miga-base 0.7.26.2 → 1.0.3.0

data/utils/enveomics/Manifest/Tasks/other.json

@@ -824,6 +824,83 @@
           "description": "Features to map in GFF."
         }
       ]
+    },
+    {
+      "task": "Table.prefScore.R",
+      "description": ["Estimate preference score of species based on occupancy",
+        "in biased sample sets."],
+      "help_arg": "--help",
+      "requires": [ { "r_package": "optparse" } ],
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "name": "Occupancy matrix",
+          "opt": "--x",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": ["A tab-delimited table of presence/absence (1/0)",
+            "with species as rows and samples as columns."],
+          "mandatory": true
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Sample set",
+          "opt": "--set",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": ["A list of sample names that constitute the test",
+            "set, one per line."],
+          "mandatory": true
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--ignore",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": ["A list of species to exclude from the analysis,",
+            "one per line."]
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Significance threshold",
+          "opt": "--signif-thr",
+          "arg": "float",
+          "description": "Absolute value of the significance threshold."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--col-above",
+          "arg": "string",
+          "description": "Color for points significantly above zero.",
+          "default": "#941100"
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--col-equal",
+          "arg": "string",
+          "description": ["Color for points not significantly different from",
+            "zero."],
+          "default": "#BDBDBD"
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--col-below",
+          "arg": "string",
+          "description": "Color for points significantly below zero.",
+          "default": "#2F5496"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Output preference scores",
+          "arg": "out_file",
+          "description": "Output raw-text file with preference scores.",
+          "mandatory": true
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Graphical utput",
+          "arg": "out_file",
+          "description": "Output PDF file with preference scores plot."
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Width",
+          "arg": "float",
+          "description": "Width of the plot in inches (7 by default)."
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Height",
+          "arg": "float",
+          "description": "Height of the plot in inches (7 by default)."
+        }
+      ]
     }
   ]
 }

data/utils/enveomics/Manifest/Tasks/sequence-identity.json

@@ -362,6 +362,139 @@
         }
       ]
     },
+    {
+      "task": "anir.rb",
+      "description": ["Estimates ANIr: the Average Nucleotide Identity of",
+        "reads against a genome."],
+      "help_arg": "--help",
+      "see_also": ["ani.rb", "sam.filter.rb"],
+      "options": [
+        {
+          "opt": "--reads",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": "Metagenomic reads."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--genome",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": "Genome assembly."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--mapping",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": "Mapping file."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--list",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": "Output file with identities."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--hist",
+          "arg": "in_file",
+          "description": "Output file with histogram."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--tab",
+          "arg": "out_file",
+          "description": "Output file with results in tabular format."
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Reads format",
+          "opt": "--r-format",
+          "arg": "select",
+          "description": ["Metagenomic reads format: fastq or fasta.",
+            "Both options support compression with .gz file extension."],
+          "values": ["fastq", "fasta"],
+          "default": "fastq"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Reads type",
+          "opt": "--r-type",
+          "arg": "select",
+          "description": ["Type of metagenomic reads: Single reads (single),",
+            "coupled reads in separate files (-m must be comma-delimited;",
+            "coupled), or coupled reads in a single interposed file",
+            "(interleaved)."],
+          "values": ["single", "coupled", "interleaved"],
+          "default": "single"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Genome format",
+          "opt": "--g-format",
+          "arg": "select",
+          "description": ["Genome assembly format: fasta or list.",
+            "Both options support compression with .gz file extension.",
+            "If passed in mapping-read mode, filters only matches to these",
+            "contigs."],
+          "values": ["fasta", "list"],
+          "default": "fasta"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "Mapping format",
+          "opt": "--m-format",
+          "arg": "select",
+          "description": ["Mapping file format: sam, bam, tab, or list.",
+            "All except bam support compression with .gz file extension."],
+          "values": ["sam", "bam", "tab", "list"],
+          "default": "sam"
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--identity",
+          "arg": "float",
+          "description": "Set a fixed threshold of percent identity.",
+          "default": 95.0
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--algorithm",
+          "arg": "select",
+          "description": ["Set an algorithm to automatically detect identity",
+            "threshold: Valley detection by E-M of Gaussian Mixture Model",
+            "(gmm), fixed threshold (see Identity; fix),",
+            "Pick gmm or fix depending on bimodality (see Bimodality; auto)."],
+          "values": ["gmm", "fix", "auto"],
+          "default": "auto"
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--bimodality",
+          "arg": "float",
+          "description": ["Threshold of bimodality below which the algorithm",
+            "is set to fix. The coefficient used is the de Michele & Accantino",
+            "(2014) B index."],
+          "default": 0.5
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--coefficient",
+          "arg": "select",
+          "description": ["Coefficient of bimodality for Algorithm auto: ",
+            "Sarle's bimodality coefficient b (sarle), or",
+            "de Michele and Accatino (2014 PLoS ONE) B index",
+            "(use with Bimodality 0.1, dma)."],
+          "values": ["sarle", "dma"],
+          "default": "sarle"
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--bin-size",
+          "arg": "float",
+          "description": "Width of histogram bins (in percent identity).",
+          "default": 1.0
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--threads",
+          "arg": "integer",
+          "description": "Threads to use."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--log",
+          "arg": "out_file",
+          "description": "Log file to save output."
+        },
+        {
+          "opt": "--quiet",
+          "description": "Run quietly."
+        }
+      ]
+    },
     {
       "task": "HMM.haai.rb",
       "description": ["Estimates Average Amino Acid Identity (AAI) from the",
@@ -407,10 +540,14 @@
         "sequences."],
       "help_arg": "--help",
       "cite":[
+        ["Camacho et al, 2009, BMC Bioinf (BLAST+)",
+          "https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-10-421"],
         ["Altschul et al, 2000, JMB (BLAST)",
           "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0022-2836(05)80360-2"],
         ["Buchfink B, Xie C, Huson D, 2015, Nat Meth (Diamond)",
-          "https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3176"]
+          "https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.3176"],
+        ["Kent, 2002, Genome Res (BLAT)",
+          "https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.229202"]
       ],
       "options": [
         {

