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data/carrierwave-3.1.3/README.md

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+# CarrierWave
+
+This gem provides a simple and extremely flexible way to upload files from Ruby applications.
+It works well with Rack based web applications, such as Ruby on Rails.
+
+[![Build Status](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/workflows/Test/badge.svg)](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/actions)
+[![Code Climate](https://codeclimate.com/github/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave.svg)](https://codeclimate.com/github/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave)
+[![SemVer](https://api.dependabot.com/badges/compatibility_score?dependency-name=carrierwave&package-manager=bundler&version-scheme=semver)](https://dependabot.com/compatibility-score.html?dependency-name=carrierwave&package-manager=bundler&version-scheme=semver)
+
+
+## Information
+
+* RDoc documentation [available on RubyDoc.info](https://rubydoc.info/gems/carrierwave)
+* Source code [available on GitHub](http://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave)
+* More information, known limitations, and how-tos [available on the wiki](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/wiki)
+
+## Getting Help
+
+* Please ask the community on [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/carrierwave) for help if you have any questions. Please do not post usage questions on the issue tracker.
+* Please report bugs on the [issue tracker](http://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/issues) but read the "getting help" section in the wiki first.
+
+## Installation
+
+Install the latest release:
+
+```
+$ gem install carrierwave
+```
+
+In Rails, add it to your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem 'carrierwave', '~> 3.0'
+```
+
+Finally, restart the server to apply the changes.
+
+## Upgrading from 2.x or earlier
+
+CarrierWave 3.0 comes with a change in the way of handling the file extension on conversion. This results in following issues if you use `process convert: :format` to change the file format:
+
+- If you have it on the uploader itself (not within a version), the file extension of the cached file will change. That means if you serve both CarrierWave 2.x and 3.x simultaneously on the same workload (e.g. using blue-green deployment), a cache file stored by 2.x can't be retrieved by 3.x and vice versa.
+- If you have it within a version, the file extension of the stored file will change. You need to perform `#recreate_versions!` to make it usable again.
+
+To preserve the 2.x behavior, you can set `force_extension false` right after calling `process convert: :format`. See [#2659](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/pull/2659) for the detail.
+
+## Getting Started
+
+Start off by generating an uploader:
+
+	rails generate uploader Avatar
+
+this should give you a file in:
+
+	app/uploaders/avatar_uploader.rb
+
+Check out this file for some hints on how you can customize your uploader. It
+should look something like this:
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  storage :file
+end
+```
+
+You can use your uploader class to store and retrieve files like this:
+
+```ruby
+uploader = AvatarUploader.new
+
+uploader.store!(my_file)
+
+uploader.retrieve_from_store!('my_file.png')
+```
+
+CarrierWave gives you a `store` for permanent storage, and a `cache` for
+temporary storage. You can use different stores, including filesystem
+and cloud storage.
+
+Most of the time you are going to want to use CarrierWave together with an ORM.
+It is quite simple to mount uploaders on columns in your model, so you can
+simply assign files and get going:
+
+### ActiveRecord
+
+Make sure you are loading CarrierWave after loading your ORM, otherwise you'll
+need to require the relevant extension manually, e.g.:
+
+```ruby
+require 'carrierwave/orm/activerecord'
+```
+
+Add a string column to the model you want to mount the uploader by creating
+a migration:
+
+
+	rails g migration add_avatar_to_users avatar:string
+	rails db:migrate
+
+Open your model file and mount the uploader:
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
+end
+```
+
+Now you can cache files by assigning them to the attribute, they will
+automatically be stored when the record is saved.
+
+```ruby
+u = User.new
+u.avatar = params[:file] # Assign a file like this, or
+
+# like this
+File.open('somewhere') do |f|
+  u.avatar = f
+end
+
+u.save!
+u.avatar.url # => '/url/to/file.png'
+u.avatar.current_path # => 'path/to/file.png'
+u.avatar_identifier # => 'file.png'
+```
+
+**Note**: `u.avatar` will never return nil, even if there is no photo associated to it.
+To check if a photo was saved to the model, use `u.avatar.file.nil?` instead.
+
+### DataMapper, Mongoid, Sequel
+
+Other ORM support has been extracted into separate gems:
+
+* [carrierwave-datamapper](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave-datamapper)
+* [carrierwave-mongoid](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave-mongoid)
+* [carrierwave-sequel](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave-sequel)
+
+There are more extensions listed in [the wiki](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/wiki)
+
+## Multiple file uploads
+
+CarrierWave also has convenient support for multiple file upload fields.
