void init_v8() {
+    // no need to wait for the lock if already initialized
+    if (current_platform != NULL) return;
+
+    platform_lock.lock();
+
+    if (current_platform == NULL) {
+        V8::InitializeICU();
+        current_platform = platform::NewDefaultPlatform();
+        V8::InitializePlatform(current_platform.get());
+        V8::Initialize();
+    }
+
+    platform_lock.unlock();
+}
+
+static void gc_callback(Isolate *isolate, GCType type, GCCallbackFlags flags) {
+    if((bool)isolate->GetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_REACHED)) return;
+
+    size_t softlimit = *(size_t*) isolate->GetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_VALUE);
+
+    HeapStatistics stats;
+    isolate->GetHeapStatistics(&stats);
+    size_t used = stats.used_heap_size();
+
+    if(used > softlimit) {
+        isolate->SetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_REACHED, (void*)true);
+        isolate->TerminateExecution();
+    }
+}
+
+// to be called with active lock and scope
+static void prepare_result(MaybeLocal<Value> v8res,
+                           TryCatch& trycatch,
+                           Isolate* isolate,
+                           Local<Context> context,
+                           EvalResult& evalRes /* out */) {
+
+    // just don't touch .parsed
+    evalRes.terminated = false;
+    evalRes.json = false;
+    evalRes.value = nullptr;
+    evalRes.message = nullptr;
+    evalRes.backtrace = nullptr;
+    evalRes.executed = !v8res.IsEmpty();
+
+    if (evalRes.executed) {
+        // arrays and objects get converted to json
+        Local<Value> local_value = v8res.ToLocalChecked();
+        if ((local_value->IsObject() || local_value->IsArray()) &&
+                !local_value->IsDate() && !local_value->IsFunction()) {
+            Local<Object> JSON = context->Global()->Get(
+                        context, String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate, "JSON"))
+                    .ToLocalChecked().As<Object>();
+
+            Local<Function> stringify = JSON->Get(
+                        context, v8::String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate, "stringify"))
+                    .ToLocalChecked().As<Function>();
+
+            Local<Object> object = local_value->ToObject(context).ToLocalChecked();
+            const unsigned argc = 1;
+            Local<Value> argv[argc] = { object };
+            MaybeLocal<Value> json = stringify->Call(context, JSON, argc, argv);
+
+            if (json.IsEmpty()) {
+                evalRes.executed = false;
+            } else {
+                evalRes.json = true;
+                Persistent<Value>* persistent = new Persistent<Value>();
+                persistent->Reset(isolate, json.ToLocalChecked());
+                evalRes.value = persistent;
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            Persistent<Value>* persistent = new Persistent<Value>();
+            persistent->Reset(isolate, local_value);
+            evalRes.value = persistent;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!evalRes.executed || !evalRes.parsed) {
+        if (trycatch.HasCaught()) {
+            if (!trycatch.Exception()->IsNull()) {
+                evalRes.message = new Persistent<Value>();
+                Local<Message> message = trycatch.Message();
+                char buf[1000];
+                int len, line, column;
+
+                if (!message->GetLineNumber(context).To(&line)) {
+                  line = 0;
+                }
+
+                if (!message->GetStartColumn(context).To(&column)) {
+                  column = 0;
+                }
+
+                len = snprintf(buf, sizeof(buf), "%s at %s:%i:%i", *String::Utf8Value(isolate, message->Get()),
+                               *String::Utf8Value(isolate, message->GetScriptResourceName()->ToString(context).ToLocalChecked()),
+                               line,
+                               column);
+
+                if ((size_t) len >= sizeof(buf)) {
+                    len = sizeof(buf) - 1;
+                    buf[len] = '\0';
+                }
+
+                Local<String> v8_message = String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, buf, NewStringType::kNormal, len).ToLocalChecked();
+                evalRes.message->Reset(isolate, v8_message);
+            } else if(trycatch.HasTerminated()) {
+                evalRes.terminated = true;
+                evalRes.message = new Persistent<Value>();
+                Local<String> tmp = String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate, "JavaScript was terminated (either by timeout or explicitly)");
+                evalRes.message->Reset(isolate, tmp);
+            }
+            if (!trycatch.StackTrace(context).IsEmpty()) {
+                evalRes.backtrace = new Persistent<Value>();
+                evalRes.backtrace->Reset(isolate,
+                                         trycatch.StackTrace(context).ToLocalChecked()->ToString(context).ToLocalChecked());
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void*
+nogvl_context_eval(void* arg) {
+
+    EvalParams* eval_params = (EvalParams*)arg;
+    EvalResult* result = eval_params->result;
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info = eval_params->context_info->isolate_info;
+    Isolate* isolate = isolate_info->isolate;
+
+    Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+    HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+    TryCatch trycatch(isolate);
+    Local<Context> context = eval_params->context_info->context->Get(isolate);
+    Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+    v8::ScriptOrigin *origin = NULL;
+
+    // in gvl flag
+    isolate->SetData(IN_GVL, (void*)false);
+    // terminate ASAP
+    isolate->SetData(DO_TERMINATE, (void*)false);
+    // Memory softlimit
+    isolate->SetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_VALUE, (void*)false);
+    // Memory softlimit hit flag
+    isolate->SetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_REACHED, (void*)false);
+
+    MaybeLocal<Script> parsed_script;
+
+    if (eval_params->filename) {
+        origin = new v8::ScriptOrigin(*eval_params->filename);
+    }
+
+    parsed_script = Script::Compile(context, *eval_params->eval, origin);
+
+    if (origin) {
+        delete origin;
+    }
+
+    result->parsed = !parsed_script.IsEmpty();
+    result->executed = false;
+    result->terminated = false;
+    result->json = false;
+    result->value = NULL;
+
+    MaybeLocal<Value> maybe_value;
+    if (!result->parsed) {
+        result->message = new Persistent<Value>();
+        result->message->Reset(isolate, trycatch.Exception());
+    } else {
+        // parsing successful
+        if (eval_params->max_memory > 0) {
+            isolate->SetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_VALUE, &eval_params->max_memory);
+            if (!isolate_info->added_gc_cb) {
+            isolate->AddGCEpilogueCallback(gc_callback);
+                isolate_info->added_gc_cb = true;
+            }
+        }
+
+        maybe_value = parsed_script.ToLocalChecked()->Run(context);
+    }
+
+    prepare_result(maybe_value, trycatch, isolate, context, *result);
+
+    isolate->SetData(IN_GVL, (void*)true);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static VALUE new_empty_failed_conv_obj() {
+    // TODO isolate code that translates execption to ruby
+    // exception so we can properly return it
+    return rb_funcall(rb_cFailedV8Conversion, rb_intern("new"), 1, rb_str_new2(""));
+}
+
+// assumes isolate locking is in place
