mimetexrb 1.0.0

This diff represents the content of publicly available package versions that have been released to one of the supported registries. The information contained in this diff is provided for informational purposes only and reflects changes between package versions as they appear in their respective public registries.
Files changed (9) hide show
  1. data/ext/extconf.rb +7 -0
  2. data/ext/src/gifsave.c +1123 -0
  3. data/ext/src/mimetex.c +14960 -0
  4. data/ext/src/mimetex.h +2017 -0
  5. data/ext/src/mimetex.html +3750 -0
  6. data/ext/src/mimetexrb.c +70 -0
  7. data/ext/src/texfonts.h +54343 -0
  8. data/gemspec.rb +18 -0
  9. metadata +53 -0
data/ext/src/mimetex.html ADDED
@@ -0,0 +1,3750 @@
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+ <!--
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+ ****************************************************************************
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+ * Copyright(c) 2002-2006, John Forkosh Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
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+ * ==========================================================================
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+ * This file is part of mimeTeX, which is free software. You may redistribute
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+ * and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License,
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+ * version 2 or later, as published by the Free Software Foundation.
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+ * MimeTeX is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
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+ * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY, not even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY.
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+ * See the GNU General Public License for specific details.
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+ * By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood and
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+ * agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you possess the legal
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+ * right and ability to enter into this agreement and to use mimeTeX
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+ * in accordance with it.
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+ * Your mimeTeX distribution should contain a copy of the GNU General
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+ * Public License. If not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
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+ * 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA,
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+ * or point your browser to http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html
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+ ****************************************************************************
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+ -->
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+ <!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.01 Transitional//EN"
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+ "http://www.w3.org/TR/html4/loose.dtd">
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+ <!-- "http://www.forkosh.dreamhost.com/loose.dtd" -->
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+
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+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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+ Preamble
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+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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+ <html>
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+ <head>
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+ <title> mimeTeX user's manual </title>
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+ <meta HTTP-EQUIV="Content-Type" CONTENT="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1">
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+ <style type="text/css">
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+ body { background-image: none; /* none; or url(); */
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+ /*background-repeat: repeat-y;*/
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+ /*background-attachment: fixed;*/ /* fixed; or scroll; */
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+ background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000;
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+ margin-left: 0.5em; margin-right: 0.1em;
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+ font-size: large; /* or medium */
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+ clear: both }
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+ A:active { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none }
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+ A:link { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none }
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+ A:visited { color: blue/*#0000FF*/; text-decoration: none }
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+ A:hover { color: red/*#FF0000*/; text-decoration: underline
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+ /*font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;*/
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+ /*font-size: normal; line-height: normal*/ }
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+ h1 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;
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+ font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */
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+ font-size: xx-large;
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+ padding-top: 2.0em;
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+ letter-spacing: 0.25em }
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+ h2 { color: maroon; text-decoration: underline;
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+ font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */
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+ font-size: x-large;
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+ padding-top: 1.0em;
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+ letter-spacing: 0.20em }
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+ h3 { color: maroon; /*black; text-decoration: underline;*/
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+ font-style: normal; /* italic oblique */
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+ font-size: large;
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+ margin-left: 1em;
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+ padding-top: 0.5em;
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+ letter-spacing: 0.15em }
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+ center { padding-top: -0.1em; padding-bottom: -0.1em; }
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+ table { font-size: large }
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+ table.medium { font-size: medium }
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+ dl { font-size: large;
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+ margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em }
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+ ol { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em }
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+ ul { margin-left: 3.0em; margin-right: 2.5em;
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+ list-style-type: square }
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+ ul ul { margin-left: -0.5em; margin-right: 3.5em;
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+ list-style-type: disc }
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+ pre { margin-left: 3.0em; font-size: medium; font-weight: bold }
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+ pre.nobold { margin-left:3.0em; font-size:medium; font-weight:normal }
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+ p { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em }
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+ p:first-letter
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+ { font-size: x-large; font-weight: bold;
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+ color: maroon }
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+ p.continue { margin-left: 2.0em; margin-right: 1.5em;
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+ padding-top: -0.1em }
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+ p.continue:first-letter
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+ { font-size: large; font-weight: normal;
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+ color: black }
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+ p.warning { color: red } /* defines p class=warning */
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+ </style>
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+ <script type="text/javascript">
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+ <!--
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+ // add/clear text to expression
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+ function eqntext(eqn)
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+ { var eqnSrc = document.getElementById(eqn).src;
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+ var texSrc = eqnSrc.substring(eqnSrc.indexOf('?')+1,eqnSrc.length);
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+ addtext(texSrc); }
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+ function addtext(text)
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+ { cleartext();
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+ document.expression.formdata.value += unescape(text);
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+ document.expression.formdata.focus(); }
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+ function cleartext()
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+ { document.expression.formdata.value = "";
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+ //document.inlineframe.value = "";
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+ document.expression.formdata.focus(); }
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+ -->
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+ </script>
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+ </head>
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+ <body>
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+
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+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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+ Banner across top of page, containing title and two example mimeTeX images.
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+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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+ <br>
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+ <hr size=4>
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+ <center>
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+ <table cellspacing=10>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td align="center">
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+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr1" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr1')"
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+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+\frac{a_2}
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+ {b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
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+ <td align="center" valign="middle">
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+ <center> <font color="maroon" size=4>
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+ <b><nobr>m i m e T e X &nbsp; m a n u a l</nobr></b> <br>
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+ <font size=3>( for mimeTeX version 1.64 )</font> <br>
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+ <font size=3> <b>Click for:</b>&nbsp;
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+ <!-- <a href="http://www.forkosh.com" target="_top">homepage</a>, &nbsp;
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+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/resume.html" target="_top">resume</a> -->
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+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top">
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+ LaTeX tutorial</a><br>
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+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.html" target="_top">
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+ mimeTeX QuickStart</a><br>
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+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
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+ <!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> -->
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+ <font size=4>download&nbsp;mimeTeX</font></a></font>
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+ </font> </center> </td>
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+ <td align="center">
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+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageBanr2" onclick="eqntext('imageBanr2')"
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+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk}
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+ \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]"
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+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
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+ <a href="#examples">more_examples...</a> </td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table>
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+ </center>
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+ <hr size=4>
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+ <center><b><font color="maroon" size=3>
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+ Copyright <font size=5>&copy;</font> 2002-2006,
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+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a> <br>
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+ email: <a href="mailto:john&#64;forkosh&#46;com">john&#64;forkosh&#46;com</a>
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+ </font></b> <br><br>
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+ <a href="#preview"><img id="timestamp1" onclick="eqntext('timestamp1')"
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+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\begin{matrix}
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+ \large\today\\\normalsize\today[3]\end{matrix}"
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+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
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+
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+
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+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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+ Table of Contents
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+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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+ <br> <center><b><font color="maroon" size=6>
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+ <u> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C o n t e n t s &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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+ </u></font></b> <br>
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+ <table cellspacing=0 class="medium">
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+ <tr>
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+ <td valign="top" align="center" width=150>
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+ <font size=3><b>- - - T u t o r i a l - - -</b></font> </td>
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+ <td valign="top" align="center" colspan=3 width=450><font size=3><b>
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+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - R e f e r e n c e - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
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+ </b></font></td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
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+ <a href="#introduction">&nbsp; (I) Introduction &nbsp;</a><br>
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+ <a href="#quickstart"> a. Quick Start </a><br>
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+ <a href="#examples"> b. Examples </a><br>
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+ <a href="#gpl"> c. GPL License </a> </font> </td>
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+ <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
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+ <a href="#build">&nbsp; (II) Building mimeTeX &nbsp;</a><br>
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+ <a href="#compile"> a. Compile </a><br>
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+ <a href="#install"> b. Install </a><br>
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+ <a href="#options"> c. Compile Options </a><br>
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+ <a href="#cmdline"> d. Command Line </a> </font> </td>
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+ <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
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+ <a href="#reference">&nbsp; (III) Syntax Reference &nbsp;</a><br>
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+ <a href="#spaces"> a. Math & White Space </a><br>
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+ <a href="#symbols"> b. Symbols, Sizes, Modes </a><br>
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+ <a href="#delimiters"> c. Delimiters </a><br>
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+ <a href="#accents"> d. Accents, Arrows, etc. </a><br>
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+ <a href="#array"> e. \begin{array} </a><br>
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+ <a href="#picture"> f. \picture(&nbsp;){&nbsp;} </a><br>
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+ <a href="#commands"> g. Other Commands </a><br>
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+ <a href="#exceptions"> h. Other Exceptions </a> </font> </td>
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+ <td valign="top" align="center" width=150> <font size=3>
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+ <a href="#appendices">&nbsp; &nbsp; (IV) Appendices &nbsp; &nbsp;</a><br>
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+ <a href="#fonts"> a. Fonts </a><br>
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+ <a href="#makeraster"> b. make_raster() </a><br>
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+ <a href="#gifsave"> c. gifsave.c </a>
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+ <br><a href="#remarks"> &nbsp; Remarks &nbsp; </a> </font> </td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table>
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+
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+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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+ + Installation and Usage Summary
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+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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+ <br>
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+ <table border="0">
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+ <tr> <!-- banner -->
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+ <td align="left">
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+ <!-- <b><font color="maroon" size=4>
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+ <u> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; I n s t a l l a t i o n &nbsp;
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+ a n d &nbsp; U s a g e &nbsp; S u m m a r y &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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+ </u></font></b> -->
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+ <font size=4 color="maroon"><b>- - - - - - I n s t a l l a t i o n &nbsp;
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+ a n d &nbsp; U s a g e &nbsp; S u m m a r y - - - - - -</b></font>
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+ </td> </tr>
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+ <tr>
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+ <td valign="top"> <!-- summary -->
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+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" hspace="0" vspace="0">
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+ <tr><td align="right" valign="top"> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
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+ <a href="#build">Installation</a>: &nbsp; &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td><font size=4> Download <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
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+ mimetex.zip</a> and then type <br>
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+ <b> &nbsp; &nbsp; unzip mimetex.zip</b> <br>
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+ <b> &nbsp; &nbsp; cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b>
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+ <br>Now just <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b>
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+ directory, <br> set permissions as necessary, and you're all done.
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+ </font></td></tr>
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+ <tr><td colspan="2"> <font size="2">&nbsp;</font> </td></tr>
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+ <tr><td align="right" valign="top">
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+ <a href="#introduction">Usage</a>: &nbsp; &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td><font size=4> To see the image <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;
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+ <a href="#preview"><img id="summary1" onclick="eqntext('summary1')"
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+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"
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+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
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+ just write the tag <br>
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+ <b> &nbsp; &nbsp; &lt;img&nbsp;src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<br>
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+ &nbsp; &nbsp; x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"&gt;</b>
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+ </font></td></tr>
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+ </table>
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+ </td>
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+ </tr>
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+ </table>
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+ </center>
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+
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+
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+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
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+ SECTION I. INTRODUCTION
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+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
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+ <h1> <a name="introduction">(I) Introduction</a> &nbsp; </h1>
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+
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+ <p> <font color="maroon">MimeTeX, licensed under the
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+ <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">gpl</a>,
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+ lets you easily embed LaTeX math in your html pages.</font>
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+ It parses a LaTeX math expression and immediately emits the
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+ corresponding gif image, rather than the usual TeX dvi.
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+ And mimeTeX is an entirely separate little program that doesn't use
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+ TeX or its fonts in any way. It's just one cgi that you put in your
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+ site's cgi-bin/ directory, with no other dependencies. So mimeTeX
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+ is very easy to <a href="#quickbuild">install</a>. And it's equally
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+ easy to use. Just place an html &lt;img&gt; tag in your document
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+ wherever you want to see the corresponding LaTeX expression.
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+ For example, </p>
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+ <pre> &lt;img&nbsp;src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt"
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+ alt="" border=0 align=middle&gt;</pre> <p class="continue">immediately
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+ generates the corresponding gif image on-the-fly, displaying
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+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI1" onclick="eqntext('imageI1')"
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+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize
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+ f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt"
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+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> wherever you put that &lt;img&gt tag.
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+ MimeTeX doesn't need intermediate dvi-to-gif conversion, and it doesn't
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+ create separate gif files for each converted expression.
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+ (But you can enable image caching with mimeTeX's
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+ &nbsp; <b>-DCACHEPATH=\&quot;<i>path/</i>\&quot;</b> &nbsp;
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+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a>.) </p>
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+
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+ <h3> <a name="plugins">
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+ mimeTeX plugins<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
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+ <p> There's no inherent need to repeatedly write the cumbersome
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+ &lt;img&gt; tag illustrated above. You can write your own <a href=
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+ "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/1.4/docs/tutorial/doc/JSPIntro9.html#wp73314"
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+ target="_top">custom&nbsp;tags</a>,
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+ or write a wrapper&nbsp;script around mimeTeX to simplify the
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+ notation. </p>
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+
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+ <p style="margin-bottom:0"> For example, if you're using
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+ <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB2</a>, then
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+ <a href="http://www.themathforum.com/" target="_top">Jameson</a>
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+ contributed the following typical one-line mod that lets you just write
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+ <b>[tex]&nbsp;f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt&nbsp;[/tex]</b>
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+ to obtain the same image illustrated above: </p>
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+ <pre class="medium" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"
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+ > #--------[open]-----------------------------------------------------
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+ /includes/bbcode.php
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+ #--------[find]-----------------------------------------------------
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+ // Remove our padding from the string..
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+ #--------[before, add]----------------------------------------------
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+ $text = preg_replace('/\[tex\](.*?)\[\/tex\]/ie',
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+ "'&lt;img src=\"/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?'.rawurlencode('$1').'\" align=\"middle\" /&gt;'",
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+ $text);</pre>
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+ <p class="continue" style="margin-top:0"> If you're using
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+ <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB3</a>,
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+ then no mod is even needed.
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+ Just click Postings from the Administrator Control Panel,
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+ and add the custom BBCode&nbsp;<b>[tex]{TEXT}[/tex]</b> &nbsp;
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+ with the HTML replacement
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+ <b>&lt;img&nbsp;src="/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?{TEXT}"&nbsp;align=middle&gt;</b></p>
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+
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+ <p> Similarly, <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWiki"
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+ target="_top">PmWiki</a> also has a
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+ <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX" target="_top">
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+ mimeTeX&nbsp;plugin</a> that lets you just write
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+ <b>{$&nbsp;f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt&nbsp;$}</b>
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+ to obtain that same image. &nbsp; Several other packages
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+ also have similar mimeTeX plugins: </p>
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+ <center><table>
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+ <tr> <td align=center> <u>&nbsp;<b>Package</b>&nbsp;</u> </td>
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+ <td> &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td align=center> <u>&nbsp;&nbsp;<b>Plugin</b>&nbsp;&nbsp;</u> </td>
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+ </tr>
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+ <tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/PmWiki/PmWiki" target="_top">
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+ PmWiki</a> </td> <td> &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.pmichaud.com/wiki/Cookbook/MimeTeX"
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+ target="_top">mimeTeX&nbsp;plugin</a> </td> </tr>
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+ <tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" target="_top">
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+ Wikimedia</a> </td>
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+ <td align=center> &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Mimetex_alternative"
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+ target="_top">&quot;mimeTeX&nbsp;alternative&quot;</a> </td> </tr>
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+ <tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.unitorganizer.com/mathwiki/index.php/Main_Page"
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+ target="_top">MathWiki</a> </td> <td> &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td align=center> <a href=
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+ "http://www.unitorganizer.com/mathwiki/index.php/MimetexParser"
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+ target="_top">&quot;mimeTeX&nbsp;Parser&quot;</a> </td> </tr>
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+ <tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://forums.punbb.org/" target="_top">PunBB</a> </td>
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+ <td> &nbsp; </td> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.math-linux.com/spip.php?article44"
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+ target="_top">mimeTeX&nbsp;plugin</a> </td> </tr>
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+ <tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.sixapart.com/movabletype/" target="_top">
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+ Movable&nbsp;Type</a> </td> <td> &nbsp; </td>
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+ <td align=center> <a href=
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+ "http://www.unitorganizer.com/myblog/2006/08/creating_equations_in_movable.html"
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+ target="_top">mimeTeX&nbsp;plugin</a> </td> </tr>
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+ <tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://wordpress.org/" target="_top">WordPress</a> </td>
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+ <td> &nbsp; </td> <td align=center> <a href=
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+ "http://www.anlak.com/?page_id=66" target="_top">
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+ <!-- "http://sixthform.info/steve/wordpress/index.php?p=13&page=2" -->
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+ mimeTeX&nbsp;plugin</a> <!-- &nbsp; (see item 9) --> </td> </tr>
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+ <!--- dead links --->
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+ <!-- tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.phpbb.com" target="_top">phpBB</a> </td>
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+ <td> &nbsp; </td> <td align=center>
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+ <a href=
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+ "http://www.themathforum.com/math/showthread.php?p=621#post621"
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+ target="_top">mimeTeX&nbsp;plugin</a> </td> </tr -->
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+ <!-- tr> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://www.mamboserver.com/" target="_top">Mambo</a> </td>
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+ <td> &nbsp; </td> <td align=center>
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+ <a href="http://mamboxchange.com/projects/mimetexbot/"
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+ target="_top">&quot;mimeTeX&nbsp;bot&quot;</a> </td> </tr -->
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+ </table></center>
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+
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+ <p> <b>Please note:</b> If you're writing your own plugin for mimeTeX,
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+ please don't write php code using <b>system(&nbsp;)</b>, or any other
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+ shell escape mechanism, just to cache images. Use mimeTeX's
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+ &nbsp; <b>-DCACHEPATH=\&quot;<i>path/</i>\&quot;</b> &nbsp;
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+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a> instead.
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+ <b>system(&nbsp;)</b> raises security
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+ issues, either real ones if used carelessly, or just in the minds of
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+ system administrators. Either way, I've received many emails from
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+ people unable to use mimeTeX because of unnecessary <b>system(&nbsp;)</b>
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+ calls prohibited by security-conscious sysadmins. MimeTeX itself poses
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+ minimal risk when used as illustrated above, but you're responsible
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+ for any plugin/wrapper script you write around it. </p>
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+
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+ <h3> <a name="alternatives">
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+ Alternative solutions<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
381
+ <p> MimeTeX's benefit over similar math-on-the-web solutions is, as
382
+ mentioned above, its easy installation. But if that's not a
383
+ problem for you, and if your site's server already has a LaTeX
384
+ distribution installed, and suitable image conversion utilities like
385
+ <a href="http://www.imagemagick.org" target="_top">ImageMagick</a>,
386
+ then you may prefer to look at a math rendering script like
387
+ <a href="http://www.mayer.dial.pipex.com/tex.htm#latexrender"
388
+ target="_top">latexrender</a>
389
+ which uses LaTeX to create higher quality images than mimeTeX
390
+ produces. For comparison,
391
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI2" onclick="eqntext('imageI2')"
392
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize
393
+ f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt"
394
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, with arbitrary mean
395
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI3" onclick="eqntext('imageI3')"
396
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\mu" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
397
+ and standard deviation
398
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI4" onclick="eqntext('imageI4')"
399
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sigma" alt="" border=0
400
+ align=middle></a>, and at mimeTeX's next larger font size, looks like </p>
401
+ <center>
402
+ <table>
403
+ <tr align="center">
404
+ <td> <font size="4">mimeTeX</font> </td>
405
+ <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{30}"
406
+ alt="" border=0> </td>
407
+ <td> <font size="4">latexrender</font> </td>
408
+ </tr>
409
+ <tr align="center">
410
+ <td>
411
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageI5" onclick="eqntext('imageI5')"
412
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
413
+ f(x)={\Large\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}}
414
+ \int_{\small-\infty}^xe^{-\small\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}dt"
415
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
416
+ <td> &nbsp; </td>
417
+ <td> <img src="http://www.forkosh.com/lrender.gif"
418
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </td>
419
+ </tr>
420
+ </table>
421
+ </center>
422
+ <p> Similar LaTeX-based solutions that you may want to look at are
423
+ <a href="http://www.fourmilab.ch/webtools/textogif/textogif.html"
424
+ target="_top">textogif</a> and
425
+ <a href="http://www.math.uio.no/~martingu/gladtex/"
426
+ target="_top">gladTeX</a>. Additional discussion and several more
427
+ links are at <a href="http://www.tug.org/interest.html#web"
428
+ target="_top">www.tug.org/interest.html</a> and in the
429
+ <a href="http://www.tex.ac.uk/cgi-bin/texfaq2html?label=LaTeX2HTML"
430
+ target="_top">tex-faq</a>. </p>
431
+ <!--
432
+ <p> The remainder of this introductory mimeTeX tutorial section contains </p>
433
+ <ul>
434
+ <li> First, a concise <a href="#quickstart">Quickstart</a> providing
435
+ just enough information for you to try rendering your own
436
+ expressions by <a href="#preview">Submitting&nbsp;Queries</a>
437
+ right from this page. </li>
438
+ <li> Then, a variety of additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a>
439
+ that more fully illustrate mimeTeX's capabilities
440
+ (later on, Section III comprises a more complete mimeTeX
441
+ <a href="#reference">Syntax&nbsp;Reference</a>). </li>
442
+ <li> Finally, the <a href="#gpl">gpl</a> license, whose terms
443
+ and conditions you must agree to before using mimeTeX.</li>
444
+ </ul>
445
+ -->
446
+ <p> You may now want to browse the additional <a href="#examples">Examples</a>
447
+ below before proceeding, to make sure mimeTeX suits your needs before you
448
+ spend more time learning to use it. </p>
449
+
450
+
451
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
452
+ QUICKSTART
453
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
454
+ <h2> <a name="quickstart"> (Ia) Quick Start &nbsp; </a> </h2>
455
+
456
+ <p> <!-- Unlike MathML, --> MimeTeX is as TeX-like as possible (though
457
+ not 100% compliant), and you must already be familiar with LaTeX
458
+ math markup to use it. If you're not, many online LaTeX
459
+ <a href="http://www.tug.org/begin.html#doc" target="_top">turorials</a>
460
+ are readily available. You may also want to browse Andrew Roberts'
461
+ <a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial9.html"
462
+ target="_top">Latex&nbsp;Math&nbsp;I</a> and
463
+ <a href="http://www.andy-roberts.net/misc/latex/latextutorial10.html"
464
+ target="_top">Latex&nbsp;Math&nbsp;II</a>, or my own
465
+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetextutorial.html" target="_top">
466
+ LaTeX&nbsp;math&nbsp;tutorial</a>.
467
+ Then, instead of continuing to read this page, you can <!-- may prefer
468
+ to play with mimeTeX yourself. In that case, --> just Submit any LaTeX
469
+ math expression you like in the Query Box below. I've started
470
+ you out with a little example already in the box, or <!-- , instead, -->
471
+ you can Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> below
472
+ to place that corresponding expression in the Query Box. </p>
473
+
474
+ <p> Meanwhile, here are just a few quickstart tips for Submitting
475
+ your own mimeTeX expressions in the Query Box below: </p>
476
+ <ul>
477
+ <li> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes selected by
478
+ one of the usual directives &nbsp; <b>\tiny</b>
479
+ or <b>\small</b> or <b>\normalsize</b>&nbsp;,
480
+ or <b>\large</b>&nbsp;(default) or <b>\Large</b>
481
+ or <b>\LARGE</b>&nbsp;, or <b>\huge</b> or <b>\Huge</b>&nbsp;.
482
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Unlike standard LaTeX, font size directives may
483
+ appear within math&nbsp;mode expressions. They affect everything
484
+ to their right, except that their scope will be limited to any
485
+ <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-enclosed subexpression in which they occur.
486
+ For example, &nbsp; "<b>a+\small&nbsp;b+c</b>"
487
+ &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
488
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBu" onclick="eqntext('imageBu')"
489
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a+\small b+c"
490
+ alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>, &nbsp; whereas &nbsp;
491
+ "<b>\small&nbsp;a+{\Large&nbsp;b+}c</b>" &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
492
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageBv" onclick="eqntext('imageBv')"
493
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small a+{\Large b+}c"
494
+ alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. </li>
495
+ <!-- <li> At smaller font sizes, try preceding your expression with &nbsp;
496
+ <b>\light</b> &nbsp; which adjusts mimeTeX's anti-aliasing
497
+ parameters to produce thinner lines that you may feel are
498
+ more legible, e.g.,<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;
499
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA1" onclick="eqntext('imageIA1')"
500
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\light\small\displaystyle
501
+ e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0
502
+ align=middle> </a> &nbsp versus &nbsp;
503
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA2" onclick="eqntext('imageIA2')"
504
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\displaystyle
505
+ e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0
506
+ align=middle> </a> </li> -->
507
+ <li> <!-- For displaystyle math mode limits illustrated above,
508
+ write either &nbsp;
509
+ <b>\displaystyle&nbsp;e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b>
510
+ &nbsp; or &nbsp; <b>e^x=\sum\limits_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b>
511
+ &nbsp; in the usual way (ditto for <b>\int</b>, <b>\prod</b>,
512
+ <b>\cup</b>, <b>\cap</b>, etc). --> <!-- MimeTeX also recognizes
513
+ <b>\Bigint</b>, <b>\Bigsum</b>, <b>\Bigprod</b>, and several
514
+ similar extra symbols which are a little bigger, and which
515
+ automatically render displaystyle limits. -->
516
+ <!-- MimeTeX default-renders limits displaystyle at sizes
517
+ <b>\large</b> and larger (see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b>
518
+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a> below to change the
519
+ default). &nbsp; <b>\textstyle</b> overrides this default for
520
+ your entire expression, or <b>\nolimits</b> overrides it
521
+ for a single operator. -->
522
+ By default, mimeTeX renders limits textstyle &nbsp;
523
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB1" onclick="eqntext('imageB1')"
524
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textstyle
525
+ \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
526
+ &nbsp; at sizes <b>\normalsize</b> and smaller,
527
+ and renders them displaystyle &nbsp;
528
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="imageB2" onclick="eqntext('imageB2')"
529
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
530
+ \sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
531
+ &nbsp; at sizes <b>\large</b> and larger.
532
+ The LaTeX directives <b>\displaystyle</b> or <b>\textstyle</b>,
533
+ and <b>\limits</b> or <b>\nolimits</b>, override mimeTeX's default
534
+ in the usual way. Or see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b>
535
+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a> below to change
536
+ the default. </li>
537
+ </ul>
538
+ <p> <a name="forminput"> </a> <a name="preview"> </a>
539
+ Now enter your own LaTeX expression, use the sample provided,
540
+ or Click any of the <a href="#examples">Examples</a>.