+
+### ActiveRecord
+
+Add a column which can store an array. This could be an array column or a JSON
+column for example. Your choice depends on what your database supports. For
+example, create a migration like this:
+
+
+#### For databases with ActiveRecord json data type support (e.g. PostgreSQL, MySQL)
+
+	rails g migration add_avatars_to_users avatars:json
+	rails db:migrate
+
+#### For database without ActiveRecord json data type support (e.g. SQLite)
+
+	rails g migration add_avatars_to_users avatars:string
+	rails db:migrate
+
+__Note__: JSON datatype doesn't exists in SQLite adapter, that's why you can use a string datatype which will be serialized in model.
+
+Open your model file and mount the uploader:
+
+
+```ruby
+class User < ApplicationRecord
+  mount_uploaders :avatars, AvatarUploader
+  serialize :avatars, JSON # If you use SQLite, add this line.
+end
+```
+
+Make sure that you mount the uploader with write (mount_uploaders) with `s` not (mount_uploader)
+in order to avoid errors when uploading multiple files
+
+Make sure your file input fields are set up as multiple file fields. For
+example in Rails you'll want to do something like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form.file_field :avatars, multiple: true %>
+```
+
+Also, make sure your upload controller permits the multiple file upload attribute, *pointing to an empty array in a hash*. For example:
+
+```ruby
+params.require(:user).permit(:email, :first_name, :last_name, {avatars: []})
+```
+
+Now you can select multiple files in the upload dialog (e.g. SHIFT+SELECT), and they will
+automatically be stored when the record is saved.
+
+```ruby
+u = User.new(params[:user])
+u.save!
+u.avatars[0].url # => '/url/to/file.png'
+u.avatars[0].current_path # => 'path/to/file.png'
+u.avatars[0].identifier # => 'file.png'
+```
+
+If you want to preserve existing files on uploading new one, you can go like:
+
+```erb
+<% user.avatars.each do |avatar| %>
+  <%= hidden_field :user, :avatars, multiple: true, value: avatar.identifier %>
+<% end %>
+<%= form.file_field :avatars, multiple: true %>
+```
+
+Sorting avatars is supported as well by reordering `hidden_field`, an example using jQuery UI Sortable is available [here](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/wiki/How-to%3A-Add%2C-remove-and-reorder-images-using-multiple-file-upload).
+
+## Changing the storage directory
+
+In order to change where uploaded files are put, just override the `store_dir`
+method:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def store_dir
+    'public/my/upload/directory'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+This works for the file storage as well as Amazon S3 and Rackspace Cloud Files.
+Define `store_dir` as `nil` if you'd like to store files at the root level.
+
+If you store files outside the project root folder, you may want to define `cache_dir` in the same way:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def cache_dir
+    '/tmp/projectname-cache'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Changing the filename
+
+To change the filename of uploaded files, you can override `#filename` method in the uploader.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def filename
+    "image.#{file.extension}" # If you upload 'file.jpg', you'll get 'image.jpg'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Some old documentations (like [this](https://stackoverflow.com/a/5865117)) may instruct you to safeguard the filename value with `if original_filename`, but it's no longer necessary with CarrierWave 3.0 or later.
+
+## Securing uploads
+
+Certain files might be dangerous if uploaded to the wrong location, such as PHP
+files or other script files. CarrierWave allows you to specify an allowlist of
+allowed extensions or content types.
+
+If you're mounting the uploader, uploading a file with the wrong extension will
+make the record invalid instead. Otherwise, an error is raised.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def extension_allowlist
+    %w(jpg jpeg gif png)
+  end
+end
+```
+
+The same thing could be done using content types.
+Let's say we need an uploader that accepts only images. This can be done like this
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def content_type_allowlist
+    /image\//
+  end
+end
+```
+
+You can use a denylist to reject content types.
+Let's say we need an uploader that reject JSON files. This can be done like this
+
+```ruby
+class NoJsonUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def content_type_denylist
+    ['application/text', 'application/json']
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### CVE-2016-3714 (ImageTragick)
+This version of CarrierWave has the ability to mitigate CVE-2016-3714. However, you **MUST** set a content_type_allowlist in your uploaders for this protection to be effective, and you **MUST** either disable ImageMagick's default SVG delegate or use the RSVG delegate for SVG processing.
+
+
+A valid allowlist that will restrict your uploader to images only, and mitigate the CVE is:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def content_type_allowlist
+    [/image\//]
+  end
+end
+```
+
+**WARNING**: A `content_type_allowlist` is the only form of allowlist or denylist supported by CarrierWave that can effectively mitigate against CVE-2016-3714. Use of `extension_allowlist` will not inspect the file headers, and thus still leaves your application open to the vulnerability.