data/utils/enveomics/Manifest/categories.json

@@ -24,11 +24,13 @@
         "BlastTab.pairedHits.rb",
         "BlastTab.subsample.pl",
         "BlastTab.taxid2taxrank.pl",
-        "BlastTab.topHits_sorted.rb"
+        "BlastTab.topHits_sorted.rb",
+        "sam.filter.rb"
       ],
       "Execution": [
         "aai.rb",
         "ani.rb",
+        "anir.rb",
         "HMM.haai.rb",
         "rbm.rb"
       ]
@@ -58,9 +60,11 @@
         "FastA.split.rb",
         "FastA.subsample.pl",
         "FastA.tag.rb",
+        "FastA.toFastQ.rb",
         "FastA.wrap.rb",
         "FastQ.filter.pl",
         "FastQ.interpose.pl",
+        "FastQ.maskQual.rb",
         "FastQ.offset.pl",
         "FastQ.split.pl",
         "FastQ.tag.rb",
@@ -71,11 +75,13 @@
       "Community": [
         "AlphaDiversity.pl",
         "Chao1.pl",
-        "Table.barplot.R"
+        "Table.barplot.R",
+        "Table.prefScore.R"
       ],
       "Population": [
         "VCF.SNPs.rb",
-        "VCF.KaKs.rb"
+        "VCF.KaKs.rb",
+        "Table.prefScore.R"
       ]
     },
     "Annotation": {
@@ -143,13 +149,16 @@
         "clust.rand.rb"
       ],
       "Read recruitments": [
+        "anir.rb",
         "BedGraph.tad.rb",
         "BedGraph.window.rb",
         "BlastTab.catsbj.pl",
         "BlastTab.pairedHits.rb",
         "BlastTab.recplot2.R",
+        "FastQ.test-error.rb",
         "GFF.catsbj.pl",
-        "RecPlot2.compareIdentities.R"
+        "RecPlot2.compareIdentities.R",
+        "sam.filter.rb"
       ]
     }
   }

data/utils/enveomics/Scripts/Aln.cat.rb

@@ -1,163 +1,221 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env ruby
-#
+
 # @author  Luis M. Rodriguez-R
-# @update  Nov-30-2015
 # @license artistic license 2.0
-#
 