+static VALUE convert_v8_to_ruby(Isolate* isolate, Local<Context> context,
+                                Local<Value> value) {
+
+    Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+    HandleScope scope(isolate);
+
+    if (value->IsNull() || value->IsUndefined()){
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsInt32()) {
+        return INT2FIX(value->Int32Value(context).ToChecked());
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsNumber()) {
+        return rb_float_new(value->NumberValue(context).ToChecked());
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsTrue()) {
+        return Qtrue;
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsFalse()) {
+        return Qfalse;
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsArray()) {
+      VALUE rb_array = rb_ary_new();
+      Local<Array> arr = Local<Array>::Cast(value);
+      for(uint32_t i=0; i < arr->Length(); i++) {
+          MaybeLocal<Value> element = arr->Get(context, i);
+          if (element.IsEmpty()) {
+              continue;
+          }
+          VALUE rb_elem = convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate, context, element.ToLocalChecked());
+          if (rb_funcall(rb_elem, rb_intern("class"), 0) == rb_cFailedV8Conversion) {
+            return rb_elem;
+          }
+          rb_ary_push(rb_array, rb_elem);
+      }
+      return rb_array;
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsFunction()){
+        return rb_funcall(rb_cJavaScriptFunction, rb_intern("new"), 0);
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsDate()){
+        double ts = Local<Date>::Cast(value)->ValueOf();
+        double secs = ts/1000;
+        long nanos = round((secs - floor(secs)) * 1000000);
+
+        return rb_time_new(secs, nanos);
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsObject()) {
+        VALUE rb_hash = rb_hash_new();
+        TryCatch trycatch(isolate);
+
+        Local<Object> object = value->ToObject(context).ToLocalChecked();
+        auto maybe_props = object->GetOwnPropertyNames(context);
+        if (!maybe_props.IsEmpty()) {
+            Local<Array> props = maybe_props.ToLocalChecked();
+            for(uint32_t i=0; i < props->Length(); i++) {
+             MaybeLocal<Value> key = props->Get(context, i);
+             if (key.IsEmpty()) {
+                return rb_funcall(rb_cFailedV8Conversion, rb_intern("new"), 1, rb_str_new2(""));
+             }
+             VALUE rb_key = convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate, context, key.ToLocalChecked());
+
+             MaybeLocal<Value> prop_value = object->Get(context, key.ToLocalChecked());
+             // this may have failed due to Get raising
+             if (prop_value.IsEmpty() || trycatch.HasCaught()) {
+                 return new_empty_failed_conv_obj();
+             }
+
+             VALUE rb_value = convert_v8_to_ruby(
+                         isolate, context, prop_value.ToLocalChecked());
+             rb_hash_aset(rb_hash, rb_key, rb_value);
+            }
+        }
+        return rb_hash;
+    }
+
+    if (value->IsSymbol()) {
+	v8::String::Utf8Value symbol_name(isolate,
+	    Local<Symbol>::Cast(value)->Name());
+
+	VALUE str_symbol = rb_enc_str_new(
+	    *symbol_name,
+	    symbol_name.length(),
+	    rb_enc_find("utf-8")
+	);
+
+	return ID2SYM(rb_intern_str(str_symbol));
+    }
+
+    MaybeLocal<String> rstr_maybe = value->ToString(context);
+
+    if (rstr_maybe.IsEmpty()) {
+	return Qnil;
+    } else {
+	Local<String> rstr = rstr_maybe.ToLocalChecked();
+	return rb_enc_str_new(*String::Utf8Value(isolate, rstr), rstr->Utf8Length(isolate), rb_enc_find("utf-8"));
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE convert_v8_to_ruby(Isolate* isolate,
+                                const Persistent<Context>& context,
+                                Local<Value> value) {
+    HandleScope scope(isolate);
+    return convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate,
+                              Local<Context>::New(isolate, context),
+                              value);
+}
+
+static VALUE convert_v8_to_ruby(Isolate* isolate,
+                                const Persistent<Context>& context,
+                                const Persistent<Value>& value) {
+    HandleScope scope(isolate);
+    return convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate,
+                              Local<Context>::New(isolate, context),
+                              Local<Value>::New(isolate, value));
+}
+
+static Local<Value> convert_ruby_to_v8(Isolate* isolate, Local<Context> context, VALUE value) {
+    EscapableHandleScope scope(isolate);
+
+    Local<Array> array;
+    Local<Object> object;
+    VALUE hash_as_array;
+    VALUE pair;
+    int i;
+    long length;
+    long fixnum;
+    VALUE klass;
+
+    switch (TYPE(value)) {
+    case T_FIXNUM:
+        fixnum = NUM2LONG(value);
+        if (fixnum > INT_MAX)
+        {
+            return scope.Escape(Number::New(isolate, (double)fixnum));
+        }
+        return scope.Escape(Integer::New(isolate, (int)fixnum));
+    case T_FLOAT:
+	return scope.Escape(Number::New(isolate, NUM2DBL(value)));
+    case T_STRING:
+	return scope.Escape(String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, RSTRING_PTR(value), NewStringType::kNormal, (int)RSTRING_LEN(value)).ToLocalChecked());
+    case T_NIL:
+	return scope.Escape(Null(isolate));
+    case T_TRUE:
+	return scope.Escape(True(isolate));
+    case T_FALSE:
+	return scope.Escape(False(isolate));
+    case T_ARRAY:
+	length = RARRAY_LEN(value);
+	array = Array::New(isolate, (int)length);
+	for(i=0; i<length; i++) {
+            array->Set(context, i, convert_ruby_to_v8(isolate, context, rb_ary_entry(value, i)));
+	}
+	return scope.Escape(array);
+    case T_HASH:
+	object = Object::New(isolate);
+	hash_as_array = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_a"), 0);
+	length = RARRAY_LEN(hash_as_array);
+	for(i=0; i<length; i++) {
+	    pair = rb_ary_entry(hash_as_array, i);
+            object->Set(context, convert_ruby_to_v8(isolate, context, rb_ary_entry(pair, 0)),
+                  convert_ruby_to_v8(isolate, context, rb_ary_entry(pair, 1)));
+	}
+	return scope.Escape(object);
+    case T_SYMBOL:
+	value = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_s"), 0);
+	return scope.Escape(String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, RSTRING_PTR(value), NewStringType::kNormal, (int)RSTRING_LEN(value)).ToLocalChecked());
+    case T_DATA:
+        klass = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("class"), 0);
+        if (klass == rb_cTime || klass == rb_cDateTime)
+        {
+            if (klass == rb_cDateTime)
+            {
+                value = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_time"), 0);
+            }
+            value = rb_funcall(value, rb_intern("to_f"), 0);
+            return scope.Escape(Date::New(context, NUM2DBL(value) * 1000).ToLocalChecked());
+        }
+    case T_OBJECT:
+    case T_CLASS:
+    case T_ICLASS:
+    case T_MODULE:
+    case T_REGEXP:
+    case T_MATCH:
+    case T_STRUCT:
+    case T_BIGNUM:
+    case T_FILE:
+    case T_UNDEF:
+    case T_NODE:
+    default:
+      return scope.Escape(String::NewFromUtf8Literal(isolate, "Undefined Conversion"));
+    }
+    }
+
+static void unblock_eval(void *ptr) {
+    EvalParams* eval = (EvalParams*)ptr;
+    eval->context_info->isolate_info->interrupted = true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * The implementations of the run_extra_code(), create_snapshot_data_blob() and
+ * warm_up_snapshot_data_blob() functions have been derived from V8's test suite.