+
+### Filenames and unicode chars
+
+Another security issue you should care for is the file names (see
+[Ruby On Rails Security Guide](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/security.html#file-uploads)).
+By default, CarrierWave provides only English letters, arabic numerals and some symbols as
+allowlisted characters in the file name. If you want to support local scripts (Cyrillic letters, letters with diacritics and so on), you
+have to override `sanitize_regexp` method. It should return regular expression which would match
+all *non*-allowed symbols.
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave::SanitizedFile.sanitize_regexp = /[^[:word:]\.\-\+]/
+```
+
+Also make sure that allowing non-latin characters won't cause a compatibility issue with a third-party
+plugins or client-side software.
+
+## Setting the content type
+
+As of v0.11.0, the `mime-types` gem is a runtime dependency and the content type is set automatically.
+You no longer need to do this manually.
+
+## Adding versions
+
+Often you'll want to add different versions of the same file. The classic example is generating image thumbnails while preserving the original file to be used for high-quality representation.
+In this section we'll explore how CarrierWave supports working with multiple versions. The image manipulation itself is covered in [another section](#manipulating-images).
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  include CarrierWave::MiniMagick
+
+  process resize_to_fit: [800, 800]
+
+  version :thumb do
+    process resize_to_fill: [200,200]
+  end
+
+end
+```
+
+When this uploader is used, an uploaded image would be scaled to be no larger
+than 800 by 800 pixels. The original aspect ratio will be kept.
+
+A version called `:thumb` is then created, which is scaled
+to exactly 200 by 200 pixels. The thumbnail uses `resize_to_fill` which makes sure
+that the width and height specified are filled, only cropping
+if the aspect ratio requires it.
+
+The above uploader could be used like this:
+
+```ruby
+uploader = AvatarUploader.new
+uploader.store!(my_file)                              # size: 1024x768
+
+uploader.url # => '/url/to/my_file.png'               # size: 800x800
+uploader.thumb.url # => '/url/to/thumb_my_file.png'   # size: 200x200
+```
+
+One important thing to remember is that process is called *before* versions are
+created. This can cut down on processing cost.
+
+### Conditional processing
+
+If you want to use conditional process, you can only use `if` statement.
+
+See `carrierwave/uploader/processing.rb` for details.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  process :scale => [200, 200], :if => :image?
+  
+  def image?(carrier_wave_sanitized_file)
+    true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Nested versions
+
+It is possible to nest versions within versions:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+
+  version :animal do
+    version :human
+    version :monkey
+    version :llama
+  end
+end
+```
+
+### Conditional versions
+
+Occasionally you want to restrict the creation of versions on certain
+properties within the model or based on the picture itself.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+
+  version :human, if: :is_human?
+  version :monkey, if: :is_monkey?
+  version :banner, if: :is_landscape?
+
+private
+
+  def is_human? picture
+    model.can_program?(:ruby)
+  end
+
+  def is_monkey? picture
+    model.favorite_food == 'banana'
+  end
+
+  def is_landscape? picture
+    image = MiniMagick::Image.new(picture.path)
+    image[:width] > image[:height]
+  end
+
+end
+```
+
+The `model` variable points to the instance object the uploader is attached to.
+
+### Create versions from existing versions
+
+For performance reasons, it is often useful to create versions from existing ones
+instead of using the original file. If your uploader generates several versions
+where the next is smaller than the last, it will take less time to generate from
+a smaller, already processed image.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+
+  version :thumb do
+    process resize_to_fill: [280, 280]
+  end
+
+  version :small_thumb, from_version: :thumb do
+    process resize_to_fill: [20, 20]
+  end
+
+end
+```
+
+### Customizing version filenames
+
+CarrierWave supports [customization of filename](#changing-the-filename) by overriding an uploader's
+#filename method, but this doesn't work for versions because of the limitation on how CarrierWave
+re-constructs the filename on retrieval of the stored file.
+Instead, you can override `#full_filename` with providing a version-aware name.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  version :thumb do
+    def full_filename(for_file)
+      'thumb.png'
+    end
+    process convert: 'png'
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Please note that `#full_filename` mustn't be constructed based on a dynamic value
+that can change from the time of store and time of retrieval, since it will result in
+being unable to retrieve a file previously stored.
+
+## Making uploads work across form redisplays
+
+Often you'll notice that uploaded files disappear when a validation fails.