-$:.push File.expand_path(File.dirname(__FILE__) + "/lib")
-require "enveomics_rb/enveomics"
+$VERSION = 1.0
+$:.push File.expand_path('../lib', __FILE__)
+require 'enveomics_rb/enveomics'
+
+o = {
+  q: false, missing: '-', model: 'AUTO', removeinvar: false, undefined: '-.Xx?'
+}
 
-o = {:q=>false, :missing=>"-", :model=>"AUTO", :removeinvar=>false,
-   :undefined=>"-.Xx?"}
 OptionParser.new do |opt|
-   opt.banner = "
-   Concatenates several multiple alignments in FastA format into a single
-   multiple alignment.  The IDs of the sequences (or the ID prefixes, if using
-   --ignore-after) must coincide across files.
-
-   Usage: #{$0} [options] aln1.fa aln2.fa ... > aln.fa".gsub(/^ +/,"")
-   opt.separator ""
-   opt.on("-c", "--coords FILE",
-      "Output file of coordinates in RAxML-compliant format."
-      ){ |v| o[:coords]=v }
-   opt.on("-i", "--ignore-after STRING",
-      "Remove everything in the IDs after the specified string."
-      ){ |v| o[:ignoreafter]=v }
-   opt.on("-I", "--remove-invariable", "Remove invariable sites.",
-      "Note: Invariable sites are defined as columns with only one state and",
-      "undefined characters.  Additional ambiguous characters may exist and",
-      "should be declared using --undefined."){ |v| o[:removeinvar]=v }
-   opt.on("-u", "--missing-char CHAR",
-      "Character denoting missing data. By default: '#{o[:missing]}'.") do |v|
-	 abort "Missing positions can only be denoted by single characters, " +
-	    "offending value: '#{v}'." if v.length != 1
-	 o[:missing]=v
-      end
-   opt.on("-m", "--model STRING",
-      "Name of the model to use if --coords is used. See RAxML's docs; ",
-      "supported values in v8+ include:",
-      "o For DNA alignments:",
-      "  'DNA[F|X]', or 'DNA[F|X]/3' (to estimate rates per codon position,",
-      "  particular notation for this script).",
-      "o General protein alignments:",
-      "  'AUTO' (default in this script), 'DAYHOFF' (1978), 'DCMUT' (MBE 2005;",
-      "  22(2):193-199), 'JTT' (Nat 1992;358:86-89), 'VT' (JCompBiol 2000;",
-      "  7(6):761-776), 'BLOSUM62' (PNAS 1992;89:10915), and 'LG' (MBE 2008;",
-      "  25(7):1307-1320).",
-      "o Specialized protein alignments:",
-      "  'MTREV' (mitochondrial, JME 1996;42(4):459-468), 'WAG' (globular, MBE",
-      "  2001;18(5):691-699), 'RTREV' (retrovirus, JME 2002;55(1):65-73), ",
-      "  'CPREV' (chloroplast, JME 2000;50(4):348-358), and 'MTMAM' (nuclear",
-      "  mammal proteins, JME 1998;46(4):409-418)."){|v| o[:model]=v}
-   opt.on("--undefined STRING",
-      "All characters to be regarded as 'undefined'. It should include all",
-      "ambiguous and missing data chars.  Ignored unless --remove-invariable.",
-      "By default: '#{o[:undefined]}'."){|v| o[:undefined]=v}
-   opt.on("-q", "--quiet", "Run quietly (no STDERR output)."){ o[:q] = TRUE }
-   opt.on("-h", "--help", "Display this screen.") do