+ */
+static bool run_extra_code(Isolate *isolate, Local<v8::Context> context,
+                    const char *utf8_source, const char *name) {
+    Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+    TryCatch try_catch(isolate);
+    Local<String> source_string;
+    if (!String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, utf8_source).ToLocal(&source_string)) {
+        return false;
+    }
+    Local<String> resource_name =
+            String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, name).ToLocalChecked();
+    ScriptOrigin origin(resource_name);
+    ScriptCompiler::Source source(source_string, origin);
+    Local<Script> script;
+    if (!ScriptCompiler::Compile(context, &source).ToLocal(&script))
+        return false;
+    if (script->Run(context).IsEmpty()) return false;
+    return true;
+}
+
+static StartupData
+create_snapshot_data_blob(const char *embedded_source = nullptr) {
+    Isolate *isolate = Isolate::Allocate();
+
+    // Optionally run a script to embed, and serialize to create a snapshot blob.
+    SnapshotCreator snapshot_creator(isolate);
+        {
+            HandleScope scope(isolate);
+        Local<v8::Context> context = v8::Context::New(isolate);
+            if (embedded_source != nullptr &&
+                !run_extra_code(isolate, context, embedded_source, "<embedded>")) {
+           return {};
+            }
+            snapshot_creator.SetDefaultContext(context);
+        }
+    return snapshot_creator.CreateBlob(
+            SnapshotCreator::FunctionCodeHandling::kClear);
+    }
+
+StartupData warm_up_snapshot_data_blob(StartupData cold_snapshot_blob,
+                                       const char *warmup_source) {
+    // Use following steps to create a warmed up snapshot blob from a cold one:
+    //  - Create a new isolate from the cold snapshot.
+    //  - Create a new context to run the warmup script. This will trigger
+    //    compilation of executed functions.
+    //  - Create a new context. This context will be unpolluted.
+    //  - Serialize the isolate and the second context into a new snapshot blob.
+    StartupData result = {nullptr, 0};
+
+    if (cold_snapshot_blob.raw_size > 0 && cold_snapshot_blob.data != nullptr &&
+        warmup_source != NULL) {
+        SnapshotCreator snapshot_creator(nullptr, &cold_snapshot_blob);
+        Isolate *isolate = snapshot_creator.GetIsolate();
+        {
+            HandleScope scope(isolate);
+            Local<Context> context = Context::New(isolate);
+            if (!run_extra_code(isolate, context, warmup_source, "<warm-up>")) {
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+        {
+            HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+            isolate->ContextDisposedNotification(false);
+            Local<Context> context = Context::New(isolate);
+            snapshot_creator.SetDefaultContext(context);
+        }
+        result = snapshot_creator.CreateBlob(
+            SnapshotCreator::FunctionCodeHandling::kKeep);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_snapshot_size(VALUE self, VALUE str) {
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SnapshotInfo, snapshot_info);
+
+    return INT2NUM(snapshot_info->raw_size);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_snapshot_load(VALUE self, VALUE str) {
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SnapshotInfo, snapshot_info);
+
+    if(TYPE(str) != T_STRING) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type argument %" PRIsVALUE " (should be a string)",
+                rb_obj_class(str));
+    }
+
+    init_v8();
+
+    StartupData startup_data = create_snapshot_data_blob(RSTRING_PTR(str));
+
+    if (startup_data.data == NULL && startup_data.raw_size == 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eSnapshotError, "Could not create snapshot, most likely the source is incorrect");
+    }
+
+    snapshot_info->data = startup_data.data;
+    snapshot_info->raw_size = startup_data.raw_size;
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_snapshot_dump(VALUE self, VALUE str) {
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SnapshotInfo, snapshot_info);
+
+    return rb_str_new(snapshot_info->data, snapshot_info->raw_size);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_snapshot_warmup_unsafe(VALUE self, VALUE str) {
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, SnapshotInfo, snapshot_info);
+
+    if(TYPE(str) != T_STRING) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type argument %" PRIsVALUE " (should be a string)",
+                rb_obj_class(str));
+    }
+
+    init_v8();
+
+    StartupData cold_startup_data = {snapshot_info->data, snapshot_info->raw_size};
+    StartupData warm_startup_data = warm_up_snapshot_data_blob(cold_startup_data, RSTRING_PTR(str));
+
+    if (warm_startup_data.data == NULL && warm_startup_data.raw_size == 0) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eSnapshotError, "Could not warm up snapshot, most likely the source is incorrect");
+    } else {
+        delete[] snapshot_info->data;
+
+        snapshot_info->data = warm_startup_data.data;
+        snapshot_info->raw_size = warm_startup_data.raw_size;
+    }
+
+    return self;
+}
+
+void IsolateInfo::init(SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info) {
+    allocator = v8::ArrayBuffer::Allocator::NewDefaultAllocator();
+
+    Isolate::CreateParams create_params;
+    create_params.array_buffer_allocator = allocator;
+
+    if (snapshot_info) {
+        int raw_size = snapshot_info->raw_size;
+        char* data = new char[raw_size];
+        memcpy(data, snapshot_info->data, raw_size);
+
+        startup_data = new StartupData;
+        startup_data->data = data;
+        startup_data->raw_size = raw_size;
+
+        create_params.snapshot_blob = startup_data;
+    }
+
+    isolate = Isolate::New(create_params);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_isolate_init_with_snapshot(VALUE self, VALUE snapshot) {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, IsolateInfo, isolate_info);
+
+    init_v8();
+
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info = nullptr;
+    if (!NIL_P(snapshot)) {
+        Data_Get_Struct(snapshot, SnapshotInfo, snapshot_info);
+    }
+
+    isolate_info->init(snapshot_info);
+    isolate_info->hold();
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_isolate_idle_notification(VALUE self, VALUE idle_time_in_ms) {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, IsolateInfo, isolate_info);
+
+    if (current_platform == NULL) return Qfalse;
+
+    double duration = NUM2DBL(idle_time_in_ms) / 1000.0;
+    double now = current_platform->MonotonicallyIncreasingTime();
+    return isolate_info->isolate->IdleNotificationDeadline(now + duration) ? Qtrue : Qfalse;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_isolate_low_memory_notification(VALUE self) {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, IsolateInfo, isolate_info);