541
+ Then press the Submit button, and mimeTeX's rendering should be
542
+ displayed in the little window immediately below it. </p>
543
+ <center>
544
+ <table border="2" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0">
545
+ <tr align="center"><td>
546
+ <form name="expression" action="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi"
547
+ method="get" target="inlineframe">
548
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="1">
549
+ <tr align="left"><td align="center">
550
+ <b>First enter your own LaTeX expression,
551
+ or Click any example...</b> <br>
552
+ <textarea name="formdata" rows="5" cols="72"
553
+ >\Large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt</textarea> <br>
554
+ </td></tr>
555
+ <tr align="center"><td>
556
+ <font size="-1"> <input type="button" onClick="cleartext()"
557
+ value="Clear Expression"> &nbsp; &nbsp;
558
+ &nbsp; <input type="submit" value="Submit Expression"> </font>
559
+ </td></tr>
560
+ </table>
561
+ </form> </td></tr> <tr align="left"><td align="center">
562
+ <b>Now click Submit to see it rendered below...</b> <br>
563
+ <iframe name="inlineframe" align="middle" width="85%" height="110">
564
+ &lt;p&gt;iframe's not supported if you see this.&lt;/p&gt;
565
+ </iframe>
566
+ </td></tr>
567
+ </table>
568
+ </center>
569
+ <p> You should see &nbsp;
570
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="imageIA3" onclick="eqntext('imageIA3')"
571
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize
572
+ f(x)=\int\limits_{-\infty}^x e^{-t^2}dt"
573
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> if you submit the sample expression
574
+ already in the box. </p>
575
+
576
+ <p> And the &lt;img&gt; tag to embed this same integral anywhere
577
+ in your own document is </p>
578
+ <pre> &lt;img&nbsp;src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f(x)=\int_{-\infty}^xe^{-t^2}dt"
579
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle&gt;</pre>
580
+
581
+ <p> <!-- You can see numerous additional examples illustrating html
582
+ &lt;img&gt; tags using mimeTeX by viewing this page's source. -->
583
+ The typical mimeTeX &lt;img&gt; tag has the form </p>
584
+ <pre> &lt;img&nbsp;src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression"
585
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle&gt;</pre> <p class="continue">
586
+ where <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b> is the relative path from your html
587
+ page containing these tags to your compiled mimetex.cgi program, and
588
+ where <b>any&nbsp;valid&nbsp;LaTeX/mimeTeX&nbsp;expression</b>
589
+ is pretty much any valid LaTeX math expression: </p> <ul>
590
+ <!-- <li> As discussed in the <a href="#introduction">Introduction</a>,
591
+ you can replace cumbersome &lt;img&gt; tags with your own custom
592
+ tags or wrapper scripts. </li> -->
593
+ <li> <!-- And --> There are occasional exceptions where I couldn't
594
+ program mimeTeX to recognize valid LaTeX syntax.
595
+ One particular "gotcha" is that mimeTeX bindings
596
+ are pretty much left-to-right. Thus, for example, although
597
+ mimeTeX correctly interprets <b>\frac12</b> as well as
598
+ <b>\frac1{x^2}</b>, etc, the legal LaTeX expression
599
+ <b>x^\frac12</b> must be written <b>x^{\frac12}</b>.
600
+ Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets it as <b>{x^\frac}12</b>, i.e.,
601
+ the same way <b>x^\alpha12</b> would be interpreted, which is
602
+ nonsense for <b>\frac</b>. The same "gotcha" also applies to
603
+ other combinations of commands, e.g., you must write
604
+ <b>\sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}</b>, or
605
+ <b>\frac\alpha{\sqrt\beta}</b>, etc.
606
+ The <a href="#reference">Syntax&nbsp;Reference</a> section
607
+ contains much additional information. <!-- Or you can just begin
608
+ playing with mimeTeX for yourself to see if it might have
609
+ any potential usefulness for you. --> </li>
610
+ <li> Besides such exceptions, mimeTeX
611
+ also provides various LaTeX extensions. <!-- , i.e., LaTeX errors
612
+ permitted by mimetex. --> For example, font size
613
+ directives like <b>\Large</b> are permitted within mimeTeX
614
+ math&nbsp;mode expressions, but flagged as errors by LaTeX.
615
+ <!-- But note well: if you take advantage of mimeTeX extensions,
616
+ your math&nbsp;mode expressions will no longer be accepted by
617
+ standard TeX engines. --> </li> </ul>
618
+
619
+
620
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
621
+ EXAMPLES
622
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
623
+ <h2> <a name="examples"> (Ib) Examples &nbsp; </a> </h2>
624
+
625
+ <p> Here are various additional random examples further demonstrating
626
+ mimeTeX's features and usage. To see how they're done, Click any
627
+ one of them to place its corresponding expression in the
628
+ <a href="#preview">Query&nbsp;Box</a> above. Then press Submit
629
+ to re-render it, or you can edit the expression first to suit
630
+ your own purposes. </p>
631
+
632
+ <table cellspacing=15>
633
+ <!-- first example: taylor series for e^x at various font sizes and colors
634
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
635
+ <tr>
636
+ <td>
637
+ <font size=5><a name="example1">(1)</a></font> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </td>
638
+ <td align="left" colspan=4>
639
+ <a href="#preview">
640
+ <img id="example1a" onclick="eqntext('example1a')"
641
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\red\normalsize\displaystyle
642
+ e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
643
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp
644
+ <a href="#preview">
645
+ <img id="example1b" onclick="eqntext('example1b')"
646
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\green\large\displaystyle
647
+ e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
648
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp
649
+ <a href="#preview">
650
+ <img id="example1c" onclick="eqntext('example1c')"
651
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue\Large
652
+ e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
653
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp
654
+ <a href="#preview">
655
+ <img id="example1d" onclick="eqntext('example1d')"
656
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\reverse\opaque
657
+ \LARGE e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
658
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp &nbsp
659
+ <a href="#preview">
660
+ <img id="example1e" onclick="eqntext('example1e')"
661
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE
662
+ e^x=\lim_{n\to\infty} \left(1+\frac xn\right)^n"
663
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
664
+ </td>
665
+ </tr>
666
+
667
+ <!-- second example
668
+ +++++++++++++++++++ -->
669
+ <tr>
670
+ <td>
671
+ <font size=5>(2)</font> </td>
672
+ <td align="left" colspan=4>
673
+ <a href="#preview">
674
+ <img id="example2" onclick="eqntext('example2')"
675
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\frac{dv^m}{ds}=-\Gamma^m_{oo}v^{o^2}
676
+ =-g^{mn}\Gamma_{noo}v^{o^2}=\frac12g^{mn}g_{oo,n}v^{o^2}"
677
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
678
+ </tr>
679
+
680
+ <!-- third example
681
+ ++++++++++++++++++ -->
682
+ <tr>
683
+ <td>
684
+ <font size=5>(3)</font> </td>
685
+ <td align="left" colspan=4>
686
+ <a href="#preview">
687
+ <img id="example3" onclick="eqntext('example3')"
688
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\varepsilon=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}
689
+ \frac1{\Delta x}\int_{x_i}^{x_{i+1}}\left\{\frac1{\Delta x}\big[
690
+ (x_{i+1}-x)y_i^\ast+(x-x_i)y_{i+1}^\ast\big]-f(x)\right\}^2dx"
691
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
692
+ </tr>
693
+
694
+ <!-- fourth example: solution to quadratic, definition of derivative
695
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
696
+ <tr>
697
+ <td>
698
+ <font size=5>(4)</font> </td>
699
+ <td align="left" colspan=4>
700
+ <table>
701
+ <tr>
702
+ <td align="left">
703
+ <a href="#preview">
704
+ <img id="example4a" onclick="eqntext('example4a')"
705
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}"
706
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
707
+ <td>
708
+ solution for quadratic </td>
709
+ </tr>
710
+ <tr> <td> <br> </td> </tr>
711
+ <tr>
712
+ <td align="left">
713
+ <a href="#preview">
714
+ <img id="example4b" onclick="eqntext('example4b')"
715
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large f^\prime(x)\ =
716
+ \lim_{\Delta x\to0}\frac{f(x+\Delta x)-f(x)}{\Delta x}"
717
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
718
+ <td>
719
+ definition of derivative </td>
720
+ </tr>
721
+ </table> </td>
722
+ </tr>
723
+
724
+ <!-- fifth example: continued fraction
725
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
726
+ <tr>
727
+ <td>
728
+ <font size=5>(5)</font> </td>
729
+ <td align="left">
730
+ <a href="#preview">
731
+ <img id="example5" onclick="eqntext('example5')"
732
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE f=b_o+\frac{a_1}{b_1+
733
+ \frac{a_2}{b_2+\frac{a_3}{b_3+a_4}}}"
734
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
735
+ <td>
736
+ illustrating <b>\frac{}{}</b> for continued fraction </td>
737
+ </tr>
738
+
739
+ <!-- sixth example: demonstrating \left\{ ... \right.
740
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
741
+ <tr>
742
+ <td>
743
+ <font size=5>(6)</font> </td>
744
+ <td align="left">
745
+ <a href="#preview">
746
+ <img id="example6" onclick="eqntext('example6')"
747
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\LARGE\tilde y=\left\{
748
+ {\ddot x\text{ if \vec x odd}\atop\hat{\,\bar x+1}\text{ if even}}\right."
749
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
750
+ <td>
751
+ illustrating <b>\left\{...\right<font size=5>.</font></b>
752
+ <!-- we may write <b>\{...\.</b> --> <br>
753
+ and note the accents </td>
754
+ </tr>
755
+
756
+ <!-- seventh example: demonstrating \overbrace \underbrace
757
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
758
+ <tr>
759
+ <td>
760
+ <font size=5>(7)</font> </td>
761
+ <td align="center">
762
+ <a href="#preview">
763
+ <img id="example7" onclick="eqntext('example7')"
764
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\overbrace{a,...,a}^{\text{k a^,s}},
765
+ \underbrace{b,...,b}_{\text{l b^,s}}\hspace{10}
766
+ \large\underbrace{\overbrace{a...a}^{\text{k a^,s}},
767
+ \overbrace{b...b}^{\text{l b^,s}}}_{\text{k+l elements}}"
768
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
769
+ <td>
770
+ <b>\overbrace{}^{}</b> and <b>\underbrace{}_{}</b> <br>
771
+ (TeXbook page 181, Exercise 18.41) </td>
772
+ </tr>
773
+
774
+ <!-- eighth example: demonstrating \begin{array}
775
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
776
+ <tr>
777
+ <td>
778
+ <font size=5>(8)</font> </td>
779
+ <td align="left" colspan=3>
780
+ <table>
781
+ <tr>
782
+ <td align="left" colspan=2>
783
+ <a href="#preview">
784
+ <img id="example8a" onclick="eqntext('example8a')"
785
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\scr{J}^{i0}=+\frac i2
786
+ \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_i&0\\0&-\sigma_i\end{array}\right]
787
+ \hspace{10}\scr{J}^{ij}=\frac12\varepsilon_{ijk}
788
+ \left[\begin{array}{cc}\sigma_k&0\\0&\sigma_k\end{array}\right]"
789
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </a> </td>
790
+ </tr>
791
+ <tr> <td> <br> </td> </tr>
792
+ <tr>
793
+ <td align="left">
794
+ <a href="#preview">
795
+ <img id="example8b" onclick="eqntext('example8b')"
796
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large A\ =\ \large\left(
797
+ \begin{array}{c.cccc}&1&2&\cdots&n\\
798
+ \hdash1&a_{11}&a_{12}&\cdots&a_{1n}\\
799
+ 2&a_{21}&a_{22}&\cdots&a_{2n}\\
800
+ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\
801
+ n&a_{n1}&a_{n2}&\cdots&a_{nn}\end{array}\right)"
802
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
803
+ <td>
804
+ demonstrating <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a>'s dashed lines </td>
805
+ </tr>
806
+ </table> </td>
807
+ </tr>
808
+
809
+ <!-- ninth example: block diagonal form using nested arrays
810
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
811
+ <tr>
812
+ <td>
813
+ <font size=5><a name="example9">(9)</a></font> </td>
814
+ <td align="left" colspan="2">
815
+ <a href="#preview">
816
+ <img id="example9c" onclick="eqntext('example9c')"
817
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize
818
+ \left(\large\begin{array}{GC+23}
819
+ \varepsilon_x\\\varepsilon_y\\\varepsilon_z\\\gamma_{xy}\\
820
+ \gamma_{xz}\\\gamma_{yz}\end{array}\right)\ {\Large=}
821
+ \ \left[\begin{array}{CC}
822
+ \begin{array}\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}x}}
823
+ &-\frac{\nu_{xy}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}}
824
+ &-\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}xz}}{E_{\fs{+1}x}}\\
825
+ -\frac{\nu_{yx}}{E_y}&\frac1{E_{y}}&-\frac{\nu_{yz}}{E_y}\\
826
+ -\frac{\nu_{\fs{+1}zx}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}}&
827
+ -\frac{\nu_{zy}}{E_{\fs{+1}z}}
828
+ &\frac1{E_{\fs{+1}z}}\end{array} & {\LARGE 0} \\
829
+ {\LARGE 0} & \begin{array}\frac1{G_{xy}}&&\\
830
+ &\frac1{G_{\fs{+1}xz}}&\\&&\frac1{G_{yz}}\end{array}
831
+ \end{array}\right]
832
+ \ \left(\large\begin{array}
833
+ \sigma_x\\\sigma_y\\\sigma_z\\\tau_{xy}\\\tau_{xz}\\\tau_{yz}
834
+ \end{array}\right)"
835
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
836
+ <td align="left">
837
+ Block diagonal form using nested <b>\begin{array}</b>'s.<br>
838
+ Also, note rows aligned across all three arrays.
839
+ </td>
840
+ </tr>
841
+
842
+ <!-- tenth example: demonstrating \begin{eqnarray} to align equations
843
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
844
+ <tr>
845
+ <td>
846
+ <font size=5>(10)</font> </td>
847
+ <td align="center">
848
+ <a href="#preview">
849
+ <img id="example10" onclick="eqntext('example10')"
850
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left.\begin{eqnarray}
851
+ x+y+z&=&3\\2y&=&x+z\\2x+y&=&z\end{eqnarray}\right\}"
852
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
853
+ <td>
854
+ using <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> to align equations </td>
855
+ </tr>
856
+
857
+ <!-- eleventh example: demonstrating commutative diagram
858
+ using \longxxxarrow[] and \begin{array}
859
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
860
+ <tr>
861
+ <td>
862
+ <font size=5>(11)</font> </td>
863
+ <td align="center">
864
+ <a href="#preview">
865
+ <img id="example11" onclick="eqntext('example11')"
866
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\begin{array}{rccclBCB}
867
+ &f&\longrightarrow[75]^{\alpha:{\normalsize f\rightarrow g}}&g\\
868
+ \large\gamma&\longdownarrow[50]&&\longdownarrow[50]&\large\gamma\\
869
+ &u&\longrightarrow[75]_\beta&v\end{array}"
870
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
871
+ <td>
872
+ commutative diagram using <a href="#array">\begin{array}</a> </td>
873
+ </tr>
874
+
875
+ <!-- twelfth example: demonstrating \picture
876
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
877
+ <tr>
878
+ <td>
879
+ <font size=5>(12)</font> </td>
880
+ <td align="left">
881
+ <a href="#preview">
882
+ <img id="example12" onclick="eqntext('example12')"
883
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\hspace{5}\unitlength{1}
884
+ \picture(175,100){ (50,50){\circle(100)}
885
+ (1,50){\overbrace{\line(46)}^{4$\;\;a}}
886
+ (52,50){\line(125)} (50,52;115;2){\mid} (52,55){\longleftar[60]}
887
+ (130,56){\longrightar[35]} (116,58){r} (c85,50;80;2){\bullet}
888
+ (c85,36){\large-q} (c165,36){\large q}
889
+ (42,29){\underbrace{\line(32)}_{\small a^2/r\;\;\;}} }"
890
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
891
+ <td valign="middle">
892
+ mimeTeX <a href="#picture">\picture(size){pic_elems}</a>
893
+ "environment", illustrating the image charge <b>- q</b>
894
+ for a grounded conducting sphere of radius <b>a</b> with
895
+ a charge <b>q</b> at distance <b>r &gt; a</b> outside it. </td>
896
+ </tr>
897
+
898
+ <!-- thirteenth example: demonstrating \picture
899
+ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
900
+ <tr>
901
+ <td>
902
+ <font size=5>(13)</font> </td>
903
+ <td align="left">
904
+ <a href="#preview">
905
+ <img id="example13" onclick="eqntext('example13')"
906
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\hspace{10}\unitlength{.75}
907
+ \picture(120,220){ (60,200){\circle(120,40)} (0,20){\line(0,180)}
908
+ (5,189;0,-30){\pict(110,20){(c20,10;70;2){
909
+ \pict(40,20){(20,10){\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}} } }
910
+ (119,20){\line(0,180)} (60,20){\circle(120,40;34)}}"
911
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
912
+ <td valign="middle"> <a href="#picture">\picture</a> "environment"
913
+ illustrating the surface polarization charge induced by a uniform
914
+ electric field. Inside the slab of material, the volume polarization
915
+ charge clearly vanishes. <br><br> The little
916
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\unitlength{.75} \pict(40,20){(20,10)
917
+ {\circle(40,20)}(c10,10)+(c30,10)-}" alt="" border=0 align=middle>
918
+ dipole image is drawn only once, then multiput across two columns, and
919
+ then that result is further multiput down the rows. MimeTeX \picture's
920
+ can be used as picture elements in other pictures, nested to any level.
921
+ The image at left is picture-in-picture-in-picture. </td>
922
+ </tr>
923
+ </table>
924
+ <br><br>
925
+
926
+ <!-- font examples
927
+ ++++++++++++++++++ -->
928
+ <h3> Some font examples <font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
929
+ <p> Finally, illustrated below are some examples of fonts and symbols
930
+ available with mimeTeX. All symbols and sizes from cmr, cmmi,
931
+ cmmib (use <b>\mathbf{&nbsp;}</b>), cmsy, cmex, bbold (use
932
+ <b>\mathbb{&nbsp;}</b>), rsfs (use <b>\mathscr{&nbsp;}</b>),
933
+ stmary and cyrillic wncyr (use <b>{\cyr&nbsp;&nbsp;}</b> or
934
+ <b>\cyr{&nbsp;}</b>) should be available, but they're not all shown.
935
+ And also not shown are various "constructed symbols" like \sqrt,
936
+ accents, etc. The illustrated font sizes are numbered 4=\Large,
937
+ 3=\large and 2=\normalsize (not shown are 7=\Huge, 6=\huge,
938
+ 5=\LARGE, 1=\small and 0=\tiny). </p>
939
+
940
+ <h3>cmmi latin uppercase, and lowercase</h3>
941
+ <p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$
942
+ 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$A&4$B&4$C&4$D,&4$a&4$b&4$c&4$d\\
943
+ 2$\rm~3:~&3$E&3$F&3$G&3$H&3$I&3$J&3$K&3$L,&3$e&3$f&3$g&3$h&3$i&3$j&3$k&3$l\\
944
+ 2$\rm~2:~&2$M&2$N&2$O&2$P&2$Q&2$R&2$S&2$T&2$U&2$V&2$W&2$X&2$Y&2$Z,&
945
+ 2$m&2$n&2$o&2$p&2$q&2$r&2$s&2$t&2$u&2$v&2$w&2$x&2$y&2$z}"
946
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p>
947
+
948
+ <h3>calligraphic, and rsfs (<b>\cal{A}, \scr{B}, etc</b>)</h3>
949
+ <p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$
950
+ 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\calA&4$\calB&4$\calC&4$\calD&4$\calE&4$\calF&4$\calG,&
951
+ 4$\scrA&4$\scrB&4$\scrC&4$\scrD&4$\scrE&4$\scrF&4$\scrG\\
952
+ 2$\rm~3:~&3$\calH&3$\calI&3$\calJ&3$\calK&3$\calL&3$\calM&3$\calN&3$\calO&
953
+ 3$\calP,&
954
+ 3$\scrH&3$\scrI&3$\scrJ&3$\scrK&3$\scrL&3$\scrM&3$\scrN&3$\scrO&3$\scrP\\
955
+ 2$\rm~2:~&2$\calQ&2$\calR&2$\calS&2$\calT&2$\calU&
956
+ 2$\calV&2$\calW&2$\calX&2$\calY&2$\calZ,&
957
+ 2$\scrQ&2$\scrR&2$\scrS&2$\scrT&2$\scrU&2$\scrV&2$\scrW&
958
+ 2$\scrX&2$\scrY&2$\scrZ}"
959
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p>
960
+
961
+ <h3>cmmi greek uppercase, and \var lowercase</h3>
962
+ <p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$
963
+ 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\Gamma&4$\Delta&4$\Theta&4$\Lambda&4$\Xi&4$\Pi&4$\Sigma&
964
+ 4$\Upsilon&4$\Phi&4$\Psi&4$\Omega,&4$\rm~~&4$\varepsilon&4$\vartheta&4$\varpi&
965
+ 4$\varrho&4$\varsigma&4$\varphi\\
966
+ 2$\rm~3:~&3$\Gamma&3$\Delta&3$\Theta&3$\Lambda&3$\Xi&3$\Pi&3$\Sigma&
967
+ 3$\Upsilon&3$\Phi&3$\Psi&3$\Omega,&~&3$\varepsilon&3$\vartheta&3$\varpi&
968
+ 3$\varrho&3$\varsigma&3$\varphi\\
969
+ 2$\rm~2:~&2$\Gamma&2$\Delta&2$\Theta&2$\Lambda&2$\Xi&2$\Pi&2$\Sigma&
970
+ 2$\Upsilon&2$\Phi&2$\Psi&2$\Omega,&~&2$\varepsilon&2$\vartheta&2$\varpi&
971
+ 2$\varrho&2$\varsigma&2$\varphi}"
972
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p>
973
+
974
+ <h3>cmmi greek lowercase</h3>
975
+ <p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{r$
976
+ 2$\rm~size~4:~&4$\alpha&4$\beta&4$\gamma&4$\delta&4$\epsilon&4$\zeta&
977
+ 4$\eta&4$\theta&4$\iota&4$\kappa&4$\lambda&4$\mu&4$\nu&4$\xi&4$%%\omicron%%&
978
+ 4$\pi&4$\rho&4$\sigma&4$\tau&4$\upsilon&4$\phi&4$\chi&4$\psi&4$\omega\\
979
+ 2$\rm~3:~&3$\alpha&3$\beta&3$\gamma&3$\delta&3$\epsilon&3$\zeta&
980
+ 3$\eta&3$\theta&3$\iota&3$\kappa&3$\lambda&3$\mu&3$\nu&3$\xi&3$%%\omicron%%&
981
+ 3$\pi&3$\rho&3$\sigma&3$\tau&3$\upsilon&3$\phi&3$\chi&3$\psi&3$\omega\\
982
+ 2$\rm~2:~&2$\alpha&2$\beta&2$\gamma&2$\delta&2$\epsilon&2$\zeta&
983
+ 2$\eta&2$\theta&2$\iota&2$\kappa&2$\lambda&2$\mu&2$\nu&2$\xi&2$%%\omicron%%&
984
+ 2$\pi&2$\rho&2$\sigma&2$\tau&2$\upsilon&2$\phi&2$\chi&2$\psi&2$\omega}"
985
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p>
986
+
987
+ <h3>cmsy symbols at mimeTeX font size 3<br>
988
+ <font size="3">(operators shown large are automatically "promoted"<br>
989
+ to the larger size in \displaystyle mode)</font> </h3>
990
+ <p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{3,r$1$\rm~chars~\\
991
+ 1$\rm~0-15:~&-&\cdot&\times&\ast&\div&\diamond&\pm&\mp&
992
+ \oplus&\ominus&\otimes&\oslash&\odot&\bigcirc&\circ&\bullet\\
993
+ 1$\rm~16-31:~&\asymp&\equiv&\subseteq&\supseteq&\leq&\geq&\preceq&\succeq&
994
+ \sim&\approx&\subset&\supset&\ll&\gg&\prec&\succ\\
995
+ 1$\rm~32-47:~&\leftar&\rightar&\uparr&\downar&\leftrightar&\near&\sear&
996
+ \simeq&\Leftar&\Rightar&\Upar&\Downar&\Leftrightar&\nwar&\swar&\propto\\
997
+ 1$\rm~48-63:~&\prime&\infty&\in&\ni&\triangle&\bigtriangledo&/&\'&
998
+ \forall&\exists&\neg&\emptyset&\Re&\Im&\top&\bot\\
999
+ 1$\rm~64-100:~&\aleph&&\calA&4$.\,.\,.&\calZ&&\cup&\cap&
1000
+ \uplus&\wedge&\vee&\vdash&\dashv&\lfloor&\rfloor&\lceil\\
1001
+ 1$\rm~101-116:~&\rceil&\lbrace&\rbrace&\langle&\rangle&\mid&\parallel&
1002
+ \updownar&\Updownar&\setminus&\wr&\surd&\amalg&\nabla&\int&\sqcup\\
1003
+ 1$\rm~117-127:~&\sqcap&\sqsubseteq&\sqsupseteq&\S&\dag&\ddag&\P&\clubsuit&
1004
+ \Diamond&\Heart&\spadesuit}" alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p>
1005
+
1006
+ <h3>a few other cmmi, cmr, stmary and wncyr symbols
1007
+ at mimeTeX font size 4</h3>
1008
+ <p> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\array{4,r$
1009
+ 1$\rm~cmmi:~&\leftharpoonup&\leftharpoondo&\rightharpoonup&\rightharpoondo&
1010
+ \triangleright&\triangleleft&\star&\partial&
1011
+ \flat&\natural&\sharp&\smile&\frown&\ell&\imath&\jmath&\wp&\vec\\
1012
+ 1$\rm~cmr:~&\ss&\ae&\oe&\AE&\OE \\
1013
+ 1$\rm~stmary:~&\moo&\Lbag&\Rbag&\lightning&\llbracket&\rrbracket&
1014
+ \subsetpluseq&\supsetpluseq&\Yup&\Ydown\\
1015
+ 1$\rm~wncyr:~&\cyr A&\cyr a&\cyr B&\cyr b&\cyr V&\cyr v&\cyr G&\cyr g&
1016
+ \cyr D&\cyr d&\cyr Dj&\cyr dj&\cyr\=E&\cyr\=e&\cyr Zh&\cyr zh}"
1017
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> </p>
1018
+
1019
+
1020
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1021
+ GPL
1022
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
1023
+ <h2> <a name="gpl"> (Ic) GPL License &nbsp; </a> </h2>
1024
+
1025
+ <font color="black">
1026
+ <b>&quot</b><i>My grandfather once told me there are two kinds of people:<br>
1027
+ &nbsp &nbsp Those who do the work and those who take the credit.<br>
1028
+ &nbsp &nbsp He told me to try to be in the first group; there was much
1029
+ less competition.</i><b>&quot</b><br>
1030
+ Indira Gandhi, the late Prime Minister of India</font> <br>
1031
+
1032
+ <p> MimeTeX's copyright is registered by me with the US Copyright Office,
1033
+ and I hereby license it to you under the terms and conditions of the
1034
+ <a href="http://www.gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html" target="_top">GPL</a>.