+CarrierWave has a feature that makes it easy to remember the uploaded file even
+in that case. Suppose your `user` model has an uploader mounted on `avatar`
+file, just add a hidden field called `avatar_cache` (don't forget to add it to
+the attr_accessible list as necessary). In Rails, this would look like this:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <label>My Avatar</label>
+    <%= f.file_field :avatar %>
+    <%= f.hidden_field :avatar_cache %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+````
+
+It might be a good idea to show the user that a file has been uploaded, in the
+case of images, a small thumbnail would be a good indicator:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <label>My Avatar</label>
+    <%= image_tag(@user.avatar_url) if @user.avatar? %>
+    <%= f.file_field :avatar %>
+    <%= f.hidden_field :avatar_cache %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+## Removing uploaded files
+
+If you want to remove a previously uploaded file on a mounted uploader, you can
+easily add a checkbox to the form which will remove the file when checked.
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <label>My Avatar</label>
+    <%= image_tag(@user.avatar_url) if @user.avatar? %>
+    <%= f.file_field :avatar %>
+  </p>
+
+  <p>
+    <label>
+      <%= f.check_box :remove_avatar %>
+      Remove avatar
+    </label>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+If you want to remove the file manually, you can call <code>remove_avatar!</code>, then save the object.
+
+```erb
+@user.remove_avatar!
+@user.save
+#=> true
+```
+
+## Uploading files from a remote location
+
+Your users may find it convenient to upload a file from a location on the Internet
+via a URL. CarrierWave makes this simple, just add the appropriate attribute to your
+form and you're good to go:
+
+```erb
+<%= form_for @user, html: { multipart: true } do |f| %>
+  <p>
+    <label>My Avatar URL:</label>
+    <%= image_tag(@user.avatar_url) if @user.avatar? %>
+    <%= f.text_field :remote_avatar_url %>
+  </p>
+<% end %>
+```
+
+If you're using ActiveRecord, CarrierWave will indicate invalid URLs and download
+failures automatically with attribute validation errors. If you aren't, or you
+disable CarrierWave's `validate_download` option, you'll need to handle those
+errors yourself.
+
+### Retry option for download from remote location
+If you want to retry the download from the Remote URL, enable the download_retry_count option, an error occurs during download, it will try to execute the specified number of times.
+This option is effective when the remote destination is unstable.
+
+```rb
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.download_retry_count = 3 # Default 0
+  config.download_retry_wait_time = 3 # Default 5
+end
+```
+
+## Providing a default URL
+
+In many cases, especially when working with images, it might be a good idea to
+provide a default url, a fallback in case no file has been uploaded. You can do
+this easily by overriding the `default_url` method in your uploader:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def default_url(*args)
+    "/images/fallback/" + [version_name, "default.png"].compact.join('_')
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Or if you are using the Rails asset pipeline:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def default_url(*args)
+    ActionController::Base.helpers.asset_path("fallback/" + [version_name, "default.png"].compact.join('_'))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Recreating versions
+
+You might come to a situation where you want to retroactively change a version
+or add a new one. You can use the `recreate_versions!` method to recreate the
+versions from the base file. This uses a naive approach which will re-upload and
+process the specified version or all versions, if none is passed as an argument.
+
+When you are generating random unique filenames you have to call `save!` on
+the model after using `recreate_versions!`. This is necessary because
+`recreate_versions!` doesn't save the new filename to the database. Calling
+`save!` yourself will prevent that the database and file system are running
+out of sync.
+
+```ruby
+instance = MyUploader.new
+instance.recreate_versions!(:thumb, :large)
+```
+
+Or on a mounted uploader:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each do |user|
+  user.avatar.recreate_versions!
+end
+```
+
+Note: `recreate_versions!` will throw an exception on records without an image. To avoid this, scope the records to those with images or check if an image exists within the block. If you're using ActiveRecord, recreating versions for a user avatar might look like this:
+
+```ruby
+User.find_each do |user|
+  user.avatar.recreate_versions! if user.avatar?
+end
+```
+
+## Configuring CarrierWave
+
+CarrierWave has a broad range of configuration options, which you can configure,
+both globally and on a per-uploader basis:
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.permissions = 0666
+  config.directory_permissions = 0777
+  config.storage = :file
+end
+```
+
+Or alternatively:
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  permissions 0777
+end
+```
+
+If you're using Rails, create an initializer for this:
+
+	config/initializers/carrierwave.rb
+
+If you want CarrierWave to fail noisily in development, you can change these configs in your environment file:
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.ignore_integrity_errors = false
+  config.ignore_processing_errors = false
+  config.ignore_download_errors = false
+end
+```
+
+
+## Testing with CarrierWave
+
+It's a good idea to test your uploaders in isolation. In order to speed up your
+tests, it's recommended to switch off processing in your tests, and to use the file storage.
+Also, you can disable SSRF protection at your own risk using the `skip_ssrf_protection` configuration.