-      puts opt
-      exit
-   end
-   opt.separator ""
+  cmd = File.basename($0)
+  opt.banner = <<~BANNER
+
+    [Enveomics Collection: #{cmd} v#{$VERSION}]
+
+    Concatenates several multiple alignments in FastA format into a single
+    multiple alignment.  The IDs of the sequences (or the ID prefixes, if using
+    --ignore-after) must coincide across files.
+  
+    Usage: #{cmd} [options] aln1.fa aln2.fa ... > aln.fa
+
+  BANNER
+  opt.on(
+    '-c', '--coords FILE',
+    'Output file of coordinates in RAxML-compliant format'
+  ) { |v| o[:coords] = v }
+  opt.on(
+    '-i', '--ignore-after STRING',
+    'Remove everything in the IDs after the specified string'
+  ) { |v| o[:ignoreafter] = v }
+  opt.on(
+    '-I', '--remove-invariable', 'Remove invariable sites',
+    'Note: Invariable sites are defined as columns with only one state and',
+    'undefined characters.  Additional ambiguous characters may exist and',
+    'should be declared using --undefined'
+  ) { |v| o[:removeinvar] = v }
+  opt.on(
+    '-u', '--missing-char CHAR',
+    "Character denoting missing data. By default: '#{o[:missing]}'"
+  ) do |v|
+    if v.length != 1
+      abort "-missing-char can only be denoted by single characters: #{v}"
+    end
+    o[:missing] = v
+  end
+  opt.on(
+    '-m', '--model STRING',
+    'Name of the model to use if --coords is used. See RAxML docs;',
+    'supported values in v8+ include:',
+    '~ For DNA alignments:',
+    '  "DNA[F|X]", or "DNA[F|X]/3" (to estimate rates per codon position,',
+    '  particular notation for this script)',
+    '~ General protein alignments:',
+    '  "AUTO" (default in this script), "DAYHOFF" (1978), "DCMUT" (MBE 2005;',
+    '  22(2):193-199), "JTT" (Nat 1992;358:86-89), "VT" (JCompBiol 2000;',
+    '  7(6):761-776), "BLOSUM62" (PNAS 1992;89:10915), and "LG" (MBE 2008;',
+    '  25(7):1307-1320)',
+    '~ Specialized protein alignments:',
+    '  "MTREV" (mitochondrial, JME 1996;42(4):459-468), "WAG" (globular, MBE',
+    '  2001;18(5):691-699), "RTREV" (retrovirus, JME 2002;55(1):65-73),',
+    '  "CPREV" (chloroplast, JME 2000;50(4):348-358), and "MTMAM" (nuclear',
+    '  mammal proteins, JME 1998;46(4):409-418)'
+  ) { |v| o[:model] = v }
+  opt.on(
+    '--undefined STRING',
+    'All characters to be regarded as "undefined". It should include all',
+    'ambiguous and missing data chars.  Ignored unless --remove-invariable',
+    "By default: '#{o[:undefined]}'"
+  ) { |v| o[:undefined] = v }
+  opt.on('-q', '--quiet', 'Run quietly (no STDERR output)') { o[:q] = true }
+  opt.on('-V', '--version', 'Returns version') { puts $VERSION ; exit }
+  opt.on('-h', '--help', 'Display this screen') { puts opt ; exit }
+  opt.separator ''
 end.parse!
-alns = ARGV
-abort "Alignment files are mandatory" if alns.nil? or alns.empty?
+files = ARGV
+abort 'Alignment files are mandatory' if files.nil? || files.empty?
+$QUIET = o[:q]
 