1035
+ There is no official support of any kind whatsoever,
1036
+ and you use mimeTeX entirely at your own risk, with no guarantee
1037
+ of any kind, in particular with no warranty of merchantability. </p>
1038
+
1039
+ <p> By using mimeTeX, you warrant that you have read, understood
1040
+ and agreed to these terms and conditions, and that you <!-- are at least
1041
+ 18 years of age and --> possess the legal right and ability to enter
1042
+ into this agreement and to use mimeTeX in accordance with it. </p>
1043
+
1044
+ <p> Hopefully, the law and ethics regarding computer programs will
1045
+ evolve to make this kind of obnoxious banter unnecessary.
1046
+ In the meantime, please forgive me my paranoia. </p>
1047
+
1048
+ <p> To protect your own intellectual property, I recommend
1049
+ <a href="http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ1.html"
1050
+ target="_top">Copyright&nbsp;Basics</a> from The Library of Congress,
1051
+ in particular <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ61.html"
1052
+ target="_top">Circular&nbsp;61</a>, Copyright Registration for
1053
+ Computer Programs.
1054
+ <!-- and similarly,
1055
+ <a href="http://www.abanet.org/intelprop/comm106/106copy.html"
1056
+ target="_top">Copyright Basics</a> from The American Bar Association. -->
1057
+ Very briefly, download
1058
+ <a href="http://www.copyright.gov/forms/formtxi.pdf">Form&nbsp;TX</a>
1059
+ and follow the included instructions.
1060
+ In principle, you automatically own the copyright
1061
+ to anything you write the moment it's on paper. In practice,
1062
+ if the matter comes under dispute, the courts look _very_ favorably
1063
+ on you for demonstrating your intent by registering the copyright.
1064
+ For example, courts will stop unauthorized use of unregistered
1065
+ material, but monetary damages are awarded _only_ if you
1066
+ register the copyright before infringement occurs. </p>
1067
+
1068
+
1069
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1070
+ SECTION II. BUILDING MIMETEX
1071
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
1072
+ <h1> <a name="build"> (II) Building mimeTeX &nbsp; </a> </h1>
1073
+
1074
+ <!-- <center> -->
1075
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
1076
+ <tr><td><center><hr size="2">Very quickly &nbsp; --- &nbsp; download
1077
+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
1078
+ <!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> -->
1079
+ mimetex.zip</a> and then type
1080
+ <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
1081
+ <tr align="left">
1082
+ <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{50}" alt="" border=0></td>
1083
+ <td><b>unzip mimetex.zip</b> <br>
1084
+ <b>cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b></td>
1085
+ </tr></table>
1086
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Now <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi to your <b>cgi-bin/</b>
1087
+ directory, and you're all done. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <br>
1088
+ Read the rest of this section for more detailed
1089
+ information.<hr size="2"></center></td>
1090
+ <td><img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{150}" alt="" border=0></td>
1091
+ </tr></table>
1092
+ <!-- </center> -->
1093
+
1094
+ <p> I've built and run mimeTeX under Linux and NetBSD using gcc. The source
1095
+ code is ansi-standard C, and should compile and run under all
1096
+ environments without change. Instructions below
1097
+ are for Unix. Modify them as necessary for your particular situation
1098
+ (note the -DWINDOWS switch if applicable). </p>
1099
+
1100
+ <h2> <a name="compile"> (IIa) Download and Compile &nbsp; </a> </h2>
1101
+
1102
+ <p> The steps needed to download and compile mimeTeX are </p>
1103
+ <ul>
1104
+ <li> Download and unzip
1105
+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/mimetex.zip">
1106
+ <!-- jfa <a href="ftp://ftp.tex.ac.uk/tex-archive/support/mimetex/mimetex.zip"></a> -->
1107
+ mimetex.zip</a> in any convenient working directory.
1108
+ Your working directory should now contain <center>
1109
+ <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>
1110
+ <tr><td width=100>README</td> <td>mimeTeX release notes</td></tr>
1111
+ <tr><td>LICENSE</td> <td>GPL license, under which you may use
1112
+ mimeTeX</td></tr>
1113
+ <tr><td>mimetex.c</td> <td>mimeTeX source program and all required
1114
+ functions</td></tr>
1115
+ <tr><td>mimetex.h</td> <td>header file for mimetex.c (and for
1116
+ gfuntype.c)</td></tr>
1117
+ <tr><td>gfuntype.c</td> <td>parses output from <b>gftype -i</b>
1118
+ and writes bitmap data</td></tr>
1119
+ <tr><td>texfonts.h</td> <td>output from several <b>gfuntype</b> runs,
1120
+ needed by mimetex.c</td></tr>
1121
+ <tr><td>gifsave.c</td> <td>gif library by Sverre H. Huseby
1122
+ <a href="http://shh.thathost.com"
1123
+ target="_top">http://shh.thathost.com</a>
1124
+ </td></tr>
1125
+ <tr><td>mimetex.html</td> <td>this file, the mimeTeX
1126
+ user's manual</td></tr>
1127
+ </table></center>
1128
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1129
+ Note: all files use Unix line termination, i.e., linefeeds
1130
+ (without carriage returns) signal line endings. Conversion for
1131
+ Windows PC's, Macs, VMS, etc, can usually be accomplished by
1132
+ unzip's&nbsp;-a option, i.e., unzip&nbsp;-a&nbsp;mimetex.zip
1133
+ <br> <br> </li>
1134
+ <li> To compile an executable that emits anti-aliased gif images
1135
+ (which is recommended for most uses), just type the following
1136
+ command from the Unix shell <br>
1137
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1138
+ <b>cc -DAA mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </li>
1139
+ <li> Or, to compile an executable that emit gif images
1140
+ without anti-aliasing <br>
1141
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1142
+ <b>cc -DGIF mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </li>
1143
+ <li> Alternatively, to compile an executable that emits mime xbitmaps<br>
1144
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1145
+ <b>cc -DXBITMAP mimetex.c -lm -o mimetex.cgi</b> </li>
1146
+ <li> Compile Notes: <ul>
1147
+ <li> If (and only if) you're compiling a Windows executable with
1148
+ the <b>-DAA</b> or <b>-DGIF</b> option (but not -DXBITMAP), then
1149
+ add <b>-DWINDOWS</b>&nbsp;. For example, <br>
1150
+ <nobr> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <b>gcc -DAA -DWINDOWS
1151
+ mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimetex.exe</b> </nobr> <br>
1152
+ The above Unix-like syntax works with
1153
+ <a href="http://www.mingw.org" target="_top">MinGW</a> and
1154
+ <a href="http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/" target="_top">djgpp</a>
1155
+ Windows compilers, but probably not with most others,
1156
+ where it's only intended as a "template". <br>
1157
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1158
+ Explanation: mimeTeX writes gif bytes directly to stdout, as usual
1159
+ for cgi's. But Windows treats stdout as a character stream,
1160
+ interpreting any hex 0A byte as an &lt;lf&gt;, and automatically
1161
+ preceding it with a spurious hex 0D &nbsp; &lt;cr&gt; byte. The
1162
+ -DWINDOWS switch compiles in a non-portable, Windows-specific
1163
+ _setmode() call that sets stdout to binary mode. </li>
1164
+ <li> If you're compiling for Windows and would prefer
1165
+ to install mimeTeX as a Win32 DLL, see the
1166
+ <a href="http://www.codeproject.com/dotnet/Eq2Img.asp">
1167
+ Code&nbsp;Project</a> developed by
1168
+ <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com">Shital&nbsp;Shah</a>, and
1169
+ download <a href="http://www.shitalshah.com/dev/eq2img_all.zip">
1170
+ eq2img_all.zip</a> containing Shital's latest code. </li>
1171
+ <!-- <li> If you're compiling on Sun or VMS, and see about a zillion
1172
+ irritating warnings, try adding <b>-DSIGNEDCHAR</b>
1173
+ (for VMS, that's cc/define=(AA,SIGNEDCHAR)&nbsp;mimetex.c) </li> -->
1174
+ </ul> <br> </li>
1175
+ <li> The gfuntype program is only needed if you plan to change the
1176
+ font information in texfonts.h, as explained in
1177
+ <a href="#fonts">Appendix IVa</a> below.
1178
+ In that case, compile gfuntype with the command <br>
1179
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1180
+ <b>cc gfuntype.c mimetex.c -lm -o gfuntype</b> </li>
1181
+ </ul>
1182
+ <p> That's all there is to compiling mimeTeX.
1183
+ Several other optional compile-line <a href="#options">options</a>
1184
+ available for mimetex.c are discussed below. </p>
1185
+
1186
+ <p> Immediately after compiling mimeTeX, test your new executable
1187
+ by typing &nbsp; <b>./mimetex.cgi&nbsp;"x^2+y^2"</b> &nbsp;
1188
+ from the Unix shell (or &nbsp; <b>mimetex&nbsp;"x^2+y^2"</b>
1189
+ &nbsp; from the Windows Command Prompt), which should emit
1190
+ two "ascii&nbsp;rasters" something like the following </p> <pre>
1191
+ Ascii dump of bitmap image... Hex dump of colormap indexes...
1192
+ ...........**....................**... ..........1**1...................1**1..
1193
+ ..........*..*......*...........*..*.. ..........*23*......*............*23*..
1194
+ .............*......*..............*.. .............*......*...............*..
1195
+ ....****.....*......*.....*..*.....*.. ...1****....2*......*.....2*..*....2*..
1196
+ ...*.*.*....*.......*....**..*....*... ...*.*.*...1*.......*.....**..*...1*...
1197
+ .....*.....*.*..********..*..*...*.*.. ....1*1...2*.*..********..3*..*..2*.*..
1198
+ .....*....****......*.....*..*..****.. ....2*2...****......*......*12*..****..
1199
+ ..*.*.*.............*.....*.*......... ..*.*.*.............*......*.*2........
1200
+ ...****.............*.....***......... ..1****.............*......***.........
1201
+ ....................*.......*......... ....................*........*.........
1202
+ .........................*.*.......... ..........................*.*1.........
1203
+ .........................**........... ..........................**1..........
1204
+ The 5 colormap indexes denote rgb vals...
1205
+ .-->255 1-->196 2-->186 3-->177 *-->0</pre>
1206
+ <p class="continue"> <b>(</b>The right-hand illustration shows asterisks
1207
+ in the same positions as the left-hand one, along with anti-aliased
1208
+ grayscale colormap indexes assigned to neighboring pixels, and with
1209
+ the rgb value for each index.<b>)</b> Just typing <b>./mimetex.cgi</b>
1210
+ without an argument should produce ascii rasters for the default
1211
+ expression <b>f(x)=x^2</b>. If you see these two ascii rasters then
1212
+ your binary's good. Otherwise, you must find and fix the problem
1213
+ before proceeding. </p>
1214
+
1215
+
1216
+ <h2> <a name="install"> (IIb) Install &nbsp; </a> </h2>
1217
+
1218
+ <p> Once you've successfully tested mimetex.cgi from the Unix shell
1219
+ (or mimetex.exe from the Windows Command Prompt),
1220
+ the steps needed to install mimeTeX are </p>
1221
+ <ul>
1222
+ <li> <b>mv</b> mimetex.cgi &nbsp; (or <b>move</b> mimetex.exe) &nbsp;
1223
+ to your server's <b>cgi-bin/</b> directory, wherever cgi
1224
+ programs are expected. </li>
1225
+ <li> Now you may need to <b>chmod&nbsp;755&nbsp;mimetex.cgi</b> &nbsp;
1226
+ and/or <b>chown</b> it, too, depending on your server's
1227
+ requirements. Contact your system administrator or ISP
1228
+ if you're not already familiar with this information. </li>
1229
+ <li> Once mimetex.cgi is moved to your server's <b>cgi-bin/</b>
1230
+ directory, with permissions and owner set as necessary,
1231
+ you're all done. </li>
1232
+ </ul>
1233
+
1234
+ <p> Immediately after installing mimeTeX, test your new mimetex.cgi
1235
+ by typing a url into your browser's locator window something like <br>
1236
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1237
+ <b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2</b> <br>
1238
+ which should display &nbsp;
1239
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0
1240
+ align=middle> &nbsp; in the upper-left corner of your window,
1241
+ just like clicking this link does, which tests my mimetex.cgi, <br>
1242
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1243
+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2"
1244
+ target="_top">http://www.forkosh.com/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?x^2+y^2</a><br>
1245
+ If you see the same &nbsp; <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
1246
+ \normalsize x^2+y^2" alt="" border=0 align=middle> &nbsp; image
1247
+ from the <b><i>yourdomain</i></b> link, then you've completed
1248
+ a successful mimeTeX installation. </p>
1249
+
1250
+ <p> If you don't see the image, then your installation failed.
1251
+ If your earlier post-compilation "ascii&nbsp;raster" test
1252
+ succeeeded, then the problem is probably some server-specific
1253
+ installation requirement. First make sure you installed mimetex.cgi
1254
+ in the correct <b>cgi-bin/</b> directory, set the correct <b>chmod</b>
1255
+ permissions, and typed the correct url into your browser's locator
1256
+ window. Then contact your system administrator or ISP,
1257
+ and ask how to install cgi programs on your server. </p>
1258
+
1259
+ <p> After you've successfully installed mimeTeX, and both preceeding tests
1260
+ have succeeded, you can optionally &quot;regression&nbsp;test&quot;
1261
+ all mimeTeX features as follows: </p>
1262
+ <ul>
1263
+ <li> <b>mv</b> mimetex.html (this file) to your server's
1264
+ <b>htdocs/</b> directory </li>
1265
+ <li> Paths to <b>cgi-bin/</b> and <b>htdocs/</b> directories
1266
+ are typically <b><i>path</i>/www/cgi-bin/</b> and
1267
+ <b><i>path</i>/www/htdocs/</b>, so I set up mimtex.html
1268
+ to access mimetex.cgi from the relative path <b>../cgi-bin/</b>.
1269
+ If your directories are non-conforming, you may have to edit
1270
+ the few dozen occurrences of <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b>
1271
+ in your mimetex.html page. Sometimes a suitable symlink works;
1272
+ if not, you'll have to edit. Globally changing
1273
+ <b>../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi</b> usually works. </li>
1274
+ <li> Now visit your page &nbsp;
1275
+ <b>http://www.<i>yourdomain</i>.com/mimetex.html</b> </li>
1276
+ <li> Once your mimetex.html displays properly, you can assume
1277
+ everything is working, and can begin authoring html documents
1278
+ using mimetex.cgi to render your own math. </li>
1279
+ </ul>
1280
+
1281
+ <p> That's all there is to installing mimeTeX. </p>.
1282
+
1283
+
1284
+ <h2> <a name="options"> (IIc) Additional Compile-Line Options &nbsp; </a></h2>
1285
+
1286
+ <p> In addition to -DAA or -DGIF or -DXBITMAP (along with -DWINDOWS
1287
+ when necessary) on the mimetex.c compile line, as discussed above,
1288
+ you may also optionally include the following -D switches,
1289
+ whose functionality is discussed below. </p>
1290
+ <dl>
1291
+ <dt> <b>-DAA</b> </dt>
1292
+ <dd> As already discussed, -DAA turns on anti-aliasing.
1293
+ It also sets default values for individual anti-aliasing
1294
+ parameters discussed below. If you specify -DAA
1295
+ then you needn't specify the individual parameters unless
1296
+ you want to override the defaults. <br>
1297
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Anti-aliasing can't be applied to mime
1298
+ xbitmaps, so don't specify -DAA if you also specify -DXBITMAP. <br>
1299
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; And mimeTeX's anti-aliasing only works
1300
+ well on white (or light gray) backgrounds. Your html file
1301
+ probably contains a &lt;body&gt; tag of the form
1302
+ &lt;body&nbsp;bgcolor="#ffffff"&nbsp;text="#000000"&gt;
1303
+ which specifies black text on a pure white background.
1304
+ The background can be grayed down to maybe bgcolor="#e7e7e7",
1305
+ but much darker will begin to show white rings around
1306
+ mimeTeX's anti-aliased characters. This page is displayed
1307
+ using bgcolor="#ffffff". </dd>
1308
+ <dt> <b>-DCENTERWT=<i>n</i> <br>
1309
+ -DADJACENTWT=<i>j</i> <br>
1310
+ -DCORNERWT=<i>k</i></b> </dt>
1311
+ <dd> MimeTeX currently provides a lowpass filtering
1312
+ algorithm for anti-aliasing, which is applied to the
1313
+ existing set of bitmap fonts. This lowpass filter applies
1314
+ weights <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
1315
+ \tiny\begin{pmatrix}1&2&1\\2&\,8\,&2\\1&2&1\end{pmatrix}"
1316
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> to neighboring pixels. The defaults
1317
+ weights are CENTERWT=8, ADJACENTWT=2 and CORNERWT=1,
1318
+ which you can adjust to control anti-aliasing. </dd>
1319
+ <dt> <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> </dt>
1320
+ <dd> This option saves each rendered image to a file in directory
1321
+ <b><i>path/</i></b>, which mimeTeX reads rather than
1322
+ re-rendering the same image every time it's given
1323
+ the same LaTeX expression. Sometimes mimeTeX disables caching,
1324
+ e.g., expressions containing <b>\input{&nbsp;}</b> are
1325
+ re-rendered since the contents of the inputted file may have
1326
+ changed. If compiled without <b>-DCACHEPATH=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b>
1327
+ mimeTeX always re-renders expressions. This usually isn't too
1328
+ cpu intensive, but if you have unusually high hit rates then
1329
+ image caching may be helpful. The <b><i>path/</i></b>
1330
+ is relative to mimetex.cgi, and must be writable by it.
1331
+ Files created under <b><i>path/</i></b> are named
1332
+ <b><i>filename</i>.gif</b>, where <b><i>filename</i></b>
1333
+ is the 32-character MD5 hash of the LaTeX expression. <br>
1334
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; When caching a new image, mimeTeX also
1335
+ updates the file <b><i>path/</i>mimetex.log</b> containing
1336
+ a timestamp, filename and LaTeX expression for each new file
1337
+ created. A sample entry looks like
1338
+ <pre>---------------------------------------------------------------------
1339
+ 2004-08-07:09:00:53am f8ccc8dd93c8eeb1d9c40b353ef781e0.gif
1340
+ \LARGE x=\frac{-b\pm\sqrt{b^2-4ac}}{2a}
1341
+ ---------------------------------------------------------------------</pre></dd>
1342
+ <dt><b>-DDEFAULTSIZE=<i>n</i></b> </dt>
1343
+ <dd> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes numbered 0-7,
1344
+ and always starts out in DEFAULTSIZE, whose default value is 3.
1345
+ Specify -DDEFAULTSIZE=2 on the compile line if you prefer
1346
+ mimeTeX to start in default size 2, etc. </dd>
1347
+ <dt><b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=<i>n</i></b> </dt>
1348
+ <dd> By default, operator limits like <b>\int_a^b</b> are rendered
1349
+ <b>\textstyle</b> <a href="#preview">
1350
+ <img id="displaysize1" onclick="eqntext('displaysize1')"
1351
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
1352
+ \normalsize\displaystyle\int\nolimits_a^b"
1353
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\normalsize</b>
1354
+ and smaller, and rendered <b>\displaystyle</b> <a href="#preview">
1355
+ <img id="displaysize2" onclick="eqntext('displaysize2')"
1356
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b"
1357
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\large</b> and
1358
+ larger. This default corresponds to <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=3</b>,
1359
+ which you can adjust; e.g., <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE=0</b> always defaults
1360
+ to <b>\displaystyle</b>, and <b>99</b> (or any large number)
1361
+ always defaults to <b>\textstyle</b>. Note that explicit
1362
+ <b>\textstyle</b>, <b>\displaystyle</b>, <b>\limits</b> or
1363
+ <b>\nolimits</b> directives in an expression always override
1364
+ the <b>DISPLAYSIZE</b> default. </dd>
1365
+ <dt><b>-DGAMMA=<i>gammacorrection</i></b> </dt>
1366
+ <dd> Applies <b><i>gammacorrection</i></b> to antialiased
1367
+ gif images. Default is 1.25 (rather than the standard 2.2).
1368
+ Specify 0.0 to turn off gamma correction (1.0 makes no
1369
+ gamma correction but doesn't actually turn it off). </dd>
1370
+ <dt><b>-DNEWCOMMANDS=\"<i>newcommands.h</i>\"</b> </dt>
1371
+ <dd> LaTeX-like <b>\newcommand</b>'s are available in mimeTeX,
1372
+ via the following facility to help you define your
1373
+ own "new&nbsp;commands" during compilation. Edit a file named
1374
+ newcommands.h (or any filename you specify between
1375
+ <b>\"...\"</b>'s with the <b>-DNEWCOMMANDS=\"<i>filename</i>\"</b>
1376
+ switch). For newcommands _without_
1377
+ arguments, your file should contain one or more lines
1378
+ like the following examples:
1379
+ <pre>{ "\\iint", NULL, "{\\int\\int}" },
1380
+ { "\\rightleftharpoons",NULL,"{\\rightharpoonup\\atop\\leftharpoondown}" },
1381
+ { "\\ldots", NULL, "{\\Large.\\hspace1.\\hspace1.}" },
1382
+ { "\\cr", NULL, "\\\\" },
1383
+ { "\\neq", NULL, "{\\not=}" },</pre>
1384
+ For newcommands _without_ arguments, as illustrated above,
1385
+ the general form of each line in your file should be &nbsp;
1386
+ <b>{&nbsp;"\\<i>command</i>",&nbsp;NULL,&nbsp;"{<i>replacement</i>}"&nbsp;},</b>
1387
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; Don't forget a comma at the end of every line,
1388
+ and write a double&nbsp;backslash&nbsp;<b>\\</b>
1389
+ between quotes&nbsp;<b>"...\\..."</b> wherever you actually
1390
+ want a single&nbsp;backslash&nbsp;<b>\</b>. The only effect
1391
+ of the above examples (without arguments) is simple string
1392
+ substitution, i.e., every occurrence of <b>\<i>command</i></b>
1393
+ is replaced by <b>{<i>replacement</i>}</b>. Note that the
1394
+ <b>{&nbsp;}</b>'s surrounding <b><i>replacement</i></b>
1395
+ aren't required, but are usually a good idea (the case
1396
+ of <b>\cr</b> illustrated above is one exception, where
1397
+ <b>{&nbsp;}</b>'s would defeat the purpose).
1398
+ <br> &nbsp; &nbsp; To define newcommands _with_ arguments,
1399
+ change the <b>NULL</b> after the <b>\\<i>command</i></b>
1400
+ to define your command's arguments as illustrated by the
1401
+ following example:
1402
+ <pre>{ "\\lvec", "2n", "#2_1,\\cdots,#2_{#1}" },</pre>
1403
+ In this case the <b>NULL</b> has been replaced by <b>"2n"</b>
1404
+ (note the mandatory surrounding quotes <b>"..."</b>). This
1405
+ example corresponds to the similar one discussed in TLC2 on
1406
+ page 845. The first character inside the <b>"..."</b>s is
1407
+ &nbsp; <b>2</b> &nbsp; indicating the number of arguments,
1408
+ which may be <b>1</b> thru <b>9</b>. If there are no
1409
+ subsequent characters followng this one, then all arguments are
1410
+ mandatory, enclosed in <b>{&nbsp;}</b>'s as usual. Otherwise,
1411
+ any subsequent characters signal that the first argument
1412
+ is optional, enclosed in <b>[&nbsp;]</b>'s if given. And
1413
+ these subsequent characters comprise the first argument's
1414
+ default value if it's not explicitly given. The illustrated
1415
+ example's first argument is optional with default value &nbsp;
1416
+ <b>n</b> &nbsp; as shown. In this case that's just a single
1417
+ character, but you can write any length default you like.
1418
+ <br> &nbsp; &nbsp; To see many additional examples, search for the
1419
+ uppercase string NEWCOMMANDS in mimetex.c, and look below that.
1420
+ All the above examples are already there. </dd>
1421
+ <dt> <b>-DOPAQUE</b> </dt>
1422
+ <dd> By default, mimeTeX renders gif images with black symbols
1423
+ on a transparent white background. Defining OPAQUE renders
1424
+ images on an opaque background instead. </dd>
1425
+ <dt> <b>-DPATHPREFIX=\"<i>path/</i>\"</b> </dt>
1426
+ <dd> The <a href="#input">\input{&nbsp;}</a> and
1427
+ <a href="#counter">\counter{&nbsp;}</a> commands discussed below
1428
+ require filename arguments which, by default, point to files
1429
+ residing in the same cgi-bin/ directory as your mimetex.cgi.
1430
+ Moreover, for security, absolute paths with leading <b>/</b>'s
1431
+ or <b>\</b>'s, and paths with <b>../</b>'s or <b>..\</b>'s,
1432
+ are not permitted. Instead, compile mimetex with PATHPREFIX
1433
+ defined as <i>path</i><b>/</b> if you want input files in some
1434
+ other directory. And make sure your <i>path</i><b>/</b> ends
1435
+ with <b>/</b> (or with <b>\</b> for Windows). </dd>
1436
+ <dt> <b>-DPLUSBLANK &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <i>-or-</i><br>
1437
+ -DPLUSNOTBLANK</b> </dt>
1438
+ <dd> mimeTeX receives your LaTeX math expression as a url
1439
+ query&nbsp;string, in which blank spaces are often encoded
1440
+ as&nbsp;<b>%20</b> or as plus signs&nbsp;<b>+</b>, and
1441
+ where actual plus signs are often encoded as&nbsp;<b>%2B</b>.