+
+    if (current_platform == NULL) return Qfalse;
+
+    isolate_info->isolate->LowMemoryNotification();
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_isolate_pump_message_loop(VALUE self) {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, IsolateInfo, isolate_info);
+
+    if (current_platform == NULL) return Qfalse;
+
+    if (platform::PumpMessageLoop(current_platform.get(), isolate_info->isolate)){
+	return Qtrue;
+    } else {
+	return Qfalse;
+    }
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_context_init_unsafe(VALUE self, VALUE isolate, VALUE snap) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+
+    init_v8();
+
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info;
+
+    if (NIL_P(isolate) || !rb_obj_is_kind_of(isolate, rb_cIsolate)) {
+        isolate_info = new IsolateInfo();
+
+        SnapshotInfo *snapshot_info = nullptr;
+        if (!NIL_P(snap) && rb_obj_is_kind_of(snap, rb_cSnapshot)) {
+            Data_Get_Struct(snap, SnapshotInfo, snapshot_info);
+        }
+        isolate_info->init(snapshot_info);
+    } else { // given isolate or snapshot
+        Data_Get_Struct(isolate, IsolateInfo, isolate_info);
+    }
+
+    context_info->isolate_info = isolate_info;
+    isolate_info->hold();
+
+    {
+        // the ruby lock is needed if this isn't a new isolate
+        IsolateInfo::Lock ruby_lock(isolate_info->mutex);
+        Locker lock(isolate_info->isolate);
+        Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate_info->isolate);
+        HandleScope handle_scope(isolate_info->isolate);
+
+        Local<Context> context = Context::New(isolate_info->isolate);
+
+        context_info->context = new Persistent<Context>();
+        context_info->context->Reset(isolate_info->isolate, context);
+    }
+
+    if (Qnil == rb_cDateTime && rb_funcall(rb_cObject, rb_intern("const_defined?"), 1, rb_str_new2("DateTime")) == Qtrue)
+    {
+        rb_cDateTime = rb_const_get(rb_cObject, rb_intern("DateTime"));
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE convert_result_to_ruby(VALUE self /* context */,
+                                    EvalResult& result) {
+    ContextInfo *context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+
+    Isolate *isolate = context_info->isolate_info->isolate;
+    Persistent<Context> *p_ctx = context_info->context;
+
+    VALUE message = Qnil;
+    VALUE backtrace = Qnil;
+    {
+        Locker lock(isolate);
+        if (result.message) {
+            message = convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate, *p_ctx, *result.message);
+            result.message->Reset();
+            delete result.message;
+            result.message = nullptr;
+        }
+
+        if (result.backtrace) {
+            backtrace = convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate, *p_ctx, *result.backtrace);
+            result.backtrace->Reset();
+            delete result.backtrace;
+        }
+    }
+
+    // NOTE: this is very important, we can not do an rb_raise from within
+    // a v8 scope, if we do the scope is never cleaned up properly and we leak
+    if (!result.parsed) {
+        if(TYPE(message) == T_STRING) {
+            rb_raise(rb_eParseError, "%s", RSTRING_PTR(message));
+        } else {
+            rb_raise(rb_eParseError, "Unknown JavaScript Error during parse");
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (!result.executed) {
+        VALUE ruby_exception = rb_iv_get(self, "@current_exception");
+        if (ruby_exception == Qnil) {
+            bool mem_softlimit_reached = (bool)isolate->GetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_REACHED);
+            // If we were terminated or have the memory softlimit flag set
+            if (result.terminated || mem_softlimit_reached) {
+                ruby_exception = mem_softlimit_reached ? rb_eV8OutOfMemoryError : rb_eScriptTerminatedError;
+            } else {
+                ruby_exception = rb_eScriptRuntimeError;
+            }
+
+            // exception report about what happened
+            if (TYPE(backtrace) == T_STRING) {
+                rb_raise(ruby_exception, "%s", RSTRING_PTR(backtrace));
+            } else if(TYPE(message) == T_STRING) {
+                rb_raise(ruby_exception, "%s", RSTRING_PTR(message));
+            } else {
+                rb_raise(ruby_exception, "Unknown JavaScript Error during execution");
+            }
+        } else {
+            VALUE rb_str = rb_funcall(ruby_exception, rb_intern("to_s"), 0);
+            rb_raise(CLASS_OF(ruby_exception), "%s", RSTRING_PTR(rb_str));
+        }
+    }
+
+    VALUE ret = Qnil;
+
+    // New scope for return value
+    {
+        Locker lock(isolate);
+        Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+        HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+
+        Local<Value> tmp = Local<Value>::New(isolate, *result.value);
+
+        if (result.json) {
+            Local<String> rstr = tmp->ToString(p_ctx->Get(isolate)).ToLocalChecked();
+            VALUE json_string = rb_enc_str_new(*String::Utf8Value(isolate, rstr), rstr->Utf8Length(isolate), rb_enc_find("utf-8"));
+            ret = rb_funcall(rb_mJSON, rb_intern("parse"), 1, json_string);
+        } else {
+            ret = convert_v8_to_ruby(isolate, *p_ctx, tmp);
+        }
+
+        result.value->Reset();
+        delete result.value;
+    }
+
+    if (rb_funcall(ret, rb_intern("class"), 0) == rb_cFailedV8Conversion) {
+        // TODO try to recover stack trace from the conversion error
+        rb_raise(rb_eScriptRuntimeError, "Error converting JS object to Ruby object");
+    }
+
+
+    return ret;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_context_eval_unsafe(VALUE self, VALUE str, VALUE filename) {
+
+    EvalParams eval_params;
+    EvalResult eval_result;
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+    Isolate* isolate = context_info->isolate_info->isolate;
+
+    if(TYPE(str) != T_STRING) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type argument %" PRIsVALUE " (should be a string)",
+                rb_obj_class(str));
+    }
+    if(filename != Qnil && TYPE(filename) != T_STRING) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "wrong type argument %" PRIsVALUE " (should be nil or a string)",
+                rb_obj_class(filename));
+    }
+
+    {
+        Locker lock(isolate);
+        Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+        HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+
+        Local<String> eval = String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, RSTRING_PTR(str),
+                    NewStringType::kNormal, (int)RSTRING_LEN(str)).ToLocalChecked();
+
+        Local<String> local_filename;
+
+        if (filename != Qnil) {