+
+In Rails you could do that by adding an initializer with:
+
+```ruby
+if Rails.env.test? or Rails.env.cucumber?
+  CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+    config.storage = :file
+    config.enable_processing = false
+    config.skip_ssrf_protection = true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Remember, if you have already set `storage :something` in your uploader, the `storage`
+setting from this initializer will be ignored.
+
+If you need to test your processing, you should test it in isolation, and enable
+processing only for those tests that need it.
+
+CarrierWave comes with some RSpec matchers which you may find useful:
+
+```ruby
+require 'carrierwave/test/matchers'
+
+describe MyUploader do
+  include CarrierWave::Test::Matchers
+
+  let(:user) { double('user') }
+  let(:uploader) { MyUploader.new(user, :avatar) }
+
+  before do
+    MyUploader.enable_processing = true
+    File.open(path_to_file) { |f| uploader.store!(f) }
+  end
+
+  after do
+    MyUploader.enable_processing = false
+    uploader.remove!
+  end
+
+  context 'the thumb version' do
+    it "scales down a landscape image to be exactly 64 by 64 pixels" do
+      expect(uploader.thumb).to have_dimensions(64, 64)
+    end
+  end
+
+  context 'the small version' do
+    it "scales down a landscape image to fit within 200 by 200 pixels" do
+      expect(uploader.small).to be_no_larger_than(200, 200)
+    end
+  end
+
+  it "makes the image readable only to the owner and not executable" do
+    expect(uploader).to have_permissions(0600)
+  end
+
+  it "has the correct format" do
+    expect(uploader).to be_format('png')
+  end
+end
+```
+
+If you're looking for minitest asserts, checkout [carrierwave_asserts](https://github.com/hcfairbanks/carrierwave_asserts).
+
+Setting the enable_processing flag on an uploader will prevent any of the versions from processing as well.
+Processing can be enabled for a single version by setting the processing flag on the version like so:
+
+```ruby
+@uploader.thumb.enable_processing = true
+```
+
+## Fog
+
+If you want to use fog you must add in your CarrierWave initializer the
+following lines
+
+```ruby
+config.fog_credentials = { ... } # Provider specific credentials
+```
+
+## Using Amazon S3
+
+[Fog AWS](http://github.com/fog/fog-aws) is used to support Amazon S3. Ensure you have it in your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem "fog-aws"
+```
+
+You'll need to provide your fog_credentials and a fog_directory (also known as a bucket) in an initializer.
+For the sake of performance it is assumed that the directory already exists, so please create it if it needs to be.
+You can also pass in additional options, as documented fully in lib/carrierwave/storage/fog.rb. Here's a full example:
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.fog_credentials = {
+    provider:              'AWS',                        # required
+    aws_access_key_id:     'xxx',                        # required unless using use_iam_profile
+    aws_secret_access_key: 'yyy',                        # required unless using use_iam_profile
+    use_iam_profile:       true,                         # optional, defaults to false
+    region:                'eu-west-1',                  # optional, defaults to 'us-east-1'
+    host:                  's3.example.com',             # optional, defaults to nil
+    endpoint:              'https://s3.example.com:8080' # optional, defaults to nil
+  }
+  config.fog_directory  = 'name_of_bucket'                                      # required
+  config.fog_public     = false                                                 # optional, defaults to true
+  config.fog_attributes = { cache_control: "public, max-age=#{365.days.to_i}" } # optional, defaults to {}
+  # Use this if you have AWS S3 ACLs disabled.
+  # config.fog_attributes = { 'x-amz-acl' => 'bucket-owner-full-control' }
+  # Use this if you have Google Cloud Storage uniform bucket-level access enabled.
+  # config.fog_attributes = { uniform: true }
+  # For an application which utilizes multiple servers but does not need caches persisted across requests,
+  # uncomment the line :file instead of the default :storage.  Otherwise, it will use AWS as the temp cache store.
+  # config.cache_storage = :file
+end
+```
+
+In your uploader, set the storage to :fog
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  storage :fog
+end
+```
+
+That's it! You can still use the `CarrierWave::Uploader#url` method to return the url to the file on Amazon S3.
+
+**Note**: for Carrierwave to work properly it needs credentials with the following permissions:
+
+* `s3:ListBucket`
+* `s3:PutObject`
+* `s3:GetObject`
+* `s3:DeleteObject`
+* `s3:PutObjectAcl`
+
+## Using Rackspace Cloud Files
+
+[Fog](http://github.com/fog/fog) is used to support Rackspace Cloud Files. Ensure you have it in your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem "fog"
+```
+
+You'll need to configure a directory (also known as a container), username and API key in the initializer.