1442
+ But these conventions aren't always respected,
1443
+ and even when they are blank spaces may be either
1444
+ <b>%20</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>+</b>. The only ambiguity for
1445
+ mimeTeX is whether or not to translate plus signs&nbsp;<b>+</b>
1446
+ back to blank spaces. <br>
1447
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; If you know how your applications behave,
1448
+ then define PLUSBLANK to always translate plus signs&nbsp;<b>+</b>
1449
+ to blank spaces, or define PLUSNOTBLANK to never translate. <br>
1450
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Otherwise, if you define neither,
1451
+ mimeTeX applies some common-sense rules to decide whether or
1452
+ not to translate. These usually work, but can't be guaranteed.
1453
+ If your query&nbsp;string contains actual blank spaces or
1454
+ blanks encoded as <b>%20</b>, then plus signs&nbsp;<b>+</b>
1455
+ aren't translated. Otherwise, if your query&nbsp;string
1456
+ contains <b>%2B</b>, then plus signs&nbsp;<b>+</b> are
1457
+ translated. If neither <b>%20</b> nor <b>%2B</b>, or both
1458
+ <b>%20</b> and <b>%2B</b>, occur in your query&nbsp;string,
1459
+ then the situation is ambiguous. In this case, if mimeTeX
1460
+ finds two or more plus signs&nbsp;<b>++</b> with no intervening
1461
+ space, then they're translated; otherwise they're not. </dd>
1462
+ <dt> <b>-DREFERER=\"<i>domain</i>\" &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <i>-or-</i><br>
1463
+ -DREFERER=\"<i>domain1,domain2,etc</i>\"</b> </dt>
1464
+ <dd> Blocks mimeTeX requests from unauthorized domains that
1465
+ are using your mimetex.cgi (hence your server's resources)
1466
+ without permission. <br>
1467
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; If REFERER is defined, mimeTeX
1468
+ performs a case-insensitive test of the environment variable
1469
+ HTTP_REFERER to verify that it contains the authorized 'domain'
1470
+ as a substring. <br>
1471
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; If given several 'domain's (second form)
1472
+ then HTTP_REFERER must contain either 'domain1' or
1473
+ 'domain2', or etc, as a (case-insensitive) substring. <br>
1474
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; If HTTP_REFERER doesn't contain a substring
1475
+ matching any of these domain(s), then mimeTeX emits an error
1476
+ message image instead of the requested image. You can manually
1477
+ modify invalid_referer_msg, defined in function main(),
1478
+ to personalize the error message for your own site. <br>
1479
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Finally, if HTTP_REFERER is not found as
1480
+ an environment variable, then mimeTeX correctly generates the
1481
+ requested image instead of generating an error. </dd>
1482
+ <dt><b>-DSECURITY=<i>n</i></b> </dt>
1483
+ <dd> This is essentially a "paranoid" setting that defaults
1484
+ to a high value 999, which inhibits some optional logging
1485
+ activity. <b>-DCACHEPATH=<i>path</i>/</b> isn't affected,
1486
+ since you're explicitly supplying a <b><i>path</i>/</b>
1487
+ you want files written to. But, for example, you must set
1488
+ <b>-DSECURITY=5</b> (or less) to permit the <b>\counter</b>
1489
+ command to create a new counter file. A malicious user
1490
+ could conceivably flood your file system by submitting
1491
+ zillions of <b>\counter{<i>filename</i>}</b> commands
1492
+ to mimeTeX, each with a different <b><i>filename</i></b>. </dd>
1493
+ <dt><b>-DSMASHMARGIN=<i>n</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <i>-or-</i><br>
1494
+ -DNOSMASH</b> </dt>
1495
+ <dd> TeX typically renders an expression like
1496
+ <b>\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx</b> as <a href="#preview">
1497
+ <img id="nosmash1" onclick="eqntext('nosmash1')"
1498
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
1499
+ \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx"
1500
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX tries to remove extra
1501
+ whitespace, rendering the same expression as <a href="#preview">
1502
+ <img id="nosmash2" onclick="eqntext('nosmash2')"
1503
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
1504
+ \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx"
1505
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> instead.
1506
+ Compile with <b>-DNOSMASH</b> if you prefer the typical TeX
1507
+ behavior as mimeTeX's default. Or, to adjust the minimum
1508
+ number of pixels between smashed symbols (default is 3),
1509
+ compile with <b>-DSMASHMARGIN=<i>n</i></b>.
1510
+ See <a href="#smash">Smash</a> for further discussion. </dd>
1511
+ <dt> <b>-DWARNINGS=<i>n</i> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <i>-or-</i> <br>
1512
+ -DNOWARNINGS</b> </dt>
1513
+ <dd> If an expression submitted to mimeTeX contains an
1514
+ unrecognzied escape sequence, e.g., "y=x+\abc+1", then
1515
+ mimeTeX generates a gif image containing an embedded
1516
+ warning in the form "y=x+[\abc?]+1". Or, if an expression
1517
+ contains an unrecognized character, i.e., one for which mimeTeX
1518
+ has no corresponding bitmap, then the embedded warning is [?].
1519
+ If you want these warnings suppressed, either <b>-DWARNINGS=0</b>
1520
+ or <b>-DNOWARNINGS</b> on the compile line tells mimeTeX to treat
1521
+ unrecognized/undisplayable input as white space. </dd>
1522
+ <dt> <b>-DWHITE</b> </dt>
1523
+ <dd> MimeTeX usually renders black symbols on a white
1524
+ background. This option renders white symbols on
1525
+ a transparent black background instead (or on an opaque
1526
+ black background when combined with <b>-DOPAQUE</b>&nbsp;). </dd>
1527
+ </dl>
1528
+
1529
+
1530
+ <h2> <a name="cmdline"> (IId) Command Line Features &nbsp; </a> </h2>
1531
+
1532
+ <p> MimeTeX usually runs from a browser, obtaining its input expression
1533
+ from a query_string. But you can also run mimeTeX from your Unix
1534
+ shell, supplying all input from the command line. This was briefly
1535
+ illustrated above, where you were advised to test your newly-compiled
1536
+ mimeTeX executable from the command line before installing it. </p>
1537
+
1538
+ <p> In addition to such simple testing, mimeTeX also provides some
1539
+ possibly useful functionality from the command line. In particular,
1540
+ you can store a gif (or xbitmap) image of any expression to a file.
1541
+ No syntax checking is applied to command-line arguments, so enter
1542
+ them carefully. (Likewise, plus signs&nbsp;<b>+</b> are never
1543
+ translated to blank spaces, nor is any other <b>%xx</b> url decoding
1544
+ performed on command-line arguments.) </p>
1545
+
1546
+ <p> The complete command-line syntax for mimeTeX is </p>
1547
+ <pre>
1548
+ ./mimetex [ -d ] dump gif image on stdout,
1549
+ [ -e export_file ] or write gif image to export_file
1550
+ [ expression expression, e.g., "x^2+y^2",
1551
+ | -f input_file ] or read expression from input_file
1552
+ [ -g1 -d ] dump .pbm-formatted image on stdout
1553
+ [ -g1 -e export_file ] or write .pbm image to export_file
1554
+ [ -g2 -d ] dump anti-aliased .pgm image on stdout
1555
+ [ -g2 -e export_file ] or write .pgm image to export_file
1556
+ [ -m msglevel ] verbosity of debugging output
1557
+ [ -o ] render image with opaque background
1558
+ [ -s fontsize ] default fontsize, 0-5
1559
+
1560
+ -d Rather than printing ascii debugging output, mimeTeX
1561
+ dumps the actual gif (or xbitmap) to stdout, e.g.,
1562
+ ./mimetex -d "x^2+y^2" > expression.gif
1563
+ creates expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2
1564
+
1565
+ -e export_file Like -d but writes the actual gif
1566
+ (or xbitmap) directly to export_file, e.g.,
1567
+ ./mimetex -e expression.gif "x^2+y^2"
1568
+ creates file expression.gif containing an image of x^2+y^2
1569
+
1570
+ expression Place LaTeX expression directly on command
1571
+ line, with no -switch preceding it, as in the example
1572
+ immediately above, or.....
1573
+
1574
+ -f input_file .....read expression from input_file
1575
+ (and automatically assume -d switch). The input_file
1576
+ may contain the expression on one line or spread out
1577
+ over many lines. MimeTeX will concatanate all lines
1578
+ from input_file to construct one long expression.
1579
+ Blanks, tabs, and newlines are just ignored.
1580
+
1581
+ -g1 -d dumps a .pbm-formatted portable bitmap image to stdout.
1582
+ Note that this is the bitmap image _before_ anti-aliasing.
1583
+
1584
+ -g1 -e export_file Like -g1 -d but writes the .pbm-formatted
1585
+ portable bitmap directly to export_file, e.g.,
1586
+ ./mimetex -g1 -e expression.pbm "x^2+y^2"
1587
+ creates file expression.pbm containing a bitmap image
1588
+ of x^2+y^2 before anti-aliasing.
1589
+
1590
+ -g2 -d dumps a .pgm-formatted portable graphic image to stdout.
1591
+ Note that this is the bytemap image _after_ anti-aliasing.
1592
+
1593
+ -g2 -e export_file Like -g2 -d but writes the .pgm-formatted
1594
+ portable graphic image directly to export_file, e.g.,
1595
+ ./mimetex -g3 -e expression.pgm "x^2+y^2"
1596
+ creates file expression.pgm containing a bytemap image
1597
+ of x^2+y^2 after anti-aliasing.
1598
+
1599
+ -m msglevel 0-99, controls verbosity/message level for
1600
+ debugging output (usually used only while testing code).
1601
+
1602
+ -o Rather than the default transparent gif background,
1603
+ the rendered image will contain black symbols on an
1604
+ opaque white background (or vice versa if compiled
1605
+ with -DWHITE). For example, if you have ImageMagick's
1606
+ display utility,
1607
+ ./mimetex -o -d "x^2+y^2" | display &
1608
+ opens a small window containing the rendered expression.
1609
+ (Note: if you already compiled mimeTeX with -DOPAQUE
1610
+ then -o renders images on a transparent background.)
1611
+
1612
+ -s fontsize 0-7, font size. Font size can also be specified
1613
+ within the expression by a directive, e.g., \Large f(x)=x^2
1614
+ displays f(x)=x^2 at font size 4, overriding -s.
1615
+ Default font size is 3.
1616
+ </pre>
1617
+
1618
+
1619
+
1620
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1621
+ SECTION III. SYNTAX REFERENCE
1622
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
1623
+ <h1> <a name="reference"> (III) Syntax Reference &nbsp; </a> </h1>
1624
+
1625
+ <p> Since mimeTeX's syntax is as TeX-like as possible, we'll mostly discuss
1626
+ the occasional differences.
1627
+ <!-- (which exist only to simplify my programming
1628
+ task, not to impose any syntactic aesthetics of mine on you). -->
1629
+ This section contains short paragraphs that each discuss some aspect
1630
+ of mimeTeX where your LaTeX experience might not be precisely
1631
+ duplicated. </p>
1632
+
1633
+ <p> Anything not discussed here that still doesn't behave like you expect
1634
+ is probably just not implemented. That includes (La)TeX packages
1635
+ (though a few ams commands like \begin{gather} and \begin{pmatrix}
1636
+ are recognized), non-standard fonts, etc. You can try out any
1637
+ questionable syntax by <a href="#forminput">Submit</a>ting a query
1638
+ to quickly see whether or not it works. And you might want to
1639
+ occasionally re-browse the <a href="#examples">Examples</a> above,
1640
+ which may better illustrate implemented features. </p>
1641
+
1642
+
1643
+ <h2> <a name="spaces"> (IIIa) \unitlength{&nbsp;}, Math Spaces and Whitespace
1644
+ &nbsp; </a> </h2>
1645
+
1646
+ <h3> <a name="unitlength">\unitlength<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
1647
+
1648
+ <p> Lengths in mimeTeX are all ultimately expressed in number of pixels.
1649
+ Various commands discussed below require length arguments, including </p>
1650
+ <ul>
1651
+ <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hspace{&nbsp;}</a> </li>
1652
+ <li> <a href="#mathspace">\hfill{&nbsp;}</a> </li>
1653
+ <li> <a href="#raiserotate">\raisebox{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</a> </li>
1654
+ <li> <a href="#circleline">\line(&nbsp;,&nbsp;)</a> and
1655
+ <a href="#circleline">\circle(&nbsp;,&nbsp;)</a> </li>
1656
+ <li> <a href="#arrows">\longrightarrow[&nbsp;]</a> </li>
1657
+ </ul> <p class="continue">
1658
+ (the \long<i>xxx</i>arrow [&nbsp;]-arguments are optional mimeTeX
1659
+ extensions to LaTeX) &nbsp; MimeTeX's length-type arguments never
1660
+ take units, e.g., {10pt} and {1cm} are both invalid. Lengths always
1661
+ refer to number of pixels, optionally scaled by a user-specified
1662
+ <b>\unitlength</b>. </p>
1663
+
1664
+ <p> MimeTeX's <b>\unitlength{&nbsp;}</b> command lets you specify
1665
+ the number of pixels per "length&nbsp;unit", e.g.,
1666
+ <b>\unitlength{10}&nbsp;\hspace{2.5}</b> renders a 25-pixel space.
1667
+ Both <b>\unitlength{&nbsp;}</b> and <b>\hspace{&nbsp;}</b>'s
1668
+ length arguments may be integers or may contain decimal points.
1669
+ Ditto for all other mimeTeX commands that take length arguments.
1670
+ The default <b>\unitlength</b> is, you guessed it, <b>1</b>. </p>
1671
+
1672
+ <p> A specified <b>\unitlength</b> applies to all subsequent terms,
1673
+ i.e., everything to its right. And several <b>\unitlength</b>'s
1674
+ may be specified in the same expression, each one overriding
1675
+ those to its left. But if one or more <b>\unitlength</b>'s
1676
+ appear within a <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-enclosed subexpression, then terms
1677
+ following its closing right <b>}</b> revert to the <b>\unitlength</b>
1678
+ in effect before its opening left <b>{</b>. For example, </p> <center>
1679
+ <b>A\hspace{10}&nbsp;{\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C}&nbsp;\hspace{10}D</b>
1680
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
1681
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="unitlength1" onclick="eqntext('unitlength1')"
1682
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\hspace{10}
1683
+ {\unitlength{2.5}B\hspace{10}C}\hspace{10}D"
1684
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
1685
+ which has a 10-pixel space between <b>A</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>B</b>, then
1686
+ 25&nbsp;pixels between <b>B</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>C</b>, and finally
1687
+ another 10&nbsp;pixels between <b>C</b>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<b>D</b>. </p>
1688
+
1689
+ <h3> <a name="mathspace">Math Spaces<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
1690
+
1691
+ <p> Except inside <a href="#textboxes">text&nbsp;boxes</a>,
1692
+ unescaped blanks, tildes (a&nbsp;<b>~</b>), and all other usual
1693
+ <a href="#whitespace">whitespace</a> characters are completely
1694
+ ignored by mimeTeX, just like they are in LaTeX math mode.
1695
+ As usual, you must explicitly write one of the recognized math
1696
+ spaces to put extra visible space in your rendered expressions. </p>
1697
+
1698
+ <p> MimeTeX recognizes math spaces <b>\/&nbsp;\,&nbsp;\:&nbsp;\;</b>
1699
+ as well as <b>\quad</b> and <b>\qquad</b>&nbsp;,
1700
+ and also a backslashed blank &nbsp;
1701
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?1$\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}"
1702
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> &nbsp;
1703
+ (i.e.,&nbsp;a&nbsp;<b>\</b>&nbsp;followed by a blank).
1704
+ For example, &nbsp;
1705
+ <b>(a\/b\,c\:d\;e\&nbsp;&nbsp;f\quad&nbsp;&nbsp;g\qquad&nbsp;&nbsp;h)</b>
1706
+ &nbsp renders &nbsp;
1707
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="spacing2" onclick="eqntext('spacing2')"
1708
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?(a\/b\,c\:d\;e\ f\quad g\qquad h)"
1709
+ alt="" border=0 align="middle"></a>.
1710
+ In mimeTeX, you may also write &nbsp; <b>\hspace{10}</b> &nbsp;
1711
+ to insert a 10-pixel (or any other number) space, scaled by any
1712
+ preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, as illustrated
1713
+ just above. </p>
1714
+
1715
+ <p> For negative spaces, &nbsp; <b>\!</b> &nbsp; produces a small (two
1716
+ pixel) negative space, e.g., &nbsp; <b>a=b</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
1717
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom">
1718
+ &nbsp; whereas &nbsp; <b>a\!=b</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
1719
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a\!=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom">
1720
+ &nbsp; and &nbsp; <b>a\!\!=b</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
1721
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?a\!\!=b"alt="" border=0 align="bottom">.
1722
+ For large negative space, &nbsp; <b>\hspace{-10}</b> &nbsp; permits
1723
+ a negative argument. But it stops at the first pixel to its left
1724
+ rather than "erasing" pixels. If you don't want to stop, use
1725
+ &nbsp; <b>\hspace*{-10}</b> &nbsp; instead. For example,
1726
+ &nbsp; <b>ABC\hspace*{-20}-DEF</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
1727
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?ABC\hspace*{-20}-DEF"
1728
+ alt="" border=0 align="bottom">, &nbsp; erasing all of the <b>C</b>
1729
+ and the right half of the <b>B</b>. </p>
1730
+
1731
+ <!--
1732
+ <p> Although some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces
1733
+ inside html query_string's, mimeTeX also recognizes escaped blanks
1734
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\backsl\raise{-5}{\rotate{-90}]}"
1735
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle> (a <b>\</b> followed by a blank) as math
1736
+ spaces, just in case you can safely use them. </p>
1737
+ -->
1738
+
1739
+ <p> MimeTeX also supports <b>\hfill{<i>textwidth</i>}</b>, where
1740
+ <b><i>textwidth</i></b> is roughly equivalent to LaTeX's
1741
+ <b>\textwidth</b>, i.e., it's the total number of pixels, scaled by
1742
+ <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, that your entire rendered
1743
+ expression will span. However, if <b>\hfill{&nbsp;}</b> appears
1744
+ within a <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-enclosed subexpression, then it applies
1745
+ only to that subexpression. For example, </p> <center>
1746
+ <b>{abc \hfill{75} def} \hfill{150} ghi</b>
1747
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; produces &nbsp; &nbsp;
1748
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace1" onclick="eqntext('mathspace1')"
1749
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large{abc\hfill{75}def}\hfill{150}ghi"
1750
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
1751
+ The first/inner <b>\hfill{75}</b> inserts exactly enough whitespace so
1752
+ that subexpression "<b><i>abc&nbsp;&nbsp;def</i></b>" spans 75 pixels.
1753
+ Then the second/outer <b>\hfill{150}</b> inserts exactly enough
1754
+ whitespace so that the entire expression spans 150 pixels.
1755
+ Without explicit <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-nesting, mimeTeX evaluates expressions
1756
+ left-to-right (sinistrally), e.g., <b>...\hfill{150}...\hfill{75}...</b>
1757
+ is exactly equivalent to <b>...\hfill{150}{...\hfill{75}...}</b>.
1758
+ Notice that, this time, the second/right <b><i>textwidth</i></b>
1759
+ argument is necessarily smaller than the first/left. </p>
1760
+
1761
+ <p> Finally, mimeTeX begins a new line whenever you write <b>\\</b>&nbsp;.
1762
+ And you may optionally write <b>\\[10]</b> to put a 10-pixel (or any
1763
+ other number) vertical space, scaled by
1764
+ <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>, between lines.
1765
+ <a href="#array">\begin{eqnarray}</a> also splits long
1766
+ equations over several lines, as illustrated by
1767
+ <a href="#example10">Example&nbsp;10</a> above.
1768
+ But when that's not the best solution, you can also write,
1769
+ for example, </p> <center>
1770
+ <b>y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h</b>
1771
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; to produce &nbsp; &nbsp;
1772
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace2" onclick="eqntext('mathspace2')"
1773
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h"
1774
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
1775
+
1776
+ <p> However, mimeTeX can't correctly handle automatically-sized delimiters
1777
+ across linebreaks, e.g., </p> <center>
1778
+ <b>y=\left\{a+b+c+d\\\hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\right\}</b>
1779
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; produces &nbsp; &nbsp;
1780
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace3" onclick="eqntext('mathspace3')"
1781
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\{a+b+c+d\\
1782
+ \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
1783
+ whereas you probably wanted &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
1784
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="mathspace4" onclick="eqntext('mathspace4')"
1785
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large y=\big{a+b+c+d\\
1786
+ \hspace{50}+e+f+g+h\big}" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>
1787
+ </center> <p class="continue">
1788
+ which I produced using <b>\big{...\\...\big}</b> instead
1789
+ of <b>\left\{...\\...\right\}</b>. Expressions of the
1790
+ form <b>\left...\right&nbsp;\\&nbsp;\left...\right</b> should all be
1791
+ rendered properly. It's only <b>\left...\\...\right</b> that will
1792
+ look odd. </p>
1793
+
1794
+ <h3> <a name="whitespace">Whitespace, Comments,
1795
+ and some other characters<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
1796
+
1797
+ <p> Some browsers occasionally misinterpret typed blank spaces
1798
+ inside html query_string's. In that case, you can write
1799
+ tildes (a&nbsp;<b>~</b>) wherever blanks are required or desired,
1800
+ e.g., <b>\alpha~w</b> instead of <b>\alpha&nbsp;w</b>, or
1801
+ <b>\frac~xy</b> or <b>\sqrt~z</b>, etc. MimeTeX correctly
1802
+ interprets both blanks and <b>~</b>'s, and all
1803
+ other usual whitespace characters. So use whatever's convenient
1804
+ as long as it's correctly interpreted inside query_string's by your
1805
+ browser. </p>
1806
+
1807
+ <p> Similarly, some browsers occasionally misinterpret linebreaks/newlines
1808
+ inside the middle of long html query_string's.
1809
+ For example, </p>
1810
+ <pre>&lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}}
1811
+ \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt"
1812
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle&gt; </pre><p class="continue">
1813
+ breaks a long query_string over two lines. If your browser interprets
1814
+ this correctly, then mimeTeX will render it correctly, too. Otherwise,
1815
+ you'll have to enter long expressions on one big long line. </p>
1816
+
1817
+ <p> If you can break long query_string's over several lines, then you may
1818
+ find mimeTeX's <b>%%comments%%</b> feature useful, too. Note that
1819
+ comments must be preceded <i>and&nbsp;followed</i> by two <b>%</b>'s
1820
+ rather than LaTeX's usual one. The above example could be written </p>
1821
+ <pre>&lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=\frac1{\sigma\sqrt{2\pi}} %%normalization%%
1822
+ \int\limits_{-\infty}^xe^{-\frac{(t-\mu)^2}{2\sig^2}}dt %%integral%%"
1823
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle&gt; </pre>
1824
+
1825
+ <p> Besides whitespace, browsers may misinterpret embedded apostrophes,
1826
+ and especially quotes, within query strings. The <b>a's</b> and
1827
+ <b>b's</b> in <a href="#example7">Example&nbsp;7</a> above actually use
1828
+ superscripted commas for apostrophes, i.e., <b>a^,s</b> and <b>b^,s</b>,
1829
+ and you can also use LaTeX <b>\prime</b>'s, as in <b>a^\prime&nbsp;s</b>.
1830
+ For quotes, you can use <b>^{,,}</b> since <b>"</b> almost certainly
1831
+ won't work. To help make things easier, in addition to the usual
1832
+ LaTeX <b>\prime</b>, mimeTeX also recognizes <b>\apostrophe</b> and
1833
+ <b>\quote</b> and <b>\percent</b>, all with the obvious meanings. </p>
1834
+
1835
+
1836
+ <h2> <a name="symbols"> (IIIb) Math Symbols, Sizes, and Modes &nbsp; </a></h2>
1837
+
1838
+ <h3> <a name="characters">Character Sets<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
1839
+
1840
+ <p> For complete information about the characters and math symbols
1841
+ available in mimeTeX, you'll need to browse through the bottom
1842
+ 500-or-so lines of <b>mimetex.h</b>. And several additional
1843
+ symbols like <b>\ldots</b> and <b>\AA</b> and <b>\hbar</b> are
1844
+ defined by the mimeTeX preprocessor, function <b>mimeprep(&nbsp;)</b>
1845
+ in <b>mimetex.c</b> &nbsp; &nbsp; Generally speaking, I've tried to
1846
+ encode the cmr10, cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10, cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10,
1847
+ stmary10 and wncyr10 families with "names", e.g., <b>\alpha \beta
1848
+ \forall \sqcup</b>, etc, identical to your LaTeX expectations.
1849
+ For example, the calligraphic symbols in cmsy10 are accessed by
1850
+ writing <b>\mathcal{A} \mathcal{B} \mathcal{XYZ}</b>. Similarly,
1851
+ write <b>\mathbf{A}</b> for the cmmib fonts, write <b>\mathscr{A}</b>
1852
+ for rsfs10, write <b>\mathbb{R}</b> for bbold10, and write
1853
+ <b>{\cyr&nbsp;Khrushchev}</b> or <b>\cyr{Khrushchev}</b> to see
1854
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="cyrillic1" onclick="eqntext('cyrillic1')"
1855
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\cyr Khrushchev"
1856
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>.
1857
+ Most LaTeX distributions supply stmaryrd.dvi and stmaryrd.sty
1858
+ that both document the names of the stmary10 symbols.
1859
+ Similarly, amsfndoc.dvi documents the names of the wncyr10
1860
+ cyrillic symbols and ligatures. </p>
1861
+ <!-- But there are various additions and omissions and exceptions
1862
+ vis-a-vis LaTeX. For example, </p>
1863
+ <ul>
1864
+ <li> "Large" operators like \int are often also available as
1865
+ \Bigint, and similarly for \sum \prod \cup \cap, etc.
1866
+ If you find a \Bigxxx in mimetex.h then you'll also find the
1867
+ corresponding \xxx. \Bigxxx operators are somewhat larger
1868
+ than their \xxx counterparts, and they automatically render
1869
+ super/subscripts in <a href="#modes">displaystyle</a>. </li>
1870
+ </ul> -->
1871
+ <p> I haven't exhaustively checked all the name-number matchings for
1872
+ the hundreds of symbols in mimetex.h. You can eaily correct
1873
+ any minor mistake you find in what I hope is an obvious manner.