+            local_filename = String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, RSTRING_PTR(filename),
+                NewStringType::kNormal, (int)RSTRING_LEN(filename)).ToLocalChecked();
+            eval_params.filename = &local_filename;
+        } else {
+            eval_params.filename = NULL;
+        }
+
+        eval_params.context_info = context_info;
+        eval_params.eval = &eval;
+        eval_params.result = &eval_result;
+        eval_params.timeout = 0;
+        eval_params.max_memory = 0;
+        VALUE timeout = rb_iv_get(self, "@timeout");
+        if (timeout != Qnil) {
+            eval_params.timeout = (useconds_t)NUM2LONG(timeout);
+        }
+
+        VALUE mem_softlimit = rb_iv_get(self, "@max_memory");
+        if (mem_softlimit != Qnil) {
+            eval_params.max_memory = (size_t)NUM2ULONG(mem_softlimit);
+        }
+
+        eval_result.message = NULL;
+        eval_result.backtrace = NULL;
+
+        rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_context_eval, &eval_params, unblock_eval, &eval_params);
+    }
+
+    return convert_result_to_ruby(self, eval_result);
+}
+
+typedef struct {
+    VALUE callback;
+    int length;
+    VALUE ruby_args;
+    bool failed;
+} protected_callback_data;
+
+static VALUE protected_callback(VALUE rdata) {
+    protected_callback_data* data = (protected_callback_data*)rdata;
+    VALUE result;
+
+    if (data->length > 0) {
+        result = rb_funcall2(data->callback, rb_intern("call"), data->length,
+                     RARRAY_PTR(data->ruby_args));
+        RB_GC_GUARD(data->ruby_args);
+    } else {
+        result = rb_funcall(data->callback, rb_intern("call"), 0);
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+static
+VALUE rescue_callback(VALUE rdata, VALUE exception) {
+    protected_callback_data* data = (protected_callback_data*)rdata;
+    data->failed = true;
+    return exception;
+}
+
+void*
+gvl_ruby_callback(void* data) {
+
+    FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>* args = (FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>*)data;
+    VALUE ruby_args = Qnil;
+    int length = args->Length();
+    VALUE callback;
+    VALUE result;
+    VALUE self;
+    VALUE parent;
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+
+    {
+        HandleScope scope(args->GetIsolate());
+        Local<External> external = Local<External>::Cast(args->Data());
+
+        self = *(VALUE*)(external->Value());
+        callback = rb_iv_get(self, "@callback");
+
+        parent = rb_iv_get(self, "@parent");
+        if (NIL_P(parent) || !rb_obj_is_kind_of(parent, rb_cContext)) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        Data_Get_Struct(parent, ContextInfo, context_info);
+
+        if (length > 0) {
+            ruby_args = rb_ary_tmp_new(length);
+        }
+
+        for (int i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+            Local<Value> value = ((*args)[i]).As<Value>();
+            VALUE tmp = convert_v8_to_ruby(args->GetIsolate(),
+                                           *context_info->context, value);
+            rb_ary_push(ruby_args, tmp);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // may raise exception stay clear of handle scope
+    protected_callback_data callback_data;
+    callback_data.length = length;
+    callback_data.callback = callback;
+    callback_data.ruby_args = ruby_args;
+    callback_data.failed = false;
+
+    if ((bool)args->GetIsolate()->GetData(DO_TERMINATE) == true) {
+        args->GetIsolate()->ThrowException(
+                    String::NewFromUtf8Literal(args->GetIsolate(),
+                                               "Terminated execution during transition from Ruby to JS"));
+        args->GetIsolate()->TerminateExecution();
+        if (length > 0) {
+            rb_ary_clear(ruby_args);
+            rb_gc_force_recycle(ruby_args);
+        }
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    result = rb_rescue2((VALUE(*)(...))&protected_callback, (VALUE)(&callback_data),
+            (VALUE(*)(...))&rescue_callback, (VALUE)(&callback_data), rb_eException, (VALUE)0);
+
+    if(callback_data.failed) {
+        rb_iv_set(parent, "@current_exception", result);
+        args->GetIsolate()->ThrowException(String::NewFromUtf8Literal(args->GetIsolate(), "Ruby exception"));
+    }
+    else {
+        HandleScope scope(args->GetIsolate());
+        Handle<Value> v8_result = convert_ruby_to_v8(args->GetIsolate(), context_info->context->Get(args->GetIsolate()), result);
+        args->GetReturnValue().Set(v8_result);
+    }
+
+    if (length > 0) {
+        rb_ary_clear(ruby_args);
+        rb_gc_force_recycle(ruby_args);
+    }
+
+    if ((bool)args->GetIsolate()->GetData(DO_TERMINATE) == true) {
+      Isolate* isolate = args->GetIsolate();
+      isolate->TerminateExecution();
+    }
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void ruby_callback(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
+    bool has_gvl = (bool)args.GetIsolate()->GetData(IN_GVL);
+
+    if(has_gvl) {
+        gvl_ruby_callback((void*)&args);
+    } else {
+        args.GetIsolate()->SetData(IN_GVL, (void*)true);
+        rb_thread_call_with_gvl(gvl_ruby_callback, (void*)(&args));
+        args.GetIsolate()->SetData(IN_GVL, (void*)false);
+    }
+}
+
+
+static VALUE rb_external_function_notify_v8(VALUE self) {
+
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+
+    VALUE parent = rb_iv_get(self, "@parent");
+    VALUE name = rb_iv_get(self, "@name");
+    VALUE parent_object = rb_iv_get(self, "@parent_object");
+    VALUE parent_object_eval = rb_iv_get(self, "@parent_object_eval");
+
+    bool parse_error = false;
+    bool attach_error = false;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(parent, ContextInfo, context_info);
+    Isolate* isolate = context_info->isolate_info->isolate;
+
+    {
+        Locker lock(isolate);
+        Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+        HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+
+        Local<Context> context = context_info->context->Get(isolate);
+        Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+
+        Local<String> v8_str =
+            String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, RSTRING_PTR(name),
+                                NewStringType::kNormal, (int)RSTRING_LEN(name))
+                .ToLocalChecked();
+
+        // copy self so we can access from v8 external
+        VALUE* self_copy;
+        Data_Get_Struct(self, VALUE, self_copy);
+        *self_copy = self;
+
+        Local<Value> external = External::New(isolate, self_copy);
+
+        if (parent_object == Qnil) {
+            context->Global()->Set(
+                        context,
+                        v8_str,
+                        FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, ruby_callback, external)
+                            ->GetFunction(context)