+For the sake of performance it is assumed that the directory already exists, so please create it if needs to be.
+
+Using a US-based account:
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.fog_credentials = {
+    provider:           'Rackspace',
+    rackspace_username: 'xxxxxx',
+    rackspace_api_key:  'yyyyyy',
+    rackspace_region:   :ord                      # optional, defaults to :dfw
+  }
+  config.fog_directory = 'name_of_directory'
+end
+```
+
+Using a UK-based account:
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.fog_credentials = {
+    provider:           'Rackspace',
+    rackspace_username: 'xxxxxx',
+    rackspace_api_key:  'yyyyyy',
+    rackspace_auth_url: Fog::Rackspace::UK_AUTH_ENDPOINT,
+    rackspace_region:   :lon
+  }
+  config.fog_directory = 'name_of_directory'
+end
+```
+
+You can optionally include your CDN host name in the configuration.
+This is *highly* recommended, as without it every request requires a lookup
+of this information.
+
+```ruby
+config.asset_host = "http://c000000.cdn.rackspacecloud.com"
+```
+
+In your uploader, set the storage to :fog
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  storage :fog
+end
+```
+
+That's it! You can still use the `CarrierWave::Uploader#url` method to return
+the url to the file on Rackspace Cloud Files.
+
+## Using Google Cloud Storage
+
+[Fog](http://github.com/fog/fog-google) is used to support Google Cloud Storage. Ensure you have it in your Gemfile:
+
+```ruby
+gem "fog-google"
+```
+
+You'll need to configure a directory (also known as a bucket) and the credentials in the initializer.
+For the sake of performance it is assumed that the directory already exists, so please create it if needs to be.
+
+Please read the [fog-google README](https://github.com/fog/fog-google/blob/master/README.md) on how to get credentials.
+
+For Google Storage JSON API (recommended):
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+    config.fog_credentials = {
+        provider:               'Google',
+        google_project:         'my-project',
+        google_json_key_string: 'xxxxxx'
+        # or use google_json_key_location if using an actual file
+    }
+    config.fog_directory = 'google_cloud_storage_bucket_name'
+end
+```
+
+For Google Storage XML API:
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+    config.fog_credentials = {
+        provider:                         'Google',
+        google_storage_access_key_id:     'xxxxxx',
+        google_storage_secret_access_key: 'yyyyyy'
+    }
+    config.fog_directory = 'google_cloud_storage_bucket_name'
+end
+```
+
+In your uploader, set the storage to :fog
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  storage :fog
+end
+```
+
+That's it! You can still use the `CarrierWave::Uploader#url` method to return
+the url to the file on Google.
+
+## Optimized Loading of Fog
+
+Since Carrierwave doesn't know which parts of Fog you intend to use, it will just load the entire library (unless you use e.g. [`fog-aws`, `fog-google`] instead of fog proper). If you prefer to load fewer classes into your application, you need to load those parts of Fog yourself *before* loading CarrierWave in your Gemfile.  Ex:
+
+```ruby
+gem "fog", "~> 1.27", require: "fog/rackspace/storage"
+gem "carrierwave"
+```
+
+A couple of notes about versions:
+* This functionality was introduced in Fog v1.20.
+* This functionality is slated for CarrierWave v1.0.0.
+
+If you're not relying on Gemfile entries alone and are requiring "carrierwave" anywhere, ensure you require "fog/rackspace/storage" before it.  Ex:
+
+```ruby
+require "fog/rackspace/storage"
+require "carrierwave"
+```
+
+Beware that this specific require is only needed when working with a fog provider that was not extracted to its own gem yet.
+A list of the extracted providers can be found in the page of the `fog` organizations [here](https://github.com/fog).
+
+When in doubt, inspect `Fog.constants` to see what has been loaded.
+
+## Dynamic Asset Host
+
+The `asset_host` config property can be assigned a proc (or anything that responds to `call`) for generating the host dynamically. The proc-compliant object gets an instance of the current `CarrierWave::Storage::Fog::File` or `CarrierWave::SanitizedFile` as its only argument.
+
+```ruby
+CarrierWave.configure do |config|
+  config.asset_host = proc do |file|
+    identifier = # some logic
+    "http://#{identifier}.cdn.rackspacecloud.com"
+  end
+end
+```
+
+## Manipulating images
+
+If you're uploading images, you'll probably want to manipulate them in some way,
+you might want to create thumbnail images for example.
+
+### Using MiniMagick
+
+MiniMagick performs all the operations using the 'convert' CLI which is part of the standard ImageMagick kit.
+This allows you to have the power of ImageMagick without having to worry about installing
+all the RMagick libraries, it often results in higher memory footprint.