1874
+ The fonts <a href="#fonts">Appendix&nbsp;IVa</a> below provides
1875
+ additional information. </p>
1876
+
1877
+ <p> In addition to extra LaTeX symbols like <b>\ldots</b>, <b>\AA</b>
1878
+ and <b>\hbar</b>, mentioned above, the mimeTeX preprocessor
1879
+ <b>mimeprep(&nbsp;)</b> also recognizes various html special
1880
+ characters like <b>&amp;lt;</b>, <b>&amp;gt;</b>, <b>&amp;nbsp;</b>,
1881
+ <b>&amp;quot;</b>, <b>&amp;amp;</b>, etc. Some web tools apparently
1882
+ translate characters like, e.g., <b>&gt;</b> to <b>&amp;gt;</b>,
1883
+ even inside quoted query_string's, so mimeTeX's preprocessor
1884
+ translates them back to LaTeX symbols for you. Moreover, html
1885
+ misinterprets quotes &nbsp;<b>&quot;</b>&nbsp; inside a quoted
1886
+ query string as the end of the query string. So, for example,
1887
+ the cyrillic ligature <b>\&quot;E</b> has to be written in the
1888
+ even more cumbersome form <b>\&amp;quot;E</b> inside a query
1889
+ string. </p>
1890
+
1891
+ <h3> <a name="sizes">Font Sizes<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
1892
+
1893
+ <p> MimeTeX currently has eight font sizes, numbered 0-7, with default 3.
1894
+ This font size numbering corresponds to the usual LaTeX directives
1895
+ &nbsp; <b>\tiny</b>, &nbsp; <b>\small</b>, &nbsp; <b>\normalsize</b>,
1896
+ &nbsp; <b>\large</b> (default), &nbsp; <b>\Large</b>, &nbsp;
1897
+ <b>\LARGE</b>, &nbsp; <b>\huge</b> and <b>\Huge</b>.
1898
+ These directives can be placed anywhere in a mimeTeX expression,
1899
+ and they change font size from that point forwards. However, as usual,
1900
+ a font size change inside a <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-subexpression remains
1901
+ in effect only within that subexpression. </p>
1902
+
1903
+ <p> In mimeTeX you may also write <b>\fontsize{0}...\fontsize{7}</b> or
1904
+ the shorter <b>\fs{0},...,\fs{7}</b> for <b>\tiny,...,\Huge</b>.
1905
+ And since these arguments are all single digits, the even shorter
1906
+ form <b>\fs0,...,\fs7</b> works equally well. For example, </p>
1907
+ <center> <table cellpadding=0>
1908
+ <tr align=center>
1909
+ <td align="left"> <b>0</b>: &nbsp;
1910
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\tiny</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt;
1911
+ &nbsp; produces... </td>
1912
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes0" onclick="eqntext('sizes0')"
1913
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\tiny f(x)=x^2"
1914
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1915
+ <tr align=center>
1916
+ <td align="left"> <b>1</b>: &nbsp;
1917
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\fs1</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1918
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')"
1919
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs1 f(x)=x^2"
1920
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1921
+ <tr align=center>
1922
+ <td align="left"> <b>2</b>: &nbsp;
1923
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\normalsize</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1924
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes1" onclick="eqntext('sizes1')"
1925
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f(x)=x^2"
1926
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1927
+ <tr align=center>
1928
+ <td align="left"> <b>3</b>: &nbsp;
1929
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b></b>f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1930
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes3" onclick="eqntext('sizes3')"
1931
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?f(x)=x^2"
1932
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1933
+ <tr align=center>
1934
+ <td align="left"> <b>4</b>: &nbsp;
1935
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\Large</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1936
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')"
1937
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large f(x)=x^2"
1938
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1939
+ <tr align=center>
1940
+ <td align="left"> <b>5</b>: &nbsp;
1941
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\fs5</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1942
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')"
1943
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs5f(x)=x^2"
1944
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1945
+ <tr align=center>
1946
+ <td align="left"> <b>6</b>: &nbsp;
1947
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\huge</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1948
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')"
1949
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\huge f(x)=x^2"
1950
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1951
+ <tr align=center>
1952
+ <td align="left"> <b>7</b>: &nbsp;
1953
+ &lt;img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?<b>\fs7</b> f(x)=x^2"&gt; </td>
1954
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')"
1955
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\fs7 f(x)=x^2"
1956
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td> </tr>
1957
+ </table> </center> <p class="continue">
1958
+ rendering <b>f(x)=x^2</b> in mimeTeX font sizes &nbsp;
1959
+ <b>0</b> (\tiny or \fs0), &nbsp; <b>1</b> (\small or \fs1), &nbsp;
1960
+ <b>2</b> (\normalsize or \fs2), &nbsp; <b>3</b> (default \large), &nbsp;
1961
+ <b>4</b> (\Large or \fs4), &nbsp; <b>5</b> (\LARGE or \fs5), &nbsp;
1962
+ <b>6</b> (\huge or \fs6) &nbsp; and &nbsp; <b>7</b> (\Huge or \fs7). </p>
1963
+
1964
+ <p> You'll soon notice that exponents and \frac's and \atop's
1965
+ are automatically rendered one size smaller than their base
1966
+ expressions. For example, </p> <center>
1967
+ <b>\Large y=e^{x^2}</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
1968
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes4" onclick="eqntext('sizes4')"
1969
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{x^2}"
1970
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
1971
+ rendering the <b>"y=e"</b> in font size 4 (\Large), the <b>"x"</b> in
1972
+ font size 3 (\large), and the <b>"2"</b> in font size 2 (\normalsize).
1973
+ If you get below font size 0, the font size remains&nbsp;0. </p>
1974
+
1975
+ <p> Explicit size declarations override mimeTeX's default sizing behavior.
1976
+ You can rewrite the preceding example as, say, </p> <center>
1977
+ <b>\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}</b> &nbsp; which now produces
1978
+ &nbsp; <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes5" onclick="eqntext('sizes5')"
1979
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\normalsize x^{\tiny2}}"
1980
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
1981
+ rendering the <b>"y=e"</b> in font size 4 (\Large unchanged),
1982
+ the <b>"x"</b> in font size 2 (\normalsize), and the <b>"2"</b>
1983
+ in font size&nbsp;0 (\tiny). </p>
1984
+
1985
+ <p> Preceding an <b>\fs{&nbsp;}</b> size argument with <b>+</b> or
1986
+ <b>-</b> specifies "relative" sizing. For example,
1987
+ <b>\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}</b> produces
1988
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes6" onclick="eqntext('sizes6')"
1989
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\text{abc{\fs{-2}def}ghi}"
1990
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, rendering the <b>"def"</b>
1991
+ in font size 1 (two sizes smaller than \large). Note that
1992
+ <b>\fs{-2}</b> affects only the subexpression in which it appears,
1993
+ and that its braces are no longer optional since <b>-2</b> contains
1994
+ two characters. For exponents (or any other size-changing commands
1995
+ like \frac), </p> <center>
1996
+ <b>\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
1997
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="sizes7" onclick="eqntext('sizes7')"
1998
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large y=e^{\fs{-1}x^2}"
1999
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2000
+ rendering the <b>"y=e"</b> in font size 4 (\Large), as usual.
2001
+ The <b>"x"</b> would usually be rendered one size smaller,
2002
+ in font size 3, and your <b>\fs{-1}</b> is applied to that,
2003
+ resulting in font size 2. And the final <b>"2"</b> is rendered,
2004
+ by the usual rules, one size smaller than the <b>"x"</b>,
2005
+ in font size&nbsp;1. </p>
2006
+
2007
+ <h3> <a name="modes">Modes<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2008
+
2009
+ <p> MimeTeX is always in a math-like mode, so you needn't surround
2010
+ expressions with <b>$...$</b>'s for <b>\textstyle</b>,
2011
+ or <b>$$...$$</b>'s for <b>\displaystyle</b>.
2012
+ <!-- or <b>\[...\]</b>'s, etc. In fact, mimeTeX interprets <b>$</b>
2013
+ as a "preamble" terminator (e.g., see <a href="#array">\array</a>
2014
+ below), and interprets <b>\[...\]</b> as an abbreviation for
2015
+ <b>\left[...\right]</b>. -->
2016
+ By default, operator limits like <b>\int_a^b</b> are rendered
2017
+ <b>\textstyle</b> <a href="#preview">
2018
+ <img id="modes99a" onclick="eqntext('modes99a')"
2019
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\int_a^b"
2020
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\normalsize</b>
2021
+ and smaller, and rendered <b>\displaystyle</b> <a href="#preview">
2022
+ <img id="modes99b" onclick="eqntext('modes99b')"
2023
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\int_a^b"
2024
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> at font sizes <b>\large</b> and
2025
+ larger (see the <b>-DDISPLAYSIZE</b>
2026
+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a> to change this default).
2027
+ And when <b>\displaystyle</b> is invoked (either implicitly at font size
2028
+ <b>\large</b> or larger, or if you explicitly write <b>\displaystyle</b>
2029
+ at any font size), then operators <b>\int</b>, <b>\sum</b>,
2030
+ <b>\prod</b>, etc, are automatically promoted to larger sizes.
2031
+ <!-- their <a href="#characters">\Bigxxx</a> counterparts. -->
2032
+ <!-- Conversely, <b>\displaystyle</b> is applied to all
2033
+ <a href="#characters">\Bigxxx</a> operators regardless of font size. -->
2034
+ <!-- i.e., super/subscripts are placed directly above/below
2035
+ <b>\Bigsum</b>, but "alongside" <b>\sum</b>. -->
2036
+ For example, </p> <center>
2037
+ <!-- <b>\Bigsum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2038
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1a" onclick="eqntext('modes1a')"
2039
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2040
+ \normalsize\Bigsum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2"
2041
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, <br> -->
2042
+ <b>\normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b>
2043
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; produces &nbsp; &nbsp;
2044
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2a" onclick="eqntext('modes2a')"
2045
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2"
2046
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, &nbsp; whereas <br>
2047
+ <b>\displaystyle \normalsize \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b>
2048
+ &nbsp;produces&nbsp;
2049
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')"
2050
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2051
+ \normalsize\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2"
2052
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, </center>
2053
+ <p class=continue> and <!-- replacing <b>\Bigsum</b> with the smaller
2054
+ <b>\sum</b> symbol, --> </p> <center>
2055
+ <b>\large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2056
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes1b" onclick="eqntext('modes1b')"
2057
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2"
2058
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>, &nbsp; whereas <br>
2059
+ <b>\textstyle \large \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b>
2060
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; produces &nbsp; &nbsp;
2061
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes2b" onclick="eqntext('modes2b')"
2062
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\textstyle\large
2063
+ \sum_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>.
2064
+ <!-- &nbsp; instead. --> </center>
2065
+
2066
+ <p> As usual, <b>\nolimits</b> turns displaystyle off (or textstyle on)
2067
+ for the operator immediately preceding it. For example, </p> <center>
2068
+ <b>\large \sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b>
2069
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2070
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes3" onclick="eqntext('modes3')"
2071
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2072
+ \large\sum\nolimits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2"
2073
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a></center> <p class="continue">
2074
+ and likewise, <b>\limits</b> turns displaystyle on for the operator
2075
+ immediately preceding it. For example, </p> <center>
2076
+ <b>\normalsize \sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2</b>
2077
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2078
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes4" onclick="eqntext('modes4')"
2079
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2080
+ \normalsize\sum\limits_{i=1}^ni=\frac{n(n+1)}2"
2081
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2082
+
2083
+ <p> By the way, <b>\limits</b> affects <i><b>_any_</b></i> character
2084
+ or subexpression immediately preceding it. For example, </p> <center>
2085
+ <b>A^i_j</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2086
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes5" onclick="eqntext('modes5')"
2087
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A^i_j"
2088
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; as usual, whereas <br>
2089
+ <b>A\limits^i_j</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2090
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes6" onclick="eqntext('modes6')"
2091
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large A\limits^i_j"
2092
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; instead. </center>
2093
+ <p class="continue">Likewise, for subexpressions, </p> <center>
2094
+ <b>\widehat{xyz}\limits^a</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2095
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes7" onclick="eqntext('modes7')"
2096
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\widehat{xyz}\limits^a"
2097
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2098
+ This side effect may occasionally be useful. For example, </p> <center>
2099
+ <b>x\rightarrow\limits^gy</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2100
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes8" onclick="eqntext('modes8')"
2101
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\rightarrow\limits^gy"
2102
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2103
+ (mimeTeX automatically centers super/subscripts above/below
2104
+ the long and Long <a href="#arrows">arrow</a> forms) </p>
2105
+
2106
+ <p> The <b>\displaystyle</b> command turns on displaystyle math mode for
2107
+ the entire expression (or <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-enclosed subexpression),
2108
+ affecting <b><i>_all_</i></b> super/subscripts to the right
2109
+ of the \displaystyle, except for character classes Ordinary and
2110
+ Variable (TeXbook page 154). Similarly, <b>\textstyle</b> turns
2111
+ off displaystyle math mode. For example, </p> <center>
2112
+ <b>\sum_1^n {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j} \sum_1^m</b>
2113
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2114
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="modes9" onclick="eqntext('modes9')"
2115
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sum_1^n
2116
+ {\displaystyle\sum_1^k\sum_1^lx_i^j}\sum_1^m"
2117
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2118
+ Note that <b>\sum</b>'s within the subexpression are all affected by
2119
+ the beginning <b>\displaystyle</b>, but not the Variable <b>x_i^j</b>.
2120
+ An explicit <b>x\limits_i^j</b> always affects any preceding term. </p>
2121
+
2122
+ <h3> <a name="textboxes">text boxes<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2123
+
2124
+ <p> Finally, mimeTeX also has a text-like/roman mode
2125
+ entered by writing either <b>\text{anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all}</b>
2126
+ or the equivalent LaTeX-2.09-like command
2127
+ <b>{\rm&nbsp;anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all}</b>, both of which render
2128
+ <b>anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all</b> in roman (font family cmr10).
2129
+ <b>\mbox{&nbsp;}</b> and several similar LaTeX commands are
2130
+ recognized by mimeTeX as synonyms for <b>\text{&nbsp;}</b>.
2131
+ For italic, write <b>\textit{anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all}</b> or
2132
+ <b>{\it&nbsp;anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all}</b>, both of which render
2133
+ <b>anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all</b> in italic (font family cmmi10).
2134
+ All four forms respect spaces between words, except that the
2135
+ first/required space after <b>{\rm&nbsp;etc}</b> and
2136
+ <b>{\it&nbsp;etc}</b> is still ignored. <!-- Math <b>$...$</b>
2137
+ subexpressions inside <b>\mbox{&nbsp;}</b> or <b>\text{&nbsp;}</b>
2138
+ are treated in the usual way. --> For example, </p> <center>
2139
+ <b>anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all</b> &nbsp; just produces &nbsp;
2140
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes1" onclick="eqntext('textboxes1')"
2141
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize anything at all"
2142
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; whereas <br> <br>
2143
+ <b>\text{anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all}</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2144
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes2" onclick="eqntext('textboxes2')"
2145
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\text{anything at all}"
2146
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; and <br> <br>
2147
+ <b>\textit{anything&nbsp;at&nbsp;all}</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2148
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes3" onclick="eqntext('textboxes3')"
2149
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\textit{anything at all}"
2150
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; &nbsp; instead. </center>
2151
+
2152
+ <p> You don't usually surround mimeTeX expressions with <b>$</b>'s,
2153
+ but that works in the usual way for <b>\text{&nbsp;}</b> and
2154
+ <b>\mbox{&nbsp;}</b>, rendering the <b>$...$</b>-enclosed
2155
+ subexpression in mathmode. For example, </p> <center>
2156
+ <b>n=\left\{m/2\text{&nbsp; &nbsp; if $m$ even}
2157
+ \\(m+1)/2\text{&nbsp; if $m$ odd}\right.</b>
2158
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2159
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="textboxes9" onclick="eqntext('textboxes9')"
2160
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2161
+ n=\left\{m/2\text{ if $m$ even}\\(m+1)/2\text{ if $m$ odd}\right."
2162
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2163
+
2164
+
2165
+ <h2> <a name="delimiters"> (IIIc) Delimiters &nbsp; </a> </h2>
2166
+
2167
+ <h3> <a name="parens">Parentheses and Braces
2168
+ (delimiters)<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2169
+
2170
+ <p> LaTeX's <b>\left(&nbsp;...&nbsp;\right)</b> and the other 21
2171
+ standard LaTeX delimiters are also recognized by mimeTeX.
2172
+ And mimeTeX also recognizes an etex-like <b>\middle</b>. &nbsp;
2173
+ <!-- may be written exactly
2174
+ like that, or may be abbreviated <b>\(</b> and <b>\)</b> in mimeTeX.
2175
+ Not all <b>\left</b> and <b>\right</b> LaTeX delimiters are currently
2176
+ available in mimeTeX, but those that are can be written in the usual
2177
+ way, or can be abbreviated as described above. One exception is
2178
+ that <b>\left\|...\right\|</b> must instead be abbreviated
2179
+ <b>\=...\=</b> or can be written in full <b>\left\|...\right\|</b>
2180
+ as usual. Also, <b>\left\langle...\right\rangle</b> is abbreviated
2181
+ <b>\&lt;...\&gt;</b>&nbsp;. </p> -->
2182
+ <!-- <p> Mixing abbreviated and unabbreviated delimiters within
2183
+ a matching pair is not allowed, e.g., \left(...\) <b>_won't_</b> work.
2184
+ But you can mix nested pairs, e.g., <b>\left(...\(...\)...\right)</b>
2185
+ will work as long as the matching delimiters comprising each pair are
2186
+ either both abbreviated or both unabbreviated. </p>
2187
+ <p> --> Several of the most common automatically sized delimiters
2188
+ are illustrated below... </p> <center>
2189
+ <!-- <table cellpadding=3 cellspacing=0 border=1> -->
2190
+ <table cellspacing=0 cellpadding=2 border=1>
2191
+ <tr align=center>
2192
+ <!-- <td> <b>LaTeX or <br> mimeTeX</b> </td> -->
2193
+ <td> <b>Delimiter</b> </td>
2194
+ <!-- <td> <b>or mimeTeX <br> abbreviation</b> </td> -->
2195
+ <td> <b>example...</b> </td>
2196
+ <td> <b>...renders</b> </td>
2197
+ </tr>
2198
+ <tr align=center>
2199
+ <td> \left(&nbsp;...&nbsp;\right) </td>
2200
+ <!-- <td> \(&nbsp;...&nbsp;\) </td> -->
2201
+ <td> \left( \frac1{1-x^2} \right)^2 </td>
2202
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens1" onclick="eqntext('parens1')"
2203
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\left(\frac1{1-x^2}\right)^2"
2204
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2205
+ </tr>
2206
+ <tr align=center>
2207
+ <td> \left[&nbsp;...&nbsp;\right] </td>
2208
+ <!-- <td> \[&nbsp;...&nbsp;\] </td> -->
2209
+ <td> \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n </td>
2210
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens2" onclick="eqntext('parens2')"
2211
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large
2212
+ \left[ \frac1{\sqrt2}x - y \right]^n"
2213
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2214
+ </tr>
2215
+ <tr align=center>
2216
+ <td> \left\{&nbsp;...&nbsp;\right\} </td>
2217
+ <!-- <td> \{&nbsp;...&nbsp;\} </td> -->
2218
+ <td> \left\{ 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots \right\} </td>
2219
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens3" onclick="eqntext('parens3')"
2220
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2221
+ \large\left\{1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots\right\}"
2222
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2223
+ </tr>
2224
+ <tr align=center>
2225
+ <td> \left\langle &nbsp; ...<br>
2226
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ... &nbsp;\right\rangle </td>
2227
+ <!-- <td> \<&nbsp;...&nbsp;\> </td> -->
2228
+ <td> \left\langle \varphi \middle| \hat H <br>
2229
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \middle| \phi \right\rangle </td>
2230
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens4" onclick="eqntext('parens4')"
2231
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large
2232
+ \left\langle\varphi\middle|\hat H\middle|\phi\right\rangle"
2233
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2234
+ </tr>
2235
+ <tr align=center>
2236
+ <td> \left|&nbsp;...&nbsp;\right| </td>
2237
+ <!-- <td> \|&nbsp;...&nbsp;\| </td> -->
2238
+ <td> \left| \begin{matrix} a_1 & a_2 \\<br>
2239
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a_3 & a_4 \end{matrix} \right|</td>
2240
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens5" onclick="eqntext('parens5')"
2241
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
2242
+ \left|\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2\\a_3&a_4\end{matrix}\right|"
2243
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2244
+ </tr>
2245
+ <tr align=center>
2246
+ <td> \left\|&nbsp;...&nbsp;\right\| </td>
2247
+ <!-- <td> \=&nbsp;...&nbsp;\= </td> -->
2248
+ <td> \left\|x^2-y^2\right\| </td>
2249
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens6" onclick="eqntext('parens6')"
2250
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\left\|x^2-y^2\right\|"
2251
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2252
+ </tr>
2253
+ <tr align=center>
2254
+ <td> \left\{&nbsp;...&nbsp;
2255
+ \right<font size="5"><b>.</b></font> </td>
2256
+ <!-- <td> \{&nbsp;...&nbsp;\<b>.</b> </td> -->
2257
+ <td> y=\left\{ \text{this\\that}
2258
+ \right<font size="5"><b>.</b></font> </td>
2259
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens7" onclick="eqntext('parens7')"
2260
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2261
+ \large y=\left\{\text{this\\that}\right."
2262
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2263
+ </tr>
2264
+ <tr align=center>
2265
+ <td> \left<font size="5"><b>.</b></font>
2266
+ &nbsp;...&nbsp;\right\} </td>
2267
+ <!-- <td> \<b>.</b>&nbsp;...&nbsp;\} </td> -->
2268
+ <td> \left<font size="5"><b>.</b></font>
2269
+ \text{this\\that} \right\}=y </td>
2270
+ <td> <a href="#preview"><img id="parens8" onclick="eqntext('parens8')"
2271
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2272
+ \large\left.\text{this\\that}\right\}=y"
2273
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </td>
2274
+ </tr>
2275
+ </table> </center>
2276
+ <p> <b><u>Notes...&nbsp;</u></b> </p>
2277
+ <ol compact type=1>
2278
+ <!-- <li> The other LaTeX delimiters, i.e., floor's, ceil's,
2279
+ arrows, etc, can't yet be sized to fit. </li> -->
2280
+ <li> <a href="#sizes">Size&nbsp;declarations</a> inside any of the
2281
+ above delimiter pairs affect only the enclosed subexpression,
2282
+ e.g., <b>\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z</b> produces
2283
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9" onclick="eqntext('parens9')"
2284
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large w=\left(\small x+y\right)+z"
2285
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li>
2286
+ <li> An expression may contain as many etex-like <b>\middle</b>'s as
2287
+ you like, and in mimeTeX the surrounding <b>\left...\right</b>
2288
+ isn't required. When omitted, the scope of <b>\middle</b> is
2289
+ either the entire expression or the &nbsp; <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-enclosed
2290
+ subexpression in which the <b>\middle</b>'s occur. For example, &nbsp;
2291
+ <b>\frac{a+1}b&nbsp;\middle/&nbsp;\middle(\frac{c+1}d&nbsp;\middle/&nbsp;\frac{e+1}f\middle)</b>
2292
+ &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
2293
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
2294
+ \frac{a+1}b\middle/\middle(\frac{c+1}d\middle/\frac{e+1}f\middle)"
2295
+ border=0 align=middle>. </li>
2296
+ <li> In the last two examples, note that mimeTeX recognizes the
2297
+ &nbsp; <b>\\</b> &nbsp; in &nbsp; <b>\text{this\\that}</b> &nbsp;
2298
+ as a linebreak. For example, <b>x=1\\y=2\\z=3</b> renders &nbsp;
2299
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="parens9b" onclick="eqntext('parens9b')"
2300
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small x=1\\y=2\\z=3"
2301
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </li>
2302
+ <!-- <li> An abbreviated left delimiter must be paired with the same
2303
+ "type" of matching right delimiter, e.g., <b>\[...\]</b> works
2304
+ whereas <b>\[...\)</b> doesn't work. To render an "unmatched"
2305
+ pair of delimiters you must use the unabbreviated form, e.g.,
2306
+ <b>\left[...\right)</b> works fine. </li> -->
2307
+ <!-- <li> Similarly, "unusual" delimiter abbreviations like
2308
+ <b>\)...\(</b> also don't work in mimeTeX. That is, &nbsp;
2309
+ <b>(,&nbsp;[,&nbsp;&lt;,&nbsp;{,</b> etc, must always be "left"
2310
+ in mimeTeX, and &nbsp; <b>),&nbsp;],&nbsp;&gt;,&nbsp;},</b> etc,
2311
+ must always be "right". To render "unusual" delimiter pairs you
2312
+ must use the unabbreviated form, e.g., <b>\left)...\right[</b>
2313
+ works fine. </li> -->
2314
+ <!-- <li> <b>\right.</b> may be paired with any of the automatically
2315
+ sized delimiters, and may optionally be abbreviated as <b>\.</b>
2316
+ &nbsp;&nbsp; The same <b>\.</b> also serves as an abbreviation
2317
+ for <b>\left.</b> &nbsp;&nbsp; MimeTeX correctly interprets your
2318
+ intention if you correctly balance delimiters. For example,
2319
+ either <b>y=\left\{{this\atop&nbsp;that}\right.</b> or
2320
+ <b>y=\{{this\atop&nbsp;that}\.</b> renders the usual useful
2321
+ construction
2322
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="parens10" onclick="eqntext('parens10')"
2323
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2324
+ \normalsize y=\{\text{this\atop that}\."
2325
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> illustrated above. </li> -->
2326
+ <!-- <li> However, abbreviated <b>\.</b>'s cannot be nested in mimeTeX,
2327
+ e.g., <b>\[\(...\.\.</b> doesn't work. Instead, unabbreviated
2328
+ <b>\left.</b> and <b>\right.</b> may be nested, e.g.,
2329
+ <b>\left[\left(...\right.\right.</b> works fine. </li> -->
2330
+ <!-- <li> Simply nested abbreviations like <b>\[\(...\)\]</b> work
2331
+ fine in mimeTeX. But abbreviated delimiters like <b>\|...\|</b>
2332
+ and <b>\=...\=</b>, whose left and right forms are
2333
+ identical, cannot be nested. To nest these delimiters you
2334
+ must use the corresponding unabbreviated <b>\left|..\right|</b>
2335
+ and <b>\left\|...\right\|</b>. </li> -->
2336
+ <!-- <li> All <b>\left(...\right)</b>'s (and abbreviated
2337
+ <b>\(...\)</b>'s), etc, must be correctly balanced,
2338
+ which may include being matched with <b>\left.</b>
2339
+ or <b>\right.</b> (or abbreviated <b>\.</b>).