-##### MAIN:
-begin
-   $stderr.puts "Reading." unless o[:q]
-   a = {}
-   n = alns.size-1
-   lengths = []
-   (0 .. n).each do |i|
-      key = nil
-      File.open(alns[i],"r").each do |ln|
-	 ln.chomp!
-	 if ln =~ /^>(\S+)/
-	    key = $1
-	    key.sub!(/#{o[:ignoreafter]}.*/,"") unless o[:ignoreafter].nil?
-	    a[key] ||= []
-	    a[key][i] = ""
-	 else
-	    abort "#{alns[i]}: Leading line is not a def-line, is this a "+
-	       "valid FastA file?" if key.nil?
-	    ln.gsub!(/\s/,"")
-	    a[key][i] += ln
-	 end
+# Read individual gene alignments and return them as a single hash with genome
+# IDs as keys and arrays of single-line strings as values
+#
+# IDs are trimmed after the first occurrence of +ignoreafter+, if defined
+def read_alignments(files, ignoreafter = nil)
+  aln = {}
+  files.each_with_index do |file, i|
+    key = nil
+    File.open(file, 'r').each do |ln|
+      ln.chomp!
+      if ln =~ /^>(\S+)/
+        key = $1
+        key.sub!(/#{ignoreafter}.*/, '') if ignoreafter
+        aln[key] ||= []
+        aln[key][i] = ''
+      else
+        if key.nil?
+          abort "Invalid FastA file: #{file}: Leading line not a def-line"
+        end
+        ln.gsub!(/\s/, '')
+        aln[key][i] += ln
       end
-      abort "#{alns[i]}: Empty alignment?" if key.nil?
-      lengths[i] = a[key][i].length
-   end
-   if o[:removeinvar]
-      $stderr.puts "Removing invariable sites." unless o[:q]
-      invs = 0
-      (0 .. n).each do |i|
-	 olen = lengths[i]
-	 (0 .. (lengths[i]-1)).each do |pos|
-	    chr = nil
-	    inv = true
-	    a.keys.each do |key|
-	       next if a[key][i].nil?
-	       chr = a[key][i][pos] if
-		  chr.nil? or o[:undefined].chars.include? chr
-	       if chr != a[key][i][pos] and
-		     not o[:undefined].chars.include? a[key][i][pos]
-		  inv = false
-		  break
-	       end
-	    end
-	    if inv
-	       a.keys.each{|key| a[key][i][pos]="!" unless a[key][i].nil?}
-	       lengths[i] -= 1
-	       invs += 1
-	    end
-	 end
-	 a.keys.each{|key| a[key][i].gsub!("!", "") unless a[key][i].nil?}
+    end
+    abort "Empty alignment file: #{file}" if key.nil?
+  end
+  aln
+end
+
+# Remove invariable sites from the alignment hash +aln+, using +undefined+ as
+# a string including all characters representing undefined positions (e.g., X)
+#
+# Returns number of columns removed
+def remove_invariable(aln, undefined)
+  invs = 0
+  lengths = aln.values.first.map(&:length)
+  undef_chars = undefined.chars
+
+  lengths.each_with_index do |len, i|
+    (0 .. len - 1).each do |pos|
+      chr = nil
+      inv = true
+      aln.each_key do |key|
+        next if aln[key][i].nil?
+        chr = aln[key][i][pos] if chr.nil? || undefined.chars.include?(chr)
+        if chr != aln[key][i][pos] && !undef_chars.include?(aln[key][i][pos])
+          inv = false
+          break
+        end
       end
-      $stderr.puts "  Removed #{invs} sites." unless o[:q]
-   end
-   $stderr.puts "Concatenating." unless o[:q]
-   a.keys.each do |key|
-      (0 .. n).each do |i|
-	 a[key][i] = (o[:missing] * lengths[i]) if a[key][i].nil?
+      if inv
+        aln.each_key { |key| aln[key][i][pos] = '!' unless aln[key][i].nil? }
+        lengths[i] -= 1
+        invs += 1
       end
-      abort "Inconsistent lengths in '#{key}'
-      exp:#{lengths.join(" ")}
-      obs:#{a[key].map{|i| i.length}.join(" ")}." unless
-	 lengths == a[key].map{|i| i.length}
-      puts ">#{key}", a[key].join("").gsub(/(.{1,60})/, "\\1\n")
-      a.delete(key)