+
+See the MiniMagick site for more details:
+
+https://github.com/minimagick/minimagick
+
+To install Imagemagick on OSX with homebrew type the following:
+
+```
+$ brew install imagemagick
+```
+
+And the ImageMagick command line options for more for what's on offer:
+
+http://www.imagemagick.org/script/command-line-options.php
+
+Currently, the MiniMagick carrierwave processor provides exactly the same methods as
+for the RMagick processor.
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  include CarrierWave::MiniMagick
+
+  process resize_to_fill: [200, 200]
+end
+```
+
+See `carrierwave/processing/mini_magick.rb` for details.
+
+### Using RMagick
+
+CarrierWave also comes with support for RMagick, a well-known image processing library.
+To use it, you'll need to include this in your Uploader:
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  include CarrierWave::RMagick
+end
+```
+
+The RMagick module gives you a few methods, like
+`CarrierWave::RMagick#resize_to_fill` which manipulate the image file in some
+way. You can set a `process` callback, which will call that method any time a
+file is uploaded.
+There is a demonstration of convert here.
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  include CarrierWave::RMagick
+
+  process resize_to_fill: [200, 200]
+  process convert: 'png'
+end
+```
+
+Check out the manipulate! method, which makes it easy for you to write your own
+manipulation methods.
+
+### Using Vips
+
+CarrierWave version 2.2.0 added support for the `libvips` image processing library, through [ImageProcessing::Vips](https://github.com/janko/image_processing/blob/master/doc/vips.md). Its functionality matches that of the RMagick and MiniMagick processors, but it uses less memory and offers [faster processing](https://github.com/libvips/libvips/wiki/Speed-and-memory-use). To use the Vips processing module you must first install `libvips`, for example: 
+
+````bash
+$ sudo apt install libvips
+````
+
+You also need to tell your uploader to use Vips:
+
+````ruby
+class ImageFileUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  include CarrierWave::Vips
+end
+````
+
+### List of available processing methods:
+
+> [!NOTE]
+> While the intention is to provide uniform interfaces to all three processing libraries the availability and implementation of processing methods can <a href="supported-processing-methods">vary slightly between them</a>.
+
+- `convert` - Changes the image encoding format to the given format (eg. jpg). This operation is treated specially to trigger the change of the file extension, so it matches with the format of the resulting file.
+- `resize_to_limit` - Resize the image to fit within the specified dimensions while retaining the original aspect ratio. Will only resize the image if it is larger than the specified dimensions. The resulting image may be shorter or narrower than specified in the smaller dimension but will not be larger than the specified values.
+- `resize_to_fit` - Resize the image to fit within the specified dimensions while retaining the original aspect ratio. The image may be shorter or narrower than specified in the smaller dimension but will not be larger than the specified values.
+- `resize_to_fill` - Resize the image to fit within the specified dimensions while retaining the aspect ratio of the original image. If necessary, crop the image in the larger dimension. Optionally, a "gravity" may be specified, for example "Center", or "NorthEast".
+- `resize_and_pad` - Resize the image to fit within the specified dimensions while retaining the original aspect ratio. If necessary, will pad the remaining area with the given color, which defaults to transparent (for gif and png, white for jpeg). Optionally, a "gravity" may be specified, as above.
+- `crop` - Crop the image to the contents of a box with the specified height and width, positioned a given number of pixels from the top and left. The original image edge will be retained should the bottom and/or right edge of the box fall outside the image bounds. 
+
+#### Supported processing methods
+
+The following table shows which processing methods are supported by each processing library, and which parameters they accept: 
+
+Method|RMagick|MiniMagick|Vips
+------|-----------------|-----------------|-----------------|
+`convert`|`format`|`format`, `page`<sup>1</sup>|`format`, `page`<sup>1</sup>
+`resize_to_limit`|`width`, `height`|`width`, `height`|`width`, `height`
+`resize_to_fit`|`width`, `height`|`width`, `height`|`width`, `height`
+`resize_to_fill`|`width`, `height`, `gravity`<sup>2</sup>|`width`, `height`, `gravity`<sup>2</sup>|`width`, `height`
+`resize_and_pad`|`width`, `height`, `background`, `gravity`<sup>2</sup>|`width`, `height`, `background`, `gravity`<sup>2</sup>|`width`, `height`, `background`, `gravity`<sup>2</sup>
+`resize_to_geometry_string`|`geometry_string`<sup>3</sup>|*not implemented*|*not implemented*
+`crop`|`left`, `top`, `width`, `height`|`left`, `top`, `width`, `height`|`left`, `top`, `width`, `height`
+
+<sup>1</sup>`page` refers to the page number when converting from PDF, frame number when converting from GIF, and layer number when converting from PSD.