2340
+ &nbsp;&nbsp; And, to repeat, you may <b>_not_</b> mix
2341
+ abbreviated and unabbreviated \(...\right), etc, within a
2342
+ matching pair. </li> -->
2343
+ </ol>
2344
+
2345
+ <p> Besides the <b>\left...\right</b> delimiters discussed above,
2346
+ mimeTeX also supports constructions like
2347
+ <b>\left\int_a^b...\right<b>.</b></b>&nbsp;, which automatically
2348
+ sizes the <b>\left\int</b> to accommodate everything between it
2349
+ and its matching <b>\right<b>.</b></b> &nbsp; delimiter.
2350
+ The <b>\right</b> delimiter needn't necessarily be
2351
+ the <b>\right<b>.</b></b> &nbsp; illustrated, e.g.,
2352
+ <b>\left\int_a^b&nbsp;x^2dx&nbsp;=\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b</b>
2353
+ produces
2354
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="parens11" onclick="eqntext('parens11')"
2355
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
2356
+ \left\int_a^bx^2dx=\frac{x^3}3\right|_a^b" border=0 alt=""
2357
+ align=middle></a>. <!-- Except for Opening (TeX class 4) and
2358
+ Closing (class 5) delimiter characters like <b>(&nbsp;)</b> and
2359
+ <b>[&nbsp;]</b> and <b>\{&nbsp;\}</b>, limits are default-rendered
2360
+ \displaystyle, which is why <b>\right|\nolimits_a^b</b> was required. -->
2361
+ You can also write <b>\left\sum</b>, <b>\left\prod</b>,
2362
+ <b>\left\cup</b>, etc, for many of the symbols in CMEX10 and STMARY10.
2363
+ And any symbol that works with <b>\left</b> will also work
2364
+ with <b>\right</b>&nbsp;. <!-- But mimeTeX abbreviations like &nbsp;
2365
+ <b>\(...\)</b> &nbsp; for &nbsp; <b>\left(...\right)</b> &nbsp;
2366
+ won't work with any of these CMEX10 symbols. You'll have to write
2367
+ the usual unabbreviated <b>\left...\right</b> form. --> </p>
2368
+
2369
+ <p> Unescaped <b>(&nbsp;)</b>'s and <b>[&nbsp;]</b>'s and <b>|&nbsp;|</b>'s
2370
+ and <b>&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</b>'s don't need to be balanced since mimeTeX just
2371
+ displays them like ordinary characters without any special significance.
2372
+ Ditto for the usual four <b>\big(</b> and <b>\Big(</b> and <b>\bigg(</b>
2373
+ and <b>\Bigg(</b>, and for their four right <b>)</b> counterparts, which
2374
+ just display <b>(...)</b>'s at fixed larger sizes, and also have no
2375
+ special significance. All four big <b>[&nbsp;]</b>'s and
2376
+ <b>&lt;&nbsp;&gt;</b>'s and <b>{&nbsp;}</b>'s are also available
2377
+ as ordinary characters. </p>
2378
+
2379
+ <p> As usual, unescaped <b>{...}</b>'s aren't displayed at all,
2380
+ must be balanced, and have the usual special LaTeX significance.
2381
+ MimeTeX interprets escaped <b>\{...\}</b>'s as abbreviations
2382
+ for <b>\left\{...\right\}</b> and therefore always sizes them to fit.
2383
+ If you need displayed but unsized <b>{...}</b>'s, write
2384
+ <b>\lbrace...\rbrace</b> or any of the four <b>\big{...\big}</b>'s. </p>
2385
+
2386
+
2387
+ <h2> <a name="accents"> (IIId) Accents, Functions, Arrows,
2388
+ Raise&nbsp;and&nbsp;rotate, Compose, Abbreviations, etc. &nbsp; </a> </h2>
2389
+
2390
+ <h3> Accents<font size=5>...</font> </h3>
2391
+
2392
+ <p class="continue">
2393
+ <b>\vec{&nbsp;} \hat{&nbsp;} \bar{&nbsp;} \tilde{&nbsp;} \dot{&nbsp;}
2394
+ \ddot{&nbsp}</b> &nbsp; and &nbsp; <b>\acute{&nbsp;} \grave{&nbsp;}
2395
+ \breve{&nbsp;} \check{&nbsp}</b> are the only accents currently
2396
+ supported. The first four are all "wide". For example, you can write
2397
+ <b>\widehat{&nbsp;}</b> if you like, but there's absolutely no
2398
+ difference either way (and <b>\bar{&nbsp;}</b> and
2399
+ <b>\overline{&nbsp;}</b> are identical). The last four accents
2400
+ only take a single character argument. <p>
2401
+
2402
+ <p> Other accent-like directives available in mimeTeX are &nbsp;
2403
+ <b>\underline{&nbsp;} \cancel{&nbsp;} \sout{&nbsp;}</b>, &nbsp;
2404
+ as well as &nbsp;
2405
+ <b>\overset{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;} &nbsp; \underset{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b> &nbsp;
2406
+ and the more ususal &nbsp;
2407
+ <b>\overbrace{&nbsp;}^{&nbsp;} &nbsp; \underbrace{&nbsp;}_{&nbsp;}</b>.
2408
+ &nbsp; And <b>\not</b> also works on the single character immediately
2409
+ following it. Some of these directives are discussed in more detail
2410
+ below. </p>
2411
+
2412
+ <h3> <a name="functions">Function names<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2413
+
2414
+ <p> All 32 usual LaTeX function names <b>\arccos</b>,...,<b>\tanh</b>
2415
+ are recognized by mimeTeX and treated in the usual way. MimeTeX
2416
+ also recognizes <b>\tr</b> for the trace, and also <b>\bmod</b>
2417
+ and <b>\pmod</b>. And those functions that normally take "limits"
2418
+ also behave as expected, e.g., </p> <center>
2419
+ <b>\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2420
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="functions1" onclick="eqntext('functions1')"
2421
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\lim_{n\to\infty}S_n=S"
2422
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2423
+
2424
+ <h3> <a name="arrows">long Arrows<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2425
+
2426
+ <p> All mimeTeX \long and \Long arrows take an optional [width] argument
2427
+ that explicitly sets the arrow's width in pixels, scaled by
2428
+ <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. For example,
2429
+ <b>\longrightarrow[50]</b> draws a 50-pixel wide arrow
2430
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows1" onclick="eqntext('arrows1')"
2431
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow[50]" alt="" border=0
2432
+ align=middle></a>, whereas just <b>\longrightarrow</b> calculates
2433
+ a default width
2434
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows2" onclick="eqntext('arrows2')"
2435
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\longrightarrow" alt="" border=0
2436
+ align=middle></a>, as usual. And, in addition to the usual
2437
+ right, left and leftright arrows, there are also \long (and \Long) up,
2438
+ down and updown arrows that take an optional [height] argument, also
2439
+ scaled by any preceding <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>. </p>
2440
+
2441
+ <p> In the event that you actually want to place an []-enclosed expression
2442
+ immediately following an "unsized" long arrow, just place a <b>~</b> or
2443
+ any white space after the arrow, e.g., <b>f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]</b>
2444
+ produces
2445
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows3" onclick="eqntext('arrows3')"
2446
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize f:x\longrightarrow~[0,1]"
2447
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Without any intervening white space,
2448
+ mimeTeX would have "eaten" the [0,1]. </p>
2449
+
2450
+ <p> Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long left/right arrows
2451
+ are displayed the same way <a href="#modes">\limits</a> displays them,
2452
+ e.g., </p> <center>
2453
+ <b>x\longrightarrow^gy</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2454
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows4" onclick="eqntext('arrows4')"
2455
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow^gy"
2456
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
2457
+ <b>x\longrightarrow[50]^gy</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2458
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows5" onclick="eqntext('arrows5')"
2459
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large x\longrightarrow[50]^gy"
2460
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2461
+ Subscripted long arrows can occasionally be useful, too, as in
2462
+ <a href="#example11">Example&nbsp;11</a> above, e.g., </p> <center>
2463
+ <b>u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta v</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2464
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows6" onclick="eqntext('arrows6')"
2465
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large u\longrightarrow[50]_\beta^{\,}v"
2466
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2467
+ To defeat this default behavior, e.g., <b>\longrightarrow\nolimits^g</b>
2468
+ displays super/subscripts in the usual way. </p>
2469
+
2470
+ <p> Super/subscripts immediately following all long/Long up/down arrows
2471
+ are treated correspondingly, i.e., superscripts are vertically
2472
+ centered to the arrow's left, and subscripts to its right.
2473
+ For example, </p> <center>
2474
+ <b>\longuparrow[30]^\gamma</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2475
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows7" onclick="eqntext('arrows7')"
2476
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longuparrow[30]^\gamma"
2477
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br>
2478
+ <b>\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2479
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="arrows8" onclick="eqntext('arrows8')"
2480
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\longdownarrow[30]_\gamma"
2481
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center> <p class="continue">
2482
+ whose occasional usefulness is also illustrated by
2483
+ <a href="#example11">Example&nbsp;11</a>. And as before, to defeat
2484
+ this default behavior, e.g., <b>\longuparrow\nolimits^\gamma</b>
2485
+ displays super/subscripts in the usual way. </p>
2486
+
2487
+ <h3> <a name="raiserotate">\raisebox{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;} and
2488
+ \rotatebox{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;} and \reflectbox[&nbsp;]{&nbsp;}
2489
+ <font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2490
+
2491
+ <p> The <b>\raisebox{<i>height</i>}{<i>expression</i>}</b>
2492
+ and <b>\rotatebox{<i>angle</i>}{<i>expression</i>}</b>
2493
+ and <b>\reflectbox[<i>axis</i>]{<i>expression</i>}</b>
2494
+ commands help you fine-tune and manipulate mimeTeX renderings: </p>
2495
+ <ul>
2496
+ <li> <b>\raisebox</b>'s <b><i>height</i></b> argument is number
2497
+ of pixels, scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>,
2498
+ and can be positive or negative. </li>
2499
+ <li> <b>\rotatebox</b>'s <b><i>angle</i></b> argument is number
2500
+ of degrees, and can also be positive (for clockwise) or
2501
+ negative, but must be a multiple of 90. </li>
2502
+ <li> <b>\reflectbox</b>'s optional <b><i>axis</i></b> argument
2503
+ defaults to 1 if not given, which reflects horizontally
2504
+ (the usual LaTeX behavior), or reflects vertically if
2505
+ specified as 2. </li>
2506
+ <li> For all three commands, the <b><i>expression</i></b>
2507
+ can be any valid LaTeX/mimeTeX expression. </li>
2508
+ </ul>
2509
+ <p> For example, mimeTeX's preprocessor
2510
+ defines the LaTeX <b>?`</b> symbol, an upside-down question
2511
+ mark, like </p> <center>
2512
+ <b>abc\raisebox{-2}{\rotatebox{180}?}def</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2513
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot1" onclick="eqntext('raiserot1')"
2514
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2515
+ \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\rotateb{180}{\LARGE?}}def"
2516
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2517
+ <p> Using <b>\reflectbox[2]{&nbsp;}</b> instead of
2518
+ <b>\rotatebox{180}{&nbsp;}</b> would result in the slightly
2519
+ different </p> <center>
2520
+ <b>abc\raisebox{-2}{\reflectbox[2]?}def</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2521
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="raiserot2" onclick="eqntext('raiserot2')"
2522
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2523
+ \large\rm abc\raiseb{-2}{\reflectb[2]{\LARGE?}}def"
2524
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2525
+
2526
+ <h3> <a name="compose">\compose{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}<font size=5>...</font></a></h3>
2527
+
2528
+ <p class="continue">
2529
+ <b>\compose[<i>offset</i>]{<i>base</i>}{<i>overlay</i>}</b>
2530
+ superimposes the <b><i>overlay</i></b> expression on top of the
2531
+ <b><i>base</i></b> expression, displaying the result.
2532
+ Optionally, the overlay is horizontally <b><i>offset</i></b>
2533
+ by the specified number of pixels (positive offsets to the right,
2534
+ negative to the left). For example, </p> <center>
2535
+ <b>\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2536
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="compose1" onclick="eqntext('compose1')"
2537
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\compose{\LARGE O}{\normalsize c}"
2538
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2539
+
2540
+ <p> Separately or in some judicious combination, <b>\compose</b> and
2541
+ <b>\raisebox</b> and <b>\rotatebox</b> and <b>\reflectbox</b>
2542
+ should help you construct special symbols not "natively" available
2543
+ with mimeTeX's limited set of built-in font families.
2544
+ This can be especially useful in conjunction with the
2545
+ <b>-DNEWCOMMANDS</b> compile-time
2546
+ <a href="#options">option</a> discussed above. </p>
2547
+
2548
+ <h3> <a name="rule">\rule{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}<font size=5>...</font></a></h3>
2549
+
2550
+ <p class="continue">
2551
+ <b>\rule{<i>width</i>}{<i>height</i>}</b> behaves in the usual way,
2552
+ rendering a black rectangle <b><i>width</i></b> pixels wide and
2553
+ <b><i>height</i></b> pixels high, with its base on the established
2554
+ baseline. For example, </p> <center>
2555
+ <b>\frac12xyz\rule{10}{20}ghi</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2556
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="rule1" onclick="eqntext('rule1')"
2557
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule{10}{20}ghi"
2558
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2559
+
2560
+ <p> The mimeTeX version of <b>\rule</b> has an optional
2561
+ <b>[<i>lift</i>]</b> argument, so that its full form is
2562
+ <b>\rule[<i>lift</i>]{<i>width</i>}{<i>height</i>}</b>.
2563
+ <b><i>lift</i></b> moves the rule's baseline by the specified
2564
+ number of pixels, up if positive or down if negative.
2565
+ For example, </p> <center>
2566
+ <b>\frac12xyz\rule[5]{10}{20}ghi</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2567
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="rule2" onclick="eqntext('rule2')"
2568
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule[5]{10}{20}ghi"
2569
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; and <br>
2570
+ <b>\frac12xyz\rule[-15]{10}{20}ghi</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2571
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="rule3" onclick="eqntext('rule3')"
2572
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\frac12xyz\rule[-15]{10}{20}ghi"
2573
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2574
+
2575
+ <h3> <a name="abbreviations">Abbreviations<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2576
+
2577
+ <p class="continue">
2578
+ <b>\ga</b> displays <b>\gamma</b>, but just <b>\g</b> displays
2579
+ <b>\gg</b> (<b>&gt;&gt;</b>). That is, mimeTeX selects the
2580
+ shortest symbol or command which begins with whatever you type.
2581
+ This feature can help shorten an otherwise very long line,
2582
+ but it may be a bit dangerous. </p>
2583
+
2584
+ <p> The mimeTeX <a href="#symbols">preprocessor</a>, briefly mentioned
2585
+ above, is responsible for recognizing several LaTeX symbols like
2586
+ <b>\ldots</b> and several commands like <b>\atop</b>&nbsp;.
2587
+ These symbols and commands cannot be abbreviated. The special
2588
+ html characters like <b>&amp;nbsp;</b> are also recognized by
2589
+ the preprocessor and cannot be abbreviated. </p>
2590
+
2591
+ <h3> <a name="colors">Colors<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2592
+
2593
+ <p> Rudimentary color commands are provided by mimeTeX. You can write
2594
+ <b>\color{red}</b> or <b>\color{green}</b> or<b>\color{blue}</b>
2595
+ (which may be abbreviated <b>\red</b> or <b>\green</b> or
2596
+ <b>\blue</b>) anywhere in an expression to render the entire
2597
+ expression in the specified color. That is,
2598
+ <b>abc{\red&nbsp;def}ghi</b> renders the entire expression red,
2599
+ not just the <b>def</b> part. Also, note that mimeTeX's "green"
2600
+ is actually color <b>#00FF00</b>, which the html standard more
2601
+ accurately calls "lime". For example, </p> <center>
2602
+ <b>\blue e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2603
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="colors1" onclick="eqntext('colors1')"
2604
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
2605
+ \Large\color{blue} e^x=\sum_{n=0}^\infty\frac{x^n}{n!}"
2606
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2607
+
2608
+ <h3> <a name="smash">&quot;Smash&quot;<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2609
+
2610
+ <p> TeX represents characters by boxes, with no idea how ink will be
2611
+ distributed inside. So an expression like
2612
+ <b>\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx</b> is typically rendered as &nbsp;
2613
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="smash1" onclick="eqntext('smash1')"
2614
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
2615
+ \nosmash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}"
2616
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>.
2617
+ But mimeTeX knows the character shapes of its fonts, and therefore tries
2618
+ to remove extra whitespace, rendering the same expression as &nbsp;
2619
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="smash2" onclick="eqntext('smash2')"
2620
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
2621
+ \smash\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx"
2622
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; instead. </p>
2623
+
2624
+ <p> Precede any expression with the mimeTeX directive <b>\nosmash</b>
2625
+ to render it without "smashing". Or compile mimetex.c with the
2626
+ <b>-DNOSMASH</b> <a href="#options">option</a> if you prefer
2627
+ the typical TeX behavior as mimeTeX's default. In this case,
2628
+ precede any expression with <b>\smash</b> to render it "smashed".
2629
+ And note that explicit space like <b>\hspace{10}</b>
2630
+ or <b>\;</b>&nbsp;, etc, is never smashed. </p>
2631
+
2632
+ <p> The scope of <b>\smash</b> and <b>\nosmash</b> is the
2633
+ <b>{&nbsp;}</b>-enclosed subexpression in which the directive occurs.
2634
+ For example, if you want the <b><i>g(x)</i></b>&nbsp;part of the
2635
+ preceding example smashed, but not the <b>1/2</b>&nbsp;part,
2636
+ then the expression
2637
+ <b>\nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx}</b>
2638
+ renders as &nbsp;
2639
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="smash3" onclick="eqntext('smash3')"
2640
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
2641
+ \nosmash\frac12{\smash\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}}"
2642
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>.
2643
+ <!-- Moreover, explicit space like
2644
+ <b>\hspace{10}</b> or <b>\;</b>, etc, is never smashed.
2645
+ So <b>{\frac12\;\;}\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}g(x)dx</b> renders as &nbsp;
2646
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="smash4" onclick="eqntext('smash4')"
2647
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
2648
+ {\frac12\;\;}\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)dx}"
2649
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. --> </p>
2650
+
2651
+ <p> For finer-grained control, note that <b>\smash</b> is shorthand
2652
+ for the default <b>\smashmargin{+3}</b> (and <b>\nosmash</b> is
2653
+ shorthand for <b>\smashmargin{0}</b>). <b>\smashmargin</b>'s value
2654
+ is the minimum number of pixels between smashed symbols. The leading
2655
+ <b>+</b> is optional. If present, the font size (\tiny=0,...,\Huge=7)
2656
+ is added to the specified minimum. Compile mimetex.c with the
2657
+ <b>-DSMASHMARGIN=<i>n</i></b> <a href="#options">option</a> to change
2658
+ the default from <b>3</b> to <b><i>n</i></b>. Compare the preceding
2659
+ example with the over-smashed <b>\smashmargin{1}</b> &nbsp;
2660
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="smash5" onclick="eqntext('smash5')"
2661
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\displaystyle
2662
+ \smashmargin1\frac12\int_{a+b+c}^{d+e+f}{g(x)}dx"
2663
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; instead. </p>
2664
+
2665
+ <p> Smashing is in "beta testing" and some expressions still don't look
2666
+ quite right when smashed, e.g., <b>1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots</b> renders as
2667
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="smash6" onclick="eqntext('smash6')"
2668
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots"
2669
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. Just compile with <b>-DNOSMASH</b>
2670
+ if you come across numerous annoying situations. </p>
2671
+
2672
+ <h3> <a name="not">\not and \cancel and \sout<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2673
+
2674
+ <p> The usual LaTeX &nbsp; <b>\not</b> &nbsp; "slashes" the single symbol
2675
+ following it, e.g., &nbsp; <b>i\not\partial\equiv&nbsp;i\not\nabla</b>
2676
+ &nbsp; produces <a href="#preview">
2677
+ <img id="not1" onclick="eqntext('not1')"
2678
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize i\not\partial\equiv i\not\nabla"
2679
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. </p>
2680
+
2681
+ <p> For arbitrary expressions, mimeTeX provides &nbsp; <b>\cancel</b> &nbsp;
2682
+ which draws a line from the upper-right to lower-left corner of its
2683
+ argument, e.g., &nbsp; <b>a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}</b> &nbsp; produces
2684
+ &nbsp; <a href="#preview"><img id="not2" onclick="eqntext('not2')"
2685
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large a\cancel{x^2}=bx^{\not3}"
2686
+ alt="" border=0 align=bottom></a>. </p>
2687
+
2688
+ <p> Finally, similar to the <b>ulem.sty</b> package, &nbsp; <b>\sout</b>
2689
+ &nbsp; draws a horizontal strikeout line through its argument,
2690
+ e.g., &nbsp; <b>\sout{abcdefg}</b> &nbsp; produces <a href="#preview">
2691
+ <img id="not3" onclick="eqntext('not3')"
2692
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout{abcdefg}"
2693
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. MimeTeX's <b>\sout</b> also
2694
+ takes an optional argument that adjusts the vertical position of its
2695
+ strikeout line by the specified number of pixels, e.g., &nbsp;
2696
+ <b>\sout[+2]{abcdefg}</b> produces <a href="#preview">
2697
+ <img id="not4" onclick="eqntext('not4')"
2698
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[+2]{abcdefg}"
2699
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; and &nbsp;
2700
+ <b>\sout[-2]{abcdefg}</b> produces
2701
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="not5" onclick="eqntext('not5')"
2702
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\sout[-2]{abcdefg}"
2703
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>. </p>
2704
+
2705
+
2706
+ <h2> <a name="array"> (IIIe) \begin{array}{lcr}...\end{array} Environment
2707
+ &nbsp; </a> </h2>
2708
+
2709
+ <p> Rendering vectors and matrices, aligning equations, etc, is all done
2710
+ using the customary LaTeX environment &nbsp;
2711
+ <b>\begin{array}{lcr}&nbsp;a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc&nbsp;\end{array}</b>
2712
+ &nbsp; which you can write in exactly that form. MimeTeX also
2713
+ recognizes the following array-like environments </p>
2714
+ <center> <table cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1">
2715
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> </td>
2716
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2717
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{array}</b> </td> </tr>
2718
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{matrix}</b> </td>
2719
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2720
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{matrix}</b> </td> </tr>
2721
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{pmatrix}</b> </td>
2722
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2723
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{pmatrix}</b> </td> </tr>
2724
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{bmatrix}</b> </td>
2725
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2726
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{bmatrix}</b> </td> </tr>
2727
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{Bmatrix}</b> </td>
2728
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2729
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{Bmatrix}</b> </td> </tr>
2730
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{vmatrix}</b> </td>
2731
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2732
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{vmatrix}</b> </td> </tr>
2733
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{Vmatrix}</b> </td>
2734
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b&c \\ d&e&f \\ etc</b> </td>
2735
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{Vmatrix}</b> </td> </tr>
2736
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{eqnarray}</b> </td>
2737
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&=&b \\ c&=&d \\ etc</b> </td>
2738
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{eqnarray}</b> </td> </tr>
2739
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{align}</b> </td>
2740
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&=b \\ c&=d \\ etc</b> </td>
2741
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{align}</b> </td> </tr>
2742
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{cases}</b> </td>
2743
+ <td align="center"> <b>a&b \\ c&d \\ etc</b> </td>
2744
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{cases}</b> </td> </tr>
2745
+ <tr> <td align="left"> <b>\begin{gather}</b> </td>
2746
+ <td align="center"> <b>a \\ b \\ etc</b> </td>
2747
+ <td align="left"> <b>\end{gather}</b> </td> </tr>
2748
+ </table> </center> <p class="continue">
2749
+ There's a built-in maximum of 64 columns and 64 rows. Nested
2750
+ array environments, e.g.,
2751
+ <b>\begin{pmatrix}a&\begin{matrix}1&2\\3&4\end{matrix}\\c&d\end{pmatrix}</b>,
2752
+ are permitted. </p>
2753
+
2754
+ <p> MimeTeX also provides the abbreviation &nbsp;
2755
+ <b>\array{lcr$a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}</b> &nbsp;
2756
+ which has exactly the same effect as &nbsp;
2757
+ <b>\begin{array}{lcr}&nbsp;a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc&nbsp;\end{array}</b>.
2758
+ And the <b>lcr$</b> "preamble" in <b>\array{lcr$etc}</b> is optional.
2759
+ In that case, &nbsp; <b>\array{a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc}</b> &nbsp;
2760
+ has exactly the same effect as &nbsp;
2761
+ <b>\begin{matrix}&nbsp;a&b&c\\d&e&f\\etc&nbsp;\end{matrix}</b>.
2762
+ You can also write <b>\(\array{etc}\)</b> to "manually abbreviate"
2763
+ the pmatrix environment, or <b>\array{rcl$etc}</b> to abbreviate
2764
+ eqnarray, but mimeTeX has no explicit abbreviations for these
2765
+ other environments. For example, </p> <center>
2766
+ <b>\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}</b>
2767
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2768
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="array1" onclick="eqntext('array1')"
2769
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{matrix}a_1&a_2&a_3\\
2770
+ b_1&b_2&b_3\\c_1&c_2&c_3\end{matrix}"
2771
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
2772
+
2773
+ <p> Solid <b>\hline</b>'s (but not \cline's) and vertical <b>l|c|r</b> bars
2774
+ are available, as usual. For dashed lines and bars,
2775
+ <b>\begin{array}</b> provides the additional features <b>\hdash</b>
2776
+ and <b>l.c.r</b>&nbsp;. <b>\hline</b> and <b>\hdash</b> may not be
2777
+ abbreviated. For example, </p> <center>
2778
+ <b>\begin{array}{c.c|c} a_1&a_2&a_3 \\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3 <br>
2779
+ \\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3 \end{array}</b> &nbsp; produces <br>
2780
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="array22" onclick="eqntext('array22')"
2781
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large\begin{array}{c.c|c}
2782
+ a_1&a_2&a_3\\\hdash b_1&b_2&b_3\\\hline c_1&c_2&c_3\end{array}"
2783
+ alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center>
2784
+
2785
+ <p> The default font size is unchanged by <b>\array{&nbsp;}</b>, but you
2786
+ can explicitly control it in the usual way, e.g.,
2787
+ <b>{\Large\begin{matrix}...\end{matrix}}</b> renders the entire array
2788
+ in font size 4. In addition, any <b>&...&</b> cell may contain font
2789
+ size declarations which are always local to that cell,
2790
+ e.g., <b>&\fs{-1}...&</b> renders that one cell one font size smaller
2791
+ than current. </p>
2792
+
2793
+ <p> The <b>{lcr}</b> in <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> sets left,center,right
2794
+ <i>"horizontal&nbsp;justification"</i> down columns of an array,
2795
+ as usual. And "vertical&nbsp;justification" across rows defaults
2796
+ to what we'll call <b><i>baseline</i></b>, i.e., aligned equations,
2797
+ as in <a href="#example10">Example&nbsp;10</a> above, display properly.