-   end
-   $stderr.puts "  #{lengths.inject(:+)} columns." unless o[:q]
-   unless o[:coords].nil?
-      $stderr.puts "Generating coordinates." unless o[:q]
-      coords = File.open(o[:coords],"w")
-      s = 0
-      names = (alns.map do |a|
-	 File.basename(a).gsub(/\..*/,"").gsub(/[^A-Za-z0-9_]/,"_")
-      end)
-      (0 .. n).each do |i|
-	 l = lengths[i]
-	 next unless l > 0
-	 names[i] += "_#{i}" while names.count(names[i])>1
-	 if o[:model] =~ /(DNA.?)\/3/
-	    coords.puts "#{$1}, #{names[i]}codon1 = #{s+1}-#{s+l}\\3"
-	    coords.puts "#{$1}, #{names[i]}codon2 = #{s+2}-#{s+l}\\3"
-	    coords.puts "#{$1}, #{names[i]}codon3 = #{s+3}-#{s+l}\\3"
-	 else
-	    coords.puts "#{o[:model]}, #{names[i]} = #{s+1}-#{s+l}"
-	 end
-	 s += l
+    end
+    aln.each_key { |key| aln[key][i].gsub!('!', '') unless aln[key][i].nil? }
+  end
+  invs
+end
+
+# Concatenate the alignments hash +aln+ using the character +missing+ to
+# indicate missing alignments, and send each entry in the concatenated alignment
+# to +blk+ as two variables: key (name) and value (alignment string)
+#
+# Returns an array with the lengths of each individual alignment
+def concatenate(aln, missing, &blk)
+  say 'Concatenating'
+  lengths = aln.values.first.map(&:length)
+  aln.each_key do |key|
+    # Pad missing entries
+    lengths.each_with_index { |len, i| aln[key][i] ||= missing * len }
+
+    # Check length
+    obs_len = aln[key].map(&:length)
+    unless lengths == obs_len
+      abort "Inconsistent lengths in '#{key}'\nexp: #{lengths}\nobs: #{obs_len}"
+    end
+
+    # Pass entry to the block and remove from alignment hash
+    blk[key, aln[key].join('')]
+    aln.delete(key)
+  end
+  lengths
+end
+
+# Save the coordinates in +file+ based on +files+ paths (for the names), and
+# using +lengths+ individual alignment lengths
+#
+# The saved format is RAxML coords, including the +model+ for each alignment
+def save_coords(file, names, lengths, model)
+  File.open(file, 'w') do |fh|
+    s = 0
+    names.each_with_index do |name, i|
+      l = lengths[i]
+      next unless l > 0
+      name += "_#{i}" while names.count(name) > 1
+      if model =~ /(DNA.?)\/3/
+        fh.puts "#{$1}, #{name}codon1 = #{s + 1}-#{s + l}\\3"
+        fh.puts "#{$1}, #{name}codon2 = #{s + 2}-#{s + l}\\3"
+        fh.puts "#{$1}, #{name}codon3 = #{s + 3}-#{s + l}\\3"
+      else
+        fh.puts "#{model}, #{name} = #{s + 1}-#{s + l}"
       end
-      coords.close
-   end
-   # Save the output matrix
-   $stderr.puts "Done.\n" unless o[:q] 
-rescue => err
-   $stderr.puts "Exception: #{err}\n\n"
-   err.backtrace.each { |l| $stderr.puts l + "\n" }
-   err
+      s += l
+    end
+  end
 end
 
+# ------ MAIN ------
+begin
+  say 'Reading'
+  alignments = read_alignments(files, o[:ignoreafter])
+
+  if o[:removeinvar]
+    say 'Removing invariable sites'
+    inv = remove_invariable(alignments, o[:undefined])
+    say "  Removed #{inv} sites"
+  end
+
+  lengths = concatenate(alignments, o[:missing]) do |name, seq|
+    puts ">#{name}", seq.gsub(/(.{1,60})/, "\\1\n")
+  end
+  say "  #{lengths.inject(:+)} columns"
+
+  unless o[:coords].nil?
+    say 'Generating coordinates'
+    names = files.map do |i|
+      File.basename(i).gsub(/\..*/, '').gsub(/[^A-Za-z0-9_]/, '_')
+    end
+    save_coords(o[:coords], names, lengths, o[:model])
+  end
+
+  $stderr.puts 'Done' unless o[:q] 
+rescue => err
+  $stderr.puts "Exception: #{err}\n\n"
+  err.backtrace.each { |l| $stderr.puts l + "\n" }
+  err
+end