+                            .ToLocalChecked());
+
+        } else {
+            Local<String> eval =
+                String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, RSTRING_PTR(parent_object_eval),
+                                    NewStringType::kNormal,
+                                    (int)RSTRING_LEN(parent_object_eval))
+                    .ToLocalChecked();
+
+            MaybeLocal<Script> parsed_script = Script::Compile(context, eval);
+            if (parsed_script.IsEmpty()) {
+            parse_error = true;
+            } else {
+                MaybeLocal<Value> maybe_value =
+                    parsed_script.ToLocalChecked()->Run(context);
+                attach_error = true;
+
+                if (!maybe_value.IsEmpty()) {
+                    Local<Value> value = maybe_value.ToLocalChecked();
+                    if (value->IsObject()) {
+                        value.As<Object>()->Set(
+                                    context,
+                                    v8_str,
+                                    FunctionTemplate::New(isolate, ruby_callback, external)
+                                        ->GetFunction(context)
+                                        .ToLocalChecked());
+                    attach_error = false;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // always raise out of V8 context
+    if (parse_error) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eParseError, "Invalid object %" PRIsVALUE, parent_object);
+    }
+
+    if (attach_error) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eParseError, "Was expecting %" PRIsVALUE" to be an object", parent_object);
+    }
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_context_isolate_mutex(VALUE self) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+
+    if (!context_info->isolate_info) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eScriptRuntimeError, "Context has no Isolate available anymore");
+    }
+
+    return context_info->isolate_info->mutex;
+}
+
+IsolateInfo::~IsolateInfo() {
+    if (isolate) {
+        if (this->interrupted) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: V8 isolate was interrupted by Ruby, "
+                            "it can not be disposed and memory will not be "
+                            "reclaimed till the Ruby process exits.\n");
+        } else {
+            if (this->pid != getpid()) {
+                fprintf(stderr, "WARNING: V8 isolate was forked, "
+                                "it can not be disposed and "
+                                "memory will not be reclaimed "
+                                "till the Ruby process exits.\n");
+            } else {
+                isolate->Dispose();
+            }
+        }
+        isolate = nullptr;
+    }
+
+    if (startup_data) {
+        delete[] startup_data->data;
+        delete startup_data;
+    }
+
+    delete allocator;
+}
+
+static void free_context_raw(void *arg) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info = (ContextInfo*)arg;
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info = context_info->isolate_info;
+    Persistent<Context>* context = context_info->context;
+
+    if (context && isolate_info && isolate_info->isolate) {
+        Locker lock(isolate_info->isolate);
+        v8::Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate_info->isolate);
+        context->Reset();
+        delete context;
+    }
+
+    if (isolate_info) {
+        isolate_info->release();
+    }
+
+    xfree(context_info);
+}
+
+static void *free_context_thr(void* arg) {
+    if (pthread_rwlock_tryrdlock(&exit_lock) != 0) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    if (ruby_exiting) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    free_context_raw(arg);
+
+    pthread_rwlock_unlock(&exit_lock);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// destroys everything except freeing the ContextInfo struct (see deallocate())
+static void free_context(ContextInfo* context_info) {
+
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info = context_info->isolate_info;
+
+    ContextInfo* context_info_copy = ALLOC(ContextInfo);
+    context_info_copy->isolate_info = context_info->isolate_info;
+    context_info_copy->context = context_info->context;
+
+    if (isolate_info && isolate_info->refs() > 1) {
+        pthread_t free_context_thread;
+        if (pthread_create(&free_context_thread, thread_attr_p,
+                           free_context_thr, (void*)context_info_copy)) {
+            fprintf(stderr, "WARNING failed to release memory in MiniRacer, thread to release could not be created, process will leak memory\n");
+        }
+    } else {
+        free_context_raw(context_info_copy);
+    }
+
+    context_info->context = NULL;
+    context_info->isolate_info = NULL;
+}
+
+static void deallocate_isolate(void* data) {
+
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info = (IsolateInfo*) data;
+
+    isolate_info->release();
+}
+
+static void mark_isolate(void* data) {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info = (IsolateInfo*) data;
+    isolate_info->mark();
+}
+
+static void deallocate(void* data) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info = (ContextInfo*)data;
+
+    free_context(context_info);
+
+    xfree(data);
+}
+
+static void mark_context(void* data) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info = (ContextInfo*)data;
+    if (context_info->isolate_info) {
+        context_info->isolate_info->mark();
+    }
+}
+
+static void deallocate_external_function(void * data) {
+    xfree(data);
+}
+
+static void deallocate_snapshot(void * data) {
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info = (SnapshotInfo*)data;
+    delete[] snapshot_info->data;
+    xfree(snapshot_info);
+}
+
+static VALUE allocate_external_function(VALUE klass) {
+    VALUE* self = ALLOC(VALUE);
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, NULL, deallocate_external_function, (void*)self);
+}
+
+static VALUE allocate(VALUE klass) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info = ALLOC(ContextInfo);
+    context_info->isolate_info = NULL;
+    context_info->context = NULL;
+
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, mark_context, deallocate, (void*)context_info);
+}
+
+static VALUE allocate_snapshot(VALUE klass) {
+    SnapshotInfo* snapshot_info = ALLOC(SnapshotInfo);
+    snapshot_info->data = NULL;
+    snapshot_info->raw_size = 0;
+
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, NULL, deallocate_snapshot, (void*)snapshot_info);
+}
+
+static VALUE allocate_isolate(VALUE klass) {
+    IsolateInfo* isolate_info = new IsolateInfo();
+
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(klass, mark_isolate, deallocate_isolate, (void*)isolate_info);
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_heap_stats(VALUE self) {