+
+<sup>2</sup>`gravity` refers to an image position given as one of `Center`, `North`, `NorthWest`, `West`, `SouthWest`, `South`, `SouthEast`, `East`, or `NorthEast`.
+
+<sup>3</sup>`geometry_string` is an [ImageMagick geometry string](https://rmagick.github.io/imusage.html#geometry).
+
+## Migrating from Paperclip
+
+If you are using Paperclip, you can use the provided compatibility module:
+
+```ruby
+class AvatarUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  include CarrierWave::Compatibility::Paperclip
+end
+```
+
+See the documentation for `CarrierWave::Compatibility::Paperclip` for more
+details.
+
+Be sure to use mount_on to specify the correct column:
+
+```ruby
+mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader, mount_on: :avatar_file_name
+```
+
+## I18n
+
+The Active Record validations use the Rails `i18n` framework. Add these keys to
+your translations file:
+
+```yaml
+errors:
+  messages:
+    carrierwave_processing_error: failed to be processed
+    carrierwave_integrity_error: is not of an allowed file type
+    carrierwave_download_error: could not be downloaded
+    extension_allowlist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{extension} files, allowed types: %{allowed_types}"
+    extension_denylist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{extension} files, prohibited types: %{prohibited_types}"
+    content_type_allowlist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{content_type} files, allowed types: %{allowed_types}"
+    content_type_denylist_error: "You are not allowed to upload %{content_type} files"
+    processing_error: "Failed to manipulate, maybe it is not an image?"
+    min_size_error: "File size should be greater than %{min_size}"
+    max_size_error: "File size should be less than %{max_size}"
+    min_width_error: "Image width should be greater than %{min_width}px"
+    max_width_error: "Image width should be less than %{max_width}px"
+    min_height_error: "Image height should be greater than %{min_height}px"
+    max_height_error: "Image height should be less than %{max_height}px"
+```
+
+The [`carrierwave-i18n`](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave-i18n)
+library adds support for additional locales.
+
+## Large files
+
+By default, CarrierWave copies an uploaded file twice, first copying the file into the cache, then
+copying the file into the store.  For large files, this can be prohibitively time consuming.
+
+You may change this behavior by overriding either or both of the `move_to_cache` and
+`move_to_store` methods:
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  def move_to_cache
+    true
+  end
+
+  def move_to_store
+    true
+  end
+end
+```
+
+When the `move_to_cache` and/or `move_to_store` methods return true, files will be moved (instead of copied) to the cache and store respectively.
+
+This has only been tested with the local filesystem store.
+
+## Skipping ActiveRecord callbacks
+
+By default, mounting an uploader into an ActiveRecord model will add a few
+callbacks. For example, this code:
+
+```ruby
+class User
+  mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
+end
+```
+
+Will add these callbacks:
+
+```ruby
+before_save :write_avatar_identifier
+after_save :store_previous_changes_for_avatar
+after_commit :remove_avatar!, on: :destroy
+after_commit :mark_remove_avatar_false, on: :update
+after_commit :remove_previously_stored_avatar, on: :update
+after_commit :store_avatar!, on: [:create, :update]
+```
+
+If you want to skip any of these callbacks (eg. you want to keep the existing
+avatar, even after uploading a new one), you can use ActiveRecord’s
+`skip_callback` method.
+
+```ruby
+class User
+  mount_uploader :avatar, AvatarUploader
+  skip_callback :commit, :after, :remove_previously_stored_avatar
+end
+```
+
+## Uploader Callbacks
+
+In addition to the ActiveRecord callbacks described above, uploaders also have callbacks.
+
+```ruby
+class MyUploader < ::CarrierWave::Uploader::Base
+  before :remove, :log_removal
+  private
+  def log_removal
+    ::Rails.logger.info(format('Deleting file on S3: %s', @file))
+  end
+end
+```
+
+Uploader callbacks can be `before` or `after` the following events:
+
+```
+cache
+process
+remove
+retrieve_from_cache
+retrieve_from_store
+store
+```
+
+## Contributing to CarrierWave
+
+See [CONTRIBUTING.md](https://github.com/carrierwaveuploader/carrierwave/blob/master/CONTRIBUTING.md)
+
+## License
+
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2008 Jonas Nicklas
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining
+a copy of this software and associated documentation files (the
+"Software"), to deal in the Software without restriction, including
+without limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge, publish,
+distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the Software, and to
+permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, subject to
+the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be
+included in all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND,
+EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
+MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND
+NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE
+LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION
+WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.