2798
+ But the down arrows (for &nbsp;
2799
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="array3" onclick="eqntext('array3')"
2800
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\gamma&\Large\downarr}"
2801
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp; and for &nbsp;
2802
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="array4" onclick="eqntext('array4')"
2803
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\array{C$\Large\downarr&\beta}"
2804
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a>)
2805
+ in <a href="#example11">Example&nbsp;11</a> require
2806
+ <i>"vertical&nbsp;centering"</i> across the middle row of that
2807
+ array. So, in addition to lowercase <b>lcr</b>, mimeTeX's <b>{lcr}</b>
2808
+ in <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> may also contain uppercase <b>BC</b> to
2809
+ set "<b>B</b>"aseline or "<b>C</b>"enter vertical justification across
2810
+ the corresponding rows. For example, <b>\begin{array}{rccclBCB}</b>
2811
+ sets baseline justification for the first and third rows, and center
2812
+ justification for the second row. Without any <b>BC</b>'s,
2813
+ all rows default to the usual <b>B</b> baseline justification. </p>
2814
+
2815
+ <p> MimeTeX has no <b>\arraycolsep</b> or <b>\arraystretch</b> parameters.
2816
+ Instead, <b>\begin{array}{lc25rB35C}</b> sets the absolute width
2817
+ of the second column to 25&nbsp;pixels, and the absolute height of the
2818
+ first row to 35&nbsp;pixels, as illustrated by
2819
+ <a href="#example9">Example&nbsp;9</a>. Any number following
2820
+ an <b>lcrBC</b> specification sets the width of that one column
2821
+ (for <b>lcr</b>), or the height of that one row (for <b>BC</b>). <br>
2822
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0>
2823
+ You can optionally precede the number with a <b>+</b> sign,
2824
+ which "propagates" that value forward to all subsequent columns for
2825
+ <b>lcr</b>, or all subsequent rows for <b>BC</b>. For example,
2826
+ <b>\begin{array}{lc+25rB+35C}</b> sets the absolute width of
2827
+ column&nbsp;2 and all subsequent columns to 25&nbsp;pixels,
2828
+ and the absolute height of row&nbsp;1 and all subsequent rows
2829
+ to 35&nbsp;pixels. After absolute sizing has been set, the special
2830
+ value <b>0</b> reverts to automatic sizing for that one row or
2831
+ column, and <b>+0</b> reverts to automatic sizing for all subsequent
2832
+ rows or columns. For example, <b>\begin{array}{c+25ccc+35ccc+0}</b>
2833
+ sets the absolute widths of columns&nbsp;1-3 to 25&nbsp;pixels,
2834
+ columns&nbsp;4-6 to 35&nbsp;pixels, and then reverts to automatic
2835
+ sizing for columns&nbsp;7 and all subsequent columns. <br>
2836
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0>
2837
+ The "propagation" introduced by <b>+</b> is local to the
2838
+ <b>\begin{array}</b> in which it occurs. So you have to repeat
2839
+ the same specifications if you want rows aligned across several
2840
+ arrays on the same line (or columns aligned on several lines
2841
+ separated by <b>\\</b>). Instead, a lowercase <b>g</b> globally
2842
+ copies your column specifications to all subsequent arrays,
2843
+ and an uppercase <b>G</b> globally copies your row specifications.
2844
+ And <b>gG</b> copies both column and row specifications. For example,
2845
+ <b>\begin{array}{GC+25}</b> sets the height of all rows in this
2846
+ array to 25 pixels, and ditto for all subsequent arrays to its right.
2847
+ Explicit specifications in subsequent arrays override previous global
2848
+ values. <br>
2849
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{35}" alt="" border=0>
2850
+ Click one of the following examples to see illustrations
2851
+ of the above discussion: </p> <center>
2852
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="array31" onclick="eqntext('array31')"
2853
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
2854
+ \left( \begin{array}{GC+30}
2855
+ \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2\\
2856
+ i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right)
2857
+ \left( \begin{array}
2858
+ z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right)
2859
+ \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 1}"
2860
+ alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> <br>
2861
+ <a href="#preview"> <img id="array32" onclick="eqntext('array32')"
2862
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large
2863
+ \left( \begin{array}{GC+30gc+40}
2864
+ \cos\frac\theta2 & i\,\sin\frac\theta2 \\
2865
+ i\,\sin\frac\theta2 & \cos\frac\theta2 \end{array} \right)
2866
+ \left( \begin{array}
2867
+ z & x_{\tiny-} \\ x_{\tiny+} & -z \end{array} \right)
2868
+ \hfill{300}\text{\normalsize Example 2}"
2869
+ alt="" border="0" align="middle"> </a> </center>
2870
+
2871
+ <p> See <a href="#example8">Examples&nbsp;8-11</a> above for several
2872
+ additional <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b> applications. </p>
2873
+
2874
+
2875
+ <h2> <a name="picture"> (IIIf) \picture(&nbsp;){&nbsp;} "Environment",
2876
+ including \line(&nbsp;){&nbsp;} and \circle(&nbsp;) &nbsp; </a> </h2>
2877
+
2878
+ <p> Besides <b>\begin{array}{lcr}</b>, mimeTeX also tries to emulate the
2879
+ familiar LaTeX picture environment with the somewhat similar<br>
2880
+ <b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; \picture(width[,height])&nbsp;
2881
+ {&nbsp;(loc1){pic_elem1}&nbsp;(loc2){pic_elem2}&nbsp;...&nbsp;}</b><br>
2882
+ as illustrated by <a href="#example12">Examples&nbsp;12-13</a> above.
2883
+ Arguments surrounded by <b>[&nbsp;]</b>'s are optional.
2884
+ If the optional <b>[,height]</b> is omitted, then <b>height=width</b>
2885
+ is assumed. Locations <b>(loc1)</b> and <b>(loc2)&nbsp;...</b> each
2886
+ denote either a <b>\put(loc)</b> or a <b>\multiput(loc)</b>,
2887
+ and each location is of the form <b>([c]x,y[;xinc,yinc[;num]])</b>. </p>
2888
+
2889
+ <p> A <b>\put(loc)</b> is denoted by a location of the form <b>([c]x,y)</b>
2890
+ where <b>x,y</b> denotes the coordinate where the lower-left corner
2891
+ of the subsequent picture_element will be placed, unless the letter
2892
+ <b>c</b> precedes the <b>x</b>-number, in which case <b>cx,y</b>
2893
+ denotes the center point instead. The very lower-left corner of the
2894
+ entire picture is always <b>0,0</b>, and the upper-right corner is
2895
+ <b>width-1,height-1</b>. Note, for example, that you'd never want
2896
+ to specify location <b>c0,0</b> since the picture_element would be
2897
+ mostly out-of-bounds (only its upper-right quadrant would be
2898
+ in-bounds). </p>
2899
+
2900
+ <p> A <b>\multiput(loc)</b> starts like a <b>\put(loc)</b>, but location
2901
+ <b>[c]x,y</b> is followed by <b>;xinc,yinc[;num]</b> indicating the
2902
+ <b>x,y-inc</b>rements applied to each of <b>num</b> repetitions
2903
+ of picture_element. If <b>;num</b> is omitted, repetitions continue
2904
+ until the picture_element goes out-of-bounds of the specified
2905
+ <b>width[,height]</b>. Note that <b>x,y</b> are always positive or
2906
+ zero, but <b>xinc,yinc</b> may be postive, zero or negative. </p>
2907
+
2908
+ <p> The <b>\picture(,){...}</b> parameters <b>width, height, x, y, xinc,
2909
+ yinc</b> may be either integer or may contain a decimal point,
2910
+ and they're all scaled by <a href="#unitlength">\unitlength</a>.
2911
+ The <b>num</b> parameter must be integer. </p>
2912
+
2913
+ <p> Picture_element's <b>{pic_elem1}</b> and <b>{pic_elem2} ...</b>
2914
+ may be any expressions recognized by mimeTeX, even including other
2915
+ <b>\picture</b>'s nested to any level. </p>
2916
+
2917
+ <h3> <a name="circleline">\line(&nbsp;){&nbsp;} and
2918
+ \circle(&nbsp;)<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
2919
+
2920
+ <p> To help draw useful picture_element's, mimeTeX provides several
2921
+ drawing commands, <b>\line(xinc,yinc)[{xlen}]</b> and
2922
+ <b>\circle(xdiam[,ydiam][;arc])</b>. Although primarily intended
2923
+ for use in <b>\picture</b>'s, you can use them in any mimeTeX
2924
+ expression, e.g., &nbsp; <b>abc\circle(20)def</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
2925
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline1" onclick="eqntext('circleline1')"
2926
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\large abc\circle(20)def"
2927
+ alt="" border="0" align="middle"></a>. </p>
2928
+
2929
+ <p> Without its optional <b>{xlen}</b> parameter, the expression
2930
+ <b>(x,y){\line(xinc,yinc)}</b> draws a straight line from point
2931
+ <b>x,y</b> to point <b>x+xinc,y+yinc</b>. The <b>inc</b>'s
2932
+ can be positive, zero or negative. Don't prefix location <b>x,y</b>
2933
+ with a leading <b>c</b> for <b>\line</b>'s; the intended "corner"
2934
+ is determined by the signs of <b>xinc</b> and <b>yinc</b>.
2935
+ If given, the optional <b>{xlen}</b> parameter rescales the length
2936
+ of the line so its x-projection is <b>xlen</b> and its slope is
2937
+ unchanged. </p>
2938
+
2939
+ <p> Without optional <b>,ydiam</b> and <b>;arc</b>, the expression
2940
+ <b>(x,y){\circle(xdiam)}</b> draws a circle of diameter <b>xdiam</b>
2941
+ centered at <b>x,y</b>. Don't prefix location <b>x,y</b> with a
2942
+ leading <b>c</b> for <b>\circle</b>'s; centering is assumed.
2943
+ If <b>,ydiam</b> is also given, then <b>(x,y){\circle(xdiam,ydiam)}</b>
2944
+ draws the ellipse inscribed in a rectangle of width <b>xdiam</b>
2945
+ and height <b>ydiam</b> centered at <b>x,y</b>. <br>
2946
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Finally, <b>;arc</b> specifies the arc to be
2947
+ drawn, in one of two ways. An <b>;arc</b> argument given in the
2948
+ form <b>;1234</b> interprets each digit as a quadrant to be drawn,
2949
+ with <b>1</b> the upper-right quadrant and then proceeding
2950
+ counterclockwise, e.g., <b>\circle(12;34)</b> specifies the
2951
+ lower half of a circle whose diameter is twelve. <br>
2952
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Alternatively, an <b>;arc</b> argument given in
2953
+ the form <b>45,180</b> or <b>-60,120</b> specifies the endpoints of
2954
+ the desired arc in degrees, with <b>0</b> the positive x-axis and
2955
+ then proceeding counterclockwise. The first number must always
2956
+ be smaller than the second (negative numbers are allowed), and the
2957
+ arc is drawn counterclockwise starting from the smaller number. </p>
2958
+
2959
+ <p> Besides <a href="#example12">Examples 12-13</a> above,
2960
+ it's hard to resist illustrating<br>
2961
+ <font size=4><b>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2962
+ \unitlength{.6} &nbsp; \picture(100) {<br>
2963
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2964
+ (50,50){\circle(99)} %%head%%<br>
2965
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2966
+ (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} %%eyes%%<br>
2967
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2968
+ (50,40){\bullet} %%nose%%<br>
2969
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2970
+ (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} %%upper lip%%<br>
2971
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
2972
+ (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)} %%lower lip%% &nbsp; }</b></font></p>
2973
+ <center>
2974
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="circleline2" onclick="eqntext('circleline2')"
2975
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\unitlength{.6}\picture(100){
2976
+ (50,50){\circle(99)} (20,55;50,0;2){\fs{+1}\hat\bullet} (50,40){\bullet}
2977
+ (50,35){\circle(50,25;34)} (50,35){\circle(50,45;34)}}"
2978
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a><br>Have a nice day!</center>
2979
+
2980
+
2981
+ <h2> <a name="commands"> (IIIg) Other mimeTeX Commands &nbsp; </a> </h2>
2982
+
2983
+ <p> Various and sundry other LaTeX-like commands are also provided
2984
+ by mimeTeX. In addition to features explicitly discussed below,
2985
+ mimeTeX supports the usual sub<b>_</b>scripts and super<b>^</b>scripts,
2986
+ and most of the typical LaTeX commands, many already discussed
2987
+ above, including </p>
2988
+ <ul>
2989
+ <li> <b>\frac{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b> and <b>{&nbsp;\over&nbsp;}</b> </li>
2990
+ <li> <b>{&nbsp;\atop&nbsp;}</b> and <b>{&nbsp;\choose&nbsp;}</b> </li>
2991
+ <li> <b>\sqrt{&nbsp;}</b> </li>
2992
+ <li> <b>\lim_{&nbsp;}</b> and all the usual LaTeX function names </li>
2993
+ <li> <b>\hat{&nbsp;}</b> and <b>\widehat{&nbsp;}</b>
2994
+ and many of the usual LaTeX accents </li>
2995
+ <li> <b>\overbrace{&nbsp;}^{&nbsp;}</b> and
2996
+ <b>\underbrace{&nbsp;}_{&nbsp;}</b> </li>
2997
+ <li> <b>\overline{&nbsp;}</b> and <b>\underline{&nbsp;}</b> </li>
2998
+ </ul> <p class="continue">
2999
+ All these typical commands should behave as they usually do
3000
+ in LaTeX, and won't be discussed further. Short discussions
3001
+ of some other commands follow. </p>
3002
+
3003
+ <h3> <a name="stackrel">\overset{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;} or
3004
+ \stackrel{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;} &nbsp; and &nbsp;
3005
+ \underset{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;} or \relstack{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}
3006
+ <font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
3007
+
3008
+ <p class="continue">
3009
+ <b>\stackrel{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b> behaves as usual in LaTeX,
3010
+ rendering its first argument one font size smaller and centered above
3011
+ its second. And the amsmath-style <b>\overset{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b> is
3012
+ identical. For example, </p> <center>
3013
+ <b>"\vec x\overset{\rm def}=(x_1\ldots x_n)"</b>
3014
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
3015
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel1" onclick="eqntext('stackrel1')"
3016
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
3017
+ \Large\vec x\,\overset{\small\rm def}=
3018
+ \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
3019
+
3020
+ <p> "Conversely" to <b>\stackrel{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b>, mimeTeX provides
3021
+ <b>\relstack{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b>, which renders its second argument
3022
+ one font size smaller and centered below its first.
3023
+ And the amsmath-style <b>\underset{&nbsp;}{&nbsp;}</b> renders its
3024
+ first argument one font size smaller and centered below its second.
3025
+ For example, the <b>\log</b> function name doesn't treat
3026
+ limits like <b>\lim_</b>, but you can write, for example, </p> <center>
3027
+ <b>"\underset{\rm base 2}\log32=5"</b> &nbsp; to render &nbsp;
3028
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel2" onclick="eqntext('stackrel2')"
3029
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
3030
+ \Large\underset{\small\rm base 2}\log32\,=\,5"
3031
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
3032
+
3033
+ <p> MimeTeX's <b>\limits</b> provides an easier but non-standard
3034
+ alternative to achieve the same effect. For example, </p> <center>
3035
+ <b>"\vec x =\limits^{\rm def} (x_1\ldots x_n)"</b>
3036
+ &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
3037
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel3" onclick="eqntext('stackrel3')"
3038
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\vec x\,=\limits^{\small\rm def}
3039
+ \,(x_1\ldots x_n)" alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> <br><br>
3040
+ and &nbsp; <b>"\log\limits_{\rm base 2}32=5"</b> &nbsp;
3041
+ produces &nbsp;
3042
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="stackrel4" onclick="eqntext('stackrel4')"
3043
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?
3044
+ \Large\log\limits_{\small\rm base 2}32\,=\,5"
3045
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
3046
+
3047
+ <h3> <a name="fbox">\fbox{&nbsp;}<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
3048
+
3049
+ <p> In case html border attributes aren't suitable, mimeTeX provides
3050
+ the usual <b>\fbox{<i>expression</i>}</b> command, e.g., </p> <center>
3051
+ <b>"\fbox{x=\frac12}"</b> &nbsp; produces &nbsp;
3052
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="fbox1" onclick="eqntext('fbox1')"
3053
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\Large\fbox{x=\frac12}"
3054
+ alt="" border=0 align=middle></a> </center>
3055
+
3056
+ <p> You can also write <b>\fbox[<i>width</i>]{<i>expression</i>}</b>
3057
+ to explicitly set the box's width, or you can write
3058
+ <b>\fbox[<i>width</i>][<i>height</i>]{<i>expression</i>}</b>
3059
+ to explicitly set both width and height. </p>
3060
+
3061
+ <h3> <a name="today">\today and \calendar<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
3062
+
3063
+ <p class="continue"> <b>\today</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
3064
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="today1" onclick="eqntext('today1')"
3065
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\today"
3066
+ border=0 align=middle></a> &nbsp;
3067
+ in the usual LaTeX text&nbsp;mode way.
3068
+ That's <b>\today</b>'s default format#1. MimeTeX has
3069
+ an optional format argument so that, for example, &nbsp;
3070
+ <b>\blue\today[2]</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
3071
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="today2" onclick="eqntext('today2')"
3072
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\blue\today[2]"
3073
+ border=0 align=middle></a>, &nbsp;
3074
+ showing both date and time. And &nbsp;
3075
+ <b>\red\today[3]</b> &nbsp; renders &nbsp;
3076
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="today3" onclick="eqntext('today3')"
3077
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\red\today[3]"
3078
+ border=0 align=bottom></a>,
3079
+ &nbsp; showing time only. </p>
3080
+
3081
+ <p> To accommodate time zones, you may also write, for example, &nbsp;
3082
+ <b>\small\blue\today[2,+3]</b>, &nbsp; which renders &nbsp;
3083
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="today4" onclick="eqntext('today4')"
3084
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\today[2,+3]"
3085
+ border=0 align=middle></a>, &nbsp;
3086
+ adding three hours to format#2.
3087
+ The arguments may be in either order. The time zone increment
3088
+ must always be preceded by either <b>+</b>&nbsp;or&nbsp;<b>-</b>,
3089
+ and must be in the range <b>-</b>23&nbsp;to&nbsp;<b>+</b>23. </p>
3090
+
3091
+ <p class="continue"> <b>\calendar</b> &nbsp; renders a calendar for
3092
+ the current month, as illustrated by the left-hand image below.
3093
+ For a different month, the optional argument &nbsp
3094
+ <b>\small\blue\calendar[2001,9]</b> &nbsp; renders the right-hand
3095
+ image, for the requested year and month. Years must be
3096
+ 1973<b>...</b>2099 and months must be 1<b>...</b>12. </p>
3097
+ <center>
3098
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="today5" onclick="eqntext('today5')"
3099
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\calendar"
3100
+ border=0 align=middle> </a> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
3101
+ <a href="#preview"><img id="today6" onclick="eqntext('today6')"
3102
+ src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\small\blue\calendar[2001,9]"
3103
+ border=0 align=middle> </a> </center>
3104
+
3105
+ <p> The default calendar emphasizes the current day of the current month,
3106
+ while any other month emphasizes no day. Day emphasis is controlled
3107
+ by an optional third argument. &nbsp; <b>\calendar[0,0,1]</b> &nbsp;
3108
+ emphasizes the first day of the current month, and
3109
+ &nbsp; <b>\calendar[2001,9,11]</b> &nbsp; emphasizes the eleventh
3110
+ day of that month. &nbsp; <b>\calendar[0,0,99]</b> &nbsp;
3111
+ renders the current month with no day emphasized. </p>
3112
+
3113
+ <h3> <a name="input">\input{&nbsp;}<font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
3114
+
3115
+ <p class="continue">
3116
+ <b>\input{<i>filename</i>}</b> behaves just like the corresponding
3117
+ LaTeX command, reading the entire contents of <b><i>filename</i></b>
3118
+ into your expression at the point where the <b>\input</b> command
3119
+ occurs. By default, <b><i>filename</i></b> resides in the same
3120
+ directory as mimetex.cgi. Moreover, for security, absolute paths
3121
+ with leading <b>/</b>'s or <b>\</b>'s, and paths with <b>../</b>'s
3122
+ or <b>..\</b>'s, are not permitted. See the <b>-DPATHPREFIX</b>
3123
+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a>, discussed above,
3124
+ if you want <b>\input</b> files in some other directory.
3125
+ In any case, if <b><i>filename</i></b> isn't found, then
3126
+ <b>\input</b> tries to read <b><i>filename</i>.tex</b> instead.</p>
3127
+
3128
+ <p> MimeTeX also supports the optional form
3129
+ <b>\input{<i>filename:tag</i>}</b>. In this case,
3130
+ <b><i>filename</i></b> is read as before, but only those characters
3131
+ between <b>&lt;<i>tag</i>&gt;...&lt;/<i>tag</i>&gt;</b> are placed
3132
+ into your expression. This permits you to have one file containing
3133
+ many different <b>&lt;<i>tag</i>&gt;</b>'s, e.g., one file containing
3134
+ all the questions and/or answers to a homework assignment or a quiz,
3135
+ etc. </p>
3136
+
3137
+ <h3> <a name="counter">\counter[&nbsp;]{&nbsp;}
3138
+ <font size=5>...</font></a> </h3>
3139
+
3140
+ <p> The bottom-right corner of this page contains a page hit counter
3141
+ that's maintained using mimeTeX's
3142
+ <b>\counter[<i>logfile</i>]{<i>counterfile</i>:<i>tag</i>}</b>
3143
+ command. As with <b>\input</b>, described immediately above,
3144
+ both the required <b><i>counterfile</i></b> and the optional
3145
+ <b><i>logfile</i></b> are the names of files that reside in the
3146
+ same directory as your mimetex.cgi executable, unless you compiled
3147
+ mimetex with the <b>-DPATHPREFIX</b>
3148
+ <a href="#options">compile&nbsp;option</a>. Before using
3149
+ the <b>\counter</b> command, Unix "touch" and "chmod" those files
3150
+ so they're mimeTeX readable and writable. </p>
3151
+
3152
+ <p> If <b><i>counterfile</i></b> isn't readable and writable,
3153
+ then the <b>\counter</b> command always displays
3154
+ <b>1<sup><u>st</u></sup></b>. Otherwise, it maintains a
3155
+ line in <b><i>counterfile</i></b> of the form
3156
+ <b>&lt;<i>tag</i>&gt;&nbsp;<i>value</i>&nbsp;&lt;/<i>tag</i>&gt;</b>
3157
+ where <b><i>value</i></b> is initialized as <b>1_</b> if the
3158
+ specified <b>&lt;<i>tag</i>&gt;</b> line doesn't already exist,
3159
+ and then incremented on each subsequent call. That trailing
3160
+ underscore on the value in the file, e.g., <b>99_</b>, tells
3161
+ mimeTeX to display <b>99<sup><u>th</u></sup></b> with an
3162
+ ordinal suffix. Edit the value in the file and remove the
3163
+ underscore if you don't want the ordinal suffix displayed.
3164
+ Finally, mimeTeX makes no effort to lock files or
3165
+ records&nbsp;(tags), so be careful using <b>\counter</b>
3166
+ if your hit rates are high enough so that frequent collisions
3167
+ are likely. </p>
3168
+
3169
+ <p> The same <b><i>counterfile</i></b> can contain as many different
3170
+ <b>&lt;<i>tag</i>&gt;</b> lines as you like, so counters for
3171
+ all the pages on your site can be maintained in one file.
3172
+ MimeTeX also maintains a special <b>&lt;timestamp&gt;</b> tag
3173
+ in <b><i>counterfile</i></b> that logs the the date/time and
3174
+ name of the most recently updated tag. </p>
3175
+
3176
+ <p> Somewhat more detailed log information can be accumulated in
3177
+ the optional <b><i>logfile</i></b>. If you provide that
3178
+ filename, mimeTeX writes a line to it of the form
3179
+ <b>2004-09-20:12:59:33pm&nbsp;&lt;<i>tag</i>&gt;=99&nbsp;192.168.1.1&nbsp;<i>http_referer</i></b>
3180
+ containing a timestamp, the counter tag and its current value,
3181
+ and the user's IP address and http_referer page if they're
3182
+ available. </p>
3183
+
3184
+ <p> The page hit counter displayed at the bottom-right corner
3185
+ of this page is maintained by the command
3186
+ <b>\counter[counters.log]{counters.txt:mimetex.html}</b>.
3187
+ After compiling and installing your
3188
+ own mimetex.cgi and your own copy of this page, that counter will
3189
+ continually show <b>1<sup><u>st</u></sup></b>'s
3190
+ unless/until you "touch" and "chmod" counters.txt (and, optionally,
3191
+ counters.log) in your mimetex.cgi directory. </p>
3192
+
3193
+
3194
+ <h2> <a name="exceptions"> (IIIh) Other Exceptions
3195
+ to LaTeX Syntax &nbsp; </a> </h2>
3196
+
3197
+ <h3> Binding Exceptions<font size=5>...</font> </h3>
3198
+
3199
+ <p> MimeTeX's bindings are pretty much left-to-right. For example,
3200
+ although mimeTeX correctly interprets <b>\frac12</b> as well as
3201
+ <b>\frac{1}{2}</b>, etc, the legal LaTeX expression <b>x^\frac12</b>
3202
+ must be written <b>x^{\frac12}</b>. Otherwise, mimeTeX interprets
3203
+ it as <b>{x^\frac}12</b>, i.e., the same way <b>x^\alpha12</b>
3204
+ would be interpreted, which is entirely wrong for <b>\frac</b>.