+
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+    Isolate* isolate;
+    v8::HeapStatistics stats;
+
+    isolate = context_info->isolate_info ? context_info->isolate_info->isolate : NULL;
+
+    VALUE rval = rb_hash_new();
+
+    if (!isolate) {
+
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("total_physical_size")), ULONG2NUM(0));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("total_heap_size_executable")), ULONG2NUM(0));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("total_heap_size")), ULONG2NUM(0));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("used_heap_size")), ULONG2NUM(0));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("heap_size_limit")), ULONG2NUM(0));
+
+    } else {
+        isolate->GetHeapStatistics(&stats);
+
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("total_physical_size")), ULONG2NUM(stats.total_physical_size()));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("total_heap_size_executable")), ULONG2NUM(stats.total_heap_size_executable()));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("total_heap_size")), ULONG2NUM(stats.total_heap_size()));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("used_heap_size")), ULONG2NUM(stats.used_heap_size()));
+        rb_hash_aset(rval, ID2SYM(rb_intern("heap_size_limit")), ULONG2NUM(stats.heap_size_limit()));
+    }
+
+    return rval;
+}
+
+// https://github.com/bnoordhuis/node-heapdump/blob/master/src/heapdump.cc
+class FileOutputStream : public OutputStream {
+ public:
+  FileOutputStream(FILE* stream) : stream_(stream) {}
+
+  virtual int GetChunkSize() {
+    return 65536;
+  }
+
+  virtual void EndOfStream() {}
+
+  virtual WriteResult WriteAsciiChunk(char* data, int size) {
+    const size_t len = static_cast<size_t>(size);
+    size_t off = 0;
+
+    while (off < len && !feof(stream_) && !ferror(stream_))
+      off += fwrite(data + off, 1, len - off, stream_);
+
+    return off == len ? kContinue : kAbort;
+  }
+
+ private:
+  FILE* stream_;
+};
+
+
+static VALUE
+rb_heap_snapshot(VALUE self, VALUE file) {
+
+    rb_io_t *fptr;
+
+    fptr = RFILE(file)->fptr;
+
+    if (!fptr) return Qfalse;
+
+    FILE* fp;
+    fp = fdopen(fptr->fd, "w");
+    if (fp == NULL) return Qfalse;
+
+
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+    Isolate* isolate;
+    isolate = context_info->isolate_info ? context_info->isolate_info->isolate : NULL;
+
+    if (!isolate) return Qfalse;
+
+    Locker lock(isolate);
+    Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+    HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+
+    HeapProfiler* heap_profiler = isolate->GetHeapProfiler();
+
+    const HeapSnapshot* const snap = heap_profiler->TakeHeapSnapshot();
+
+    FileOutputStream stream(fp);
+    snap->Serialize(&stream, HeapSnapshot::kJSON);
+
+    fflush(fp);
+
+    const_cast<HeapSnapshot*>(snap)->Delete();
+
+    return Qtrue;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_context_stop(VALUE self) {
+
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+
+    Isolate* isolate = context_info->isolate_info->isolate;
+
+    // flag for termination
+    isolate->SetData(DO_TERMINATE, (void*)true);
+
+    isolate->TerminateExecution();
+    rb_funcall(self, rb_intern("stop_attached"), 0);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static VALUE
+rb_context_dispose(VALUE self) {
+
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+
+    free_context(context_info);
+
+    return Qnil;
+}
+
+static void*
+nogvl_context_call(void *args) {
+
+    FunctionCall *call = (FunctionCall *) args;
+    if (!call) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+    IsolateInfo *isolate_info = call->context_info->isolate_info;
+    Isolate* isolate = isolate_info->isolate;
+
+    // in gvl flag
+    isolate->SetData(IN_GVL, (void*)false);
+    // terminate ASAP
+    isolate->SetData(DO_TERMINATE, (void*)false);
+
+    if (call->max_memory > 0) {
+        isolate->SetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_VALUE, &call->max_memory);
+        isolate->SetData(MEM_SOFTLIMIT_REACHED, (void*)false);
+        if (!isolate_info->added_gc_cb) {
+        isolate->AddGCEpilogueCallback(gc_callback);
+            isolate_info->added_gc_cb = true;
+    }
+    }
+
+    Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+    EscapableHandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+    TryCatch trycatch(isolate);
+
+    Local<Context> context = call->context_info->context->Get(isolate);
+    Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+
+    Local<Function> fun = call->fun;
+
+    EvalResult& eval_res = call->result;
+    eval_res.parsed = true;
+
+    MaybeLocal<v8::Value> res = fun->Call(context, context->Global(), call->argc, call->argv);
+    prepare_result(res, trycatch, isolate, context, eval_res);
+
+    isolate->SetData(IN_GVL, (void*)true);
+
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+static void unblock_function(void *args) {
+    FunctionCall *call = (FunctionCall *) args;
+    call->context_info->isolate_info->interrupted = true;
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_context_call_unsafe(int argc, VALUE *argv, VALUE self) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    FunctionCall call;
+    VALUE *call_argv = NULL;
+
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+    Isolate* isolate = context_info->isolate_info->isolate;
+
+    if (argc < 1) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "need at least one argument %d", argc);
+    }
+
+    VALUE function_name = argv[0];
+    if (TYPE(function_name) != T_STRING) {
+        rb_raise(rb_eTypeError, "first argument should be a String");
+    }
+
+    char *fname = RSTRING_PTR(function_name);
+    if (!fname) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    call.context_info = context_info;
+    call.error = false;
+    call.function_name = fname;
+    call.argc = argc - 1;
+    call.argv = NULL;
+    if (call.argc > 0) {
+        // skip first argument which is the function name
+        call_argv = argv + 1;
+    }
+
+    call.max_memory = 0;
+    VALUE mem_softlimit = rb_iv_get(self, "@max_memory");
+    if (mem_softlimit != Qnil) {
+        unsigned long sl_int = NUM2ULONG(mem_softlimit);
+        call.max_memory = (size_t)sl_int;
+    }
+
+    bool missingFunction = false;
+    {
+        Locker lock(isolate);
+        Isolate::Scope isolate_scope(isolate);
+        HandleScope handle_scope(isolate);
+
+        Local<Context> context = context_info->context->Get(isolate);
+        Context::Scope context_scope(context);
+
+        // examples of such usage can be found in
+        // https://github.com/v8/v8/blob/36b32aa28db5e993312f4588d60aad5c8330c8a5/test/cctest/test-api.cc#L15711
+        MaybeLocal<String> fname = String::NewFromUtf8(isolate, call.function_name);
+        MaybeLocal<v8::Value> val;