3205
+ The same requirement also applies to other combinations of commands,
3206
+ e.g., you must write <b>\sqrt{\frac\alpha\beta}</b>, etc. </p>
3207
+
3208
+
3209
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3210
+ SECTION IV. APPENDICES
3211
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
3212
+ <h1> <a name="appendices"> (IV) Appendices &nbsp; </a> </h1>
3213
+
3214
+ <p> Programming information to help you modify mimeTeX's behavior,
3215
+ and to use its functionality in your own programs, is provided
3216
+ by these appendices. The currently available appendices discuss
3217
+ (a)how to modify or extend mimeTeX's fonts, (b)how to use
3218
+ mimeTeX's principal function, make_raster(), and (c)how to use
3219
+ <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a>
3220
+ gifsave.c library. </p>
3221
+
3222
+
3223
+ <h2> <a name="fonts"> (IVa) &nbsp; mimeTeX Fonts &nbsp; </a> </h2>
3224
+
3225
+ <p> The font information mimeTeX uses to render characters is
3226
+ derived from .gf font files (usually generated by <b>metafont</b>
3227
+ running against .mf files), which are then run through
3228
+ <b>gftype -i</b> and finally through my <b>gfuntype</b> program
3229
+ (supplied with your mimeTeX distribution). </p>
3230
+
3231
+ <p> The final output from each such sequence of three runs
3232
+ (metafont &gt; gftype -i &gt; gfuntype) gives mimeTeX the
3233
+ bitmap information it needs to render one particular font
3234
+ family at one particular size. The file <b>texfonts.h</b>
3235
+ supplied with your mimeTeX distribution collects the output
3236
+ from 72 such (sequences of) runs, representing nine font
3237
+ families at eight sizes each. </p>
3238
+
3239
+ <p> This collection of information in &nbsp; texfonts.h &nbsp; is
3240
+ "wired" into mimeTeX through tables maintained in <b>mimetex.h</b>.
3241
+ To change mimeTeX's fonts, you'll have to first modify (or totally
3242
+ replace) texfonts.h using your own gfuntype output, and then
3243
+ change mimetex.h to reflect your texfonts.h modifications. </p>
3244
+
3245
+ <p> This appendix provides a brief description of the above
3246
+ process, though you'll probably need at least some previous
3247
+ C programming experience to confidently accomplish it.
3248
+ Your motivation might be to add more fonts to mimeTeX,
3249
+ to change the font sizes I chose, or to add more
3250
+ font sizes, etc. MimeTeX's design permits all this to be
3251
+ easily done once you understand the process. </p>
3252
+
3253
+ <p> Running <b>metafont</b> to generate a <b>.gf</b> file from <b>.mf</b>
3254
+ source will usually be your very first step. A typical such run
3255
+ might be </p>
3256
+ <!-- <b>mf '\mode=onetz; mag=magstep(.5); input cmmi10'</b> --> <center>
3257
+ <b>mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmmi10'</b></center>
3258
+ <p class="continue"> which in this case generates output file
3259
+ <b>cmmi10.131gf</b> (which is mimeTeX's font size 3 for the
3260
+ cmmi family). </p>
3261
+
3262
+ <p> Given the cmmi10.131gf file from this metafont run
3263
+ (or substitute any other .gf file you like), next run </p>
3264
+ <center><b>gftype -i cmmi10.131gf &gt; typeout</b></center>
3265
+ <p class="continue"> where <b>typeout</b> can be any temporary
3266
+ filename you like. </p>
3267
+
3268
+ <p> Finally, run <b>gfuntype</b> against the typeout file
3269
+ you just generated with the command </p>
3270
+ <center><b>gfuntype -n cmmi131 typeout cmmi131.h</b></center>
3271
+ <p class="continue"> to generate the final output file <b>cmmi131.h</b>
3272
+ (or any filename you supply as the last arg). This
3273
+ contains the cmmi data in an array whose name is taken
3274
+ from the <b>-n</b> arg you supplied to gfuntype. </p>
3275
+
3276
+ <p> The above sequence of three runs resulted in output file
3277
+ <b>cmmi131.h</b>, containing the font information mimeTeX needs
3278
+ for one font family (cmmi) at one font size (3). Repeat this
3279
+ sequence of three runs for each font size and each font family.
3280
+ Then pull all the output files into one big <b>texfonts.h</b> file
3281
+ (or write a small texfonts.h which just #include's them all). </p>
3282
+
3283
+ <p> For your information, the 72 sequences of runs represented
3284
+ in the texfonts.h file supplied with your mimeTeX distribution
3285
+ correspond to the following eight inital metafont runs for cmr10 </p>
3286
+ <!--
3287
+ 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=nextscrn; input cmr10'
3288
+ 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=lview; input cmr10'
3289
+ 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=onetz; mag=magstep(.5); input cmr10'
3290
+ 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=itoh; input cmr10'
3291
+ 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=lqlores; input cmr10'
3292
+ -->
3293
+ <pre> size=0 (.83gf) mf '\mode=eighthre; input cmr10'
3294
+ 1 (.100gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-17.874274); input cmr10'
3295
+ 2 (.118gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.966458); input cmr10'
3296
+ 3 (.131gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-16.393225); input cmr10'
3297
+ 4 (.160gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-15.296391); input cmr10'
3298
+ 5 (.180gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-14.650373); input cmr10'
3299
+ 6 (.210gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-13.804885); input cmr10'
3300
+ 7 (.250gf) mf '\mode=preview; mag=magstep(-12.848589); input cmr10'</pre>
3301
+ <p class="continue">
3302
+ Then ditto for the eight other font families cmmi10, cmmib10, cmsy10,
3303
+ cmex10, bbold10, rsfs10, stmary10 and wncyr10. And to generate other
3304
+ <b>.</b><i>dpi</i><b>gf</b> font sizes, calculate magsteps &nbsp;
3305
+ <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\normalsize\frac{\log(dpi/2602)}{\log1.2}"
3306
+ alt="" align=middle border=0>. &nbsp; All the subsequent gftype and
3307
+ gfuntype runs just follow the standard format described above. </p>
3308
+
3309
+ <p> To incorporate all this font information you just generated into
3310
+ mimeTeX, edit your <b>mimetex.h</b> file and find the table that looks
3311
+ something like </p><pre>static fontfamily aafonttable[] = {
3312
+ /* ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3313
+ family size=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
3314
+ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
3315
+ { CMR10,{ cmr83, cmr100, cmr118, cmr131, cmr160, cmr180, cmr210, cmr250}},
3316
+ { CMMI10,{ cmmi83, cmmi100, cmmi118, cmmi131, cmmi160, cmmi180, cmmi210, cmmi250}},
3317
+ { CMMIB10,{ cmmib83, cmmib100, cmmib118, cmmib131, cmmib160, cmmib180, cmmib210, cmmib250}},
3318
+ { CMSY10,{ cmsy83, cmsy100, cmsy118, cmsy131, cmsy160, cmsy180, cmsy210, cmsy250}},
3319
+ { CMEX10,{ cmex83, cmex100, cmex118, cmex131, cmex160, cmex180, cmex210, cmex250}},
3320
+ { RSFS10,{ rsfs83, rsfs100, rsfs118, rsfs131, rsfs160, rsfs180, rsfs210, rsfs250}},
3321
+ { BBOLD10,{ bbold83, bbold100, bbold118, bbold131, bbold160, bbold180, bbold210, bbold250}},
3322
+ {STMARY10,{stmary83,stmary100,stmary118,stmary131,stmary160,stmary180,stmary210,stmary250}},
3323
+ { CYR10,{ wncyr83, wncyr100, wncyr118, wncyr131, wncyr160, wncyr180, wncyr210, wncyr250}},
3324
+ { -999,{ NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL}}
3325
+ } ; /* --- end-of-fonttable[] --- */</pre><p class="continue">
3326
+ Note the 72 names <b>cmr83...wncyr250</b> in the table. These must
3327
+ correspond to (or must be changed to) the names following the <b>-n</b>
3328
+ switch you specified for your &nbsp; gfuntype &nbsp; runs. </p>
3329
+
3330
+ <p> If you want more than eight font sizes, first build up texfonts.h
3331
+ with all the necessary information. Then change LARGESTSIZE (and
3332
+ probably NORMALSIZE) in mimetex.h, and finally edit the above aafonttable[]
3333
+ by extending the columns in each row up to your largest size. </p>
3334
+
3335
+ <p> You can also add new rows by #define'ing a new family,
3336
+ and then adding a whole lot of character definitions at the bottom
3337
+ of mimetex.h, all in the obvious way (i.e., it should become obvious
3338
+ after reviewing mimetex.h). A new row would be required,
3339
+ for example, to make another font available in mimeTeX. </p>
3340
+
3341
+ <p> One small problem with the above procedure is that the default
3342
+ &nbsp; gftype &nbsp; program supplied with most TeX distributions
3343
+ can't emit the long lines needed to display mimeTeX's larger font
3344
+ sizes. You'll need to compile your own version from source.
3345
+ The following instructions are for Unix/Linux: <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;
3346
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; First, download both
3347
+ <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web-7.5.3.tar.gz"
3348
+ target="_top">web-7.5.3.tar.gz</a> and
3349
+ <a href="http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/systems/web2c/web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz"
3350
+ target="_top">web2c-7.5.3.tar.gz</a>,
3351
+ or more recent versions. Then &nbsp; untar &nbsp; them both,
3352
+ &nbsp; cd&nbsp;web2c-7.5.3/ &nbsp; and run &nbsp; ./configure &nbsp;
3353
+ and &nbsp; make &nbsp; in the usual way (make may fail before
3354
+ completion if you don't have all needed fonts installed,
3355
+ but it will create and compile gftype.c before failing). Now edit
3356
+ &nbsp; texk/web2c/gftype.c&nbsp; and notice two lines very near the top
3357
+ that &nbsp; #define&nbsp;maxrow&nbsp;(79) &nbsp and similarly for maxcol.
3358
+ Change both 79's to 1024, and then re-run make. The new &nbsp;
3359
+ texk/web2c/gftype &nbsp; executable image can emit the long
3360
+ lines needed for mimeTeX's larger font sizes. </p>
3361
+
3362
+ <p> Finally, the Unix/Linux bash shell script
3363
+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/texfonts.sh"
3364
+ target="_top">texfonts.sh</a> generates file &nbsp; texfonts.h &nbsp;
3365
+ containing the information for all 72 mimeTeX fonts discussed above
3366
+ (and, optionally, an extra 1200dpi cmr font used to test mimeTeX's
3367
+ supersampling algorithm). You'll need to understand and edit this
3368
+ script to use it meaningfully. But it helps automate mimeTeX's font
3369
+ generation procedure in case you want to experiment with different
3370
+ fonts. (Note that metafont emits a complaint while generating the
3371
+ 83dpi rsfs font. Just press &lt;CR&gt; and it completes
3372
+ successfully.) </p>
3373
+
3374
+
3375
+ <h2> <a name="makeraster"> (IVb) mimeTeX's make_raster()
3376
+ function &nbsp; </a> </h2>
3377
+
3378
+ <p> MimeTeX converts an input LaTeX math expression to a corresponding GIF
3379
+ image in two steps. First, it converts the input LaTeX expression to a
3380
+ corresponding bitmap raster. Then <a href="http://shh.thathost.com"
3381
+ target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a> gifsave library, discussed
3382
+ <a href="#gifsave">below</a>, converts that bitmap to the emitted gif.
3383
+ Though you never explicitly see that bitmap, it's mimeTeX's principal
3384
+ result. MimeTeX is written so any program can easily use its
3385
+ expression-to-bitmap conversion capability with just a single line of code.
3386
+ The following complete program demonstrates the simplest such use. </p>
3387
+
3388
+ <pre> #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
3389
+ #include "mimetex.h"
3390
+ int main ( int argc, char *argv[] )
3391
+ {
3392
+ raster *rp = make_raster(argv[1],NORMALSIZE);
3393
+ type_raster(rp,stdout); /* display ascii image of raster */
3394
+ }</pre>
3395
+
3396
+ <p> Cut-and-paste the above sample code from this file to, say,
3397
+ mimedemo.c (and fix the brackets around stdio.h). Then compile <br>
3398
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
3399
+ cc -DTEXFONTS mimedemo.c mimetex.c -lm -o mimedemo <br>
3400
+ and run it from your unix shell command line like <br>
3401
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ./mimedemo &nbsp; &quot;x^2+y^2&quot; </p>
3402
+
3403
+ <p> MimeTeX's expression-to-bitmap conversion is accomplished by the
3404
+ make_raster() call, whose first argument is just a pointer to a
3405
+ (null-terminated) string containing any mimeTeX-compliant LaTeX
3406
+ expression, and whose second argument is the mimeTeX font size
3407
+ to use (overridden if your expression contains a preamble).
3408
+ The ascii display of the bitmap raster returned by make_raster()
3409
+ results from the subsequent call to type_raster(). That's all
3410
+ this program does, but you could use make_raster()'s returned bitmap
3411
+ for any other purpose you have in mind. </p>
3412
+
3413
+ <p> MimeTeX's primary purpose is to emit either xbitmaps or gif images
3414
+ rather than ascii displays. And mimeTeX has anti-aliasing and various
3415
+ other options that further complicate its main() function compared to
3416
+ the simple example above. The example below demonstrates mimeTeX
3417
+ usage in the slightly more realistic situation where an input expression
3418
+ is converted to a gif, without anti-aliasing, and emitted on stdout. </p>
3419
+
3420
+ <pre> #include &lt;stdio.h&gt;
3421
+ #include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
3422
+ #include "mimetex.h"
3423
+
3424
+ /* --- global needed by callback function, below, for gifsave.c --- */
3425
+ static raster *rp = NULL; /* 0/1 bitmap raster image */
3426
+
3427
+ /* --- callback function to return pixel value at col x, row y --- */
3428
+ int GetPixel ( int x, int y ) /* pixel value will be 0 or 1 */
3429
+ { return (int)getpixel(rp,y,x); } /* just use getpixel() macro */
3430
+
3431
+ /* --- main() entry point --- */
3432
+ int main ( int argc, char *argv[] )
3433
+ {
3434
+ /* --- get LaTeX expression from either browser query or command-line --- */
3435
+ char *query = getenv("QUERY_STRING"), /* check for query string */
3436
+ *expression = (query!=NULL? query : /* input either from query */
3437
+ (argc>1? argv[1] : "f(x)=x^2")); /* or from command line */
3438
+ /* ---- mimeTeX converts expression to bitmap raster ---- */
3439
+ rp = make_raster(expression,NORMALSIZE); /* mimeTeX rasterizes expression */
3440
+ /* ---- convert returned bitmap raster to gif, and emit it on stdout ---- */
3441
+ if ( query != NULL ) /* Content-type line for browser */
3442
+ fprintf( stdout, "Content-type: image/gif\n\n" );
3443
+ /* --- initialize gifsave library and colors, and set transparent bg --- */
3444
+ GIF_Create(NULL, rp->width, rp->height, 2, 8); /* init for black/white */
3445
+ GIF_SetColor(0, 255, 255, 255); /* always set background white */
3446
+ GIF_SetColor(1, 0, 0, 0); /* and foreground black */
3447
+ GIF_SetTransparent(0); /* and set transparent background */
3448
+ /* --- finally, emit compressed gif image (to stdout) --- */
3449
+ GIF_CompressImage(0, 0, -1, -1, GetPixel);
3450
+ GIF_Close();
3451
+ }</pre>
3452
+
3453
+ <p> Cut-and-paste as before, compile like <br>
3454
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;
3455
+ cc -DTEXFONTS mimedemo.c mimetex.c gifsave.c -lm -o mimedemo <br>
3456
+ and run it like the first example, but this time you may want to redirect
3457
+ stdout <br>
3458
+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ./mimedemo &nbsp; &quot;x^2+y^2&quot;
3459
+ &nbsp; <b>&gt;</b> &nbsp; mimedemo.gif <br>
3460
+ since output is now a gif image consisting of mostly unprintable bytes.
3461
+ Input is typically from the command line as illustrated, but this example
3462
+ checks for a browser query string too. That means you could actually
3463
+ replace mimetex.cgi with this executable, though anti-aliasing wouldn't
3464
+ be available. </p>
3465
+
3466
+ <p> Of course, this example's intent isn't to replace the mimetex.cgi
3467
+ executable, but rather to illustrate GIFSAVE library usage, documented
3468
+ in detail below. And this example also illustrates usage of several
3469
+ mimeTeX raster structure elements, like rp-&gt;width and rp-&gt;height.
3470
+ So you'll probably also want to refer to mimetex.h, which contains those
3471
+ raster structures and other relevant definitions. For instance, the
3472
+ example's GetPixel() callback function illustrates usage of the getpixel()
3473
+ macro in mimetex.h, to retrieve individual pixels by their x,y-coordinates.
3474
+ And there's a similar setpixel() macro in mimetex.h to store pixels.
3475
+ After completing all this reading, you'll be prepared to begin using
3476
+ mimeTeX functions in your own code. </p>
3477
+
3478
+
3479
+
3480
+ <h2> <a name="gifsave">
3481
+ (IVc)</a> <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a>
3482
+ gifsave.c library &nbsp; </h2>
3483
+
3484
+ <p> The information below is taken from the README file accompanying
3485
+ <a href="http://shh.thathost.com" target="_top">Sverre Huseby's</a>
3486
+ distribution of GIFSAVE. I've made a few small editorial modifications,
3487
+ including descriptions of the several minor changes necessary
3488
+ to support mimeTeX. And the mimeTeX example program immediately above
3489
+ uses GIFSAVE in a very straightforward way that should help clarify
3490
+ any questions which may remain after reading the documentation below. </p>
3491
+
3492
+ <pre>
3493
+ INTRODUCTION
3494
+ ============
3495
+
3496
+ The GIFSAVE functions make it possible to save GIF images from
3497
+ your own C programs.
3498
+
3499
+ GIFSAVE creates simple GIF files following the GIF87a standard.
3500
+ Interlaced images cannot be created. There should only be
3501
+ one image per file.
3502
+
3503
+ GIFSAVE consists of five functions, all returning type int,
3504
+ and no separate header file is required.
3505
+
3506
+ The functions should be called in the order listed below
3507
+ for each GIF-file. One file must be closed before a new one
3508
+ can be created.
3509
+
3510
+ GIF_Create() creates new GIF-files. It takes parameters
3511
+ specifying filename, screen size, number of colors,
3512
+ and color resolution.
3513
+
3514
+ GIF_SetColor() sets up red, green, blue color components.
3515
+ It should be called once for each possible color.
3516
+
3517
+ GIF_SetTransparent() is optional. If called, it sets the
3518
+ color number of the color that should be transparent,
3519
+ i.e., the background color shows through this one.
3520
+
3521
+ GIF_CompressImage() performs the compression of the image.
3522
+ It accepts parameters describing the position and size
3523
+ of the image on screen, and a user defined callback
3524
+ function that is supposed to fetch the pixel values.
3525
+
3526
+ GIF_Close() terminates and closes the file.
3527
+
3528
+ To use these functions, you must also write a callback
3529
+ function that returns the pixel values for each point
3530
+ in the image.
3531
+
3532
+
3533
+ THE FUNCTIONS
3534
+ =============
3535
+
3536
+ GIF_Create()
3537
+ ------------
3538
+ Function Creates a new GIF-file, and stores info on
3539
+ the screen.
3540
+
3541
+ Syntax int GIF_Create(
3542
+ char *filename,
3543
+ int width, int height,
3544
+ int numcolors, int colorres
3545
+ );
3546
+
3547
+ Remarks Creates a new (or overwrites an existing)
3548
+ GIF-file with the given filename. No
3549
+ .GIF-extension is added.
3550
+
3551
+ If filename is passed as a NULL pointer,
3552
+ output is directed to stdout.
3553
+
3554
+ The width- and height- parameters specify
3555
+ the size of the image in pixels.
3556
+
3557
+ numcolors is the number of colors used in
3558
+ the image.
3559
+
3560
+ colorres is number of bits used to encode a
3561
+ primary color (red, green or blue).
3562
+ In GIF-files, colors are built by combining
3563
+ given amounts of each primary color.
3564
+ On VGA-cards, each color is built by
3565
+ combining red, green and blue values in
3566
+ the range [0, 63]. Encoding the number 63
3567
+ would require 6 bits, so colorres would be
3568
+ set to 6.
3569
+
3570
+ Return value GIF_OK - OK
3571
+ GIF_ERRCREATE - Error creating file
3572
+ GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file
3573
+ GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory
3574
+
3575
+
3576
+ GIF_SetColor()
3577
+ --------------
3578
+ Function Specifies the primary color component of a
3579
+ color used in the image.
3580
+
3581
+ Syntax void GIF_SetColor(
3582
+ int colornum,
3583
+ int red, int green, int blue
3584
+ );
3585
+
3586
+ Remarks This function updates the colortable-values
3587
+ for color number colornum in the image.
3588
+
3589
+ Should be called for each color in the range
3590
+ [0, numcolors]
3591
+
3592
+ with red, green and blue components in the
3593
+ range [0, (2^colorres)-1]
3594
+
3595
+ colorres and colornum are values previousely
3596
+ given to the function GIF_Create().
3597
+
3598
+ Return value None
3599
+
3600
+
3601
+ GIF_SetTransparent()
3602
+ --------------------
3603
+ Function Specifies the color number of the color
3604
+ that should be considered transparent.
3605
+
3606
+ Syntax void GIF_SetTransparent(
3607
+ int colornum
3608
+ );
3609
+
3610
+ Remarks Need not be called at all. But if called,
3611
+ should be called only once with colornum in
3612
+ the range [0, numcolors] i.e., colornum
3613
+ must be one of the values previously
3614
+ given to GIF_SetColor().
3615
+
3616
+ Return value None
3617
+
3618
+
3619
+ GIF_CompressImage()
3620
+ -------------------
3621
+ Function Compresses an image and stores it in the
3622
+ current file.
3623
+
3624
+ Syntax int GIF_CompressImage(
3625
+ int left, int top,
3626
+ int width, int height,
3627
+ int (*getpixel)(int x, int y)
3628
+ );
3629
+
3630
+ Remarks The left- and top- parameters indicate the
3631
+ image offset from the upper left corner of
3632
+ the screen. They also give the start values
3633
+ for calls to the userdefined callback
3634
+ function.
3635
+
3636
+ width and height give the size of the image.
3637
+ A value of -1 indicates the equivalent screen
3638
+ size given in the call to GIF_Create().
3639
+
3640
+ If the image is supposed to cover the entire
3641
+ screen, values 0, 0, -1, -1 should be given.
3642
+
3643
+ GIF_CompressImage() obtains the pixel values
3644
+ by calling a user specified function. This
3645
+ function is passed in the parameter getpixel.
3646
+ See "callback()" further down for a
3647
+ description of this function.
3648
+
3649
+ Return value GIF_OK - OK
3650
+ GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file
3651
+ GIF_OUTMEM - Out of memory
3652
+
3653
+
3654
+ GIF_Close()
3655
+ -----------
3656
+ Function Closes the GIF-file.
3657
+
3658
+ Syntax int GIF_Close(void);
3659
+
3660
+ Remarks This function writes a terminating descriptor
3661
+ to the file, and then closes it. Also frees
3662
+ memory used by the other functions of GIFSAVE.
3663
+
3664
+ Return value GIF_OK - OK
3665
+ GIF_ERRWRITE - Error writing to file
3666
+
3667
+
3668
+ THE CALLBACK FUNCTION
3669
+ =====================
3670
+
3671
+ callback()
3672
+ ----------
3673
+ Function Obtains pixel-values for the
3674
+ GIF_CompressImage() -function.
3675
+
3676
+ Syntax int callback(int x, int y);
3677
+
3678
+ Remarks This function must be written by the
3679
+ programmer. It should accept two integer
3680
+ parameters specifying a point in the image,
3681
+ and return the pixel value at this point.
3682
+
3683
+ The ranges for these parameters are as
3684
+ follows
3685
+ x : [img_left, img_left + img_width - 1]
3686
+ y : [img_top, img_top + img_height - 1]
3687
+
3688
+ where img_left, img_top, img_width and
3689
+ img_height are the values left, top, width
3690
+ and height passed to GIF_CompressImage().
3691
+
3692
+ An example; if the screen has width 640 and
3693
+ height 350, and the image covers the entire
3694
+ screen, x will be in the range [0, 639]
3695
+ and y in the range [0, 349].
3696
+
3697
+ callback() need not get its values from the
3698
+ screen. The values can be fetched from a
3699
+ memory array, they can be calculated for
3700
+ each point requested, etc.
3701
+
3702
+ The function is passed as a parameter to
3703
+ GIF_CompressImage(), and can thus have any
3704
+ name, not only callback().
3705
+
3706
+ Return value Pixel value at the point requested. Should
3707
+ be in the range [0, numcolors-1] where
3708
+ numcolors is as specified to GIF_Create().
3709
+ </pre>
3710
+
3711
+
3712
+
3713
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3714
+ CONCLUDING REMARKS
3715
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
3716
+ <h1 id="remarks"> Concluding Remarks &nbsp; </h1>
3717
+
3718
+ <p> I hope you find mimeTeX useful. If so, a contribution to your
3719
+ country's <a href="http://www.tug.org" target="_top">TeX Users Group</a>,
3720
+ or to the <a href="http://www.gnu.org" target="_top">GNU</a> project, is
3721
+ suggested, especially if you're a company that's currently profitable. </p>
3722
+
3723
+ <!--
3724
+ <p> If you also like mimeTeX's source, I'm an independent contractor
3725
+ incorporated in the US as John Forkosh Associates, Inc.
3726
+ A <a href="http://www.forkosh.com/resume.html" target="_top">resume</a>
3727
+ is at <a href="http://www.forkosh.com" target="_top">www.forkosh.com</a>
3728
+ or email
3729
+ <a href="mailto:john&#64;forkosh&#46;com">john&#64;forkosh&#46;com</a> </p>
3730
+ -->
3731
+
3732
+ <!-- +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3733
+ Footer across bottom of page
3734
+ ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ -->
3735
+ <hr size=4>
3736
+ <table> <tr>
3737
+ <td> <font size=3 color="maroon"> <b>
3738
+ <nobr>Copyright <font size=5>&copy;</font> 2002-2006,
3739
+ <a href="http://www.forkosh.com">John Forkosh Associates, Inc.</a>
3740
+ </nobr><br>
3741
+ email: <a href="mailto:john&#64;forkosh&#46;com">john&#64;forkosh&#46;com</a>
3742
+ </b> </font> </td>
3743
+ <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\hspace{100}" alt="" border=0> </td>
3744
+ <td> <img src="../cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?\blue{\small\rm You're the }
3745
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3746
+ {\small\rm visitor to this page." alt="" border=0 align=bottom> </td>
3747
+ </tr> </table>
3748
+ </body>
3749
+ </html>
3750
+ <!-- end-of-file mimetex.html -->