+        if (!fname.IsEmpty()) {
+            val = context->Global()->Get(context, fname.ToLocalChecked());
+        }
+
+        if (val.IsEmpty() || !val.ToLocalChecked()->IsFunction()) {
+            missingFunction = true;
+        } else {
+
+            Local<v8::Function> fun = Local<v8::Function>::Cast(val.ToLocalChecked());
+            call.fun = fun;
+            int fun_argc = call.argc;
+
+            if (fun_argc > 0) {
+                call.argv = (v8::Local<Value> *) malloc(sizeof(void *) * fun_argc);
+                if (!call.argv) {
+                    return Qnil;
+                }
+                for(int i=0; i < fun_argc; i++) {
+                    call.argv[i] = convert_ruby_to_v8(isolate, context, call_argv[i]);
+                }
+            }
+            rb_thread_call_without_gvl(nogvl_context_call, &call, unblock_function, &call);
+            free(call.argv);
+
+        }
+    }
+
+    if (missingFunction) {
+    rb_raise(rb_eScriptRuntimeError, "Unknown JavaScript method invoked");
+    }
+
+    return convert_result_to_ruby(self, call.result);
+}
+
+static VALUE rb_context_create_isolate_value(VALUE self) {
+    ContextInfo* context_info;
+    Data_Get_Struct(self, ContextInfo, context_info);
+    IsolateInfo *isolate_info = context_info->isolate_info;
+
+    if (!isolate_info) {
+        return Qnil;
+    }
+
+    isolate_info->hold();
+    return Data_Wrap_Struct(rb_cIsolate, NULL, &deallocate_isolate, isolate_info);
+}
+
+static void set_ruby_exiting(VALUE value) {
+    (void)value;
+
+    int res = pthread_rwlock_wrlock(&exit_lock);
+    ruby_exiting  = true;
+    if (res == 0) {
+        pthread_rwlock_unlock(&exit_lock);
+    }
+}
+
+extern "C" {
+
+    void Init_mini_racer_extension ( void )
+    {
+        VALUE rb_mMiniRacer = rb_define_module("MiniRacer");
+        rb_cContext = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "Context", rb_cObject);
+        rb_cSnapshot = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "Snapshot", rb_cObject);
+        rb_cIsolate = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "Isolate", rb_cObject);
+        VALUE rb_cPlatform = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "Platform", rb_cObject);
+
+        VALUE rb_eError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "Error", rb_eStandardError);
+
+        VALUE rb_eEvalError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "EvalError", rb_eError);
+        rb_eScriptTerminatedError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "ScriptTerminatedError", rb_eEvalError);
+        rb_eV8OutOfMemoryError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "V8OutOfMemoryError", rb_eEvalError);
+        rb_eParseError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "ParseError", rb_eEvalError);
+        rb_eScriptRuntimeError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "RuntimeError", rb_eEvalError);
+
+        rb_cJavaScriptFunction = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "JavaScriptFunction", rb_cObject);
+        rb_eSnapshotError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "SnapshotError", rb_eError);
+        rb_ePlatformAlreadyInitializedError = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "PlatformAlreadyInitialized", rb_eError);
+        rb_cFailedV8Conversion = rb_define_class_under(rb_mMiniRacer, "FailedV8Conversion", rb_cObject);
+        rb_mJSON = rb_define_module("JSON");
+
+        VALUE rb_cExternalFunction = rb_define_class_under(rb_cContext, "ExternalFunction", rb_cObject);
+
+        rb_define_method(rb_cContext, "stop", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_stop, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cContext, "dispose_unsafe", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_dispose, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cContext, "heap_stats", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_heap_stats, 0);
+	rb_define_method(rb_cContext, "write_heap_snapshot_unsafe", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_heap_snapshot, 1);
+
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cContext, "create_isolate_value",(VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_create_isolate_value, 0);
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cContext, "eval_unsafe",(VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_eval_unsafe, 2);
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cContext, "call_unsafe", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_call_unsafe, -1);
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cContext, "isolate_mutex", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_isolate_mutex, 0);
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cContext, "init_unsafe",(VALUE(*)(...))&rb_context_init_unsafe, 2);
+
+        rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cContext, allocate);
+        rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cSnapshot, allocate_snapshot);
+        rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cIsolate, allocate_isolate);
+
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cExternalFunction, "notify_v8", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_external_function_notify_v8, 0);
+        rb_define_alloc_func(rb_cExternalFunction, allocate_external_function);
+
+        rb_define_method(rb_cSnapshot, "size", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_snapshot_size, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cSnapshot, "dump", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_snapshot_dump, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cSnapshot, "warmup_unsafe!", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_snapshot_warmup_unsafe, 1);
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cSnapshot, "load", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_snapshot_load, 1);
+
+        rb_define_method(rb_cIsolate, "idle_notification", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_isolate_idle_notification, 1);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cIsolate, "low_memory_notification", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_isolate_low_memory_notification, 0);
+        rb_define_method(rb_cIsolate, "pump_message_loop", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_isolate_pump_message_loop, 0);
+        rb_define_private_method(rb_cIsolate, "init_with_snapshot",(VALUE(*)(...))&rb_isolate_init_with_snapshot, 1);
+
+        rb_define_singleton_method(rb_cPlatform, "set_flag_as_str!", (VALUE(*)(...))&rb_platform_set_flag_as_str, 1);
+
+        rb_set_end_proc(set_ruby_exiting, Qnil);
+
+        static pthread_attr_t attr;
+        if (pthread_attr_init(&attr) == 0) {
+            if (pthread_attr_setdetachstate(&attr, PTHREAD_CREATE_DETACHED) == 0) {
+                thread_attr_p = &attr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}